Kermanshah province

2025-08-10T06:21:42Z

2A01:5EC0:D807:9A76:6900:DA02:4C10:78F8: /* Administrative divisions */

{{Short description|Province of Iran}}
{{Distinguish|Kermanshah County}}{{for|the city|Kermanshah}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kermanshah province
| native_name = {{native name|fa|استان کرمانشاه}}
| settlement_type = [[Provinces of Iran|Province]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
|image_map =
|image_map1 = IranKermanshah-SVG.svg
|map_caption =
|map_caption1 = Location of Kermanshah province within Iran
| coordinates = {{Coord|34|33|N|46|43|E|dim:120km_type:adm1st_region:IR-05|display=inline, title}}
| coor_pinpoint =
| coordinates_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite map |author=((OpenStreetMap contributors)) |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/?mlat=34.55&mlon=46.716667&zoom=9#map=9/34.550/46.717|website=[[OpenStreetMap]] |title=Kermanshah Province|date=10 December 2024|access-date=10 December 2024|lang=fa}}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[Iran]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of Iran|Region]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Regions of Iran|4th Region]]
| parts_type = [[Counties of Iran|Counties]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 = 14
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = Capital
| seat = [[Kermanshah]]
| government_footnotes =
| leader_party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| leader_title = [[List of current Iran governors-general|Governor-general]]
| leader_name = [[Manouchehr Habibi]]
| leader_title1 = MPs of [[Assembly of Experts]]
| leader_name1 =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 24998
| area_note =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="2016 Kermanshah Province"/>
| population_total = 1952434
| population_as_of = 2016
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = [[Kermanshahi]]
| population_note =
| timezone1 = [[Iran Standard Time|IRST]]
| utc_offset1 = +03:30
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| area_code_type =
| area_code =
| iso_code = IR-05
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Languages of Iran|Main language(s)]]
| blank_info_sec1 = [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] local<br /> [[Persian language|Persian]] official<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kermanshah-07-languages | title=Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/doi/10.7916/D8DJ6T5Q |doi=10.7916/D8DJ6T5Q | year=2017 | last1=Borjian | first1=Habib | title=KERMANSHAH vii. Languages and Dialects | volume=16 | pages=327–331 }}</ref>
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2017)
| blank1_info_sec1 = 0.796<ref name="GlobalDataLab">{{Cite web|url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/|title=Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab|website=hdi.globaldatalab.org|language=en|access-date=2018-09-13}}</ref><br />{{color|#0c0|high}} · [[List of Iranian provinces by Human Development Index|14th]]
| website = 
| footnotes =
}}

'''Kermanshah province''' ({{langx|fa|استان كرمانشاه}}){{efn|Also [[romanize]]d as '''Ostân-e Kermânšâh'''; {{langx|ku|پارێزگای کرماشان}}, romanized as '''Parêzgeha Kirmaşan''';<ref>{{cite news |title=Li Kirmaşan erdhej |url=https://rojnews.news/ku/ekoloji/li-kirmasan-erdhej-25251 |access-date=18 March 2020 |date=1 October 2018 |language=ku |archive-date=13 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613185015/https://rojnews.news/ku/ekoloji/li-kirmasan-erdhej-25251 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=بەرپرسانی ڕێژیم بەڵێنی درۆ و بێ بنەما بە خەڵکی لێقەوماوی پارێزگای کرماشان دەدەن |url=https://kurdistanmedia.com/so/news/بەرپرسانی-ڕێژیم-بەڵێنی-درۆ-و-بێ-بنەما-بە-خەڵکی-لێقەوماوی-پارێزگای-کرماشان-دەدەن |access-date=18 March 2020 |language=ku}}</ref> known from 1969 to 1986 as '''Kermanshahan''', and from 1986 to 1995 as '''Bakhtaran''' (استان باختران)<ref name="Bakhtaran Province Renamed Kermanshah Province">{{cite report|title=Law on changing the name of Bakhtaran province to Kermanshah|language=fa|website=rc.majlis.ir|via=Research Center of the System of Laws of the Islamic Council of Farabi Mobile Library|url=https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/92191|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127111925/https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/92191|publisher=Shura Council|last=Natiq Nouri|first=Ali Akbar|archive-date=27 January 2013|date=11 August 1391|orig-date=Approved 22 January 1372|id=File 1571/4B; Newspaper 14020|access-date=5 March 2024}}</ref>}} is one of the 31 [[provinces of Iran]], bordering Iraq. Its capital is the city of [[Kermanshah]].<ref name="Kermanshah Province Structure">{{cite report|title=Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the national divisions of Bakhtran province, centered in the city of Bakhtran|language=fa|website=rc.majlis.ir|via=Research Center of the System of Laws of the Islamic Council of Farabi Mobile Library|url=https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/113024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130206215420/https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/113024|publisher=Ministry of the Interior, Defense Political Commission of the Government Board|last=Habibi|first=Hassan|archive-date=6 February 2013|date=19 November 2013|orig-date=Approved 21 June 1369|id=Proposal 3233.1.5.53; Letter 93808/907; Notification 82832/T122K|access-date=29 January 2024}}</ref>

According to a 2014 segmentation by the [[Ministry of Interior (Iran)|Ministry of Interior]], it is the center of [[Regions of Iran|Region 4]],<ref name="hamshahrionline.ir">{{Cite news|date=22 June 2014|title= همشهری آنلاین-استان‌های کشور به ۵ منطقه تقسیم شدند (Provinces were divided into 5 regions)|language=fa|newspaper=Hamshahri Online|url=http://www.hamshahrionline.ir/details/263382/Iran/-provinces|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140623191332/http://www.hamshahrionline.ir/details/263382/Iran/-provinces|archive-date=23 June 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> with the region's central secretariat located in Kermanshah.

A majority of people in the province are [[Shia]], and there are [[Sunni]] and [[Yarsanism|Yarsani]] minority groups.<ref>[https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/eoir/legacy/2013/06/11/Kermanshah-Shia%20Kurds.pdf www.justice.gov/sites/default/files]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.artkermanshah.ir/default.aspx?page=3688 |title=artkermanshah.ir |access-date=16 July 2017 |archive-date=29 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929011317/http://www.artkermanshah.ir/Default.aspx?page=3688 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=Ahmady, Kameel. A Peace-Oriented Investigation of the Ethnic Identity Challenge in Iran (A Study of Five Iranian Ethnic Groups with the GT Method), 2022, 13th Eurasian Conferences on Language and Social Sciences pp. 591–624 |journal=13th Eurasian Conferences on Language and Social Sciences}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

== History ==

[[File:Knight-Iran.JPG|thumb|left|{{center|At the top panel [[Khosrow II]] is believed to be standing here in this relief at [[Taq-e Bostan]]. On his left is [[Ahura Mazda]], on his right is [[Anahita]], and below him is a mounted Persian knight.}}]]

The province has a rich Paleolithic heritage. Many caves with [[Paleolithic]] remains have been surveyed or excavated there. some of these cave sites are located in Bisetun and north of Kermanshah. The first known physical remains of [[Neanderthal|Neanderthal man]] in Iran was discovered in [[Bisitun Cave]]. [[Do-Ashkaft Cave]], Kobeh, [[Warwasi]], and Mar Tarik<ref>{{Citation |last=Jaubert |first=J. |title=The Middle Palaeolithic occupation of Mar-Tarik, a new Zagros Mousterian site in Bisotun Massif (Kermanshah, Iran) |date=2009 |pages=7 |url=https://shs.hal.science/halshs-00441761 |access-date=2024-09-07 |publisher=Archeopress, Oxford |language=en |last2=Biglari |first2=Fereidoun |last3=Bruxelles |first3=Laurent |last4=J.-G |first4=Bordes |last5=Shidrang |first5=S. |last6=Naderi |first6=R. |last7=Mashkour |first7=M. |last8=Maureille |first8=B. |last9=J.-B |first9=Mallye}}</ref> are some of the [[Middle Paleolithic]] sites in the region. [[Kermanshah]] also has many [[Neolithic]] sites, of which the most well-known are [[Ganj Dareh]], [[Sarab, East Azerbaijan|Sarab]], and Asiab. At [[Ganj Dareh]], the earliest evidence for goat [[domestication]] have been documented.{{cn|date=August 2025}}

In May 2009, based on a research conducted by the University of [[Hamadan|Hamedan]] and [[University College London|UCL]], the head of Archeology Research Center of Iran's Cultural Heritage and Tourism Organization announced that the oldest prehistoric village in the [[Middle East]] dating back to 9800 B.C., was discovered in [[Sahneh County|Sahneh]], located in west of Kermanshah.<ref name="ISNA">{{cite web | url =http://www.isna.ir/ISNA/NewsView.aspx?ID=News-1344672&Lang=E | title =Most ancient Mid East village discovered in western Iran | year =2009 | access-date =2009-05-23 | url-status =dead | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20100201033414/http://www.isna.ir/ISNA/NewsView.aspx?ID=News-1344672&Lang=E | archive-date =1 February 2010 | df =dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="خبرگزاري دانشجويان ايران">{{cite web
| url =http://kermanshah.isna.ir/mainnews.php?ID=News-22054 |title =با 11800 سال قدمت، قديمي‌ترين روستاي خاورميانه در كرمانشاه كشف شد | year=2009 | access-date=2009-05-23 }} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

The monuments found in Kermanshah show two glorious periods, the [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid]] and [[Sasanian Empire|Sassanid]] eras. The mythical ruler of the [[Pishdadian dynasty|Pishdadian]] is described as founding the city while [[Tahmores Divband]] built it. An alternative narrative is that the construction was by [[Bahram IV]] of the Sassanid dynasty during the 4th century CE. Kermanshah reached a peak during the reign of [[Hormizd IV]] and [[Khosrau I]] of Sassanids, before being demoted to a secondary royal residence.

The city suffered major damage during the [[Muslim conquest of Persia|Arab invasions]] but recovered in the [[Safavid]] period to make great progress. Concurrent with the [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] attack and the fall of [[Isfahan (city)|Isfahan]], Kermanshah was almost completely destroyed by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] invasion.

During the [[Iran–Iraq War]] the province suffered heavy fighting. Most towns and cities were badly damaged and some like [[Sar-e Pol-e Zahab]] and [[Qhasr-e-Shirin]] were almost completely destroyed.

The November [[2017 Iran–Iraq earthquake]] killed more than 600 people.

On 28 December 2017, Kermanshah became one of several Iranian provinces to break out into protests. [[Ali Khamenei|The Supreme Leader of Iran]] has blamed western interference. Some female organizations such as The National Council of Resistance of Iran ([[National Council of Resistance of Iran|NCRI]]) have taken partial credit for the organization of these protests.<ref>[http://www.women.ncr-iran.org/iran-women-news/4629-iran-women-keep-high-the-spirit-of-nationwide-protests "Iran: Women keep high the spirit of nationwide protests"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114083722/http://www.women.ncr-iran.org/iran-women-news/4629-iran-women-keep-high-the-spirit-of-nationwide-protests |date=14 January 2018 }}, ''The National Council of Resistance of Iran''</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |author-link=Kameel Ahmady |title=Ahmady, Kameel. Investigation of the Ethnic Identity Challenge in Iran- A Peace-Oriented|volume=5 |issue=2 |date=2021 |pages=3242–3270 |journal=Efflatounia}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{Historical populations
| title = Kermanshah province historical population
| type = Iran
|align = right
| width =
| state =
| shading =
| percentages =
| footnote = amar.org.ir
|1996|1778596
|2006|1879385
|2011|1945227
|2016|1952434
}}

===Population===
At the time of the 2006 national census, the province's population was 1,842,457 in 444,185 households.<ref name="2006 Kermanshah Province">{{cite report|title=Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006): Kermanshah Province|language=fa|publisher=The Statistical Center of Iran|website=amar.org.ir|url=http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/05.xls|access-date=25 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920094844/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/05.xls|format=Excel|archive-date=20 September 2011}}</ref>

By the time of the following census in 2011, there were 1,945,227 people in 530,911 households.<ref name="2011 Kermanshah Province">{{cite report|title=Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011): Kermanshah Province|language=fa|publisher=The Statistical Center of Iran|website=irandataportal.syr.edu|via=Iran Data Portal, Syracuse University|url=https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Kermanshah.xls|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118172226/https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Kermanshah.xls|archive-date=18 January 2023|access-date=19 December 2022|format=Excel}}</ref>

The 2016 census measured the population of the province as 1,952,434 in 576,861 households.<ref name="2016 Kermanshah Province">{{cite report|title=Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016): Kermanshah Province|language=fa|publisher=The Statistical Center of Iran|website=amar.org.ir|url=https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_05.xlsx|access-date=19 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403212203/https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_05.xlsx|format=Excel|archive-date=3 April 2022}}</ref>

=== Administrative divisions ===
[[File:Kermanshah.svg|320px]]

The population history and structural changes of Kermanshah province's administrative divisions over three consecutive censuses are shown in the following table.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Kermanshah province
|-
! Counties !! 2006<ref name="2006 Kermanshah Province"/> !! 2011<ref name="2011 Kermanshah Province"/> !! 2016<ref name="2016 Kermanshah Province"/>
|-
| [[Dalahu County|Dalahu]] || style="text-align: right;" | 42,310 || style="text-align: right;" | 39,837 || style="text-align: right;" | 35,987
|-
| [[Gilan-e Gharb County|Gilan-e Gharb]] || style="text-align: right;" | 60,671 || style="text-align: right;" | 62,858 || style="text-align: right;" | 57,007
|-
| [[Harsin County|Harsin]] || style="text-align: right;" | 90,452 || style="text-align: right;" | 86,342 || style="text-align: right;" | 78,350
|-
| [[Javanrud County|Javanrud]] || style="text-align: right;" | 62,259 || style="text-align: right;" | 71,235 || style="text-align: right;" | 75,169
|-
| [[Kangavar County|Kangavar]] || style="text-align: right;" | 80,215 || style="text-align: right;" | 81,051 || style="text-align: right;" | 76,216
|-
| [[Kermanshah County|Kermanshah]] || style="text-align: right;" | 950,400 || style="text-align: right;" | 1,030,978 || style="text-align: right;" | 1,083,833
|-
| [[Paveh County|Paveh]] || style="text-align: right;" | 51,755 || style="text-align: right;" | 56,837 || style="text-align: right;" | 60,431
|-
| [[Qasr-e Shirin County|Qasr-e Shirin]] || style="text-align: right;" | 19,821 || style="text-align: right;" | 25,517 || style="text-align: right;" | 23,929
|-
| [[Ravansar County|Ravansar]] || style="text-align: right;" | 44,983 || style="text-align: right;" | 46,395 || style="text-align: right;" | 47,657
|-
| [[Sahneh County|Sahneh]] || style="text-align: right;" | 75,827 || style="text-align: right;" | 76,678 || style="text-align: right;" | 70,757
|-
| [[Salas-e Babajani County|Salas-e Babajani]] || style="text-align: right;" | 37,056 || style="text-align: right;" | 38,475 || style="text-align: right;" | 35,219
|-
| [[Sarpol-e Zahab County|Sarpol-e Zahab]] || style="text-align: right;" | 81,428 || style="text-align: right;" | 85,616 || style="text-align: right;" | 85,342
|-
| [[Eslamabad-e Gharb County|Shshabad-e Gharb]] || style="text-align: right;" | 149,376 || style="text-align: right;" | 151,473 || style="text-align: right;" | 140,876
|-
| [[Sonqor County|Sonqor]] || style="text-align: right;" | 95,904 || style="text-align: right;" | 91,935 || style="text-align: right;" | 81,661
|-
| '''Total''' || style="text-align: right;"| '''1,842,457''' || style="text-align: right;"| '''1,945,227''' || style="text-align: right;"| '''1,952,434'''
|}

=== Cities ===
According to the 2016 census, 1,468,615 people (over 75% of the population of Kermanshah province) live in the following cities:<ref name="2016 Kermanshah Province"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! City !! Population
|-
| [[Banevreh]] || style="text-align: right;" | 3,187
|-
| [[Bayangan]] || style="text-align: right;" | 1,513
|-
| [[Bisotun]] || style="text-align: right;" | 4,942
|-
| [[Eslamabad-e Gharb]] || style="text-align: right;" | 90,559
|-
| [[Ezgeleh]] || style="text-align: right;" | 1,502
|-
| [[Gahvareh]] || style="text-align: right;" | 4,050
|-
| [[Gilan-e Gharb]] || style="text-align: right;" | 22,331
|-
| [[Gowdin]] || style="text-align: right;" | 2,629
|-
| [[Halashi, Iran|Halashi]] || style="text-align: right;" | 804
|-
| [[Harsin]] || style="text-align: right;" | 44,146
|-
| [[Homeyl]] || style="text-align: right;" | 1,317
|-
| [[Javanrud]] || style="text-align: right;" | 54,354
|-
| [[Kangavar]] || style="text-align: right;" | 51,352
|-
| [[Kerend-e Gharb]] || style="text-align: right;" | 7,798
|-
| '''[[Kermanshah]]''' || style="text-align: right;" | '''946,651'''
|-
| [[Kuzaran]] || style="text-align: right;" | 4,007
|-
| [[Miyan Rahan]] || style="text-align: right;" | 695
|-
| [[Nowdeshah]] || style="text-align: right;" | 3,683
|-
| [[Nowsud]] || style="text-align: right;" | 1,949
|-
| [[Paveh]] || style="text-align: right;" | 25,771
|-
| [[Qasr-e Shirin]] || style="text-align: right;" | 18,473
|-
| [[Ravansar]] || style="text-align: right;" | 24,527
|-
| [[Robat]] || style="text-align: right;" | 823
|-
| [[Sahneh]] || style="text-align: right;" | 35,508
|-
| [[Sarmast]] || style="text-align: right;" | 2,913
|-
| [[Sarpol-e Zahab]] || style="text-align: right;" | 45,481
|-
| [[Satar, Iran|Satar]] || style="text-align: right;" | 1,048
|-
| [[Shahrak-e Rijab]] || style="text-align: right;" | 3,907
|-
| [[Shahu, Iran|Shahu]] || style="text-align: right;" | 3,558
|-
| [[Sonqor]] || style="text-align: right;" | 44,256
|-
| [[Sumar, Iran|Sumar]] || style="text-align: right;" | 180
|-
| [[Tazehabad]] || style="text-align: right;" | 14,701
|}

==Geography==

Kermanshah province is located in western Iran. It shares borders with the provinces of [[Kurdistan province|Kurdistan]], [[Hamadan province|Hamadan]], [[Lorestan province|Lorestan]], and [[Ilam province|Ilam]] within Iran.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.iraniantours.com/province/kermanshah-province/ | title=Kermanshah Province }}</ref> It also shares borders with the Iraqi governorates of [[Halabja Governorate|Halabja]], [[Sulaymaniyah Governorate|Sulaymaniyah]] and [[Diyala Governorate|Diyala]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.krccima.ir/delegation/item/2560-%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C.html | title=معرفی استان دیالی | access-date=20 November 2022 | archive-date=20 November 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120113911/https://www.krccima.ir/delegation/item/2560-%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>

Major cities and towns besides the capital include [[Eslamabad-e Gharb]], [[Gilan-e Gharb]], [[Harsin]], [[Javanrud]], [[Kangavar]], [[Paveh]], [[Qasr-e Shirin]], [[Ravansar]], [[Sahneh]], [[Sarpol-e Zahab]], and [[Sonqor]].

=== Climate ===
As it is situated between two cold and warm regions, Kermanshah Province enjoys a moderate and mountainous climate. It rains most in winter and is moderately warm in summer. The annual rainfall is 500 mm. The average temperature in the hottest months is above 22 °C.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

=== City of Kermanshah ===
The province's capital is [[Kermanshah]], located in the middle of the western part of Iran. The population of the city is 946,651 as of 2016.<ref name="2016 Kermanshah Province"/> It is built on the slopes of Mt. [[Sefid Kooh]] and extended toward south during last two decades. The built-up areas run alongside [[Sarab River]] and [[Sarab Valley]]. The city's elevation averages about 1,350 meters above sea level.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

The distance between Kermanshah and [[Tehran]] is 525 km. It is the trade center of rich agricultural region that produces grain, rice, vegetable, fruits, and oilseeds, and there are many industrial centers, oil and sugar refineries, and cement, textile and flour factories, etc. The airport ([[Shahid Ashrafi Esfahani Airport]]) is located in north east of the city, and the distance from Tehran is 413 km by air.

==Economy==

===International and border trade===
Kermanshah province has 371 km of common border with Iraq. There are five official border markets in the province. Three of these neighbor the [[Kurdistan Region]] of Iraq and the other two the Iraqi central government (Khosravi, Sumar). Based on figures from 9 November 2021, with a share of 5.7 to 6 percent Kermanshah province is among the first five exporters of non-oil products of Iran. Around 30 to 35 percent of theses [[exports]] were from the province's own products. The highest share of exports belong to [[Qasr-e Shirin|Parviz border]] which neighbors Iraqi Kurdistan followed by [[Khosravi, Kermanshah|Khosravi]] and [[Sumar, Iran|Sumar]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.isna.ir/news/1400081814031/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87-%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%88-5-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1-%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%BA%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%81%D8%AA%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA | title=کرمانشاه جزو 5 استان اول ایران از نظر صادرات غیرنفتی است | date=9 November 2021 }}</ref><ref name="financialtribune.com">{{cite web | url=https://financialtribune.com/articles/domestic-economy/113303/with-27b-kermanshah-accounts-for-12-of-iran-s-goods-export | title=With $2.7b, Kermanshah Accounts for 12% of Iran's Goods Export | date=26 April 2022 }}</ref>

Exports from Kermanshah province hit $2.7 billion in the fiscal year 2021-22 (ending 20 March), registering a 15% growth compared with the previous year, according to a local official.

The province's share in Iran's total exports during the period stood at 10% in terms of tonnage and 12% in value.

Kermanshah's share in total exports to Iraq stood at 53% and share in non-oil goods reached 43%.

Non-oil exports from Kermanshah mainly include tomato and tomato paste, air conditioners, cheese, industrial oil and their derivatives, biscuit, different types of melon, watermelon, tile and ceramic, plastic bags, marble, yogurt, milk, cream, cucumber, eggplant, apple and melamine dishes.<ref name="financialtribune.com"/>

===Local products===
Kermanshah lends its name to a type of [[Persian carpet]] named after the region. It also has famous sweets made of rice, locally known as [[Nan-e berenji]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://noktechi.ir/282-nan-berenji/ | title=طرز تهیه شیرینی نان برنجی خوشمزه مرحله به مرحله | date=9 February 2022 }}</ref> The other famous Kermanshahi good is a special kind of oil, locally known as [[Rüne Dân]] and globally in Iran known as [[Roghan Kermanshahi]]. The [[Giveh]] of Kermanshah known as ''Klash'' is the highest quality Giveh.

== Historical attractions ==
Various attractions exist that date from the pre-Islamic era, such as the [[Kohneh Bridge]], to contemporary parks and museums. Some of the more popular sites are:

=== [[Bisotun]] ===
[[File:Darius I the Great's inscription.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[Darius the Great]]'s Behistun inscription]]
: [[Darius the Great]]'s inscription at Bisotun, which dates to 522 BCE, lies some 1300 meters high in the mountains, and counts as one of the most famous sites in Near Eastern [[archeology]]. The site is a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Iran's Bisotoon Historical Site Registered in World Heritage List|year=2006|author=CHN Press release|url=http://www.payvand.com/news/06/jul/1130.html|access-date=15 July 2006|archive-date=15 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215122846/http://www.payvand.com/news/06/jul/1130.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> and has been attracting visitors for centuries. The Behistun inscription is to [[Old Persian|Old Persian cuneiform]] what the [[Rosetta Stone]] is to [[Egyptian hieroglyph]]s: the trilingual inscription (in Old Persian, [[Elamite]] and [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]]) was crucial in the decipherment of the script. The relief above the inscription depicts Darius facing nine rebels who objected to his crowning. At the king's feet lies [[Gaumata]]. The location of this important historical document is not coincidental: Gaumata, a usurper who is depicted as lying at Darius' feet, was a Medean and in Achaemenid times Behistun lay on the Medea-Parsa highway.

[[File:Bistoon Kermanshah.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Hellenistic-era depiction of [[Verethragna|Bahram]] as Hercules.]]
: Behistun is also notable for three reliefs at the foot of the hill that date from the Parthian era. Among them is a Hellenistic-era depiction of the divinity [[Verethragna|Bahram]] as the Greek hero Hercules, who reclines with a goblet in his hand, a club at his feet and a lion-skin beneath him. Because it lies on the route of an ancient highway, this life-size rock sculpture may reflect Bahram's status as patron divinity of travelers.

=== [[Taq-e Bostan]] ===
: The rock reliefs at Taq-e Bostan lie {{convert|4|mi|km|0|order=flip}} northeast of Kermanshah, where a spring gushes from a mountain cliff and empties into a large reflecting pool. One of the more impressive reliefs, inside the largest grotto (''ivan''), is the oversized depiction of Sassanid king [[Khosrau II]] (591–628 CE), who appears mounted on his favorite charger, Shabdiz. Both the horse and the rider are arrayed in full battle armor.
: There are two hunting scenes on complementary sides of the ''ivan'': one depicts an imperial boar hunt and the other depicting the king stalking deer. Elephants flush out the boar from a marshy lake for the king who stands poised with bow and arrow in hand while he is serenaded by female musicians following in other boats. These royal hunting scenes are narrative murals in stone are count among the most vivid of all Iranian rock reliefs.
: The Taq-e Bostan reliefs are not limited to the Sassanid era. An upper relief depicts the 19th century [[Qajar dynasty|Qajar]] king Fath-Ali shah holding court.

=== The [[Kangavar]] archaeological complex ===
: Kangavar is the site of the archaeological remains of a vast Hellenic-style edifice on a raised platform. The visible remains at the site date to early Sassanid times,<ref name="EI_Kangavar">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Kleiss|first=Wolfram|title=Kangavar|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Iranica|year=2005|location=Costa Mesa|publisher=Mazda|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kangavar-1}}</ref> but the platform of the complex may be several centuries older. By the time excavation began in 1968, the complex had been preemptorily associated with a comment by [[Isidore of Charax]] who referred to a temple of [[Anahita]] at Concobar (the Greek name of Kangavar, which was then in [[Medes|Lower Medea]]). Despite archaeological findings to the contrary,<ref name="EI_Kangavar" /> the association with the divinity of fertility, healing, and wisdom has made the site a popular tourist attraction. The vast edifice was built of enormous blocks of dressed stone with an imposing entrance of opposed staircases that may have been inspired by the Apadana in [[Persepolis]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=Ahmady, Kameel 2019: [[From Border to Border]]. Comprehensive research study on identity and ethnicity in Iran. Mehri publication, London. |author-link=Kameel Ahmady}}</ref>

==Higher education==

===Higher education and research===
# [[Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kums.ac.ir/ |title=Home |website=kums.ac.ir}}</ref>
# [[Razi University]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://razi.ac.ir/ |title=Home |website=razi.ac.ir}}</ref>
# Islamic Azad University of Kermanshah<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.en.iauksh.ac.ir/ |title=Home |website=en.iauksh.ac.ir |access-date=8 August 2022 |archive-date=18 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118100344/http://en.iauksh.ac.ir/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Notable people==
[[File:Mirza Ahmad Khan Motazed-Dowleh Vaziri.jpg|200px|upright|thumb|Mirza Ahmad Khan Motazed-Dowleh Vaziri]]

One of the renowned scientists and writers of this region is [[Al-Dinawari]] who was born at ''Dinawar'' north-east of [[Kermanshah]]. He lived in the 9th century and has written many books in [[astronomy]], [[botany]] and history.

Notable people born in Kermansha include British author, [[Nobel Prize]] winner, [[Doris Lessing]], whose father, a [[British Army]] [[military officer|officer]], was stationed there at the time of her birth.
[[Mirza Ahmad Khan Motazed-Dowleh Vaziri]] created the first [[printing office]] and founded the first private school of Kermanshahan. [[Guity Novin]] a painter and a graphic designer who has founded the [[Transpressionism]] movement was born in Kermanshah. The famous Sufi Scholar, [[Abdul Qadir Gilani|Abdul Qader Gailani]], was born in the region.

== See also ==
* [[History of Kermanshah]]
* [[Iran–Iraq War]]
* [[Kalhor (tribe)|Kalhor]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}
{{Clear}}

==References==

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== General and cited references ===
* {{Cite book |last=Ahmady |first=Kameel |author-link=Kameel Ahmady |year=2023 |title=From Border to Border |title-link=From Border to Border |location=Moldova |publisher=Scholars' Press Publishes |isbn=9786206769538 |language=en}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |last=Borijan |first=Habib |year=2015 |article=KERMANSHAH i. Geography |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kermanshah-01-geography |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |last=Borijan |first=Habib |year=2016 |article=KERMANSHAH vii. Languages and Dialects |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kermanshah-07-languages |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |last=Calmard |first=Jean |year=2015 |article=KERMANSHAH iv. History from the Arab Conquest to 1953 |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kermanshah-04-history-to-1953 |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |last=Pirnazar |first=Nahid |year=2014 |article=KERMANSHAH viii. The Jewish Community |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kermanshah-08-jews |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Kermanshah Province}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110316062024/http://www.kirmashan.com/ Kirmashan website, Kurdish Culture]
* [https://archive.today/20040929022422/http://yarsan.web.surftown.se/Kurdish.htm Yarsan]
* [http://www.persian-language.org/Group/Article.asp?ID=52&P=16 A Persian article about Giveh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927001528/http://www.persian-language.org/Group/Article.asp?ID=52&P=16 |date=27 September 2007 }}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Kermanshah Province
|North = [[Kurdistan Province]]
|Northeast = [[Hamadan Province]]
|East =
|Southeast = [[Lorestan Province]]
|South = [[Ilam Province]]
|Southwest =
|West = {{flagicon|Iraq}}[[Diyala Governorate]], Iraq
|Northwest = {{flagicon|Iraq}}[[Halabja Governorate]], Iraq
}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Provinces of Iran}}
{{Kermanshah Province}}

[[Category:Kermanshah province| ]]
[[Category:Iranian Kurdistan]]
[[Category:Provinces of Iran]]

Vero - Wikipedia - User contributions [en]

Kermanshah province