Vero - Wikipedia - User contributions [en]

Survival International

2025-07-04T17:56:51Z

2A00:23C7:C8BC:C501:8D1F:3F23:F9B4:4D98: Added hyphen

{{Short description|Indigenous Peoples Human Rights NGO}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2015}}{{use mdy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Survival International
| logo = Survival International logo.svg
| type = [[International non-governmental organization]]
| founded_date = {{start date and age|1969}}
| location = [[London]], {{postcode|EC|1}}<br/>United Kingdom
| key_people = Professor James Wood (Chairman)<br>[[Robin Hanbury-Tenison]] (President)<br> Caroline Pearce (Director)
| area_served = Worldwide
| awards = [[Right Livelihood Award]]
| focus = [[Indigenous rights]]
| method = Media attention, education, mass letter-writing, research, lobbying
| revenue = £1.18 million
| revenue_year = 2022
| expenses = £1.41 million
| expenses_year = 2022
| num_members =
| homepage = {{URL|http://www.survivalinternational.org/}}
}}
{{Indigenous rights}}
'''Survival International''' is a [[human rights]] organisation formed in 1969, a London-based charity that campaigns for the [[collective rights]] of [[indigenous peoples|Indigenous]], [[Tribal people|tribal]] and [[uncontacted peoples]].

The organisation's campaigns generally focus on tribal peoples' desires to keep their ancestral lands. Survival International calls these peoples [[social vulnerability|socially vulnerable]], and aims to eradicate what it calls 'misconceptions' used to justify violations of human rights. It also aims to publicize harm caused to tribes by corporations and governments. Survival International states that it aims to help foster tribal people's [[self-determination]].

Survival International is in association with the [[United Nations Department of Global Communications]] and in consultative status with the [[United Nations Economic and Social Council|UN Economic and Social Council]]. To ensure freedom of action, Survival accepts no government funding. It is a founding member and a signatory organization of the ''Accountability Charter'' ([[INGO Accountability Charter]]). Survival has offices in Amsterdam, Berlin, London, Madrid, Milan, Paris, and San Francisco.

==History==

Survival International was founded in 1969 (as the "Primitive Peoples Fund") after an article by [[Norman Lewis (author)|Norman Lewis]] in ''[[The Sunday Times]]'' Magazine<ref>Lewis, Norman (23 February 1969), "Genocide", ''Sunday Times Magazine'', pp. 34–59.</ref> highlighted the massacres, land thefts and [[Genocide of indigenous peoples in Brazil|genocide taking place in Brazilian Amazonia]].<ref name="survivalinternational">{{cite web|url=http://www.survivalinternational.org/info|title=Survival International - The movement for tribal peoples|first=Survival|last=International|website=www.SurvivalInternational.org|access-date=20 May 2017|archive-date=19 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519142147/http://www.survivalinternational.org/info|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article5716227.ece |title=The tribe that stood their ground |newspaper=Times |date=15 February 2009 |access-date=14 July 2009 |location=London |first=Christina |last=Lamb |archive-date=11 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090511233856/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article5716227.ece |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Evans2009">{{cite book |last=Evans |first=Julian |title=Semi-Invisible Man: The Life of Norman Lewis |year=2008 |publisher=Jonathan Cape|isbn=978-0-224-07275-5 |pages=515–518}}</ref> In 1971, the fledgling organisation visited [[Brazil]] to observe the [[Fundação Nacional do Índio]] (FUNAI) government agency responsible for tribal peoples there.<ref name="Maini2000">{{cite book|last=Maini|first=Darshan Singh|title=Political Anthropology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4LzTh1TIPa4C&pg=PA170 |year=2000 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-785-6 |page=170}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Bunyard|first1=Peter|author-link1=Peter Bunyard|title=Peter Bunyard on The Ecologist, Teddy Goldsmith, James Lovelock and Gaia|url=http://www.artcornwall.org/interviews/Peter_Bunyard2.htm|website=ArtCornwall.org|access-date=21 April 2016|archive-date=8 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508085236/http://www.artcornwall.org/interviews/Peter_Bunyard2.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> After a name change, Survival International incorporated as an English company in 1972 and registered as a charity in 1974.<ref>{{EW charity|267444|Survival International Charitable Trust}}</ref> According to the autobiography of its first chairman, the explorer [[Robin Hanbury-Tenison]], while travelling with the [[ethnobotany|ethnobotanist]] [[Conrad Gorinsky]] in the [[Amazon basin|Amazon]] in 1968,<ref name="HT125">Hanbury-Tenison, 1991, pp 125–126.</ref>
{{quote|"We decided that an organisation should be created to oppose these short-sighted policies; that it should be based upon principles which take into account the Indians' own desires and needs rather than our society's prejudices; that it should strive to protect the rights of Indians to their lands, their cultures and their identity; that it should foster respect for and research into their knowledge and experience so that through being recognised as experts they should be allowed to survive and we should learn from them and so contribute to our own survival. Thus the concept of Survival International was born. When, a few months later, exposure in the European press of the atrocities perpetrated in Brazil against the Brazilian Indians by the very agency created to protect them, roused public opinion, we were ready to join in the slow process of raising money and building an organisation."|Robin Hanbury-Tenison - President and co-founder of Survival International<ref name=HT125/>}}

It was the first in this field to use mass letter-writing, having orchestrated several campaigns in many different places throughout the world, such as [[Siberia]], [[Canada]], and [[Kenya]]. Several campaigns were able to bring change to government policies regarding the rights of local Indigenous people. In 2000, this form of struggle was successful in driving the Indian government to abandon their plan to relocate the isolated [[Jarawa people (Andaman Islands)|Jarawa]] tribe, after receiving 150-200 letters a day from Survival supporters around the world. Shortly before that, the governor of western Siberia imposed a five-year ban on all oil licences in the territory of the Yugan Khanty within weeks of Survival issuing a bulletin.<ref name="survivalinternational"/> Survival was also the first organisation to draw attention to the destructive effects of [[World Bank]] projects – now recognised as a major cause of suffering in many poor countries.<ref name="survivalinternational"/><ref>{{cite book |title=Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics |last=E. Keck |first=Margaret |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=1998 |isbn=0-8014-8456-1 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/activistassinfro00keck }}</ref>

Survival is the only international pro-tribal peoples organisation to have received the [[Right Livelihood Award]], as well as the Spanish "Premio Léon Felipe" and the Italian "Medaglia della Presidenza della Camera dei Deputati".<ref name="survivalinternational"/><ref name=rightlivelihoodaward>{{cite web|url=http://www.rightlivelihood.org/survival.html|title=The Right Livelihood Award - Survival International (1989)|website=rightlivelihood.org|access-date=20 May 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012184752/http://www.rightlivelihood.org/survival.html|archive-date=12 October 2007}}</ref>

==Structure and aims==
Survival International works for tribal peoples' rights on three complementary levels: education, advocacy and campaigns. It also offers tribal people a platform to address the world, while connecting with local Indigenous organisations, with focus on tribal peoples under more urgent threat from contact with the outside world.<ref name="survivalinternational"/><ref>{{cite book |title=Human Rights Worldwide: A Reference Handbook |last=F. Kabasakal Arat |first=Zehra |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2006 |isbn=1-85109-762-7 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/humanrightsworld0000kaba }}</ref> The educational programs are aimed at people in the Western world, aiming at "demolishing the myth that tribal people are relics, destined to perish through 'progress'". Survival seeks to promote respect for their cultures and explain their relevance today in preserving their way of life.<ref>{{cite book |title=Exotic No More: Anthropology on the Front Lines |last=MacClancy |first=Jeremy |publisher=University Of Chicago Press |year=2002 |isbn=0-226-50013-6 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/exoticnomoreanth00macc }}</ref>

{{quote|"If we want to help societies our first job is to listen, rather than to dictate what we think they need, and we must be prepared to be surprised. This is not just to do with remote tribal peoples: it's of vital relevance to all in a world where ideas of multiculturalism are misunderstood and under attack and where some increasingly want to force their views on others."|[[Stephen Corry]], former Director of Survival International, April 2007<ref name=survivalinternationalleadersmessage>{{cite web |url=http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/2338 |title=Leaders back Survival's message |work=Survival International |date=10 April 2007 |access-date=31 October 2009 |archive-date=29 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091029192542/http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/2338 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

Survival has supporters in 82 countries. Its materials are published in many languages throughout the world. It is a registered charity in the [[United Kingdom]] and the equivalent in [[Germany]], [[France]], [[Italy]], [[Spain]], and the [[United States]], and can receive tax-free donations in the [[Netherlands]].

Survival refuses government funding, depending exclusively on public support, in order to ensure freedom of action.<ref name="survivalinternational"/> All the people sent into the field belong to Survival International staff, none are sponsored volunteers or visitors of any kind. Overseas projects are carried and managed by tribes themselves.<ref name=survivalinternationalwork>{{cite web|url=http://www.survivalinternational.org/info/work|title=Jobs|first=Survival|last=International|website=www.survivalinternational.org|access-date=20 May 2017|archive-date=4 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170604073359/http://www.survivalinternational.org/info/work|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Tribes==
There are more than 150 million tribal people worldwide, including at least 100 [[uncontacted peoples]] in 60 countries. Survival International supports these endangered tribes on a global level, with campaigns established in America, Africa and Asia.<ref name=survivalinternationaltribes>{{cite web|url=http://www.survivalinternational.org/tribes|title=Tribes & campaigns|first=Survival|last=International|website=www.survivalinternational.org|access-date=20 May 2017|archive-date=22 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170522142013/http://www.survivalinternational.org/tribes/|url-status=live}}</ref> Most of them have been persecuted and face genocide by diseases, relocation from their homes by logging and mining, and eviction by settlers.<ref>{{cite book |title=Botswana: Okavango Delta, Chobe, Northern Kalahari, 2nd: The Bradt Travel Guide |last=McIntyre |first=Chris |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|year=2007 |isbn=978-1-84162-166-1}}</ref>
{{quote box|width=30%|align=right|quote="The Ayoreo-Totobiegosode and the Bushmen and the Jarawa live in totally contrasting environments across three continents, yet the racism and threats they face are startlingly similar ... Unless these tribes are allowed to live on their own land in peace, they will not survive."|source=[[Stephen Corry]], Survival International's former director<ref name=independenthowadvanced>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/politics/how-advance-of-the-modern-world-threatens-to-wipe-out-lost-tribes-99673.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220525/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/politics/how-advance-of-the-modern-world-threatens-to-wipe-out-lost-tribes-99673.html |archive-date=May 25, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=How advance of the modern world threatens to wipe out lost tribes? |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |date=9 August 2003 |access-date=20 January 2022 | location=London | first=Steve | last=Connor}}</ref>}}
Survival believes that Indigenous rights to land ownership, although recognised by [[international law]], are not effectively respected, with tribes being invaded by activities such as oil and mineral mining, logging, cattle ranching, private or government "development" schemes such as building of roads and dams, or for nature reserves and game parks. Beyond these economic causes for exploitive invasions, Survival highlights ignorance and racism that sees tribal peoples as backward and primitive. Survival believes that in the long-term, public opinion is the most effective force for change.<ref name="survivalinternational"/><ref name="survivalinternationalfaq"/>

The impact of the outside world on the existence of Indigenous peoples and their cultures is described as being very dramatic. In Siberia, only 10% of the tribal peoples live a nomadic or semi-nomadic life, compared to 70% 30 years ago.<ref name=survivalinternationaltribessiberian>{{cite web|url=http://www.survivalinternational.org/tribes/siberian|title=Siberian Tribes|first=Survival|last=International|website=www.SurvivalInternational.org|access-date=20 May 2017|archive-date=25 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525135752/http://www.survivalinternational.org/tribes/siberian|url-status=live}}</ref> In Brazil – where Survival believes most of the world's uncontacted tribes, probably more than 50, live – there are about 400 speakers for 110 languages.<ref name=survivalinternationaltribesbrazilian>{{cite web|url=http://www.survivalinternational.org/tribes/brazilian|title=Brazilian Indians|first=Survival|last=International|website=www.SurvivalInternational.org|access-date=20 May 2017|archive-date=19 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519075932/http://www.survivalinternational.org/tribes/brazilian|url-status=live}}</ref> For authors such as [[Daniel Everett]], this phenomenon represents a fundamental assault on the existence of peoples, as language expresses the way a group of people experience reality in a unique way, and it is a part of our common heritage. Ranka Bjeljac-Babic, lecturer and specialist in the psychology of language, describes an intrinsic and causal link between the threat of biological diversity and cultural diversity.<ref name=unescolanguages>{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/courier/2000_04/uk/doss01.htm|title=6,000 languages: an embattled heritage|website=UNESCO.org|access-date=20 May 2017|archive-date=26 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826083019/http://www.unesco.org/courier/2000_04/uk/doss01.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The assault on Indigenous customs and traditions is described as part of a larger assault on life, with its historical roots in [[colonization]]. Survival's report ''Progress can Kill'' highlights that the invasion of the Americas and Australia by Europeans eliminated 90% of the Indigenous population on these continents.<ref name=progresscankillreport>{{cite web|url=http://assets.survival-international.org/static/lib/downloads/source/progresscankill/full_report.pdf|title=Progress Can Kill: How Imposed Development Destroys the Health of Tribal Peoples|website=Survival-International.org|access-date=20 May 2017|archive-date=7 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107115838/http://assets.survival-international.org/static/lib/downloads/source/progresscankill/full_report.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The threat of genocide continues.<ref name=survivalinternationaluncontactedtribesthreats>{{cite web|url=http://www.survivalinternational.org/uncontactedtribes/threats|title=Survival International website - Uncontacted Tribes campaign/Threats|website=SurvivalInternational.org|access-date=20 May 2017|archive-date=29 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100429223446/http://www.survivalinternational.org/uncontactedtribes/threats|url-status=live}}</ref>

Most fundamentally, Survival believes that it is the respect for the right to keep their land that may allow them to survive. The issues of human rights and freedom depend on the land on which they can subsist and develop according to their own culture. Interference with this basic need endangers their capacity to live sustainably.<ref name="survivalinternationalfaq"/>

In January 2019, the newly elected president of Brazil [[Jair Bolsonaro]] stripped the Indigenous affairs agency [[Fundação Nacional do Índio|FUNAI]] of the responsibility to identify and demarcate [[Indigenous territory (Brazil)|Indigenous lands]]. He argued that those territories have very tiny isolated populations and proposed to integrate them into the larger Brazilian society.<ref>{{cite news |title=Brazil's new president makes it harder to define Indigenous lands |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/4808295/jair-bolsonaro-funai-indigenous-farm-brazil/ |work=Global News |first=Mauricio|last= Savarese|date=2 January 2019 |access-date=25 January 2019 |archive-date=19 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119121906/https://globalnews.ca/news/4808295/jair-bolsonaro-funai-indigenous-farm-brazil/ |url-status=live }}</ref> According to the Survival International, "Taking responsibility for Indigenous land demarcation away from FUNAI, the Indian affairs department, and giving it to the Agriculture Ministry is virtually a declaration of open warfare against [[Indigenous peoples in Brazil|Brazil's tribal peoples]]."<ref>{{cite news |title=President Bolsonaro 'declares war' on Brazil's Indigenous peoples - Survival responds |url=https://www.survivalinternational.org/news/12060 |publisher=Survival International |date=3 January 2019 |access-date=25 January 2019 |archive-date=30 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130232621/https://www.survivalinternational.org/news/12060 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Campaigns==
Survival International campaigns for the uncontacted tribes in the territory of Peru, many unidentified Indigenous people in Brazil, Russia, West Papua, and about 30 tribes in several countries in South America, Africa, and Asia.<ref name="survivalinternationaltribes"/> They select their cases based on a criterion the organisation has established, which depends on a wide range of factors, such as the reliability and continuity of the information, the gravity of the situation the tribe in question is facing, the degree to which they believe their work can make a real difference, the degree to which improvements in this area would have a knock on effect for others, whether any other organisation is already working on the case, and whether they are sure of what the people themselves want.<ref name=survivalinternationalfaq>{{cite web|url=http://www.survivalinternational.org/info/faq|title=Survival International website - About Us/FAQ|website=SurvivalInternational.org|access-date=20 May 2017|archive-date=25 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025161732/https://www.survivalinternational.org/info/faq|url-status=live}}</ref>

A common threat to the tribes for which Survival campaigns is the invasion of their lands for exploration of resources.<ref name="survivalinternationaltribes"/><ref name="survivalinternationalfaq"/> This invariably leads to forced relocation, loss of sustainability and forced changes in their way of living. Usually, this is accompanied by diseases from the contact with the outsiders for which they have an unprepared immune system – this threat alone can wipe out entire tribes.<ref name="survivalinternationaluncontactedtribesthreats"/> Logging and/or cattle ranchers have affected most of these tribes, from South America, Africa, to Australasia. The [[Arhuaco]], in Colombia, have drug plantations, associated with crossfire from guerilla wars between cartel and government interests. The [[Ogiek]], in Kenya, have tea plantations, and the [[Amung people|Amungme]] in Indonesia, the [[San people|San]] in Botswana, the [[Dongria Kondh]] in India, and the [[Palawan]] in the Philippines have mining fields.
[[File:Survival-countries.PNG|right|thumb|300px|Countries which have Indigenous peoples for whom Survival campaigns. This map represents about 5 million Indigenous people. There are over 300 million Indigenous people in the world, with an estimated over 100 uncontacted tribes.<ref name="survivalinternationaltribes"/>]]
Survival international has also pointed out in their campaigns against the assault on their way of living the effect of the work of missionaries.<ref name="survivalinternationaluncontactedtribesthreats"/> The [[Arhuaco]], [[Ayoreo]], [[Australian Aborigines|Aborigines]], the [[Innu]], and several tribes in [[West Papua (region)|West Papua]] have all suffered direct attacks on their culture from what, in the perspective of Survival, may constitute good intention, but nevertheless is destructive to their lives.<ref name="survivalinternationaltribes"/><ref name="independenthowadvanced"/> The children of the [[Khanty people|Khanty]] and [[Wanniyala-Aetto]] have been kidnapped to be raised in foreign religions and culture. In the long run, these practices are successful in assimilating and destroying a group of people.

Besides suffering the genocide brought about through disease and hunger (which is the result of losing their natural environment and having fertile soil stolen from them), Survival says some tribes have suffered campaigns of direct assassination.<ref name="survivalinternationaltribes"/> Most tribes in South America, such as the [[Awá-Guajá people|Awá]], [[Akuntsu]], [[Guaraní people|Guaraní]], and the [[Yanomami]], have been murdered on sight by multinational workers, ranchers and gunmen for hire, while tribes in Africa and Asia have suffered waves of murder at the hands of the government. Survival International has pointed to the tribe [[Akuntsu]], of which only five members still remain, as an example of what this threat represents: the eventual genocide of a whole people.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://oglobo.globo.com/pais/mat/2007/08/29/297497619.asp |title=ONG lança campanha para salvar tribos isoladas da Amazônia |newspaper=O Globo |date=29 August 2007 |access-date=2 August 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://terranoticias.terra.es/internacional/articulo/cada_survival_semanas_desaparece_lengua_2269551.htm |title=Cada dos semanas desaparece una lengua indígena, según Survival |publisher=Terra Actualidad |date=21 February 2008 |access-date=2 August 2009 |archive-date=7 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007214716/http://terranoticias.terra.es/internacional/articulo/cada_survival_semanas_desaparece_lengua_2269551.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

Survival International has called attention to the rise in suicide in tribal peoples such as the [[Innu]], [[Australian Aborigines]], and the [[Guarani people|Guarani]], as a consequence of outside interference with the tribes' cultures and direct persecution. Suffering from the trauma of forced relocation, many tribal people find themselves in despair living in an environment they are not used to, where there is nothing useful to do, and where they are treated with racist disdain by their new neighbours. Other social consequences from this displacement have been pointed out to alcoholism and violence, with campaigns reporting the cases of the [[Innu]], [[Mursi people|Mursi]], [[Bodi people|Bodi]], [[Konso]], and [[Wanniyala-Aetto]]. Tribal peoples are also more vulnerable to sexual exploitation. Among the tribes with whom Survival International has campaigned, there has been reported rapes of girls and women by workers of invading companies in the Indigenous tribes of [[Penan]], [[Western New Guinea|West Papuan]] tribes, Jummas, and [[Jarawa people (Andaman Islands)|Jarawa]].<ref name="survivalinternationaltribes"/>

The government role in these territories varies. Most Brazilian tribes are protected under law, while in reality there has been resistance in policies and strong support for enterprises that carry out these threats on their existence. In Africa, the San tribes and other tribes have been persecuted with beating and torture to force relocation, as well as murder in the [[Nuba]], and in the Bangladesh, Asia, with the Jummas.<ref name="survivalinternationaltribes"/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/06/27/opinion/l-sudan-points-up-the-world-hunger-crisis-islamic-persecutions-987292.html |title=Sudan Points Up the World Hunger Crisis; Islamic Persecutions |newspaper=The New York Times |date=19 October 2009 |access-date=20 October 2009 |archive-date=1 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601073014/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/06/27/opinion/l-sudan-points-up-the-world-hunger-crisis-islamic-persecutions-987292.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Sometimes governments offer compensations that are believed by Survival to be unwanted alternatives for the tribes, portrayed as "development".<ref name=survivalinternationaltribesdongria>{{cite web|url=http://www.survivalinternational.org/tribes/dongria/|title=Dongria Kondh|first=Survival|last=International|website=www.SurvivalInternational.org|access-date=20 May 2017|archive-date=19 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519231401/http://www.survivalinternational.org/tribes/dongria|url-status=live}}</ref>

In April 2012, Survival International launched a worldwide campaign, backed by actor [[Colin Firth]], to protect the [[Awá-Guajá people|Awa-Guajá people]] of Brazil, which the organization considers to be the "earth's most threatened tribe".<ref name=independent-awa>{{cite news|title=The world's most threatened tribe - Survival International's campaign, backed by the actor Colin Firth, seeks to protect the life and lands of Brazil's Awa people|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/the-worlds-most-threatened-tribe-7687515.html|access-date=4 October 2012|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|date=29 April 2012|author=Eede, Joanna|archive-date=3 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503164026/https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/the-worlds-most-threatened-tribe-7687515.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In late 2015, Survival International started the Stop the Con campaign, which seeks to raise awareness about negative impacts of traditional conservation policies on tribal peoples.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.survivalinternational.org/stopthecon|title=Stop the con|first=Survival|last=International|website=www.SurvivalInternational.org|access-date=20 May 2017|archive-date=20 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520203131/http://www.survivalinternational.org/stopthecon|url-status=live}}</ref> This campaign is part of Survival International's larger campaign on conservation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.survivalinternational.org/conservation|title=Tribal conservationists|first=Survival|last=International|website=www.SurvivalInternational.org|access-date=20 May 2017|archive-date=19 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519073923/http://www.survivalinternational.org/conservation|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Media attention==
Survival International has received attention in the media over the years with the campaigns and work of volunteer supporters. Celebrity endorsements include [[Richard Gere]], who has spoken up for the [[Jumma people|Jumma]] of [[Bangladesh]], [[Julie Christie]], who gave a Radio 4 appeal on behalf of the [[Khanty people|Khanty]] of [[Siberia]], [[Judi Dench]], who warned of the events surrounding the [[Arhuaco]] of [[Colombia]], and [[Colin Firth]], who spoke out against the eviction of the [[San people|San]] tribe,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/journalists-need-to-leave-the-stone-age-524213.html |title=Journalists need to leave the Stone Age |newspaper=The Independent |first=Jonathan|last= Brown|date=23 January 2006 |access-date=19 July 2009 |location=London |archive-date=25 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925092229/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/journalists-need-to-leave-the-stone-age-524213.html |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="survivalinternationalfirth">{{cite web|url=http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/24 |title=''Love Actually'' star Colin Firth condemns Bushman evictions |publisher=Survival International |access-date=19 July 2009 |archive-date=29 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091029193432/http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/24 |url-status=live}}</ref> and in favour of the Awa-Guajá people.<ref name=independent-awa/>

However, the media have not always been sympathetic towards the organisation. In 1995, the [[Independent Television Commission]] banned one of Survival International's advertisements, citing the [[Broadcasting Act 1990]], which states that organisations cannot advertise their work if it is wholly or mainly of a political nature.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/save-the-indians-not-here-you-dont-1585201.html |title=Save the Indians? Not here you don't |newspaper=The Independent |date=6 June 1995 |access-date=24 October 2009 |location=London |first=Lynne |last=Wallis |archive-date=27 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127160532/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/save-the-indians-not-here-you-dont-1585201.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The ad was broadcast on the music cable channel [[The Box (U.S.)|The Box]] and the MTV satellite offshoot [[VH-1]]. It featured Richard Gere urging viewers to help to stop the slaughter and exploitation of tribal people.

Another controversy ensued after an article in ''[[The Observer]]'' cast doubt on Survival International's reporting of an uncontacted tribe in [[Peru]], which included a picture with tribesmen firing arrows up at an aircraft.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://pressgazette.co.uk/how-the-observer-erred-when-it-cast-doubt-on-survivals-lost-tribe/ |title=How the ''Observer'' erred when it cast doubt on Survival's lost tribe |magazine=Press Gazette |first= Dominic|last=Ponsford|date=2 September 2008 |access-date=20 January 2022 |archive-date=16 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616192640/http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/story.asp?sectioncode=6&storycode=42019&c=1 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=pritchard>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2008/aug/31/voluntarysector |title=The readers' editor on... how a tribal people's charity was misrepresented |newspaper=The Guardian |date=31 August 2008 |access-date=24 October 2009 |location=London |first=Stephen |last=Pritchard |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190127193234/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2008/aug/31/voluntarysector|archive-date=27 January 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> After a heated confrontation that dragged for a couple of months, with threats of taking Survival International to court for libel, ''The Observer'' ended up conceding in August 2008 that it had got the story wrong. In a clarification, the newspaper stated: "While ''The Observer'' cannot be responsible for content of other media it does have a duty under the Editors' Code not to publish 'inaccurate, misleading or distorted information'. It failed in that duty here."<ref name=pritchard />

The Government of [[Botswana]], with whom Survival International has had a long-standing disagreement over the government's treatment of the [[San people]] in the [[Central Kalahari Game Reserve]], has complained about uneven coverage in the mainstream media.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gov.bw/cgi-bin/news.cgi?d=20060929&i=Ministry_responds_to_Mmegi_article |title=Ministry responds to Mmegi article |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061002233804/http://www.gov.bw/cgi-bin/news.cgi?d=20060929&i=Ministry_responds_to_Mmegi_article |date=29 September 2006|archive-date=2 October 2006 |publisher=Republic of Botswana}}</ref> The San have challenged the government in court several times regarding their right to remain on their land without interference.<ref name="VOA News Bushmen Want to Live in Peace">{{cite news|last=Lewis|first=Kim|title=Bushmen Want to Live in Peace on Their Land|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/bushmen-botswana-court-ranyane-land-rights/1671253.html|access-date=30 May 2013|newspaper=Voice of America|date=30 May 2013|archive-date=9 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109062957/http://www.voanews.com/content/bushmen-botswana-court-ranyane-land-rights/1671253.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Ian Khama]], [[President of Botswana]], stated that Survival International is "denying them and especially their children opportunities to grow with the mainstream", forcing Indigenous peoples into maintaining "a very backward form of life".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/21/botswana-president-ian-khama-polls-standing-re-election |title=Botswana president Ian Khama hopes for triumph at challenging polls |first=David|last= Smith|newspaper=The Guardian |date=6 March 2015 |access-date=6 March 2015 |archive-date=28 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150228205638/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/21/botswana-president-ian-khama-polls-standing-re-election |url-status=live}}</ref> It has been alleged that the Botswana government "has instructed all departmental heads in the state media to ensure that any negative reporting on the controversial relocations from the [[Central Kalahari Game Reserve]] (CKGR) should be contrasted strongly with freshly-sought government statements."<ref name=pritchard />

In May 2013, Survival International accused the government of plans to evict San from their homes in [[Ancestral land conflict in Botswana|Ranyane]]. Government representative [[Jeff Ramsay]] denied this allegation and described Survival International as a "neo-[[Apartheid]] organisation".<ref>{{cite news|title=Botswana denies plans to 'evict' Bushmen|url=http://www.news24.com/Travel/International/Botswana-denies-plans-to-evict-bushmen-20130527|access-date=28 May 2013|newspaper=news24.com|date=27 May 2013 |archive-date=23 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623210953/http://www.news24.com/Travel/International/Botswana-denies-plans-to-evict-bushmen-20130527|url-status=live}}</ref> Survival International subsequently reported that on May 28, Botswana's High Court had ruled that the eviction be suspended until mid-June.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bushman eviction suspended|url=http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/9267|publisher=Survival International|access-date=29 May 2013|archive-date=8 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608081504/http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/9267|url-status=live}}</ref> A Survival International campaigner was quoted as saying: "I don't know how the government can say there is no case, and that they are not planning to evict them when the Ranyane Bushmen are taking the government to court to stop from being removed."<ref name="VOA News Bushmen Want to Live in Peace" /> The director of [[Khwedom Council]], [[Keibakile Mogodu]], said, "We have been deliberating on the issue with government officials, yes I can confirm that government was due to relocate [six hundred] Basarwa on Monday, [May 27th]."<ref name="Survival International threatens to take up new Basarwa case">{{cite news|last=Ontebetse|first=Khonani|title=Survival International threatens to take up new Basarwa case|url=http://www.sundaystandard.info/print_article.php?NewsID=17014|access-date=31 May 2013|newspaper=Sunday Standard|date=30 May 2013 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109062725/http://www.sundaystandard.info/print_article.php?NewsID=17014|archive-date=9 January 2014}}</ref> A case has been filed on the San's behalf.<ref name="Survival International threatens to take up new Basarwa case" />

In 2005, Survival published the book ''There You Go!''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.survivalinternational.org/thereyougo|title=Survival International - The movement for tribal peoples|publisher=Survival International|access-date=20 May 2017|archive-date=19 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519075935/http://www.survivalinternational.org/thereyougo|url-status=live}}</ref> ([[Oren Ginzburg]]), which depicted a tribal society being harmed by development. In the book's foreword, Stephen Corry wrote: "The 'development' of tribal peoples against their wishes – really to let others get their land and resources – is rooted in 19th century colonialism ('We know best') dressed up in 20th century 'political correct' euphemism. Tribal peoples are not backward: they are independent and vibrant societies which, like all of us always, are constantly adapting to a changing world. The main difference between tribal peoples and us is that we take their land and resources, and believe the dishonest, even racist, claim that it's for their own good. It's conquest, not development. If you really want to understand what's going on, read this book."

Survival International encourages supporters to use multiple media to spread awareness on Indigenous rights issues. In the guide ''Walk Your Talk'', the organisation gives tips on a variety of actions, from writing letters to governments, to spreading the word through sponsorships, leaflets, demonstrations, film shows, and collecting money from a variety of events.<ref name="survivalinternationalactnow">{{cite web|url=http://www.survivalinternational.org/actnow/walkyourtalk|title=Survival International website - Act Now/walk your Talk|publisher=Survival International |access-date=20 May 2017|archive-date=12 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812195217/http://www.survivalinternational.org/actnow/walkyourtalk|url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Cultural Survival]]
* [[Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples]]
* [[Friends of Peoples Close to Nature]]
* [[Songs for Survival]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==
* {{cite book | title=Worlds Apart: An Explorer's Life | publisher=Arrow Books | author=Hanbury-Tenison, Robin | year=1991 }} (First published by Granada, 1984)

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.survivalinternational.org/}}

{{Indigenous rights footer}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:1969 establishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Human rights organisations based in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Indigenous rights organizations]]
[[Category:International charities]]
[[Category:International human rights organizations]]
[[Category:International organisations based in London]]
[[Category:Organisations based in the London Borough of Islington]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1969]]
[[Category:Political organisations based in London]]

Galton and Simpson

2025-07-04T13:39:57Z

2A00:23C7:C8BC:C501:8D1F:3F23:F9B4:4D98: /* Career */Added link

{{Short description|English comedy scriptwriters}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2017}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2012}}

{{Infobox comedian
| name = Galton and Simpson
| image = Aankomst op Schiphol van de geestelijk vaders van het TV-spel ' Stiefbeen en Zn., Bestanddeelnr 916-1372.jpg
| alt =
| caption = L-R - Alan Simpson, Ray Galton, with the stars of ''Stiefbeen en zoon'', the Netherlands ''[[Steptoe and Son]]'', {{ill|Rien van Nunen|nl}} and [[Piet Römer]]
| active = 1948–2017
| genre = Radio, television, film
| past_members = [[Ray Galton]]<br />[[Alan Simpson (scriptwriter)|Alan Simpson]]
}}

'''Galton and Simpson''' were a British comedy scriptwriting duo, who wrote for radio, television and film, consisting of [[Ray Galton]] [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]] (17 July 1930 – 5 October 2018) and [[Alan Simpson (scriptwriter)|Alan Simpson]] OBE (27 November 1929 – 8 February 2017). They had an association that lasted 60 years, and are best known for their work with comedian [[Tony Hancock]] on radio and television between 1954 and 1961 and their long-running television situation comedy, ''[[Steptoe and Son]]'', eight series of which were aired between 1962 and 1974.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ray Galton and Alan Simpson look back in laughter|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2570620/Ray-Galton-and-Alan-Simpson-look-back-in-laughter.html|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=16 August 2008 |access-date=16 July 2013}}</ref>

==Career==
<blockquote>Most writers meet as writers but neither Ray nor I had written before we met so we only ever knew how to do it together. I did the typing and we didn't put anything down until we'd agreed the line, rewriting as we went without doing drafts. For a while we shared an office with Eric Sykes and Spike Milligan. Eric used to write by hand in enormous letters, with three sentences to a page. Spike didn't have the patience to think of the right line so just wrote non-stop. When he couldn't think of a line he'd just write "Fuck it" and keep going. Then he'd go back and do draft after draft until he'd taken out all the "Fuck its".<ref name="independent/1219717">{{cite news |last1=Usborne |first1=Simon |title=How We Met: Ray Galton & Alan Simpson |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/how-we-met-ray-galton-alan-simpson-1219717.html |access-date=22 April 2025 |work=[[The Independent]] |date=4 January 2009 |language=en}}</ref></blockquote>

Galton and Simpson met in 1948, while being treated for tuberculosis at the [[Milford Hospital]] near [[Godalming]] in Surrey. The partnership's break in comedy writing came with the [[Derek Roy (comedian)|Derek Roy]] vehicle ''Happy Go Lucky''. They had been writing gags for Roy at five shillings a time but when the main writers were sacked the pair took over writing the scripts. Tony Hancock was in the show but featured in a sketch written by two Australian writers. They met at a rehearsal and Hancock subsequently asked the pair to write a piece for another radio show he was booked to appear on.<ref name="Hippodrome">{{cite web
|last=Flanagan
|first=Barry
|title=Derek Roy
|publisher=Memories of the Hippodrome
|url=http://www.localhistory.scit.wlv.ac.uk/articles/hippodrome/Roy.htm
|access-date=3 February 2009
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061008204817/http://www.localhistory.scit.wlv.ac.uk/articles/hippodrome/Roy.htm
|archive-date=8 October 2006
}}</ref> They continued to work with Hancock and from 1954 to 1959 they wrote ''[[Hancock's Half Hour]]'' on radio; a series that also ran on television between 1956 and 1961. In October that year Hancock ended his professional relationship with the writers, and with [[Beryl Vertue]] who worked with the writers' at their agency [[Associated London Scripts]]. This writers' co-operative had been founded by [[Eric Sykes]] and [[Spike Milligan]], with others involved, including Hancock for a time.<ref>{{cite web|last=Marcus|first=Laurence|title=Ray Galton and Alan Simpson – Creators of the British Sitcom|url=http://www.teletronic.co.uk/galton_simpson.htm|publisher=Teletronic|access-date=16 July 2013|date=January 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724030709/http://teletronic.co.uk/galton_simpson.htm|archive-date=24 July 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

After their association with Hancock had ended, they wrote a series of ''[[Comedy Playhouse]]'' (1961–62), ten one-off half-hour plays for the [[BBC]]. One play in the series, ''The Offer'', was well received, and from this emerged ''[[Steptoe and Son]]'' (1962–74), about two [[rag and bone man|rag and bone men]], father and son, who live together in a squalid house in West London. This was the basis for the American series ''[[Sanford and Son]]'', the Dutch series ''[[Stiefbeen en Zoon]]'' and the Swedish series ''[[Albert & Herbert]]''.

Their comedy is characterised by a bleak and somewhat fatalistic tone. ''Steptoe and Son'' in particular is, at times, extremely [[black comedy]], and close in tone to [[social realist]] drama. Both the character played by Tony Hancock in ''Hancock's Half Hour'' and Harold Steptoe ([[Harry H. Corbett]]) are pretentious, would-be intellectuals who find themselves trapped by the squalor of their lives.<ref name="GALTON">{{cite web
|url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/article/obituary-ray-galton-6x8z6wbzt
|title=Ray Galton (obituary)
|date=8 October 2018
|work=[[The Times]]
|publisher=Times Newspapers Limited
|access-date=1 January 2022}}</ref> This theme had been expanded upon in their script for Tony Hancock's film ''[[The Rebel (1961 film)|The Rebel]]'' (1961), about a civil servant who moves to Paris to become an artist. [[Gabriel Chevallier]]'s novel ''[[Clochemerle]]'' (1934) was adapted by Galton and Simpson as a [[Clochemerle (TV series)|BBC/West German co-production]] in 1972. They contributed the book to ''Jacob's Journey'', a musical accompaniment to a 1973 production of ''[[Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat]]'', which was however soon dropped. Around this time an unbroadcast television pilot entitled ''Bunclarke With an E'' was recorded based on a ''Hancock's Half Hour'' script, with [[Arthur Lowe]] and [[James Beck]], but Beck died before the project could be developed as a series.<ref>{{cite news|last=Clark|first=Neil|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/10223138/James-Beck-the-Dads-Army-star-cut-off-in-his-prime.html|title=James Beck: the Dad's Army star cut off in his prime|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=6 August 2013|access-date=12 October 2019}}</ref> Another series from this period, ''[[Casanova '73]]'' (1973) with [[Leslie Phillips]] in the lead, was described by ''[[The Times]]'' in its obituary of Galton as "disappointingly typical of their later work."<ref name="Timesobit">{{cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/article/obituary-ray-galton-6x8z6wbzt|title=Ray Galton|work=[[The Times]]|date=8 October 2018|access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref>

While both writers continued to work after ''Steptoe and Son'' ended, including several projects with [[Frankie Howerd]], they had no further high-profile successes. [[Duncan Wood]], the former ''Hancock'' and ''Steptoe'' producer by then at [[ITV Yorkshire|Yorkshire Television]], commissioned ''The Galton & Simpson Playhouse'', a seven-part series broadcast in 1977, featuring leading actors of the time such as [[Richard Briers]], [[Leonard Rossiter]] and [[Arthur Lowe]]. None of these shows led to another series. Simpson retired from scriptwriting in 1978, becoming an after-dinner speaker,<ref>{{cite news|last=Barker|first=Dennis|url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2017/feb/08/alan-simpson-obituary|title=Alan Simpson obituary|work=The Guardian|date=8 February 2017|access-date=30 April 2020}}</ref> while Galton collaborated in several projects with [[Johnny Speight]].

In 1996 and 1997, comedian [[Paul Merton]] revived several ''Hancock's Half Hour'' and other Galton and Simpson scripts for [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] to a mixed reception. Ray Galton's ''Get Well Soon'', based on his and Simpson's early sanatorium experiences, was broadcast by the BBC in 1997.

In October 2005, Galton and [[John Antrobus]] premiered their play ''[[Steptoe and Son in Murder at Oil Drum Lane]]'' at the Theatre Royal, York. The play is set in the present day and relates the events that lead to Harold killing his father, and their eventual meeting thirty years later (Albert appearing as a ghost). A series of old plays updated for modern times, entitled ''Galton and Simpson's Half Hour'', was broadcast on [[BBC Radio 2]] in 2009. The series of four episodes was made to celebrate the duo's 60-year anniversary, and the cast consists of [[Frank Skinner]], [[Mitchell and Webb]], [[Rik Mayall]], [[June Whitfield]] and [[Paul Merton]]. The successful Scandinavian television series ''[[Fleksnes Fataliteter]]'' and ''[[Albert & Herbert]]'' were based on ''Hancock's Half Hour'' and ''Steptoe and Son''.

==Awards==
Galton and Simpson were both awarded [[Order of the British Empire|OBEs]] in the 2000 [[British honours system|honours list]] for their contribution to British television.

On Saturday 1 June 2013, the British Comedy Society unveiled a [[blue plaque]] to Simpson and Galton at Milford Hospital (formerly the sanatorium at which the pair first met).<ref>{{cite web|last=Brown|first=Aaron|title=Writers Galton and Simpson to be honoured|url=http://www.comedy.co.uk/features/bcs_galton_simpson_plaque_event/|publisher=British Comedy Guide|access-date=15 July 2013|date=May 2013}}</ref>

On 8 May 2016, the two men were awarded a BAFTA fellowship for their comedy writing.

==References==
{{Reflist||refs=http://www.digitalspy.com/tv/news/a792963/steptoe-and-son-creators-will-be-honoured-with-the-bafta-fellowship/}}

==External links==
* {{Official|http://www.galtonandsimpson.com/}}
* {{imdb name|0303362|Ray Galton}}
* {{imdb name|0800882|Alan Simpson}}
* [http://dvdcompare.net/review.php?rid=903 DVDCompare review of ''The Galton and Simpson Playhouse'' (1977)]

{{Galton and Simpson}}
{{BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Galton and Simpson}}
[[Category:English radio writers]]
[[Category:English television writers]]
[[Category:British television show creators]]
[[Category:Screenwriting duos]]
[[Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire]]

Thomas Hoccleve

2025-07-03T02:20:21Z

2A00:23C7:C8BC:C501:8D1F:3F23:F9B4:4D98: Improved English

{{Short description|English poet (1368/1369–1426)}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
[[File:Henry Prince of Wales receiving or presenting a book - detail.jpg|thumb|Henry V, whilst Prince of Wales, presenting Hoccleve's ''Regement of Princes'' to [[John de Mowbray, 2nd Duke of Norfolk|the Duke of Norfolk]], 1411–1413, [[British Library]]]]
'''Thomas Hoccleve''' or '''Occleve''' (1368/69–1426) was a key figure in 15th-century [[Middle English]] literature, significant for promoting [[Geoffrey Chaucer|Chaucer]] as "the father of English literature", and as a poet in his own right.<ref>{{cite DNB |wstitle= Hoccleve, Thomas |volume= 27 |last= Furnivall |first= Frederick James |author-link= Frederick James Furnivall | pages=56-57 |short=1}}</ref>{{sfn |McCormick |1911 |p=966}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thomas Hoccleve |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Thomas-Hoccleve |access-date=2023-07-14 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> His poetry, especially his longest work, the didactic work ''Regement of Princes'', was extremely popular in the fifteenth century, but went largely ignored until the late twentieth century, when it was re-examined by scholars, particularly [[John Burrow (literary scholar)|John Burrow]]. Today he is best known for his ''Series'', which includes the earliest autobiographical description of mental illness in English, and for his extensive scribal activity. Three [[Autograph (manuscript)|holographs]] of his poetry have survived, and he also copied literary manuscripts by other writers. As a clerk of the [[Privy Seal of England|Office of the Privy Seal]], he wrote hundreds of documents in French and Latin.

==Biography==
Hoccleve was born in 1368, as he states when writing in 1421 (''Dialogue, 1.246'') that he has seen "fifty wyntir and three". Nothing is known of his family, but they probably came from the village of [[Hockliffe]] in [[Bedfordshire]].<ref>J. A. Burrow: Hoccleve, Thomas...: ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' (Oxford: OUP, 2004; online ed., January 2008 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/13415 Retrieved 24 November 2010. Subscription required.]</ref> In November 1420, Hoccleve's fellow Privy Seal clerk John Bailey returned land and tenements in Hockliffe to him, which suggests that Hoccleve may indeed have had family ties there.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=Last Words: The Public Self and the Social Author in Late Medieval England |last=Sobecki |first=Sebastian |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2019 |isbn=9780198790785 |location=Oxford |pages=65–73}}{{doi|10.1093/oso/9780198790778.001.0001}}</ref>

What is known of his life comes mainly from his works and from administrative records. According to the ''Regiment of Princes'' (c. 1411, 11.804–5), he obtained a clerkship in the [[Privy Seal of England|Office of the Privy Seal]] at the age of eighteen or nineteen, which he retained on and off, in spite of much grumbling, for about thirty-five years.{{sfn|McCormick|1911|p=966}} On 12 November 1399 he was granted an annuity by the new king, [[Henry IV of England|Henry IV]].<ref>£10 per annum, raised to 20 marks (£13 6s. 8d.) in 1409, the last half-yearly payment being made on 11 February 1426. His fringe benefits included board and lodging, money for robes at Christmas, two [[corrody|corrodies]], occasional bonuses, and fees and favours from clients. A Burrow: Hoccleve, Thomas....</ref> It was not always paid as regularly as he would have wished, or in full;{{sfn|McCormick|1911|p=966}} he is known for complaining about his lack of funds.

Hoccleve is not known for his successful career. His first known, datable poem, ''The Letter to Cupid'', was a 1402 translation of [[Christine de Pizan]]'s ''L'Epistre au Dieu d'Amours'', may have been seen as inappropriately francophile in the context of the rising English nationalism of the early 15th century, which would soon result in the resumption of hostilities in the [[Hundred Years' War|Hundred Years War]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Bowers |first=John M. |date=2002 |title=Thomas Hoccleve and the Politics of Tradition |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25096179 |journal=The Chaucer Review |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=352–369 |issn=0009-2002}}</ref> Having failed to secure a church [[benefice]], by 1410 he had married "only for love" (''Regiment'', 1.1561) and settled down to writing moral and religious poems, including his most widely circulated poem, the ''Regement of Princes'', which he wrote c. 1411 and dedicated to the future [[Henry V of England|Henry V]].{{sfn|McCormick|1911|p=966}} He was still married in November 1420 when he and his wife receive bequests in a will.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Last Words: The Public Self and the Social Author in Late Medieval England |last=Sobecki |first=Sebastian |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2019 |isbn=9780198790785 |location=Oxford |pages=70–71}} {{doi|10.1093/oso/9780198790778.001.0001}}</ref> The marriage was costly for his career; married clerks were traditionally unable to hold government office, and in the political instability of the early 15th century, Henry V leaned on the legitimizing power of tradition.<ref name=":1" /> He appears to have been something of a loner, poor at leveraging social connections in the service of his career or personal wealth.<ref name=":1" /> Worse still, at some point after writing the ''Regiment'', Hoccleve experienced a period of severe mental illness. He recovered in 1415, but writes in his ''Complaint'' (1420) that five years later he continued to experience social alienation as a result.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sobecki |first=Sebastian |title=Last Words: The Public Self and the Social Author in Late Medieval England |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2019 |isbn=9780198790785 |location=Oxford |pages=74–87}} {{doi|10.1093/oso/9780198790778.001.0001}}</ref> The episode caused his voice to be "publicly regarded as being unstable"<ref>"Madness and Texts: Hoccleve’s ''Series'',” in ''Chaucer and Fifteenth Century Poetry'', edited by Janet Cowen and Julia Boffey, King’s College London Medieval Studies, 5 (London: King’s College, London, 1991), pp. 15-29</ref> – a poor quality for an author whose most successful work to date was a [[Didactic poem|didactic]] text. In ''Dialogue with a Friend'', the poem that follows the ''Complaint'' in his ''Series'', he describes his worsening eyesight, which further hindered his work as a scribe.

On 4 March 1426, the Exchequer rolls record a last reimbursement to Hoccleve (for red wax and ink for office use). He died soon after: on 8 May 1426 his [[corrody]] (allowance for food and clothing) at [[Southwick Priory]] in [[Hampshire]] was passed to Alice Penfold to be held "in manner and form like Thomas Hoccleve now deceased".<ref name="A. Burrow: Hoccleve, Thomas">A. Burrow: Hoccleve, Thomas.</ref>

==Work==
Hoccleve, more than any other 15th-century writer, worked to cast Chaucer as the "father" of English literature, acknowledging the importance of [[John Gower]] and positioning himself as an heir of this tradition. However, despite the initial runaway success of the ''Regiment of Princes'', his popularity was soon superseded by his more prolific contemporary, [[John Lydgate]].<ref name=":1" /> Later readers found the ''Regiment'' boring and overly didactic; [[William Caxton|Caxton]] did not print it, and it was not until the 1970s that his work came to be valued as insight into the literate culture of England under the Lancastrian regime. It is especially valued by contemporary scholars for his frank autobiographical descriptions, in particular his description of his mental illness in the ''Complaint and Dialogue'' (1420). His ''La Male Regle'' (c. 1406), one of his most fluid and lively works, is a mock-penitential poem that gives some glimpses of dissipation in his youth.{{sfn|McCormick|1911|p=966}}[[Image:Chaucer Hoccleve.png|thumb|Portrait of [[Geoffrey Chaucer|Chaucer]] from Hoccleve's ''Regement'' (or ''Regiment'') ''of Princes'']]

His diction is relatively simple and clear; as a [[meter (poetry)|metrist]] he is self-deprecating. While he confesses that "Fader Chaucer fayn wolde han me taught, But I was dul and learned lite or naught", this pose was conventional in Hoccleve's time, and an inheritance from Chaucer himself, whose alter-ego Geoffrey was portrayed as fat and dimwitted in ''The House of Fame'' and ''The Canterbury Tales''. Later known as the "humility topos", the posture would become a conventional form of authorial self-presentation in the Renaissance.<ref>The seminal study of this self-effacing performance typical of 15th-century writers is David Lawton's 1987 ''ELH'' article "Dullness and the Fifteenth Century".</ref>

The ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' cites Hoccleve as the first recorded user of many words, including ''annuity'', ''causative'', ''flexible'', ''innate'', ''interrupt'', ''manual'', ''miserable'', ''notice'', ''obtain'', ''pitiless'', ''slut'' and ''suspense''.

=== The ''Regiment of Princes'' ===
The ''Regement of Princes'', written for [[Henry V of England]] shortly before his accession, is a homily on virtues and vices, adapted from [[Aegidius de Colonna]]'s Latin work of the same name, from a supposed epistle of [[Aristotle]] known as ''[[Secretum Secretorum]]'', and from a work of [[Jacques de Cessoles]] ([[floruit|fl.]] 1300) translated later by [[William Caxton|Caxton]] as ''The Game and Playe of Chesse''. The ''Regement'' survives in at least 43 manuscript copies.<ref name="A. Burrow: Hoccleve, Thomas" /> It comments on Henry V's lineage, to cement the [[House of Lancaster]]'s claim to England's throne. Its proem, occupying about a third of the whole, contains reminiscences of London tavern life in a dialogue between the poet and an old man.

=== The ''Series'' ===
The ''Series'', which combines autobiographical poetry, poetic translations and prose moralizations of the translated texts, begins (''Complaint'', 11.40 ff.) with a description of a period of "wylde infirmitee", in which the Hoccleve-character claims he temporarily lost his "wit" and "memorie" (this stands as the earliest autobiographical description of [[mental disorder|mental illness]] in English). He describes recovering from this "five years ago last All Saints" (''Complaint'', 11.55–6) but still experiencing social alienation as a result of gossip about this insanity. The ''Series'' continues with "Dialog with a Friend," which claims to be written after his recovery and gives a pathetic picture of a poor poet, now 53, with sight and mind impaired. In it he tells the unnamed friend of his plans to write a tale he owes to his good patron, [[Humphrey of Gloucester]], and of translating a portion of [[Henry Suso]]'s popular Latin treatise on the art of dying – a task the friend discourages, saying that too much study was the cause of his mental illness. The ''Series'' then fulfils this plan, continuing with moralized tales of ''Jereslaus' Wife'' and of ''[[Tale of Jonathas|Jonathas]]'' (both from ''[[Gesta Romanorum]]''). The ''Series'' next turns to ''Learn to die'', a theologically and psychologically astute verse translation of Henry Suso's Latin prose ''Ars Moriendi'' (Book II, Chapter 2 of the ''Horologium Sapientiae'').<ref>{{Citation |last=Rozenski |first=Steven |title='Your Ensaumple and Your Mirour': Hoccleve's Amplification of the Imagery and Intimacy of Henry Suso's Ars Moriendi |url=http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/parergon/v025/25.2.rozenski.html |journal=Parergon |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=1–16 |year=2008 |doi=10.1353/pgn.0.0053 |s2cid=54942824|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The theme of mortality and strict calendar structure of the ''Series'' link the sequence to the death of Hoccleve's friend and Privy Seal colleague John Bailey in November 1420.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sobecki |first=Sebastian |title=Last Words: The Public Self and the Social Author in Late Medieval England |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2019 |isbn=9780198790785 |location=Oxford |pages=87–100}} {{doi|10.1093/oso/9780198790778.001.0001}}</ref> Two [[autograph]] manuscripts of the ''Series'' survive.<ref>{{Citation |title=Thomas Hoccleve: A Facsimile of the Autograph Verse Manuscripts |year=2002 |editor-last=Burrow |editor-first=J. A. |isbn=9780197224205}}</ref>

==Handwriting==
Hoccleve has left behind more manuscripts and documents in his own hand than any other known medieval English writer. Four literary manuscripts are generally considered to have been solely or mostly in his hand;

* [[Durham University Library]], Cosin MS V. iii. 9 (''The Series'')<ref>{{Cite web |title=Catalogue of Durham University Library Cosin MS V.iii.9 |url=https://reed.dur.ac.uk/xtf/view?docId=ark/32150_s1sq87bt74j.xml |access-date=2023-07-14 |website=reed.dur.ac.uk}}</ref>
* San Marino, [[Huntington Library]] MSS HM 111<ref>{{Cite web |title=MS HM 111 catalogue and digitization |url=https://hdl.huntington.org/digital/collection/p15150coll7/id/9873 |access-date=2023-07-14 |website=Huntington Library}}</ref> and HM 744<ref>{{Cite web |title=MS HM 744 catalogue and digitization |url=https://hdl.huntington.org/digital/collection/p15150coll7/id/18518/ |access-date=2023-07-14 |website=Huntington Library}}</ref> (collections of his shorter poems).
* London, [[British Library]], MS Harley 219<ref>{{Cite web |title=Detailed record for Harley 219 |url=https://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/record.asp?MSID=3614&CollID=8&NStart=219 |access-date=2023-07-14 |website=British Library}}</ref> (in Hoccleve's hand are extracts from the ''[[Gesta Romanorum]]'', some of [[Odo of Cheriton]]'s ''Fable''s, [[Christine de Pizan]]'s ''Epistre Othea'', and a trilingual glossary of French terms into Latin and/or English)<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schieberle |first=Misty |date=2019 |title=A New Hoccleve Literary Manuscript: The Trilingual Miscellany in London, British Library, MS Harley 219 |journal=The Review of English Studies |publisher=Oxford University Press |volume=70 |issue=297 |pages=799–822 |doi=10.1093/res/hgz042}}</ref>

His hand has also been identified in sections of other literary manuscripts, as a copyist and/or corrector. He is Scribe E in Cambridge, Trinity College, MS R.3.2, John Gower's ''Confessio Amantis''; this manuscript includes work by four other scribes, including the prolific copyist [[Scribe D]], and Scribe B, the copyist of the [[Ellesmere Chaucer|Ellesmere]] and [[Hengwrt Chaucer|Hengwrt]] manuscripts of the ''[[The Canterbury Tales|Canterbury Tales]]''.<ref>A. I. Doyle and M. B. Parkes, "The Production of Copies of the ''Canterbury Tales'' and the ''Confessio Amantis'' in the Early Fifteenth Century", in ''Medieval Scribes, Manuscripts and Libraries: Essays Presented to N. R. Ker'', ed. M. B. Parkes and Andrew G. Watson (London: Scolar Press, 1978), pp. 163–210.</ref> He may also be Hand F of the latter manuscript, who copied a few lines; it has been suggested that he was the first editor of Chaucer's work.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Horobin |first=Simon |date=2015-10-01 |title=Thomas Hoccleve: Chaucer's First Editor? |url=https://scholarlypublishingcollective.org/chaucer/article/50/3-4/228/249898/Thomas-Hoccleve-Chaucer-s-First-Editor |journal=The Chaucer Review |language=en |volume=50 |issue=3-4 |pages=228–250 |doi=10.5325/chaucerrev.50.3-4.0228 |issn=0009-2002|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Hoccleve also wrote out the majority of the Privy Seal Formulary, British Library, MS Add. 24062,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sobecki |first=Sebastian |date=2020 |title=The Handwriting of Fifteenth-Century Privy Seal and Council Clerks |journal=The Review of English Studies |publisher=Oxford University Press |volume=72 |issue=304 |pages=253–279 |doi=10.1093/res/hgaa050 |doi-access=free}}</ref> and wrote hundreds of documents in his capacity as a Privy Seal clerk.

==Editions==
Hoccleve found a 17th-century admirer in [[William Browne (poet)|William Browne]], who included his ''Jonathas'' in ''Shepheard's Pipe'' (1614). Browne added a eulogy of the poet, whose works he intended to publish in their entirety (Works, ed. [[William Carew Hazlitt|W. C. Hazlitt]], 1869, ii. f 96–198). In 1796 George Mason printed ''Six Poems by Thomas Hoccleve never before printed''. ''De Regimine Principum'' was printed for the [[Roxburghe Club]] in 1860 and by [[Early English Text Society]] in 1897. (See [[Frederick James Furnivall]]'s introduction to Hoccleve's Works; I. ''The Minor Poems'', in the Phillipps manuscript 8131, and the Durham manuscript III. p, Early English Text Society, 1892.){{sfn|McCormick|1911|p=967}}

[[Frederick James Furnivall|Furnivall]]'s edition of Hoccleve's complete works, still largely standard for scholars, was reprinted in the 1970s; however, Michael Seymour's ''Selections from Hoccleve'', published by the [[Clarendon Press]] (a division of [[Oxford University Press]]) in 1981, provides an excellent sampling of the poet's major and minor works for readers seeking a sense of Hoccleve's work. [[John Burrow (literary scholar)|J. A. Burrow]]'s 1999 [[Early English Text Society]] edition of Thomas Hoccleve's ''Complaint and Dialogue'' is becoming the standard edition of the two excerpts from the Hoccleve's later works (collectively known as ''The Series''), as is Charles Blyth's TEAMS Middle English Text Series edition of ''The Regiment of Princes'' from the same year – particularly for modernised spelling that facilitates use in the classroom. These three recent editions all have introductions offering a thorough sense of a poet hitherto under-appreciated.

==Further reading==
*Ethan Knapp, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=_em520pWIdoC The Bureaucratic Muse: Thomas Hoccleve and the Literature of Late Medieval England]'', Penn State Press, 2001 {{ISBN|0-271-02135-7}}
*{{Citation |last=Perkins |first=Nicholas |title=''Hoccleve's Regiment of Princes: Counsel and Constraint'' |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mbj5fXTpgkEC |year=2001 |publisher=Boydell & Brewer|isbn=9780859916318}}
*{{Citation |last=Sobecki |first=Sebastian |date=2023 |title=Authorized Realities: The Gesta Romanorum and Thomas Hoccleve’s Poetics of Autobiography |journal=Speculum |publisher=Chicago University Press |volume=98 |issue=2 |pages=536–558 |doi=10.1086/723872 |doi-access=|url=https://doi.org/10.1086/723872|url-access=subscription }}
*{{Citation |last=Watt |first=David |title=The Making of Thomas Hoccleve's 'Series' |year=2013 |isbn=9780859898690 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZdjfuQAACAAJ}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*{{EB1911 |wstitle=Occleve, Thomas |volume=19 |pages=966–967 |first=William Symington |last=McCormick |author-link=William Symington McCormick}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
* {{wikisource author-inline}}
*[https://hocclevesociety.org/ The International Hoccleve Society]: Devoted to promoting scholarship on the late-medieval poet Thomas Hoccleve
*[https://hocclevearchive.la.utexas.edu/ The Hoccleve Archive]: Resources for Scholars, Teachers, and Students interested in Thomas Hoccleve, his Works, and their Textual History
*[http://openn.library.upenn.edu/Data/0028/html/ms_1083_030.html MS 1083/30 Regiment of princes; Consolation of philosophy at OPenn]
*[http://d.lib.rochester.edu/teams/publication/blyth-hoccleve-the-regiment-of-princes ''The Regiment of Princes,''], edited by Charles R. Blyth. TEAMS, Middle English Text Series
*[https://archive.org/details/hocclevesworksm00gollgoog Hoccleve's short poetry], edited by Frederick J. Furnivall and I. Gollancz based on his holograph manuscripts
*{{Internet Archive author |sname=Thomas Hoccleve |birth=1368 |death=1426}}
*{{Librivox author |id=2356}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hoccleve, Thomas}}
[[Category:1360s births]]
[[Category:1426 deaths]]
[[Category:15th-century English writers]]
[[Category:Medieval European scribes]]
[[Category:English scribes]]
[[Category:English male poets]]
[[Category:15th-century English poets]]

William Lithgow (traveller and author)

2025-07-02T18:59:52Z

2A00:23C7:C8BC:C501:8D1F:3F23:F9B4:4D98: /* Bibliography */Added italics

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
[[File:William Lithgow (traveller and author).jpeg|thumb|William Lithgow]]
'''William Lithgow''' (c. 1582 – c. 1645) was a Scottish traveller, writer, poet and alleged spy. He claimed at the end of his various peregrinations to have travelled {{convert|36000|mi|km|abbr=off}} on foot.

== Life and adventures ==
William Lithgow was born at [[Lanark]], the oldest son of the merchant James Lithgow and Alison Grahame, his wife. A family tradition had it that William was discovered in the company of a certain Miss Lockhart, and her four brothers cut off his ears, earning him the nickname "lugless Willie".

Prior to 1610 he had visited [[Shetland]], Switzerland, and [[Bohemia]]. In that year he set out from Paris for Rome but on his way had allegedly been apprehended by a band of robbers but they took pity on him and gave him money instead. He arrived in Rome on 7 March, where he remained for four weeks before moving on to other parts of Italy: Naples, [[Ancona]], before moving on to Athens, [[Constantinople]]. It was on a voyage to Constantinople from Italy that he claimed to have been in a shipwreck and narrowly escaped with his life. Upon reaching Constantinople he is supposedly the first European to sample coffee. After a three-month stay in Constantinople, he sailed to other Greek localities and then on to [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], arriving in Jerusalem on [[Palm Sunday]] 1612, and later on to Egypt. His next journey, 1614–1616, was in Tunis and Fez; but his last, 1619–1621, to Spain, ended in his apprehension at [[Málaga|Malaga]] and torture under the [[Inquisition]] as a spy. He also visited [[Crete]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=rVxpejZBJqAC&q=%22william+lithgow%22+crete ''Rare Adventures & Painful Peregrinations'']</ref>

==Bibliography==
[[File:Travels and adventures of Wm. Lithgow (2).pdf|thumb|Travels and adventures of Wm. Lithgow]]
*''Rare Adventures and Paineful Peregrinations'', an account of his travels
*''The Siege of Breda'',
*''The Siege of Newcastle'',
*''Poems by William Lithgow''.
*''A briefe and summarie discourse upon that lamentable and dreadfull disaster at [[Dunglass Castle, East Lothian|Dunglasse]]. Anno 1640'' (Edinburgh, 1640). A description of the explosion at [[Dunglass|Dunglass Castle]].
*{{Citation|last=Lithgow |first=William |year=1643|chapter=The present surveigh of London and England's state|
editor-first=J. Somers |editor-last=Somers |title=A collection of scarce and valuable tracts...|volume=4|pages=534–545}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
*{{A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature}}
* Martin Garrett, 'Lithgow, William (b. 1582, d. in or after 1645)', ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, 2004 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/16774, accessed 28 April 2017]

==Further reading==
* [[Gilbert Phelps|Phelps, Gilbert]] (ed.) ''The Rare Adventures and Painful Peregrinations of William Lithgow'' (London, [[The Folio Society]], 1974)
*{{Citation|first=Thomas |last=Reid|title=Notes on the Life of William Lithgow, Traveller, 1582-1645 |url=https://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archiveDS/archiveDownload?t=arch-352-1/dissemination/pdf/vol_045/45_403_419.pdf |
journal=Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland|date=10 April 1911|volume=45 |pages=403–415|doi=10.9750/PSAS.045.403.416 }}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|William Lithgow (traveller and author)}}
*{{cite DNB|wstitle=Lithgow, William}}
*[http://www.electricscotland.com/history/other/lithgow_william.htm ''Significant Scots – William Lithgow'']

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lithgow, William}}
[[Category:1580s births]]
[[Category:1645 deaths]]
[[Category:Scottish explorers]]
[[Category:Scottish spies]]
[[Category:Scottish travel writers]]
[[Category:People from Lanark]]
[[Category:17th-century Scottish writers]]
[[Category:17th-century Scottish male writers]]
[[Category:1582 in Scotland]]
[[Category:17th-century spies]]

{{Scotland-writer-stub}}
{{Explorer-stub}}

Ripoll

2025-07-02T17:40:18Z

2A00:23C7:C8BC:C501:8D1F:3F23:F9B4:4D98: /* History */Added comma

{{other uses}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2013}} {{Infobox settlement
| name = Ripoll
| native_name =
| settlement_type = [[Municipalities of Catalonia|Municipality]]
| image_skyline = Ripoll belltower.JPG
| imagesize =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_flag = Bandera de Ripoll.svg
| flag_size =
| flag_alt =
| image_shield = Escut de Ripoll.svg
| shield_size =
| shield_alt =
| nickname =
| motto =
| map_caption = Location of Ripoll
| pushpin_map = Spain Province of Girona#Catalonia#Spain
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Catalonia
| coordinates = {{coord|42|12|2|N|2|11|34|E|display=inline}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Spain}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Autonomous communities of Spain|Community]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Catalonia}}
| subdivision_type2 = [[Provinces of Spain|Province]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Girona (province)|Girona]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Comarques of Catalonia|Comarca]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Ripollès]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| leader_party = [[Catalan Alliance|AC]]
| leader_title = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name = [[Sílvia Orriols]] (2023)
| area_footnotes =<ref name=idescat>{{cite web|url=http://www.idescat.cat/emex/?lang=en&id=171479|title=El municipi en xifres: Ripoll|publisher=[[Institut d'Estadística de Catalunya|Statistical Institute of Catalonia]]|access-date=2015-11-23}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 73.7
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 691
| population_as_of = {{Spain metadata Wikidata|population_as_of}}
| population_footnotes = {{Spain metadata Wikidata|population_footnotes}}
| population_total = {{Spain metadata Wikidata|population_total}}
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = Ripollès
| population_note =
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code = 17147
| area_code_type =
| area_code =
| blank_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
| blank_info = [[Humid subtropical climate|Cfa]]
| website = {{URL|www.ripoll.cat}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Ripoll''' ({{IPA|ca|riˈpoʎ}}) is the capital of the ''[[Comarques of Catalonia|comarca]]'' of [[Ripollès]], in the [[province of Girona]], [[Catalonia]], Spain. It is located on the confluence of the [[Ter (river)|Ter]] river and its tributary the Freser, next to the [[Pyrenees]] near the border with France. The population was 11,057 in 2009.<ref>{{cite book|date=2010 |isbn=978-84-393-5437-6 |last=AADD |location=Barcelona |pages=99 |publisher=Departament de Cultura de la Generalitat de Catalunya |title=Museus i Centres de Patrimoni Cultural a Catalunya}}</ref>

== History ==
[[file:(Barcelona) Dovella de Ripoll - Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya.jpg|thumb|left| ''Dovella de Ripoll,'' [[Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya]]]]
The first traces of humans inhabiting the area date from the [[Bronze Age]] and can be seen in form of [[dolmen]]s such as those found in ''El Sot de Dones Mortes'' or in ''Pardinella''. This area was later used by peoples from the Atlantic culture to store bronze weapons and as a passway from the Catalan Central Depression to the [[Pyrenees]]. The area also has tombs from the late [[Rome|Roman]] occupation age and some belonging to the [[Visigoths]].

It has a famous [[Benedictine]] monastery built in the [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] style, [[Monastery of Santa Maria de Ripoll|Santa Maria de Ripoll]], founded by the count [[Wilfred the Hairy]] in 879. The count used it as a centre to repopulate the region after conquering it. In the [[High Middle Ages]], its castle, the Castle of Saguardia, located in the county of Les Llosses was ruled by the Saguàrdia family, of which [[Ponç de la Guàrdia]] was a famous [[troubadour]].

An abundance of coal and iron ore, coupled with the ample water supply of the rivers Ter and Freser, encouraged a metal-working industry in the early Middle Ages. The furnaces of Ripoll were a prime source of nails for the peninsula. Later, pole arms and crossbows, always in demand, were added to Ripoll's exports. Ripoll enjoyed a reputation throughout Europe for the production of firearms. That success as a manufactory of firearms brought frequent trouble to the city. French invasions in 1794, 1809, 1812, and 1813 crippled the city’s industries. However, the final and utter destruction of Ripoll, resulting from mines and blasting, occurred in 1839 during the [[Carlist Wars]]. Due to the loss of records and archives, not much is known of Ripoll and its industry to this day.

== Climate ==
Ripoll has a [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]]: ''Cfa'') bordering on an [[oceanic climate]] (Köppen: ''Cfb'') with cool winters and warm to hot summers. As in many areas of the [[province of Girona]], rainfall is well distributed throughout the year. During the winter, temperatures below {{convert|-5|C|F}} are common, although there may be some winters in which they do not occur.<ref>{{cite web |url =https://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/valoresclimatologicos |title=Valores climatologicos normales|publisher=Aemet.es|access-date = 4 December 2024}}</ref>
{{Weather box|location = Ripoll (1991–2020), extremes (1989-present)
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan record high C = 21.0
|Feb record high C = 23.0
|Mar record high C = 25.7
|Apr record high C = 30.8
|May record high C = 34.1
|Jun record high C = 40.6
|Jul record high C = 40.0
|Aug record high C = 38.0
|Sep record high C = 33.2
|Oct record high C = 30.4
|Nov record high C = 24.3
|Dec record high C = 19.5
|year record high C =
|Jan high C = 10.3
|Feb high C = 11.8
|Mar high C = 15.3
|Apr high C = 18.0
|May high C = 22.5
|Jun high C = 26.7
|Jul high C = 30.2
|Aug high C = 29.0
|Sep high C = 23.9
|Oct high C = 19.3
|Nov high C = 14.1
|Dec high C = 10.5
|year high C =
|Jan mean C = 4.0
|Feb mean C = 5.0
|Mar mean C = 8.1
|Apr mean C = 10.7
|May mean C = 14.8
|Jun mean C = 19.0
|Jul mean C = 22.0
|Aug mean C = 21.2
|Sep mean C = 16.9
|Oct mean C = 13.0
|Nov mean C = 8.1
|Dec mean C = 4.6
|year mean C =
|Jan low C = -2.4
|Feb low C = -1.8
|Mar low C = 0.9
|Apr low C = 3.4
|May low C = 7.0
|Jun low C = 11.2
|Jul low C = 13.8
|Aug low C = 13.4
|Sep low C = 9.9
|Oct low C = 6.7
|Nov low C = 2.0
|Dec low C = -1.3
|year low C =
|Jan record low C = -13.7
|Feb record low C = -12.8
|Mar record low C = -11.3
|Apr record low C = -5.0
|May record low C = -2.0
|Jun record low C = 0.5
|Jul record low C = 4.0
|Aug record low C = 3.5
|Sep record low C = -0.5
|Oct record low C = -5.1
|Nov record low C = -10.2
|Dec record low C = -13.3
|year record low C =
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 40.3
|Feb precipitation mm = 33.4
|Mar precipitation mm = 48.7
|Apr precipitation mm = 72.4
|May precipitation mm = 85.9
|Jun precipitation mm = 113.3
|Jul precipitation mm = 70.1
|Aug precipitation mm = 96.2
|Sep precipitation mm = 94.3
|Oct precipitation mm = 71.2
|Nov precipitation mm = 61.1
|Dec precipitation mm = 48.6
|year precipitation mm =
|Jan precipitation days = 4.4
|Feb precipitation days = 4.2
|Mar precipitation days = 5.7
|Apr precipitation days = 8.4
|May precipitation days = 8.2
|Jun precipitation days = 8.4
|Jul precipitation days = 7.3
|Aug precipitation days = 8.8
|Sep precipitation days = 7.3
|Oct precipitation days = 6.6
|Nov precipitation days = 5.4
|Dec precipitation days = 3.8
|year precipitation days =
|unit precipitation days = 1 mm
|source 1 = [[Agencia Estatal de Meteorologia]]<ref>{{cite web |url =https://www.aemet.es/es/datos_abiertos/AEMET_OpenData |title=AEMET OpenData|publisher=Aemet.es|access-date = 4 December 2024}}</ref>
}}

== Demographics ==
Ripoll is over 5% Muslim, predominately of [[Moroccans in Spain|Moroccan]] origin, who arrived in the 1990s to work in industrial factories.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Watts |first=Jonathan |date=2017-08-22 |title='These boys were raised among us': terror cell town reels after Catalonia attacks |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/aug/22/spain-attacks-these-boys-were-raised-among-us-the-town-where-terror-cell-was-born |access-date=2023-07-03 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rodríguez |first=Jordi Pérez Colomé, Patricia Ortega Dolz, Marta |date=2017-08-21 |title=Why did "well-integrated" Moroccans carry out Barcelona terror attack? |url=https://english.elpais.com/elpais/2017/08/20/inenglish/1503229267_859569.html |access-date=2023-07-03 |website=EL PAÍS English |language=en}}</ref>

==Famous citizens==

* [[Eudald Domènech i Riera]]

==See also==
*[[Ethnographic Museum of Ripoll]]
{{Commons category|Ripoll}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.ajripoll.cat}}
* [http://aplicacions.municat.gencat.cat/index.php?page=consulta&mostraEns=1714790004 Government data pages] {{in lang|ca}}
* [https://besidestheobvious.net/2021/03/24/what-to-do-in-ripoll-the-cradle-of-catalonia/ Ripoll, the cradle of Catalonia] {{in lang|en}}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Ripoll
|N = [[Ogassa]]
|NE = [[Sant Joan de les Abadesses]]
|E = [[Vallfogona de Ripollès]]
|SE = [[Vidrà]]
|S = [[Santa Maria de Besora]]
|SW =
|W = [[Les Llosses]]
|NW = [[Campdevànol]]
}}
{{Ripolles}}
{{Municipalities in Girona|state=autocollapse}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Municipalities in Ripollès]]
[[Category:Populated places in Ripollès]]