List of rulers in Wales

2025-11-02T08:42:31Z

2A02:3100:8868:D800:D40C:A1B1:F3CD:CEE6: /* Princes of Penllyn */

{{Short description|Medieval Welsh realms and their rulers}}
{{For|Welsh sovereigns under English and British rule|List of English monarchs|List of British monarchs}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}

{{History of Wales}}

This is a list of rulers in [[Wales]] ({{langx|cy|Cymru}}; and [[Welsh Marches|neighbouring regions]]) during the [[Middle Ages]], between the 5th and 16th centuries. The rulers were monarchs who ruled their respective [[Monarchy|realms]], as well as those who briefly ruled the [[Principality of Wales]]. These former territories are now within the boundaries of modern-day Wales and the neighbouring [[Welsh Marches]] in [[England]] (both in the [[United Kingdom]]).

Before the [[Conquest of Wales by Edward I|Edwardian Conquest]], completed in 1283, Wales consisted of several independent realms, the most important being [[Kingdom of Gwynedd|Gwynedd]], [[Kingdom of Powys|Powys]], [[Deheubarth]] (which was formed from lands belonging to [[Kingdom of Ceredigion|Ceredigion]], [[Dyfed|Dyfed]] and latterly [[Seisyllwg]]) and [[Kingdom of Morgannwg|Morgannwg]] (formed from [[Glywysing]] and [[Kingdom of Gwent|Gwent]]). Boundary changes and the custom of dividing patrimonies between heirs meant that few princes ever came close to ruling the whole of Wales.

The names of those known to have ruled over one or more areas are listed below. Boundaries changed frequently. The only known native ruler of all of present-day Wales was [[Gruffudd ap Llywelyn]] (c. 1010–1063), a Prince of Gwynedd who became King of Wales from 1055 to 1063. However, some Welsh princes sporadically claimed the medieval title of "[[Prince of Wales]]" between the 13th to 15th centuries. The title remains in use but is given to [[heir apparent|heirs apparent]] of English and [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|British monarchs]].

[[File:Medieval Wales.JPG|right|thumb|333px|Map of medieval Wales]]

== History of the medieval kingdoms in Wales ==
[[File:Y Draig Aur Owain Glyndŵr.jpg|thumb|right|Owain Glyndwr's gold [[Welsh dragon]] flag]]

Wales during the medieval age was a land of kingdoms and dynasties. [[Petty kingdom]]s, such as Ceredigion and Gwent, were established [[Sub-Roman Britain|some time after Britain ceased to be part of the Roman empire]] in the late 5th century. By the time of the [[Norman invasion of Wales]] in the 11th century, most of these realms were combined or incorporated into greater territories, thus making up the four major Kingdoms of Wales. Those Kingdoms were Gwynedd, Powys, Deheubarth, and Morgannwg. Unlike the others, Deheubarth was formed later by the merging of Ceredigion, Dyfed, and [[Ystrad Tywi]]. Some minor (petty) kingdoms stayed independent from the big four kingdoms, only to be taken over by the [[Anglo-Normans]] in the 13th century, such as [[Rhwng Gwy a Hafren]], and [[Meirionnydd]], and others. Of the major kingdoms, Powys' 13th century division of [[Powys Wenwynwyn|Wenwynwyn]] and [[Powys Fadog|Fadog]] were one of the final surviving Welsh dynasties until after the [[Conquest of Wales by Edward I|Edwardian conquest of Wales]]. Later, [[Owain Glyndŵr]] became the final Welsh ruler from royalty in Wales, he emerged in Powys Fadog during the early 15th century as a Prince of Wales.{{sfn|Turvey|2010|pages=8–10, 18, 118}}<ref name=Cunedda>{{cite DWB|id=s-CUNE-WLE-0380|title=CUNEDDA WLEDIG (fl. 450?), British prince}}</ref>

== Welsh Kingdoms (400s–1000s) ==
{{multiple image
| total_width = 500px
| header = [[Coat of arms|Coats of arms]] of Kingdoms of Wales
| image1 = Escutcheon of Ceredigion.svg
| caption1 = Ceredigion
| image2 = Coat_of_arms_of_Gwynfardd,_Prince_of_Dyfed.svg
| caption2 = Dyfed
| image3 = Coat_of_arms_of_Gwent.svg
| caption3 = Gwent
| image4 = Coat of arms of morgannwg.svg
| caption4 = Morgannwg
}}

=== Kings of Brycheiniog ===
{{see also|Kingdom of Brycheiniog}}

* Anlach mac Cormac;{{sfn|Bartrum|1993|p=19}}
* [[Brychan|Brychan ab Anlach]] (c. 400 or 470){{sfn|Bartrum|1993|pages=71–75}}{{efn|(Irish ''Bróccan'') Claimed as founder of the ruling dynasty;<ref>{{cite book |last1=Price |first1=Glanville |title=Languages in Britain and Ireland |date=2000 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |location=London}}</ref>}}
* Tewdwr ap Rhain (c. 700);{{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=701}}
* Nowy (c. 725);{{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=581}}
* Gruffudd ap Nowy (c. 750).<ref name=Gruffudd_ap/>

=== Kings and Princes of Ceredigion ===
{{see also|Kingdom of Ceredigion|Seisyllwg|Ystrad Tywi}}

* [[Ceredig|Ceredig ap Cunedda]], c. 5th century (410);<ref name=Cunedda/>{{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=140}}
* Usai ap Ceredig (c. 450);{{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=729}}
* Serwyl ab Usai (c. 490);{{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=672}}
* Boddw ap Serwyl (c. 530);{{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=53}}
* Arthfoddw ap Boddw (c. 570);<ref name=Arth/>
* Arthlwys ab Arthfoddw (c. 610);{{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=29}}
* Clydog ab Arthlwys (c. 650);{{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=149}}
* [[Seisyll ap Clydog]], King of Seisyllwg (c. 690, Ceredigion and [[Ystrad Tywi]]);{{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=667}}
* [[Arthen ap Seisyll]] (d. 807);{{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=27}}
* Dyfnwallon ab Arthen (c. 750);{{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=244}}
* Meurig ap Dyfnwallon (c. 780);<ref name=Meurig/>
* [[Gwgon ap Meurig]] (d. 872).{{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=368}}

===Kings and Princes of Dyfed===
{{see also|Kingdom of Dyfed}}
*[[Triffyn Farfog]] (c. 430){{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=707}}
*[[Aergol Lawhir]] (c. 460){{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=4}}
*[[Vortiporius]]{{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=5}}
*[[Cloten of Dyfed and Brycheiniog|Cloten]] (c. 600, Gwlyddein ap Nowy ap Arthur){{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=373}}
*[[Maredudd ap Tewdwr]] (d. 796)<ref name="Maredudd"/>
*[[Rhain ap Maredudd]] (d. 808)<ref name=R/>
*[[Owain ap Maredudd (Dyfed)|Owain ap Maredudd]] (d. 811)<ref name="Owain"/>
*[[Triffyn ap Rhain]] (d. 814){{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=709}}
*[[Hyfaidd ap Bleddri]] (d. 893){{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=422}}
*[[Llywarch ap Hyfaidd]] (d. 904){{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=481}}
*[[Rhodri ap Hyfaidd]] (d. 905)<ref name="Rhodri"/>

===Kingdom of Gwynedd===
{{see also|Kingdom of Gwynedd}}
====Kings of Gwynedd====
{{see also|List of rulers of Gwynedd}}
*[[Cunedda|Cunedda ''Wledig'' ap Edern]] (c. 370)<ref name=Cunedda/>{{sfn|Bartrum|1993|pages=172–173}}
*[[Einion Yrth ap Cunedda|Einion ''Yrth'' ap Cunedda]] (Einion 'the Impetuous'; c. 410)<ref name=Einion/>
*[[Cadwallon Lawhir ap Einion|Cadwallon ''Lawhir'' ap Einion]] (Cadwallon 'of the Long Hand'; c. 440)<ref name="Cadwallon"/>
*[[Maelgwn Hir ap Cadwallon|Maelgwn ''Hir'' ap Cadwallon]] (Maelgwn 'the Tall'; Maelgwn Gwynedd; d. 547){{sfn|Bartrum|1993|pages=500–504}}
*[[Rhun Hir ap Maelgwn|Rhun ''Hir'' ap Maelgwn]] (Rhun 'the Tall'; c. 500){{sfn|Bartrum|1993|pages=643–645}}
*[[Beli ap Rhun]]<ref>{{cite DWB| id=s-RHUN-APM-0550 |title=Rhun Ap Maelgwn Gwynedd, (fl. 550), ruler of north-west Wales |first=William Hopkin |last=Davies| year=1959}}</ref>
*[[Iago ap Beli]] (died c. 616){{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=428}}
*[[Cadfan ap Iago]] (c. 565){{sfn|Bartrum|1993|pages=84–85}}
*[[Cadwallon ap Cadfan]] (d. 634){{sfn|Bartrum|1993|pages=91–94}}
*[[Cadafael Cadomedd ap Cynfeddw|Cadafael ''Cadomedd'' ap Cynfeddw]] (Cadfael 'the Battle-Shirker'){{sfn|Bartrum|page=81|1993}}
*[[Cadwaladr|Cadwaladr ''Fendigaid'' ap Cadwallon]] (Cadwaladr 'the Blessed'; died 664){{sfn|Bartrum|1993|pages=90–91}}
*[[Idwal Roebuck|Idwal ''Iwrch'' ap Cadwaladr]] (Idwal 'the Roebuck'; c. 660){{sfn|Bartrum|page=435|1993}}
*[[Rhodri Molwynog ap Idwal|Rhodri ''Molwynog'' ap Idwal]] (Rhodri 'the Bald and Grey'; d. 754){{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=638}}
*[[Caradog ap Meirion]] (d. 798, Prince of Rhos){{sfn|Bartrum|page=115|1993}}
*[[Cynan Dindaethwy ap Rhodri|Cynan ''Dindaethwy'' ap Rhodri]] (d. 816){{sfn|Bartrum|1993|pages=188–189}}
*[[Hywel ap Caradog]]<ref name="Hywel_ap"/>
*[[Merfyn the Freckled|Merfyn ''Frych'' ap Gwriad]] (d. 844){{sfn|Bartrum|1993|pages=540–541}}

====Princes of Dogfeiling====
{{see also|Dogfeiling}}
*Dogfael ap [[Cunedda]] Wledig (c. 410){{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=229}}
*Elno ap Dogfael (c. 440){{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=278}}
*Glas ap Elno (c. 470){{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=322}}
*Elgud ap Glas ap Elno (c. 500){{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=271}}
*Elaeth ab Elgud (c. 530){{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=263}}
*Meurig ap Elaeth (c. 570)<ref name=Meurig/>

====Princes of Dunoding====
{{see also|Dunoding}}
*Dunod ap [[Cunedda Wledig]] (c. 400){{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=235}}
*Eifion ap Dunod ap Cunedda (c. 430)<ref name=Eifion/>
*Dingad ap Eifion (c. 470){{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=226}}
*Meurig ap Dingad (c. 500)<ref name=Meurig/>
*Eifion ap Meurig (c. 530)<ref name=Eifion/>
*Issac ap Eifion ap Meurig (c. 570){{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=444}}
*Pobien Hen ap Isaac (c. 600)<ref name=Pobein/>
*Pobddelw ap Pobien Hen (c. 630)<ref name=Pobein/>
*Eifion ap Pobddelw (c. 670)<ref name=Eifion/>
*Brochwel ap Eifion (c. 700){{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=66}}
*Eigion ap Brochwel ab Eifion (c. 730)<ref name=Eifion/>
*Ieuanawl ab Eigion (c. 770)<ref name=Ieu/>
*Caradog ap Ieuanawl (c. 800){{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=115}}
*Blieddud ap Caradog (c. 830){{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=52}}
*Cuhelyn ap Bleiddud (c. 870){{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=170}}

====Princes of Penllyn====

{{see also|Penllyn (cantref)}}
*Pebid 'Penllyn'{{efn|18 generations between Pebid and Meirion
found in the Hanesyn Hen under Gwehelyth Penllyn}}{{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=531}}
*Sulbych ap Pebid 'Penllyn'{{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=676}}
*Beblych ap Sulbych{{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=39}}
*Gorflwng ap Beblych{{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=332}}
*Cyndwlff ap Gorflwng{{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=196}}
*Pandwlff ap Cyndwlff{{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=600}}
*Ystader ap Pandwlff{{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=745}}
*Puter ab Ystader{{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=624}}
*Caper ap Puter{{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=112}}
*Pybyr ap Caper{{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=626}}
*Cadwr ap Pybyr{{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=96}}
*Deiniog ap Cadwr{{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=216}}
*Dyfnwal ap Deiniog{{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=240}}
*Brochwel ap Dyfnwal{{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=66}}
*Ednyfed ap Brochwel{{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=253}}
*Tudwal ab Ednyfed{{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=714}}
*Doned ap Tudwal{{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=232}}
*Coed ap Doned{{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=151}}
*Lleuddogw ap Coed{{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=531}}
*Meirion ap Lleuddogw{{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=531}}
*Meirion ap Lleuddogw{{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=531}}

====Princes of Rhos====
{{see also|Rhos (North Wales)}}
*[[Owain Ddantgwyn]] ap Einion Yrth ([[Rhos (north Wales)|Rhos]]; c. 440){{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=594}}
*[[Cynlas Goch]] ab Owain Gwyn (c. 470, [[Rhos (north Wales)|Rhos]])<ref name=Rhos/>
*[[Einion Frenin|St Einion]] ([[Llŷn Peninsula|Llŷn]]) ap Owain (c. 470)<ref name=Rhos/>
*Maig ab Owain ap Cynlas (c. 500){{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=507}}
*Cadal Crysban (c. 560, Crys-Halog){{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=90}}
*Idgwyn ap Cadwal Crysbyn (c. 590){{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=432}}
*Einion ab Idgwyn (c. 620)<ref name=Einion/>
*Rhufon ap Einion ap Idgwyn (c. 650)<ref name=Rhufon/>
*Hywel ap Rhufon (c. 680)<ref name="Hywel_ap"/>
*Meirion ap Hywel ap Rhufon (c. 710){{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=531}}
*Hywel ap Caradog (c. 825, Hywel Farf-Fehinog){{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=425}}

====Princes of Rhufoniog====
{{see also|Rhufoniog}}
*Rhufon ap Cunedda Wledig (c. 400)<ref name=Rhufon/>
*Breichiol (c. 830){{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=62}}
*Môr ap Breichiol (c. 870){{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=660}}
*Aeddan ap Môr (c. 900){{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=3}}
*[[Morudd ab Aeddan]] (c. 930)<ref name=Morudd/>
*Môr ap Morudd (c. 970){{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=550}}

===Kingdom of Morgannwg===
{{see also|Kingdom of Morgannwg}}
====Kings of Ergyng====
{{see also|Ergyng}}
Kingdom of [[Ergyng]], in Wales and on the border of what is now [[Herefordshire]], England.<ref name=Peibio/>
*[[Peibio Clafrog]] ap Erb (c. 525), King of [[Ergyng]]<ref name=Peibio/>
*[[Cynfyn]] ap Peibio (c. 550){{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=201}}
*[[Gwrfoddw]]{{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=375}}
*[[Gwrgan Fawr]] ap Cynfyn (c. 650){{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=377}}

====Kings of Ewyas====
{{see also|Ewyas}}
Regional Kingdom of [[Ewyas]] (Ewias) in Wales and Herefordshire, England.{{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=150}}
*[[Clydog]] ap Clydwyn (grandson of [[Brychan]] c. 400){{sfn|Bartrum|1993|pages=71, 150}}

====Kings of Glywysing====
{{see also|Glywysing}}
*[[Glywys|Glywys ap Solor]] (c. 430){{sfn|Bartrum|1993|pages=326–327}}
**Pawl [[Penychen]] (c. 465){{sfn|Bartrum|1993|pages=607–608}}
**Mechwyn, ruler of [[Gorfynydd]], cantref of Glywysing{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}
*[[Ithel ap Morgan]] (c. 690, reign 710–745){{sfn|Bartrum|1993|pages=445–446}}
*[[Hywel ap Rhys (Glywysing)|Hywel ap Rhys]] (d. 886?){{sfn|Bartrum|1993|pages=424–425}}
*[[Gruffydd ab Owain]] (King of Gower d. 934/5)<ref name=Gruffudd_ap/>
*[[Cadwgan ab Owain]] (King of Margam d. 949)<ref name=Cadwgan/>
*[[Hywel ab Owain]] (King of Gwlad Forgan – [[Glamorgan]] d. 1043)<ref name="Hywel_ap"/>

====Prince of Glywysing====
*[[Athrwys ap Meurig]] (c. 620){{sfn|Bartrum|1993|pages=34–35}}

====Kings of Gwent====
{{see also|Kingdom of Gwent}}
*Ynyr Gwent (c. 450){{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=738}}
*[[Caradoc]] ap Ynyr (c. 480){{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=113}}
*[[Ffernfael ab Idwal]]{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}
*[[Ithel ap Hywel]]{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}
**Ffernafael ab Ithel ap Morgan (c. 775)<ref name=Ffernafael/>
**[[Meurig ap Hywel]]{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}
**[[Ffernfael ap Meurig]]<ref name="Brochwel"/>
**Brochwel ap Meurig (c. 830)<ref name="Brochwel"/>
*Arthfael ap Hywel (c. 860)<ref name=Arth/>
*Ithel ab Athrwys ap Ffernfael (d. 848)<ref name="Ithel"/>
*Arthfael ap Noe (c. 930)<ref name=Arth/>
*Rhodri ab Elise<ref name="Rhodri"/>
*Gruffudd ap Elise<ref name="Edwin"/>
*[[Edwyn ap Gwriad]] (c. 1020)<ref name="Edwin"/>

====Rulers of Gwynllŵg====
{{see also|Gwynllwg}}
Kings and Lords in the [[cantref]] of [[Gwynllwg]], in [[Glamorgan]] (Gwent).<ref name=ap_Rhydderch/><ref name=Turvey17/>
*[[Gwynllyw]] ap Glywys (c. 460), ruler of [[Gwynllwg]], cantref of Glywysing{{sfn|Bartrum|1993|pages=403–405}}
**Saint [[Cadoc]] (c. 495), son of Gwynllyw, ruler of [[Gwynllwg]]{{sfn|Bartrum|1993|pages=86–89}}

====Kings of Morgannwg====
The Kingdom of Morgannwg was formed by the merging of the two Kingdoms of Morgannwg and Gwent. At times, the kingdoms were separate and independent.
*Ithel ab Athrwys ab Meurig (c. 650)<ref name="Ithel"/>
*Owain, King of Morgannwg (c. 930)<ref name="Morgan"/>
*[[Morgan Hen ab Owain]] (d. 974)<ref name="Morgan"/><ref>{{cite DWB|id=s-MORG-HEN-0975|title=Morgan Hen ab Owain (died 975), king of Morgannwg}}</ref>
*Owain ap Morgan Hen (c. 974)<ref name="Owain"/>

===Kingdom of Powys===
{{see also|Kingdom of Powys}}
====Kings of Powys====
{{see also|List of monarchs of Powys}}
*[[Gwrtheyrn]] (c. 365 [[High king|High-King]] Vortigern), ruled Buellt and Gwrtheyrnion{{sfn|Bartrum|1993|pages=384–389, 602}}
**[[Cadeyrn Fendigaid]] (or Catigern, c. 400; son of Gwrtheyrn){{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=124}}
***[[Cadell Ddyrnllug]] (c. 430; son of Cadeyrn){{sfn|Bartrum|1993|pages=82–83}}
****[[Cyngen Glodrydd]] (c. 460; son of Cadell)<ref name="C"/>
***[[Rhuddfedel Frych]] (430?; son of Cadeyrn){{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=640}}
**[[Pasgen ap Cadeyrn|Pasgen ap Gwrtheyrn]] (or Pascent, c. 400), ruled Buellt and Gwrtheyrnion{{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=602}}
***[[Mawgan ap Pasgen]] (c. 430){{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=524}}
*[[Brochwel Ysgithrog]] (c. 490)<ref name="Brochwel"/>
*[[Cynan Garwyn]] (c. 520)<ref name="C"/>
*[[Selyf ap Cynan]] (c. 550, Selyf Sarffgadau){{sfn|Bartrum|1993|pages=669–670}}
*[[Manwgan ap Selyf]] (c. 580, Mael Myngan ap Selyf Sarffgadau){{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=499}}
*[[Eiludd Powys]]{{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=261}}
*[[Beli ab Eiludd]], son of Manwgan/Myngan{{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=42}}
*[[Gwylog ap Beli]] (c. 640){{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=398}}
*[[Elisedd ap Gwylog]] (c. 680){{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=276}}
*[[Brochfael ab Elisedd]] (c. 705 Brochwel ab Elise)<ref name="Brochwel"/>
*[[Cadell ap Brochfael]] ab Aeddan{{sfn|Bartrum|1993|pages=81, 366}}
*[[Cyngen ap Cadell]] ap Brochwel (died 855){{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=202}}

=====Descendants of Rhodri Mawr=====
{{see also|Rhodri Mawr}}
*[[Merfyn ap Rhodri]] (d. 904){{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=539}}
*[[Llywelyn ap Merfyn]] (c. 870)<ref name=Llyw/>

====Pengwern====
{{see also|Pengwern}}
The former petty Kingdom of [[Pengwern]], today located in the [[Midlands]], possibly around the [[The Wrekin|Wrekin]], England.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Richards |first=M |date=1973 |title=The 'Lichfield' Gospels (Book of 'St Chad') |journal=The National Library of Wales Journal |volume=18 |issue=1}}</ref>
*Cyndrwyn (c. 535){{sfn|Bartrum|1993|pages=195–196}}
*[[Cynddylan ap Cyndrwyn]] (fl. 642){{sfn|Bartrum|1993|pages=191–193}}

===Welsh regional kingdoms===
====All of Wales====
{{see also|Wales}}
[[Overlord]] of Wales ([[King of Wales]]) as a modern territory by 1055.<ref name="Gruffydd_ap"/>
*[[Gruffydd ap Llywelyn]] (c. 1039–1063)<ref name="Gruffydd_ap">{{cite DWB| id=s12-GRUF-APL-1063 |title=Gruffudd ap Llywelyn (died 1064), King of Gwynedd 1039–1064 and overlord of all the Welsh 1055–1064 |first=Benjamin |last=Hudson |year=1959}}</ref>

====North Wales====
{{see also|North Wales}}
Kings and Princes of the Kingdoms of Gwynedd and Powys.<ref name="Gruffydd_ap"/><ref name=historygwyn>{{cite web|url=https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsBritain/CymruGwynedd.htm| website=historyfiles.co.uk| title=Kingdoms of Cymru, Gwynedd |access-date=16 November 2023}}</ref>
*[[Iago ab Idwal]] (d. 942)<ref name="Iago"/>
*[[Bleddyn ap Cynfyn]] (d. 1075)<ref>{{cite DWB|id=s-BLED-APC-1025|title=Bleddyn ap Cynfyn (died 1075), prince}}</ref>
*[[Rhiwallon ap Cynfyn]] (d. 1070)<ref>{{cite DWB|id=s-RHIW-APC-1070| title=Rhiwallon ap Cynfyn (died 1070), King of Powys}}</ref>

====South Wales====
{{see also|South Wales}}
*[[Cadell ap Rhodri]] (878–910){{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=82}}

====Kings and Princes of Buellt and Gwrtheyrnion====
{{see also|Buellt|Gwrtheyrnion}}
*Pasgen ap Gwrtheryn, son of [[Vortigern]] (c. 400, Pascent){{sfn|Bartrum|1993|pages=82, 385, 602}}
*Pawl ap Mepurit (c. 510){{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=607}}
*Eldog ap Pawl (c. 550)<ref name=Eldog/>
*Eldad ab Eldog ap Paul (c. 590)<ref name=Eldog/>
*Morudd ab Eldad (c. 630)<ref name=Morudd/>
*Pasgen Buellt ap Gwyddaint (c. 700){{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=603}}
*Tewdwr ap Pasgen (c. 730){{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=700}}
*Gloud ap Pasgn Buellt (c. 730){{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=325}}
*[[Ffernfael ap Tewdwr]] (c. 760, Theodore)<ref name=Ffernafael/>

====Ceredigion, Meirionnydd, Gwynedd====
King of an enlarged Gwynedd (also Rhos and Rhufoniog), including Ceredigion ([[Deheubarth]]), Meirionnydd and [[Dyffryn Clwyd]], making his realm [[North West Wales|North West]] and [[West Wales]].<ref name=Gruff_ap/>
*[[Gruffudd ap Cynan]] (c. 1081–1137), King of Gwynedd<ref name=Gruff_ap>{{cite DWB| id=s-GRUF-APC-1055 | title=Gruffudd ap Cynan (c. 1055{{snd}}1137), king of Gwynedd | first=Thomas | last=Parry | year= 1959}}</ref>

====Deheubarth, Gwynedd====
Kingdoms in the West and North West of Wales.<ref name=historydeheu>{{cite web|url=https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsBritain/CymruDeheubarth.htm| website=historyfiles.co.uk| title=Kingdoms of Cymru, Deheubarth |access-date=16 November 2023}}</ref>
*[[Maredudd ab Owain]] (Owain ap Hywel's son, d. 999)<ref name="Maredudd"/>
*[[Aeddan ap Blegywryd]] (d. 1018){{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=2}}
*[[Llywelyn ap Seisyll]] (d. 1023)<ref name=Llyw/><ref>{{cite DWB|id=s-LLYW-APS-1023|title=LLYWELYN ap SEISYLL (died 1023), king of Deheubarth and Gwynedd}}</ref>

====Deheubarth, Gwynedd, Powys====
North and Mid to South West Wales.<ref name=historygwyn/><ref name=historydeheu/>
*[[Rhodri Mawr]] (872–878){{sfn|Bartrum|1993|pages=637–638}}<ref name=Mawr>{{cite DWB|id=s-RHOD-MAW-0877|title=Rhodri Mawr ('the Great') (died 877), king of Gwynedd, Powys, and Deheubarth}}</ref>

====Dyfed, Brycheiniog====
*Cathen ap Gwlyddein (c. 625){{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=125}}
*Cadwgon ap Cathen (c. 650)<ref name=Cadwgan/>
*[[Rhain ap Cadwgan]] (c. 675, Cadwgon), and [[Ystrad Tywi]]{{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=629}}

====Dyfed, Gwynedd, Powys, Seisyllwg====
King of all of Wales, except for Morgannwg and Gwent (south and southeast of Wales).<ref>{{cite DWB| id=s-HYWE-DDA-0950 |title=Hywel Dda (Hywel the Good) (died 950), king and legislator |first=Stephan Joseph| last=Williams |year= 1959}}</ref>
*[[Hywel Dda]] ({{langx|en|Hywel the Good}}) (d. 950)<ref name="Hywel"/>

====Ergyng, Gwent====
*Erb (c. 500){{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=287}}

====Glywysing, Gwent====
{{see also|South East Wales}}
South East of Wales.<ref name=historymorg>{{cite web|url=https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsBritain/CymruGlywyssing.htm| website=historyfiles.co.uk| title=Kingdoms of Cymru, Glywysing |access-date=16 November 2023}}</ref>
*[[Tewdrig]] (Glywysing and Gwent, c. 575){{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=699}}
*[[Meurig ap Tewdrig]] (Glywysing and Gwent c. 590){{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=547}}
*[[Morgan ab Athrwys]] (Glywysing and Gwent c. 650){{sfn|Bartrum|1993|pages=552–553}}
*[[Meurig ab Ithel]] (c. 720, reign 745–775){{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=546}}
*[[Arthfael Hen ap Rhys]] ({{langx|en|Arthfael the Old}}, c. 760)<ref name=Arth/>
*Owain ap Hywel (c. 860)<ref name="Owain"/>
*[[Caradog ap Gruffydd]] (d. 1081)<ref>{{cite DWB|id=s-CARA-APG-1081|title=Caradog ap Gruffydd ap Rhydderch (died 1081)}}</ref>
*[[Iestyn ap Gwrgant|Iestyn ap Gwrgan(t)]] (c. 1081–1093, Lord of Glamorgan)<ref>{{cite DWB|id=s-IEST-APG-1045|title=Iestyn ap Gwrgant (fl. c. 1081–1093), last independent ruler of Glamorgan}}</ref>

====Gwent, Morgannwg====
South and South East of Wales.<ref name=historymorg/>
*[[Meurig ap Hywel]] (Gwent and Morgannwg)<ref name="Edwin"/>
*[[Cadwgan ap Meurig]] (Gwent and Morgannwg){{citation needed|date=November 2023}}

==Welsh Royal Houses (870s–1283)==
The three Royal Houses of Wales' regions were first divided by [[Rhodri the Great]] in the 9th century. Of his children, two of King's sons began royal [[dynasty|dynasties]]. [[Anarawd ap Rhodri|Anarawd]] reigned in [[Kingdom of Gwynedd|Gwynedd]] ([[Aberffraw]]), and [[Cadell ap Rhodri|Cadell]] founded [[Deheubarth]] ([[Dinefwr Castle|Dinefwr]]), then another son [[Merfyn ap Rhodri|Merfyn]] reigned in [[Kingdom of Powys|Powys]] ([[Mathrafal]] emerged as a [[cadet branch]] of Dinefwr in the 11th century).<ref name=Mawr/><ref name=Lars>{{cite book|title= The Royal Families in Europe V|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fpQlBgAAQBAJ&dq=%22house+of+mathrafal%22+%22dinefwr%22&pg=PA50|author=Ulwencreutz, Lars|date=2013|page=50| publisher=Lulu.com | isbn=978-1-304-58135-8 }}</ref>

{{multiple image
| total_width = 450px
| header = [[Coat of Arms]] of Royal Houses of Wales.
| image1 = Arms of Llywelyn.svg
| caption1 = Aberffraw, Gwynedd
| image2 = Escutcheon of Deheubarth.svg
| caption2 = Dinefwr, Deheubarth
| image3 = Escutcheon of the Powys.svg
| caption3 = Mathrafal, Powys
}}

===Aberffraw===
{{see also|House of Aberffraw}}
====Aberffraw Kings of Gwynedd====
*[[Anarawd ap Rhodri]] (d. 916){{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=16}}
*[[Idwal Foel]] ab Anarawd ({{langx|en|Idwal the Bald}}, d. 942){{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=434}}
*[[Ieuaf ab Idwal]] (d. 988)<ref name=Ieu/>
*[[Hywel ab Ieuaf]] (d. 985)<ref name="Hywel_ap"/>
*[[Cadwallon ab Ieuaf]] (d. 986)<ref name="Cadwallon"/>
*[[Cynan ap Hywel]] (d. 1003){{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=188}}
*[[Iago ab Idwal ap Meurig]] (d. 1039)<ref name="Iago"/>
*[[Dafydd ab Owain Gwynedd]] (c. 1170–1195)<ref>{{cite DWB| id=s-DAFY-ABO-1203 | title=Dafydd ab Owain Gwynedd (David I, died 1203), king of Gwynedd | first=John Edward |author-link=John Edward Lloyd| last=Lloyd | year= 1959}}</ref>

====Aberffraw King of Ceredigion====
*[[Hywel ab Owain Gwynedd]] (d. 1170)<ref>{{cite DWB| id=s-HYWE-ABO-1170| title= Hywel ab Owain Gwynedd (died 1170), soldier and poet}}</ref>

====Aberffraw Prince of Anglesey====
*[[Maelgwn ab Owain Gwynedd]] (d. 1173)<ref>{{cite DWB| id=s-MAEL-ABO-1173|title= Maelgwn ap Owain Gwynedd (died after 1173), prince of Anglesey}}</ref>

==== Aberffraw Princes of Gwynedd ====
* [[Rhodri ab Owain Gwynedd]] (1175–1194, 1194–1195)<ref>{{cite DWB |id=s-RHOD-ABO-1195 |title=Rhodri ab Owain (died 1195), a prince of Gwynedd |first=Thomas Jones |last=Pierce |year=1959}}</ref>
* [[Owain Goch ap Gruffydd]] (c. 1246–1255, {{langx|en|Owain the Red}})<ref>{{cite DWB |id=s-OWAI-APG-1260 |title=Owain ap Gruffydd, or Owain Goch, (fl. 1260), a prince of Gwynedd |first=Thomas Jones |last=Pierce |year=1959}}</ref>

===Dinefwr===
{{see also|House of Dinefwr|Deheubarth}}
The Kingdom of Deheubarth was formed by the union of the Kingdoms of Ceredigion (also known as Seisyllwg) and Dyfed by Hywel Dda in 910.<ref name="Hywel"/>
====Dinefwr Kings of Deheubarth====
*[[Owain ap Hywel Dda|Owain ap Hywel]] (c. 900){{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=590}}
*[[Rhodri ap Hywel]] (d. 953)<ref name="Rhodri"/>
*[[Edwin ap Hywel]] (d. 954){{sfn|Bartrum|1993|pages=254–255}}
*[[Rhydderch ap Iestyn]] (d. 1033){{sfn|Bartrum|1993|pages=647–648}}
*[[Hywel ab Edwin]] (d. 1044)<ref>{{cite DWB|id=s-HYWE-EDW-1044|title=Hywel Ab Edwain (died 1044), King of Deheubarth}}</ref>
*[[Maredudd ab Owain ab Edwin]] (d. 1072)<ref>{{cite DWB|id=s-MARE-ABO-1072| title=Maredudd ab Owain ab EDWIN (died 1072), King of Deheubarth}}</ref>
*[[Rhys ab Owain]] ab Edwin (d. 1078)<ref>{{cite DWB|id=s-RHYS-ABO-1078|title=Rhys ab Owain ab Edwin (died 1078), King of Deheubarth}}</ref>
*[[Rhys ap Tewdwr]] (c. 1078{{snd}}1093)<ref>{{cite DWB|id=s11-RHYS-APT-1093|title= Rhys ap Tewdwr (died 1093), King of Deheubarth (1078–1093)}}</ref>

====Dinefwr Princes of Deheubarth====
*[[Gruffydd ap Rhys]] (c. 1090{{snd}}1137)<ref>{{cite DWB|id=s-GRUF-APR-1090|title=Gruffydd ap Rhys (c. 1090{{snd}}1137), Prince of Deheubarth}}</ref>
*[[Anarawd ap Gruffydd]] (d. 1143)<ref>{{cite DWB|id=s-ANAR-APG-1143|title=Anarawd ap Gruffydd (died 1143), Prince}}</ref>
*[[Cadell ap Gruffydd]] (d. 1175)<ref>{{cite DWB|id=s-CADE-APG-1175|title=Cadell ap Gruffydd died 1175}}</ref>
*[[Maredudd ap Gruffydd]] (c. 1130–1155)<ref>{{cite DWB|id=s-MARE-APG-1130|title=Maredudd ap Gruffydd ap Rhys (1130 or 1131 – 1155), Prince of Deheubarth}}</ref>
*[[Gruffydd ap Rhys II|Gruffydd ap Rhys]] (d. 1201)<ref>{{cite DWB|id=s-GRUF-APR-1201|title=Gruffydd ap Rhys (died 1201), prince of Deheubarth}}</ref>
*[[Rhys Gryg]] (d. 1234, {{langx|en|Rhys the Hoarse}}, also {{langx|cy|Rhys Fychan}})<ref>{{cite DWB|id=s-RHYS-GRY-1234|title=RHYS GRYG (' Rhys the Hoarse,' died 1234), prince; he is also called ' Rhys Fychan'}}</ref>

===Mathrafal===
{{see also|House of Mathrafal}}
====Mathrafal Princes of Powys====
*[[Iorwerth ap Bleddyn]] (d. 1111)<ref>{{cite DWB|id=s-IORW-APB-1111|title=Iorwerth ap Bleddyn (died 1111), prince of Powys}}</ref>
*[[Cadwgan ap Bleddyn]] (d. 1111)<ref>{{cite DWB|id=s-CADW-ABB-1111| title=Cadwgan (died 1111), Prince}}</ref>
*[[Owain ap Cadwgan]] (d. 1116)<ref>{{cite DWB|id=s-OWAI-APC-1116|title=Owain ap Cadwgan (died 1116), prince of Powys}}</ref>
*[[Maredudd ap Bleddyn]] Cynfyn<ref name="Madog"/>
*[[Madog ap Maredudd]] (d. 1160)<ref name=Madog>{{cite DWB|id=s-MADO-APM-1160|title=Madog ap Maredudd (died 1160), king of Powys}}</ref>

=====Mathrafal Prince of Powys Fadog=====
*[[Gruffydd Maelor I]], son of Madog ap Maredudd (d. 1191)<ref name=Maelor>{{cite DWB|id=s-GRUF-APM-1191|title=Gruffydd ap Madog or Gruffydd Maelor I (died 1191)}}</ref>

=====Mathrafal Princes of Powys Wenwynwyn=====
*Gruffudd, son of Maerdudd ap Bleddyn<ref name=Powys/><ref name=Cyfeilog>{{cite DWB|id=s-OWAI-CYF-1130|title=Owain Cyfeilog (c. 1130{{snd}}1197), prince and poet}}</ref>
*[[Owain Cyfeiliog]] (d. 1197)<ref name=Cyfeilog/>

==Welsh Lordships (1000s–1500s)==
The [[Lord]]s of Welsh areas once belonging to [[monarchies]]. They were ruled by the direct descendants and heirs of Kings in Wales from around the time of the [[Norman invasion of Wales]] (1000s), some of which lasted until after the [[conquest of Wales by Edward I]] (c. 1300s), and in a few instances, Welsh baronies lasted later into the Principality of Wales.<ref name=Cynan_ab/>{{sfn|Turvey|2010|pages=7-10}}<ref name=Glyndwr/><ref name=Nannau/>

{{multiple image|total_width=600px|header=[[Coat of Arms]] of the Lordships of Wales.|image1=Coat of Arms of LLYWARCH ap BRAN, of Anglesey.png|caption1=Menai|image2=COA Cadwgan ap Bleddyn.svg|caption2=Nannau|image3=Escutcheon of Powys Fadog.svg|caption3=Powys Fadog|image4=Escutcheon of Elystan Glodrydd.svg|caption4=Rhwng Gwy a Hafren|image5=Arms of Edwin of Tegeingl.svg|caption5=Tegeingl|image6=COA Llewelyn Aurdorchog, Lord of Yale.svg|caption6=Yale (Powys)}}

===Lords of Afan===
{{see also|The Lords of Afan}}
Listed Lords of Nedd-Avan (Avene, {{langx|cy|Afan}}), dynasty of [[Glamorgan]], Morgannwg (not the Norman [[Lordship of Glamorgan]]).<ref>{{cite book |last=Price |first=Huw |title=The Acts of Welsh Rulers, 1120-1283 |year= 2010|isbn=978-0-7083-2387-8 |publisher= [[University of Wales Press]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4E2uBwAAQBAJ|page=lii}}</ref><ref name=Turvey17/>
*Caradog ap Iestyn (c. 1130, son of [[Iestyn ap Gwrgant|Istyn ap Gwrgant]])<ref name=Caradog_>{{cite DWB|id=s-CARA-ABI-1130|title= Caradog ap Iestyn (fl. 1130), founder of the family of 'Avene' in Glamorgan}}</ref>
*Owain ap Caradog, [[The Lords of Afan|Lord of Afan]]<ref name=Caradog_/>
*Maerdudd, Lord of [[Miskin]]<ref name=Mor1208/>
*Morgan (d. 1208)<ref name=Mor1208>{{cite DWB|id=s-MORG-APC-1208|title=MORGAN ap CARADOG ap IESTYN (died c. 1208), lord of the Welsh barony of Avan Wallia (or Nedd-Avan) in the honour of Glamorgan}}</ref>
*Leision<ref name=Gam/>
*[[Morgan Gam]] (d. 1241)<ref name=Gam>{{cite DWB|id=s-MORG-GAM-1241| title=Morgan Gam (died 1241), lord of the Welsh barony of Avan Wallia (or Nedd-Afan) in the honour of Glamorgan}}</ref>
*Morgan Fychan (d. 1288)<ref name=MorFych>{{cite DWB|id=s-MORG-FYC-1288| title=Morgan Fychan (died 1288), lord of the Welsh barony of Avan Wallia (or Nedd-Afan) in the honour of Glamorgan}}</ref>
*Rhys<ref name=MorFych/>

===Lords of Arwystli and Cedewain===
{{see also|Arwystli|Cedewain}}
The regional territories as a dynasty combining the territories [[Arwystli]] and [[Cedewain]]. The area was later incorporated into Powys Wenwynwyn.<ref name=Turvey16/><ref name=trah/>
*[[Trahaearn ap Caradog]] (1075–1081), King of Gwynedd<ref name=Turvey16/><ref name=trah>{{cite DWB| id=s-TRAH-APC-1081 | title=Trahaern Ap Caradog (died 1081), king of Gwynedd |first=Thomas Jones | last=Pierce| year= 1959}}</ref>
*Meurig, Lord of Arwystli (d. 1106)<ref name=Turvey16/><ref name=trah/>
*Griffri (d. 1106)<ref name=Turvey16/><ref name=trah/>
*Llywarch<ref name=Turvey16/><ref name=trah/>
*Owain<ref name=Turvey16/><ref name=trah/>
*Ieuaf (d. 1130)<ref name=Turvey16/>
*Hywel o'r Brithdir (d. 1185)<ref name=Turvey16/>
*Robert (d. 1171)<ref name=Turvey16/>
*Maredudd (d. 1244)<ref name=Turvey16/>
*Owain (d. 1261)<ref name=Turvey16/>

=== Lords of Caerleon ===
The rulers of [[Gwynllwg]] ([[Wentloog]]) and upper [[Kingdom of Gwent|Gwent]] became the Lords of [[Caerleon]].<ref name=Morgan_ap /><ref name=Caradog_ap />
*[[Gruffudd ap Rhydderch]] (d. 1055, King of Gwynllwg), son of [[Rhydderch ab Iestyn]]<ref name=ap_Rhydderch>{{cite DWB|id=s-GRUF-APR-1055|title=Gruffudd ap Iestyn (died 1055), king}}</ref>
*[[Caradog ap Gruffudd]] (d. 1081)<ref name=Caradog_ap>{{cite DWB|id=s-CARA-APG-1081|title=Caradog ap Gruffydd ap Rhydderch (died 1081)}}</ref><ref name=Turvey17 />
*[[Owain ap Caradog]], Gwynllwg<ref name=Turvey17 /><ref name=Caradog_ap />
*[[Morgan ab Owain]] (d. 1058), Lord of Caerleon<ref name=Morgan_ap /><ref name=Turvey17 />
*[[Iorwerth ab Owain]] (c. 1171), Lord of Caerleon<ref name=Turvey17 /><ref name=Morgan_ap />
*[[Hywel ab Iorwerth]] (c. 1210)<ref name=Morgan_ap /><ref name=Turvey17 />
*[[Morgan ap Hywel]] (d. 1248)<ref name=Morgan_ap>{{cite DWB|id=s-MORG-APH-1210|title=MORGAN ap HYWEL (fl. 1210–1248), Welsh lord of Gwynllwg or Caerleon}}</ref><ref name=Turvey17 />

===Lords of Ceredigion===
Lordship of [[Kingdom of Ceredigion|Ceredigion]], from the [[House of Dinefwr]], [[Deheubarth]].<ref name=Cered/><ref name=LordRhys/>
*[[Maelgwn ap Rhys]] (c. 1170{{snd}}1230) Lord of Ceredigion<ref name=Cered>{{cite DWB|id=s-MAEL-APR-1170|title=Maelgwn ap Rhys (c. 1170{{snd}}1230), lord of Ceredigion}}</ref>
*Maelgwn Fychan.<ref name=Cered/>

===Lords of Mechain===
{{see also|Mechain}}
Mechain, Powys.<ref name=Powys/><ref name=Llywfych/>
*[[Owain Fychan]] (d. 1187) of [[Mechain]], son of Prince Madog ap Maerdudd from Powys<ref name=Powys/>
*Owain Fychan (d. 1245)<ref name=Powys/><ref name=Llywfych/>
*Llywelyn Fychan (d. before 1277), Lord of Mechain<ref name=Powys/><ref name=Llywfych>{{cite DWB|id=s-LLYW-FYC-1277|title=LLYWELYN FYCHAN ap LLYWELYN ab OWAIN FYCHAN (died c. 1277), lord of Mechain}}</ref>
*Gruffydd, Lord of Mechain<ref name=Powys/><ref name=Llywfych/>
*Maredudd, Lord of Mechain<ref name=Powys/><ref name=Llywfych/>

===Lord of Menai===
Lord of the [[Rhosyr (cantref)|Menai]] [[commote]] on [[Anglesey]].<ref name=Bran>{{cite DWB|id=s-LLYW-APB-1137|title=Llywarch ap Bran (fl. c. 1137), founder of one of the 'Fifteen (Noble) Tribes of Gwynedd'}}</ref>
*Llywarch ap Bran (c. 1137), Lord of Menai (founder of one of the [[Tribes of Wales#15 tribes list|Fifteen Tribes of Wales]])<ref name=Bran/>

===Lords of Merioneth===
{{see also|Merionethshire}}
The vassal Lordship of Merioneth ([[Meirionnydd]]) from Gwynedd, also Lords of [[Eifionydd]] and [[Ardudwy]]. Descendants of King [[Owain Gwynedd]].<ref name=Maredudd_ap>{{cite DWB|id=s-MARE-APC-1212| title=Maredudd ap Cynan ab Owain Gwynedd (died 1212), lord of Eifionydd, part of Ardudwy, and Merioneth and co-founder of the Cistercian house of Cymmer}}</ref>
*[[Cynan ab Owain Gwynedd]] (d. 1174)<ref name=Cynan_ab>{{cite DWB|id=s-CYNA-ABO-1174|title=Cynan ab Owain (died 1174), prince}}</ref>
*[[Gruffudd ap Cynan ab Owain Gwynedd]], Lord of Meirionnydd and Ardudwy<ref name=Cynan_ab/>
*[[Maredudd ap Cynan ab Owain Gwynedd|Maredudd ap Cynan]] (d. 1212), Lord of Meirionnydd and Eifionydd and part of Ardudwy ([[Llŷn Peninsula]])<ref name=Maredudd_ap/>
*[[Llywelyn Fawr ap Maredudd]], Lord of Merionieth ([[Merionethshire]])<ref name=Llywelyn_ap>{{cite DWB|id=s-LLYW-FAW-1200|title=Llywelyn Fawr and Llywelyn Fychan (fl. early 13th century) lords of Merioneth}}</ref>
*[[Maredudd ap Llywelyn ap Maredudd ap Cynan|Maredudd ap Llywelyn]] (d. 1255), Lord of Merioneth<ref name=Llywelyn_ap/>
*[[Llywelyn ap Maredudd|Llywelyn Fychan]], Lord of Merioneth (father to [[Madog ap Llywelyn]])<ref name=Llywelyn_ap/>

=== Lords of Nannau ===
{{see also| Nannau, Wales}}

Descendants of Madog ap [[Cadwgan ap Bleddyn]], Prince of Powys. Lordship c. 1118 until the final Lord in the 1500s, before the use of the surname Nanney for the family.<ref>{{cite DWB|id=s-NANN-AU0-1200|title=Nanney (Nannau) family of Nannau, Meirionnydd}}</ref><ref name=Nannau>{{cite book |last=Williams |first=Philip Nanney |url=http://nannauhistory.com/ |title=Nannau – A Rich Tapestry of Welsh History |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-9955337-0-7 |pages=17, 20, 35, 50–51 |publisher=Llwyn Estates Publications}}</ref><ref>{{google books|title=Pedigrees of Anglesey and Carnarvonshire Families|id=3hVgegx0mNoC|page=200}}</ref>

* Madog, 1st Lord of Nannau (c. 1118–1121);<ref name=Nannau/>
* Cadwgan;<ref name=Nannau/>
* Madog;<ref name=Nannau/>
* Meurig, Lord of Nannau;<ref name=Nannau/>
* Ynyr Hen (c. 1200–1250);<ref name=Nannau/>
* Ynyr Fychan (c. 1295);<ref name=Nannau/>
* Meurig Fychan;<ref name=Nannau/>
* Meurig Llwyd;<ref name=Nannau/>
* [[Hywel Sele]], 9th Lord (d. 1402, cousin of [[Owain Glyndwr]]);<ref name=Nannau/>
* Meurig Fychan;<ref name=Nannau/>
* Dafydd ap Meurig Fychan;<ref name=Nannau/>
* Hywel ap Dafydd (Howel Nanney b. 1470);<ref name=Nannau/>
* Gruffudd Wyn Nanney, 13th Lord (c. 1520).<ref name=Nannau/>

===Lords of Oswestry===
{{see also|Baron of Hendwr|Hughes of Gwerclas
|Jones of Faerdref Uchaf}}
Lords of Oswestry ([[Shropshire]], England), from Powys, prior to Baronetcy of Cymmer-yn-Edeirnion ([[English feudal barony]]).<ref name=Brog/><ref name=heraldic/>
*Prince [[Owain Brogyntyn]] of Powys (Mathrafal), Lord of [[Oswestry]], [[Edeirnion]] and [[Dinmael]] (c. 1149{{snd}}1157, d. 1188)<ref name=Brog>{{cite DWB|id=s-OWAI-BRO-1160|title=Owain Brogyntyn (fl. 1160–1188), prince of Powys}}</ref><ref name=Powys/>
**Bleddyn<ref name=Brog/><ref name=Powys/>
**Iorweth<ref name=Brog/><ref name=Powys/>
***Gruffudd, 1st [[Baron of Cymmer-yn-Edeirnion]]<ref name=Powys/><ref name=heraldic>{{google books|title= A Genealogical and Heraldic Dictionary of the Landed Gentry of Great Britain & Ireland.|id=C8fTAAAAMAAJ|page=607}}</ref>
**Gruffudd<ref name=Brog/><ref name=Powys/>

===Lords of Powys Fadog===
{{see also|Powys Fadog|Lordship of Bromfield and Yale|Ial}}
Northern Powys, [[House of Mathrafal]].<ref name=Lars/><ref name=Powys/><ref name=Maelor/>
*[[Madog ap Gruffydd Maelor]] Lord of [[Powys Fadog]] (d. 1238)<ref>{{cite DWB|id=s-MADO-APG-1236|title=Madog ap Gruffydd (died 1236) lord of Powys}}</ref>
*[[Gruffydd II ap Madog, Lord of Dinas Bran|Gruffydd Maelor]] (d. 1269), Lord of [[Castell Dinas Brân]]<ref>{{cite DWB|id=s-MADO-FYC-1269|title=Madog Fychan ap Madog ap Gruffydd (died 1269), son and brother to the Princes of Powys Fadog}}</ref>
*[[Madog II ap Gruffydd, Lord of Dinas Bran]] (d. 1277)<ref name=Powys/>
*[[Gruffudd Fychan I]]<ref name=Powys/>
*[[Madog Crypl]]<ref name=glyn_ancestry>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancientwalesstudies.org/id200.html| website=ancientwalesstudies.org|title=The Ancestry of Owain Glyndwr|access-date= 29 November 2023}}</ref>
*Gruffydd of Rhuddalt, Lord of Glyndyfrdwy<ref name=glyn_ancestry/>
*[[Gruffudd Fychan II]] (father of [[Owain Glyndwr|Glyndwr]], b. 1354), Lord of [[Glyndyfrdwy]]{{sfn|Turvey|2010|page=116}}<ref name=Glyndwr/>

===Lords of Powys Wenwynwyn===
{{see also|Powys Wenwynwyn|Baron Charlton}}
Southern Powys, House of Mathrafal. The lordship also had lands in Arwystli, [[Cyfeiliog]], [[Mawddwy]], [[Caereinion]].<ref name=Lars/><ref name=Powys/><ref name=Gwenwyn/>
*[[Gwenwynwyn]] (d. 1216), Lord of [[Powys Wenwynwyn]], son of Prince Owain Cyfeiliog<ref name=Gwenwyn>{{cite DWB|id=s-GWEN-WYN-1216|title=Gwenwynwyn (died 1216), lord of Powys}}</ref>
*[[Gruffydd ap Gwenwynwyn]] (d. 1286)<ref name=apgwyn>{{cite DWB|id=s-GRUF-APG-1286| title=Gruffydd ap Gwenwynwyn (died 1286 or 1287), lord of Upper Powys}}</ref>
*[[Owen de la Pole]] (d. 1293)<ref name=Powys/><ref name=apgwyn/>

===Rhwng Gwy a Hafren===
{{see also|Rhwng Gwy a Hafren}}
The region of [[Rhwng Gwy a Hafren]] ([[Radnorshire]]) between the Rivers [[River Wye|Wye]] and [[Severn]], ruled by [[Lord]]s. Associated with [[Brycheiniog]] and [[Buellt]], they ruled the [[cantref]]s of [[Maelienydd]] and [[Elfael]].{{sfn|Turvey|2010|page=7}}<ref name=Elystan/><ref name=R/>
*[[Elystan Glodrydd]] (c. 975, Æthelstan)<ref name=Elystan>{{cite DWB|id=s-ELST-GLO-1100|title=Elstan (or ELYSTAN) Glodrydd, founder of the fifth of the 'royal tribes' of Wales}}</ref>{{sfn|Bartrum|1993|page=280}}
*Cadwgan ab Elstan Glodrydd<ref name=Elystan/>
*Idnerth<ref name=Elystan/>
*Madog (d. 1140)<ref name=Elystan/><ref name=Turvey16/>
*[[Cadwallon ap Madog]] (d. 1179), ruled Maelienydd and Elfael<ref name=Elystan/><ref name=Turvey16/>
*Einion Clud (d. 1177) ruled Maelienydd and Elfael<ref name=Elystan/><ref name=Turvey16/>
*Maelgwn (d. 1197)<ref name=Elystan/><ref name=Turvey16/>
*Cadwallon (d. 1234)<ref name=Turvey16/>

===Lords of Senghenydd===
The Lordship of [[Senghenydd]], then a vassal of [[Lordship of Glamorgan]].<ref name=Bren/>
*[[Ifor Bach]] (c. 1158, Ifor ap Meurig), Lord of Senghenydd<ref name=Turvey16/><ref name=Ifor>{{cite DWB|id=s-IFOR-BAC-1158| title= IFOR BACH (fl. 1158), lord of Senghenydd}}</ref>
*Gruffudd, Lord of Senghenydd (d. 1211)<ref name=Turvey16/><ref name=Ifor/>
*Rhys (d. 1256), Lord of Senghendd<ref name=Turvey16/>
*Gruffudd ap Rhys<ref name=Turvey16/><ref name=Bren/>
*[[Llywelyn Bren]] (d. 1317)<ref name=Bren>{{cite DWB|id=s-LLYW-APG-1317|title=Llywelyn ap Gruffydd or Llywelyn Bren (died 1317) nobleman, soldier and rebel martyr}}</ref>

===Lords of Tegeingl===
{{see also|Tegeingl}}
Lordship of [[Coleshill, Flintshire|Coleshill]], [[Prestatyn]], [[Rhuddlan]], also considered Princes.<ref name=Edwin_/>

*[[Edwin of Tegeingl]] (d. 1073, member of the [[Fifteen Tribes of Wales]])<ref name=Edwin_>{{Cite DWB|id=s-EDWI-N00-1073|title=Edwin (died 1073), prince of Tegeingl}}</ref>
**[[Owain ab Edwin of Tegeingl]] (d. 1105), father-in-law to [[Gruffudd ap Cynan]]<ref name=Edwin_/><ref>{{cite DWB|id=s-OWAI-ABE-1105|title=Owain ab Edwin (died 1105), a landowner in Tegeingl (modern Flintshire).}}</ref>

==Principality of Wales (1216–1542)==
{{see also|Principality of Wales|Welsh rebellions against English rule}}

The [[Wales in the Late Middle Ages|late medieval]] territory of the Principality of Wales and the members of Welsh royalty who ruled that area or attempted to regain their dynastic inheritances during the Principality. They were titled (official) or claimants (unofficial/[[pretender]]) as the [[Prince of Wales]].<ref name=Lawgoch/>{{sfn|Turvey|2010|page=88, 112, 115}}<ref name=OwainG>{{Cite journal |last=Huw |first=Pryce |date=1998 |title=Owain Gwynedd And Louis VII: The Franco-Welsh Diplomacy of the First Prince of Wales |url=https://journals.library.wales/view/1073091/1083764/4 |journal=Welsh History Review |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=1–28}}</ref> The territory of the Principality included the Kingdoms of Gwynedd, Deheubarth, and Powys, and also the areas of Ceredigion (Cardigan) and [[Carmarthenshire]]. There was the exception of Llywelyn ab Iorwerth who ruled most of the territory of the Principality and also [[Montgomeryshire]], but not as a Prince of Wales; by 1230 he styled himself as the Prince of Aberffraw and Lord of Snowdon (Prince of Gwynedd).<ref name=LlywI/><ref name=Rex>{{cite book|last=Insley |first=Charles|chapter=From Rex Wallie to Princeps Wallie: Charters and State Formation in Thirteenth Century Wales|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XMg5_qrDJvMC&dq=%22It+saw+the+rise+to+pre-eminence+of+the+Principalities+of%22&pg=PA179 |title=The Medieval State: Essays Presented to James Campbell |year= 2000|publisher=Bloomsbury|isbn=9780826443496 |page=192}}</ref>

{{multiple image|total_width=400px|header=[[Coat of arms of the Prince of Wales#Independent native Prince of Wales|Coats of arms of native princes of Wales]]|image1=Arms of Dafydd ap Gruffydd.svg|caption1=Dafydd ap Gruffudd|image2=Personal arms of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd.svg|caption2=Personal arms of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd (Llywelyn II)|image3=Coat of arms of Owain Gwynedd.svg|caption3=Owain Gwynedd|image4=Arms of Owain Glyndŵr.svg|caption4=Owain Lawgoch, Glyndwr|image5=Arms of Llywelyn (Unshaded).svg|caption5=Llywelyn II, Dafydd II}}

=== Pre-Principality, 1165–1197 ===
* [[Owain Gwynedd]] (c. 1137–1170, {{langx|cy|Owain Fawr}}), [[List of rulers of Gwynedd|King of Gwynedd]], [[Prince of Wales]];<ref name=OwainG/><ref>{{cite DWB |id=s-OWAI-GWY-1100 |title=Owain Gwynedd (c. 1100–1170), king of Gwynedd |first=Thomas Jones |last=Pierce |year= 1959}}</ref>
* [[Rhys ap Gruffydd]] (c. 1132–1197, The Lord Rhys), Lord of [[Deheubarth]] (Prince of [[South Wales]]), Prince of Wales.<ref name=Rex/><ref name=LordRhys>{{cite DWB |id=s-RHYS-APG-1132 |title=Rhys ap Gruffydd (1132–1197), Lord of Deheubarth, known in history as "Yr Arglwydd Rhys" ("The lord Rhys")}}</ref>

=== Welsh rule, 1216–1283 ===
* [[Llywelyn the Great|Llywelyn ''Fawr'' ap Iorwerth]] (c. 1195–1240, {{langx|en|Llywelyn I, the Great}}), Prince of [[Kingdom of Gwynedd|Gwynedd]], Prince of [[North Wales]];<ref name=LlywI>{{cite DWB| id=s-LLYW-API-1173 |title=Llywelyn ap Iorwerth ("Llywelyn the Great", often styled "Llywelyn I", prince of Gwynedd) |first=Thomas Jones |last=Pierce| year=1959}}</ref>{{sfn|Turvey|2010|page=84}}
* [[Dafydd ap Llywelyn]] (c. 1240–1246, Dafydd II, {{langx|en|David}}), Prince of Gwynedd (claimant Prince of Wales);<ref>{{cite DWB |id=s-DAFY-APL-1246 |title=Dafydd ap Llywelyn (David II, died 1246), Prince |first=John Edward |author-link=John Edward Lloyd |last=Lloyd |year=1959}}</ref>
* [[Llywelyn ap Gruffudd]] (c. 1246–1282, {{langx|en|Llywelyn II, the Last}}), Prince of Wales ([[Kingdom of Gwynedd|Gwynedd]], [[House of Aberffraw|Aberffraw]]);<ref>{{cite DWB |id=s-LLYW-APG-1200 |title=Llywelyn ap Gruffydd ("Llywelyn the Last" or Llywelyn II), Prince of Wales (died 1282) |first=Thomas Jones |last=Pierce |year=1959}}</ref>
* [[Dafydd ap Gruffydd]] (c. 1282–1283, Dafydd III), Prince of Gwynedd (claimant Prince of Wales).<ref>{{cite DWB |id=s-DAFY-APG-1283 |title=Dafydd ap Gruffydd (David III, died 1283), prince of Gwynedd |first=Thomas Jones |last=Pierce |year=1959}}.</ref>

=== English rule, 1283–1542 ===
* [[Madog ap Llywelyn]] (c. 1294), claimant Prince of Wales (heir of Lord [[Meirionnydd]], [[House of Aberffraw]]);<ref>{{cite DWB |id=s-MADO-APL-1294 |title=Madog ap Llywelyn, rebel of 1294 |first=Thomas Jones |last=Pierce |year=1959}}</ref>
* [[Owain Lawgoch|Owain ap Tomas ap Rhodri]] (c. 1372–1378, Lawgoch, {{langx|en|Owen the Red Hand}}) in exile but claimed Prince of Wales (Gwynedd, Aberffraw);<ref name=Lawgoch>{{cite DWB |id=s-OWAI-APT-1378 |title=Owain ap Thomas ap Rhodri ("Owain Lawgoch", died 1378), a soldier of fortune and pretender to the principality of Wales |first=Thomas Jones |last=Pierce |year=1959}}</ref>
* [[Owain Glyndŵr|Owain ap Gruffudd]] (c. 1400–1415, Owain Glyndŵr, {{langx|en|Owen Glendower}}), pretender Prince of Wales, Lord of Glyndyfrdwy ([[Powys Fadog]]).<ref name=Glyndwr>{{cite DWB|id=s-OWAI-GLY-1354|title=Owain Glyndwr (c. 1354–1416), "Prince of Wales"}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Family tree of Welsh monarchs]]
* [[Kings of the Britons]]
* [[Fifteen Tribes of Wales]]
* [[List of Marcher lordships]]
* [[Prince of Wales]]
* [[List of British monarchs]]
* [[Welsh peers and baronets]]
* [[List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom]]
* [[List of first ministers of Wales]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Hywel">{{harv|Bartrum|1993|page=425}}</ref>
<ref name="Rhodri">{{harv|Bartrum|1993|page=636}}</ref>
<ref name="Hywel_ap">{{harv|Bartrum|1993|page=424}}</ref>
<ref name="Cadwallon">{{harv|Bartrum|1993|page=94}}</ref>
<ref name="Maredudd">{{harv|Bartrum|1993|page=519}}</ref>
<ref name="Iago">{{harv|Bartrum|1993|page=429}}</ref>
<ref name="Morgan">{{harv|Bartrum|1993|pages=554–555}}</ref>
<ref name="Ithel">{{harv|Bartrum|1993|page=445}}</ref>
<ref name="Brochwel">{{harv|Bartrum|1993|page=67}}</ref>
<ref name="Owain">{{harv|Bartrum|1993|page=591}}</ref>
<ref name="Edwin">{{harv|Bartrum|1993|page=254}}</ref>
<ref name="C">{{harv|Bartrum|1993|page=189}}</ref>
<ref name=Powys>{{harv|Turvey|2010|page=18}}</ref>
<ref name=Einion>{{harv|Bartrum|1993|page=262}}</ref>
<ref name=Rhufon>{{harv|Bartrum|1993|page=640}}</ref>
<ref name=Turvey16>{{harv|Turvey|2010|page=16}}</ref>
<ref name=Turvey17>{{harv|Turvey|2010|page=17}}</ref>
<ref name=Gruffudd_ap>{{harv|Bartrum|1993|page=337}}</ref>
<ref name=Llyw>{{harv|Bartrum|1993|page=484}}</ref>
<ref name=Rhos>{{harv|Bartrum|1993|page=205}}</ref>
<ref name=Cadwgan>{{harv|Bartrum|1993|page=95}}</ref>
<ref name=Peibio>{{harv|Bartrum|1993|page=611}}</ref>
<ref name=Eifion>{{harv|Bartrum|1993|page=238}}</ref>
<ref name=Pobein>{{harv|Bartrum|1993|page=621}}</ref>
<ref name=Eldog>{{harv|Bartrum|1993|page=264}}</ref>
<ref name=R>{{harv|Bartrum|1993|page=630}}</ref>
<ref name=Morudd>{{harv|Bartrum|1993|page=559}}</ref>
<ref name=Ffernafael>{{harv|Bartrum|1993|page=299}}</ref>
<ref name=Arth>{{harv|Bartrum|1993|page=28}}</ref>
<ref name=Meurig>{{harv|Bartrum|1993|page=545}}</ref>
<ref name=Ieu>{{harv|Bartrum|1993|page=436}}</ref>
}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |author-last=Bartrum |author-first=Peter Clement |author-link=Peter Bartrum|url=https://www.library.wales/discover-learn/digital-exhibitions/printed-material/a-welsh-classical-dictionary |title=A Welsh Classical Dictionary: People in History and Legend Up to about A.D. 1000 |publisher=National Library of Wales |year=1993 |isbn=0907158730}}
* {{URL|https://biography.wales/}} ([[Dictionary of Welsh Biography]])
* {{cite book |title=A History of Wales |last=Davies |first=John |author-link=John Davies (historian) |year=1994 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=9780140145816 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofwales0000davi/mode/2up}}
* {{cite book |title=Encyclopaedia of Wales |publisher=University of Wales Press |date=2008 |isbn=978-0-7083-1953-6}}
* {{cite book |title=A History of Wales from the Earliest Times to the Edwardian Conquest |last=Lloyd |first=John Edward |author-link=John Edward Lloyd |year=1912 |publisher=Longmans, Green, and Co. |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_NYwNAAAAIAAJ}}
* {{cite book |first=Roger |last=Turvey |title=Twenty-One Welsh Princes |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/657181335 |year=2010 |location=Conwy |publisher=Gwasg Carreg Gwalch |isbn=9781845272692}}

{{Welsh kingdoms}}
{{rulers of medieval Wales}}
[[Category:Welsh monarchs| List]]
[[Category:Lists of rulers in Europe|Wales]]
[[Category:Wales-related lists|Rulers]]
[[Category:Lists of British monarchs|Wales]]

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List of rulers in Wales