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Delict

2025-09-16T22:21:28Z

2A00:23C7:C8BC:C501:A990:E34:FDAE:5732: /* Canon law */Added link

{{Short description|Civil wrong}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=July 2011}}
{{Unfocused|date=May 2022}}
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'''Delict''' (from [[Latin language|Latin]] ''dēlictum'', [[past participle]] of ''dēlinquere'' ‘to be at fault, offend’) is a term in [[civil law (legal system)|civil]] and mixed law jurisdictions whose exact meaning varies from jurisdiction to jurisdiction but is always centered on the notion of wrongful conduct.

In [[Scots law|Scots]] and Roman Dutch law, it always refers to a [[tort]], which can be defined as a [[civil wrong]] consisting of an intentional or negligent breach of [[duty of care]] that inflicts loss or harm and which triggers [[legal liability]] for the wrongdoer. Other civil wrongs include [[breach of contract]] and [[Civil wrong|breach of trust]]. Liability is imposed on the basis of moral responsibility, i.e. a duty of care or to act, and fault (''culpa'') is the main element of liability. The term is similarly used in a handful of other English-speaking jurisdictions which derive their private law from French or Spanish law, such as [[Louisiana]] and the [[Philippines]], but ''[[tort]]'' is the equivalent legal term used in [[Common law (legal system)|common law]] jurisdictions and in general discussions of non-contractual liability.

In [[Law of Spain|Spanish law]], ''delito '' is any breach of [[criminal law]], i.e. a [[criminal offence]]. In [[Law of Italy|Italian law]], ''delitto penale'' is the same concept, but ''illecito civile extracontrattuale'' (or ''delitto civile''), like delict in [[Scots law]], is an intentional or [[Negligence|negligent]] act which gives rise to a [[legal obligation]] between parties even though there has been no [[contract]] between them, akin to common-law [[tort]]. German-speaking countries use the word ''Delikt'' for crime and ''unerlaubte Handlung'' for delict, but ''Deliktsrecht'' is a branch of [[Civil law (area)|civil law]] (similar to [[torts|tort law]]). In [[French law]], ''délit penal'' is a [[misdemeanor]] (between ''[[contravention]]'' ‘petty offence’ and ''crime'' ‘felony; major indictable offence’), while ''délit civil'', again, is a tort. Because of this, French law prefers to speak in terms of ''responsabilité civile'' (‘civil liability’). In the [[canon law of the Catholic Church]], a delict is a crime.

== Scots law: delict as a willful wrong ==
{{see also|Delict (Scots law)}}
In the most narrowly construed sense, delict is a [[Latin]] word (''delictum'' ‘offence, wrong’) and a legal term, which, in some civil law systems, signifies '''a willful wrong''', similar to the [[common law]] concept of [[tort]] though differing in many substantive ways. The law of delict in civil law countries is usually a general statute passed by the legislature whereas tort law in common law countries arises from [[case law]]. In addition, a delict is defined abstractly in terms of infringement of rights whereas in [[common law]], there are many specific types of [[tort]]s (English terminology).

Delict deals with the righting of legal wrongs in civil law. In modern times much of the literature on delict, and most case law heard before the courts, deals with issues arising from negligence. Insofar as liability for negligent wrongdoing is concerned, the principle of liability is based on reparation for ''damnum injuria'', or loss caused by wrongful conduct. When considering pursuing such a claim, one must prove, in addition to the existence of some recognised form of loss, that three additional criteria have been met: ''firstly'' one must demonstrate that the pursuer was owed a duty of care, ''secondly'' one must prove that the defender breached this duty of care and ''lastly'' one must show a causal link between the defender's breach of the duty of care and the loss complained of by the pursuer.

In addition to comprising rules pertaining to reparation for loss caused by negligent conduct, discussed above, the Scots law of delict is also concerned with affording remedy in cases which concern non-patrimonial injury, wilful interference with property rights and the commission of nominate delicts (such as, e.g., defamation). The rules for establishing liability in such cases differ from the 'duty of care' analysis discussed above, although the principles of reparation for property damage remain based on the general principle that reparation should be afforded where there has been loss caused by wrongful conduct. The requirements to establish liability for nominate delicts will depend on bespoke rules, while reparation for non-patrimonial injury (e.g., affront caused by intentional wrongdoing) is afforded in line with the principles of the Roman ''actio injuriarum''.<ref>''Stevens v Yorkhill NHS Trust'' 2006 889, at para.63</ref>

==German-speaking countries==
By contrast, the civil law of [[German-speaking countries]] does not differentiate between delict (''Delikt'') and quasi-delict (''Quasidelikt'') as do French and Roman law. Under German ''[[:de:Deliktsrecht (Deutschland)|Deliktsrecht]]'', or ‘law of delict’, claims for damages can arise from either fault-based liability (''[[:de:Verschuldenshaftung|Verschuldenshaftung]]''), i.e. with intention (''[[:de:Vorsatz (Deutschland)|Vorsatz]]'') or through [[negligence]] (''[[:de:Fahrlässigkeit|Fahrlässigkeit]]''), or [[strict liability]] (''[[:de:Gefährdungshaftung|Gefährdungshaftung]]''). Under § 823 [[Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch|BGB]], damages can be based on harm inflicted either on an ''[[erga omnes]]'' right (''[[:de:Absolutes Recht|absolute Rechtgut]]'') such as life, bodily autonomy, health, freedom and ownership, or on the violation of a law protecting a certain legal interest.

However, § 826 BGB (and the similar Austrian § 1295(2) [[Allgemeines bürgerliches Gesetzbuch|ABGB]]) compare closely to delict. Under this provision, someone who intentionally inflicts harm on another person ''contra bonos mores'' (''gegen die gute Sitten'') is liable for damages. This widens the scope of delictual liability not just to the infringement of rights (as in French law) but also to pure economic loss (''[[:de:Reiner Vermögensschaden|echter/reiner Vermögensschaden]]'').<ref>Cees van Dam, ''European Tort Law'', 2nd edn. (Oxford: Oxford UP, 2013), 229.</ref>

==South Africa and Sri Lanka==
{{main|South African law of delict}}
[[South African law]] and [[Sri Lanka]] also use the law of delict as opposed to torts. The South African common law elaborates a set of general principles in terms of which liability for loss is allocated. This should be seen in contrast to the Anglo-American common law approach which has distinct tort actions, each with their own peculiar elements which require satisfaction before an action is founded. The delictual elements that have to be satisfied before a claimant can be successful are:

#'''Conduct''' – which may consist of either a commission (positive action) or an omission (the failure to take required action), though liability for an omission will arise only where there is a duty to act.
#'''Unlawfulness''' – the conduct complained of must be legally reprehensible. This is usually assessed with reference to the legal convictions of the community.
#'''Fault''' – save in limited cases where liability is 'strict' (i.e. where neither intention nor negligence is required for liability) once the wrongfulness of the conduct is established, it is necessary to establish whether the person being sued acted intentionally or negligently, either of which is sufficient for liability to attach.
#'''Damage''' – finally the conduct must have resulted in some form of loss or harm to the claimant in order for them to have a claim. This damage can take the form of patrimonial loss (a reduction in a person's financial position, such as is the case where the claimant incurred medical expenses) or non-patrimonial damages (damages that cannot be related to a person's financial estate, but compensation for something like pain and suffering).
#'''Causation''' – the conduct that the claimant complains of must have caused damage, in this regard both factual causation and legal causation are assessed. The purpose of legal causation is to limit the scope of factual causation, if the consequence of the action is too remote to have been foreseen by an objective, reasonable person the defendant will escape liability.

It is possible that a single set of facts may give rise to both a contractual and a delictual claim. The definition of ''animus contrahendi''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legal-glossary.org/animus-contrahendi/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107150337/http://www.legal-glossary.org/animus-contrahendi/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=January 7, 2015 |title=Legal definition of animus contrahendi |publisher=legal-glossary.org |access-date=2013-06-18}}</ref> states an intention to contract.<ref>Mal Kam-u-riwo dissertation, p. 12.</ref>

Public policy considerations are evident in the setting of the limits to each of the requirements.<ref>malvin kay journal article, vol 1, p. 54.</ref>

==Canon law==
{{main|Canon law of the Catholic Church}}
In the [[Canon law of the Catholic Church]], a delict is the canonical equivalent of a crime. A delict is distinct from a sin, even a [[mortal sin]]. One can be culpable for a sin and not legally guilty of a delict. This is especially the case in internal sins, as delicts must be external acts.

==See also==
* ''[[Delictum gravius]]''
* [[Quasi-delict]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* For more information on the Law of Delict in South Africa, see Neethling et al.: Delict or McKerron: Delict.
* Joe Sampson. ''The Historical Foundations of Grotius’ Analysis of Delict''. Leiden/Boston: Brill Nijhoff, 2018.

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Delict| ]]
[[Category:Civil law legal terminology]]
[[Category:Criminal law legal terminology]]

Eynesbury, Cambridgeshire

2025-09-16T17:33:17Z

2A00:23C7:C8BC:C501:A990:E34:FDAE:5732: /* Anglo-Saxon */Improved wording

{{Short description|Area of St Neots, Cambridgeshire, England}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}
{{Infobox UK place
| country = England
| official_name = Eynesbury
| coordinates = {{coord|52.218|-0.266|display=inline,title}}
| static_image_name = St Mary's Church, Eynesbury-geograph,org.uk-3135017.jpg
| static_image_caption = St Mary's Church, Eynesbury
| population =
| civil_parish = [[St Neots]]
| shire_district = [[Huntingdonshire]]
| shire_county = [[Cambridgeshire]]
| region = East of England
| constituency_westminster = [[Huntingdon (UK Parliament constituency)|Huntingdon]]
| post_town = ST NEOTS
| postcode_district = PE19
| postcode_area = PE
| dial_code = 01480
| os_grid_reference =
}}

'''Eynesbury''' is an urban area in the [[civil parish]] of [[St Neots]], in the [[Huntingdonshire]] district of [[Cambridgeshire]], England. It mainly consists of housing, although there is an area of light industry, and a large supermarket. In addition there is a large area of open grassland and a caravan park.

Up until the time of the [[Norman Conquest]] in 1066, Eynesbury included the area north of Hen Brook which is now St Neots. It was the fame of the relics of the Cornish monk, [[Saint Neot (monk)|St Neot]] that caused the area near the Priory where his remains were kept, that caused that part of the town to become called St Neots.

==General description==
Eynesbury is an area of housing, and industrial and commercial buildings, now forming part of [[St Neots]] in Cambridgeshire. It lies to the east of the [[River Great Ouse]], to the south of Hen Brook, and to the north-west of the A428 road (St Neots by-pass). It has a range of local shops for necessities and a small number of specialist shops, as well as a large supermarket. There is a post office and two convenience stores. More general shopping opportunities have migrated to St Neots town centre, although the supermarket is used by shoppers from the whole of St Neots and surrounding rural areas. Some light and medium industry is located along Cromwell Road. Residential housing has been built in recent years particularly around the area north of the Tesco supermarket.

Agricultural land lies to the east between the railway line and the A428 by-pass, but this is likely to be dedicated to housing in the coming years. A considerable area of amenity grassland lies in the curve of the River Great Ouse, in an area known as Pocket Park.

In the 1960s Eynesbury was subject to a considerable expansion in housing, as part of the [[London overspill]] scheme. A number of infill housing construction plans have been completed more recently. By contrast the Chequers Public House is considered to be the oldest building in Eynesbury.<ref name = chequers>[https://whatpub.com/pubs/STN/61/chequers-eynesbury Chequers Public House at What Pub website]</ref>

Eynesbury is home to [[Ernulf Academy]].<ref name = ernulf>[https://www.astreaernulf.org/ Ernulf Academy website at]</ref>

Eynesbury has a [[Non-League football]] club [[Eynesbury Rovers F.C.]], which play at Alfred Hall Memorial Ground.<ref name = rovers>[https://eynesburyrovers.com/ Eynesbury Rovers F C website at]</ref>

The Coneygeare area{{efn|There is a Coneygear area in Huntingdon, which is quite distinct from the Eynesbury location.}} next to the Coneygeare bridge over the River Great Ouse has a council-operated children's play area, and nearby is St Neots Camping and Caravanning Club Site.<ref name = camping>[https://www.campingandcaravanningclub.co.uk/campsites/uk/cambridgeshire/st-neots/st-neots-camping-and-caravanning-club-site/ St Neots Camping and Caravanning at]</ref>

==Early history==
===Stone and Bronze Age===
[[File:Hen-brook.png|thumb|Hen Brook; it forms the boundary between Eynesbury (left) and St Neots (right)]]There is evidence of Bronze Age occupation just south of Montague Square, in present-day Eynesbury. Iron Age occupation has left evidence too, in the area occupied by Eynesbury School's games fields, and near Howitts Lane. They were Belgic tribesmen from the Continent who conquered this part of the country in the century or so before the Roman invasion, and brought with them improved farming techniques.<ref name = tebbutt5>C F Tebbutt, ''St. Neots: The History of a Huntingdonshire Town'', Phillimore Publishing Co Ltd, Chichester, 1978, corrected reprint 1984, ISBN 0 85033 270 2, pages 5 to 7</ref>

===Roman period===
A Roman road passed close to the east of present-day Eynesbury and St Neots. It connected the Roman military stations of [[Sandy, Bedfordshire|Sandy]] and [[Godmanchester]]. It ran about north - south and crossed the present-day A428 road (St Neots by-pass to Cambridge main road) just east of the roundabout where the B1428 joins it at Wintringham roundabout. A small Roman outpost was located a short distance to the west of that point, and a possible trading post has been identified in Eynesbury itself. Tebbutt speculates that Eynesbury may have been a location for loading agricultural produce onto river vessels for transport to other Roman locations. The settlement probably extended along the Great Ouse from the ford (near the site of the present-day road bridge) to the Coneygeare area.<ref name = gorham6>G C Gorham, ''The History and Antiquities of Eynesbury and St Neot's in Huntingdonshire and of St. Neot's in the County of Cornwall'', Harding, Mavor and Lepard, London, 1824, pages 6 to 8; [''apostrophes in the town names are printed in the book.'']</ref><ref name = tebbutt5/>

===Anglo-Saxon===
A settlement existed in Eynesbury in the middle of the 8th century AD, and possibly earlier, known by some variation of its present-day name. From that time, part of the inhabitation was in what is now St Neots, but then considered part of Eynesbury. A village called Burg, or Bury, may have existed here in still earlier times. There was a ford of the River Great Ouse at that time.<ref name = gorham1>Gorham, pages 1 and 2</ref>

The name Eynesbury is a corruption of Ernulph's-Bury, abbreviated into Ern'sbury, or else a corruption of Ainulph's-Bury contracted into Ain’sbury: the
village was therefore Ernulph's Borough, or Ainulph's Borough; however the identity of Ernulph or Ainulph is unknown. The most likely explanation is that Ernulph who lived here and died about the middle of the 8th century.<ref name = gorham16>Gorham, pages 16 to 19</ref>

{{main | Saint Neot (monk)}}
[[File:SaintNeot.png|thumb|Saint Neot]]A [[hermit]] named Neot had founded a monastery in the Cornish village now known as [[St Neot, Cornwall|St Neot]]. He became extremely famous for his piety and wisdom, and for miraculous events associated with him. In 877 AD he died, and his remains were housed at the monastery he had founded, and the monastery and the relics became the object of pilgrimage.

About 975 AD a nobleman and landowner named Leofric (alternatively Earl Alric) and his wife Leofleda (alternatively Countess Ethelfleda) had acquired extensive lands in Eynesbury; the name still included the area north of the Hen Brook now called St Neots. They soon founded a priory in what is now St Neots, close to the River Great Ouse. A priory could be a lucrative asset if it was of high religious repute, attracting pilgrims, and their money. Leofric and Leofleda needed the relics of a notable holy person as their patron, and Neot was their choice. They arranged to abstract his remains and brought them to their priory, where they were placed in a shrine.<ref name = gorham48>Gorham, pages 48 to 52</ref>

===Norman conquest===
[[File:Chequers-eynesbury.png|thumb|The Chequers Inn, Eynesbury]]In 1066 William the Conqueror defeated the [[Anglo-Saxons|Anglo-Saxon]] defenders at the [[Battle of Hastings]], and this resulted (after a struggle) in William becoming King. In 1085 [[William the Conqueror]] ordered that a survey of building and land ownership and value should be carried out, and this resulted in what is now known as the [[Domesday Book]].<ref name = Pen86>Ann Williams and G H Martin, (editors), ''The Domesday Book: A Complete Translation'', Penguin Books, London, 1992, ISBN 0 141 00523 8, pages 551 to 561</ref>

Eynesbury was listed in the Domesday Book as being in the Toseland Hundred in Huntingdonshire; the name of the Eynesbury was written as ''Einuluesberiam'' and ''Einuluesberie'' in the Domesday Book.<ref name = Pen1344>Williams and Martin, page 1344</ref> In 1086 there were two manors at Eynesbury; the annual rent paid to the lords of the manors in 1066 had been £44 and the rent had increased to £47 in 1086.<ref name = OD86>[http://opendomesday.org/place/TL1859/eynesbury Anna Powell-Smith and J J N Palmer, ''Open Domesday website'' at]</ref>

[[File:Montagu-sq-eynes.png|thumb|Montagu Square, Eynesbury]]The Domesday Book records that there were 76 households in Eynesbury in 1086, suggesting that the population was between 266 and 380 persons.<ref name = OD86a>[http://www.localpopulationstudies.org.uk/PDF/Sources_and_methods/Sources-and-methodsLPS78.pdf Nigel Goose and Andrew Hinde, ''Estimating Local Population Sizes'' at]</ref>

The Domesday Book uses units of measure for land area such as [[hide (unit)|hide]] and [[ploughland]]. These were terms for the area of land that a team of eight oxen could plough in a single season and are equivalent to {{convert|120|acre|hectare}}; this was the amount of land that was considered to be sufficient to support a single family. By 1086, the hide had become a unit of tax assessment rather than an actual land area; a hide was the amount of land that could be assessed as £1 for tax purposes. The survey records that there were 52.5 ploughlands at Eynesbury in 1086 and that there was the capacity for a further 2.5 ploughlands.<ref name=OD86/> In addition to the arable land, there was {{convert|133.5|acre|hectare|0}} of meadows, {{convert|60|acre|hectare|0}} of woodland, three [[watermill]]s and a fishery at Eynesbury.<ref name=OD86/>

The tax assessment in the Domesday Book was known as [[Danegeld|geld or danegeld]] and was a type of land-tax based on the hide or ploughland. It was originally a way of collecting a tribute to pay off the Danes when they attacked England. Following the Norman Conquest, the geld was used to raise money for the King and to pay for continental wars; by 1130, the geld was being collected annually. Having determined the value of a manor's land and other assets, a tax in proportion to value was levied on the land holder. While this was typically two shillings in the pound the amount did vary; for example, in 1084 it was as high as six shillings in the pound. For the manors at Eynesbury the total tax assessed was 24 geld.<ref name=OD86/> By 1086 there was already a church and a priest at Eynesbury.

===Geographical extent===
[[File:Eynes marina.png|thumb|A boat leaving Eynesbury Marina]]At the time of the Domesday Book (1086 AD) the name "Eynesbury" (or its alternative spellings) included all of present-day Eynesbury and St Neots, as well as agricultural land to the east towards Croxton and Abbotsley. As the fame of the Priory of St Neot became widespread in the twelfth century, the name St Neots took hold for the immediate area, and "In honor of the Saint the name of the place was changed to Neots-bury."<ref name = gorham53>Gorham, page 53</ref> In time this became "St Neots", and the extent of Eynesbury was correspondingly reduced. After 1113 AD this was formalised, and Abbotsley too was separated off, about 1138 AD.

==Development of Eynesbury==
The Parish Church of St Mary dates back to the 12th century and was rebuilt in 1688 and restored in 1857. It is a [[Listed building|Grade II* listed building]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Parish Church of St Mary |url=https://britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/101127993-parish-church-of-st-mary-st-neots |website=British Listed Buildings |access-date=14 November 2022}}</ref>

The manor of Eynesbury was held by the Ferrers and Devereux family (later [[Viscount Hereford|Viscounts Hereford]]), until 1571, when it was sold to [[Sir James Dyer]] whose family sold it to [[Sidney Montagu (MP, died 1644)|Sir Sidney Montagu]] in 1639. His family, later [[Earl of Sandwich|Earls of Sandwich]], gave their name to Montagu Street in the village.<ref>{{cite web |title=Parishes: Eynesbury Pages 272-280 A History of the County of Huntingdon: Volume 2. |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/hunts/vol2/pp272-280 |website=British History Online |publisher=Victoria County History, 1932 |access-date=14 November 2022}}</ref>

Caldecote Manor was acquired by the [[Haberdashers Company]] in 1624.

[[Thomas Barton (Royalist)|Thomas Barton]], chaplain to [[Prince Rupert]], was rector of Eynesbury from 1629 to 1631.

The parish was [[enclosed]] by the '''{{visible anchor|Eynesbury Inclosure Act 1797}}''' ([[37 Geo. 3]]. c. ''148'' {{small|Pr.}}).

[[William Cole (antiquary)|William Cole]], the antiquary, was rector from 1768 to 1808.

In 1876, the village of Eynesbury and part of the rural parish were included in the district controlled by the Local Board of St Neots. A further rearrangement was made in 1895, when Eynesbury was divided into two civil parishes. The urban portion of 394 acres was now called the parish of Eynesbury, and included in the St Neots Urban District; the rest, with 2,641 acres of land, formed the parish of Eynesbury Hardwick.<ref name = ladds2>S Inskip Ladds, ''Parishes: Eynesbury'', in ''A Victoria History of the County of Huntingdon: Volume 2'', edited by William Page, Granville Proby and S Inskip Ladds, London, 1932, pages 272 to 280</ref>

==Modern history==
[[File:StNeotsTown-23.jpg|thumb|Eynesbury Manor Marina and housing]]In the period following 1945, Government attention was given to the poor condition of housing in the Greater London area, and a series of measures classified as [[London overspill]] were implemented. This resulted in Eynesbury being selected for considerable expansion of council housing. The areas around Hardwick Road, Duck Lane, Sandfields Road, Howitts Gardens and Potton Road absorbed much of the migration from London.

Following the [[Education Act 1944]] an expansion of secondary education took place. Neither Eynesbury nor Eaton Socon had enough pupils to justify a St Neots grammar school; at the time Eaton Socon was in Bedfordshire. It was not until 1960 that a secondary school was established in St Neots. It was only with the establishment of Longsands and Ernulf comprehensive schools in 1966 and 1971 that a full secondary education provision was made in St Neots.<ref name = schools>''St Neots Urban District Council, 1894 - 1974'', published by the Longsands Museum, March 1974, pages 7, 8 and 30</ref>

[[File:Navigation wharf.png|thumb|Navigation Wharf, Eynesbury]]In the early 1960s serious proposals were put forward to reorganise the areas controlled by local government in the area. As it seemed likely that Huntingdonshire would be disbanded, it was repeatedly said by some that St Neots and Eynesbury would prefer to join Bedfordshire rather than Cambridgeshire, as the town had limited affinity with the fen towns. A counterargument was that Bedfordshire had done little to improve Eaton Socon, whereas Huntingdon had done much to improve St Neots.<ref name = merge>''St Neots Urban District Council, 1894 - 1974'', pages 30 to 32</ref>

On 1 April 1965, Huntingdonshire was combined with the [[Soke of Peterborough]] to form an enlarged county. In 1974 Huntingdonshire and the Soke of Peterborough, as it was named, was finally merged with Cambridgeshire and the [[Isle of Ely]], the entire new county being known as Cambridgeshire. Huntingdonshire County Council therefore disappeared in 1974, and it was replaced by the Huntingdon District Council, later renamed Huntingdonshire District Council, which functions as a unit within the enlarged county of Cambridgeshire. The boundaries of the HDC were very similar to those of the former county of Huntingdonshire, with the addition of [[Eaton Ford]] and Eaton Socon. In 1973 St Neots was granted power to create St Neots Town Council, to perpetuate some of the powers for the former St Neots Urban District Council, now abolished.<ref name = merge/><ref name = wickes135>Wickes, pages 135 and 136</ref>

In the 1980s the Parklands estate was built, expanding Andrew Road and filling the gap between Potton Road and Barford Road. Most recently, the Eynesbury Manor development, which includes Eynesbury Marina, has been built between [[Ernulf Academy]] and the [[Tesco]] supermarket near the bypass; it stretches to the [[River Great Ouse]] to the west.

==Government==
[[File:Coneygeare.png|thumb|The Coneygeare, Eynesbury]]St Neots Town Council Services are burials, grass cutting, play areas, public toilets, bins, committee meetings, events, and community centres.<ref name = sntc>[https://www.stneots-tc.gov.uk/ ''St Neots Town Council Services'' at]</ref>

Town Councillors for Eynesbury are (at 2021) Diana Collins, Emma Speed, Justin Cooper-Marsh (also an HDC member, below) Douglas Terry and Caroline Green.<ref name = sntc-counc>[https://www.stneots-tc.gov.uk/councillors/eynesbury-councillors/ ''St Neots Town Council: Eynesbury Councillors'' at]</ref>

[[Huntingdonshire District Council]] provides services such as building regulation enforcement, local planning, environmental health, leisure and tourism.<ref name = hdc>[http://www.huntingdonshire.gov.uk Huntingdonshire District Council at]</ref> Eynesbury is a part of the district ward of ''St Neots Eynesbury'' and is represented on the district council by three councillors, elected in May 2018 for four year terms: Barry Sidney Banks, Justin Christopher Cooper-Marsh and Douglas Terry, all of the Putting St Neots Residents First Party.<ref name = district-councillors>[https://www.huntingdonshire.gov.uk/media/3090/election-results-district-3-may-2018.pdf ''Declaration of the Result of a Poll'' at]</ref>

[[Cambridgeshire County Council]], which has administration buildings in Cambridge, provides services such as major road infrastructure, fire and rescue, education, social services, libraries and heritage services.<ref name = cambs-cc>[https://www.cambridgeshire.gov.uk ''Cambridgeshire County Council'' at]</ref> Eynesbury is in the St Neots Eynesbury division of the County Council, and the seat is held by Simone Taylor, a St Neots Independent Group member.<ref name = county-councillor>[https://www.huntingdonshire.gov.uk/media/5306/election-of-county-councillor-for-st-neots-eynesbury.pdf ''Declaration of Result of a Poll'' at]</ref>

There is a [[Cambridgeshire and Peterborough Combined Authority]]. It consists of a directly elected mayor and the seven relevant local authorities (referred to as the Constituent Councils) and the Business Board (Local Enterprise Partnership). The Combined Authority Board consists of the mayor, the leaders of those bodies, and the Cambridgeshire & Peterborough Police & Crime Commissioner and representatives from the Cambridgeshire & Peterborough Fire Authority and the Cambridgeshire & Peterborough Clinical Commissioning Group. The mayor is Dr Nik Johnson (Labour).<ref name = combined>[https://cambridgeshirepeterborough-ca.gov.uk/who-we-are/ ''Combined Authority: Who We Are'' at]</ref>

Eynesbury was within the Huntingdon parliamentary constituency until the 2024 election, last represented in the House of Commons by [[Jonathan Djanogly]] (Conservative).<ref name = djanogly>[https://members.parliament.uk/constituencies?SearchText=Huntingdon ''UK Parliament: Constituencies'' at]</ref> Following the [[2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies]], it was placed within [[St Neots and Mid Cambridgeshire (UK Parliament constituency)|St Neots and Mid Cambridgeshire]], which returned [[Ian Sollom]] ([[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrats]]) as MP at the [[2024 United Kingdom general election]].

The Police and Crime commissioner is Darryl Preston (Conservative).<ref name = pcc>[https://www.eastcambs.gov.uk/elections-voting/pcc-election-live-results-may-2021 ''Election results: PCC'' at]</ref>

===Past changes===
Following the [[Local Government Act 1888]] the County of Huntingdonshire was established for the purposes of local government. Throughout the first half of the twentieth century this was regarded as too small to be viable, and after some abortive proposals, the new County of [[Huntingdon and Peterborough]] was established on 1 April 1965.

Eynesbury was in the historic and [[administrative county]] of Huntingdonshire until 1965. In that year the administrative powers of the county of Huntingdonshire were abolished, and the new administrative county of [[Huntingdon and Peterborough]] took control. Then in 1974, following the [[Local Government Act 1972]], Eynesbury became a part of the county of Cambridgeshire. In 1951 the parish had a population of 1348.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10254772/cube/TOT_POP|title=Population statistics Eynesbury CP/AP through time|publisher=[[A Vision of Britain through Time]]|accessdate=16 January 2023}}</ref>

The civil parish was Eynesbury Hardwicke, which included the rural area extending eastward nearly to Croxton. In 2009 a further change was made, acknowledging the reality that St Neots was a single entity, having absorbed the urban part of Eynesbury as well as the Eatons. Eynesbury Hardwicke Civil Parish was abolished, and the area was divided between the existing St Neots Civil Parish and Abbotsley Civil Parish.

==Parish church==
[[File:St Mary's Church, Eynesbury-geograph,org.uk-3135017.jpg|thumb|Church of St Mary the Virgin, Eynesbury]]The parish church of Eynesbury is the church of St Mary the Virgin.<ref>https://www.stmaryseynesbury.com/ Website of St Mary's Church, Eynesbury</ref>{{efn|St Neots and Eaton Socon, nearby, also have churches with the same dedication.}} It was described by Betjeman in 1958:

<blockquote>Haphazard growth assimilating Norman and Pointed work (of three different periods), massive 'gothic survival' tower of 1688 south side, and chancel reshaped by Victorians. Sacrifice of old east window over the chancel arch made east end unnecessarily dark; playfully carved benches from 1500s in north aisle; late 17th century pulpit.<ref name = betjeman>John Betjeman (editor), ''Collins Guide to Parish Churches of England and Wales'', Collins, London, 1958, fourth edition 1980, ISBN 0 00 216166 4, page 112</ref></blockquote>

On 1 March 2020, the two ecclesiastical parishes of Eynesbury and St Neots became the single parish of St Neots with Eynesbury: both churches are parish churches of the whole parish.

The church is a grade II* Listed Building.<ref name = conservation6>''St Neots Conservation Area Character Assessment'', Huntingdonshire District Council, October 2006, page 6</ref><ref name = listing>[https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1127993 Historic England: Parish Church of St Mary, at]</ref>

The church purportedly received the body of [[Saint Myron]] of Crete in the 5th century, about 100 years after his death.<ref name="pashley">{{Cite book |last=Pashley |first=Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PzM8AAAAMAAJ&q=rhaucos |title=Travels in Crete |date=1837 |publisher=J. Murray |location=Cambridge and London |pages=234 |language=en}}</ref>

==Coneygeare ancient earthwork==
There was a large Roman camp at Coneygeare, a riverside location in Eynesbury. It extended from the present-day Luke Street to Hardwick Road and to the River Ouse and the Coneygeare bridge.<ref name = ladds>S Inskip Ladds, ''Ancient Earthworks'' in ''A History of the County of Huntingdon, part 7'', edited by William Page and Granville Proby, in the Victoria History of Huntingdon, the St Catherine Press, London, 1926, pages 284 and 285</ref>

Gorham, writing in 1820, referred to this, and an update was provided by Ladds in 1926:

<blockquote>Most of the site has been dug for gravel, but a considerable portion of the western side is now occupied as allotment gardens and here although it much eroded by the plough the lines of the vallum can still be distinctly seen. At the western corner the outer angle of the bank is very clear and stands up some 5 feet above the surrounding ground but the inner line has been lost, doubtless by the cutting away of the vallum itself. From this point the northern vallum has been lost owing to gravel digging... on the western side the vallum... also stands some 5 feet above the surrounding ground and on the inside the land falls away with a gentle slope to the middle of the enclosure... The earthworks undoubtedly extended across the grass fields eastward of the field just referred to but there is little if anything which can be identified.</blockquote>

<blockquote>It would seem likely that the present road follows the shape of the eastern and northern sides of the enclosure, and the houses probably occupy the site of the vallum. At the North East corner of the allotments and extending across the occupation road leading to the grass field. A considerable Ridge may still be seen: it rises about 2 feet 6 inches above the ground and is apparently a roadway running through the enclosure.<ref name = ladds/></blockquote>

The housing built at Hardwick Road and nearby has obliterated the site in more recent times.

==Notable people==
===The St Neots Quads===
{{main | St Neots Quads}}
In 1935 quadruplets were born to Mr and Mrs Miles, in Eynesbury. This caused a media sensation at the time, and they were the first British quadruplets to survive more than a few days. As they were very premature, the family doctor arranged for special medical care to be put in place in his own home at first. They were in demand for publicity purposes throughout their childhood and appeared several newsreels. In fact they are alive at the present day (2021) and are the oldest quadruplets in the world.<ref name = davies>Liz Davies, ''Surviving the Odds: the Story of the St Neots Quads'', St Neots Museum, 25 February 2021</ref>

===The Eynesbury Giant===
[[File:James-toller.jpg|thumb|James Toller, the "Eynesbury Giant"]]James Toller was born in Eynesbury in 1798. He grew to be 8 ft {{frac|1|1|2}} inches (2.475m) tall, although some sources claim {{convert|8|ft|6|in|m|abbr=on}}. His parents were of ordinary stature. By the age of eighteen years he had grown to be over {{convert|8|ft|m|spell=in}} in height, and his feet were 15 inches in length.

In those days his height was regarded as an extraordinary phenomenon, and he became famous; he was presented in London to the Emperor of Russia and the King of Prussia. After touring the country in a show, he enlisted in the Life Guards, but his health was poor, and he left the army and returned home to Eynesbury.

He died on the 4 February 1818, at the age of 20. His family feared that his body might be stolen by body-snatchers after burial, and he was interred within Eynesbury church rather than in the churchyard. There seems to be no tablet in the church to indicate the location of his remains.

Many stories have been told about James Toller since his death about how he could walk along the streets of St Neots and Eynesbury and chat with people through their bedroom windows, or pass by the public houses along the high street and reach up and swing the signboards.<ref name="toller-museum">''James Toller, the Eynesbury Giant'', anonymous author at St Neots Museum, 2017, at [https://www.stneotsmuseum.org.uk/collections/james-toller-eynesbury-giant/]</ref><ref name = toller>[https://www.stmaryseynesbury.com/church-history.html Church history, St Mary's Church at]</ref><ref name = toller2>Tebbutt, page 322</ref>

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Eynesbury, Cambridgeshire}}
*[http://www.stneots-tc.gov.uk www.stneots-tc.gov.uk] – contains official information on the town
*[http://www.st-neots.co.uk st-neots.co.uk] – local site with discussion forums

[[Category:Populated places in Cambridgeshire]]
[[Category:Former civil parishes in Cambridgeshire]]
[[Category:St Neots]]

Rudyard, Staffordshire

2025-09-16T15:33:24Z

2A00:23C7:C8BC:C501:A990:E34:FDAE:5732: /* Rudyard Lake */Added comma

{{Short description|Village in Staffordshire, England}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
'''Rudyard''' is a lakeside village in the [[county]] of [[Staffordshire]], England, west of [[Leek, Staffordshire|Leek]] and on the shore of [[Rudyard Lake]]. Population details as taken at the [[United Kingdom Census 2011|2011 census]] can be found under [[Horton, Staffordshire|Horton]].

The [[Rudyard railway station]] was opened by the [[North Staffordshire Railway]] on 22 July 1850.

==Toponymy==
The place-name Rudyard is derived from the [[Old English]] ''rude'' + ''geard'', first recorded in 1002, meaning 'a yard or enclosure where [[rue]] is grown'. The name subsequently appears in the [[Domesday Book]] of 1086 as 'Rudierd'.<ref>{{cite book|last =Mills|first =A.D.|author-link =A.D. Mills|title =A Guide to English Place-Names|publisher =Oxford University Press|year=1998|location =Oxford}}</ref>

==Rudyard Lake==
[[Image:Reflectionrudyard.jpg|right|400px|thumb|[[Rudyard Lake]]]]
{{main|Rudyard Lake}}
The [[Rudyard Lake]] was built in 1797 by the [[engineer]] [[John Rennie (engineer)|John Rennie]], for the [[Trent and Mersey Canal]] company, to provide water for the [[Caldon Canal]]. The [[Rudyard Lake Steam Railway]] operates [[steam train]]s along a one and a half mile track along the eastern side of the lake. The western shore is part of the [[Staffordshire Way]], a [[long distance footpath]].

The lakeside resort developed after the construction of the [[North Staffordshire Railway]] in 1845. On one particular day in 1877, more than 20,000 people came to watch [[Matthew Webb|Captain Webb]] - the first man to swim the [[English Channel]] - swim the reservoir. The parents of [[Rudyard Kipling]], [[John Lockwood Kipling]] and [[MacDonald sisters|Alice Macdonald]], first met at Rudyard and named their son after the village.<ref name=brit>[https://collections.vam.ac.uk/objectid/O69187 Drawing by John Lockwood Kipling, and Biography] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090421064925/http://collections.vam.ac.uk/objectid/O69187 |date=2009-04-21 }} ''[[Victoria & Albert Museum]]''.</ref> The lake is also home to Rudyard Lake Sailing Club and the [[Rudyard Lake Steam Railway]].

==See also==
*[[Listed buildings in Horton, Staffordshire]]

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
{{Commons category|Rudyard, Staffordshire}}
* [http://www.rlsr.org/ Rudyard Lake Steam Railway]
* [http://www.rudyardlakesc.org.uk/ Rudyard Lake Sailing Club]

{{coord|53|07|N|2|04|W|region:GB_type:city|display=title}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Villages in Staffordshire]]
[[Category:Towns and villages of the Peak District]]
[[Category:Staffordshire Moorlands]]