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Peter I of Aragon and Pamplona

2025-06-10T10:16:45Z

2A02:8012:227B:0:1C01:C8C3:13B:C430: Removed Category:Navarrese monarchs as already in Category:11th-century Navarrese monarchs and Category:12th-century Navarrese monarchs

{{Short description|King of Aragon and Pamplona from 1094 to 1104}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Peter I
| succession = [[King of Aragon]] and [[List of Navarrese monarchs|Pamplona]]
| image =Dinero chaqués de Pero I.png
| caption=Peter's effigy on a coin
| reign = 1094 – 1104
| predecessor = [[Sancho Ramírez]]
| successor = [[Alfonso the Battler]]
| house = [[Jiménez dynasty|Jiménez]]
| birth_date = {{circa}} 1068
| birth_place =
| death_date = 1104
| death_place =
| place of burial = [[Royal Monastery of San Juan de la Peña]]
| spouses = {{plainlist|
*[[Agnes of Aquitaine, Queen of Aragon and Navarre|Agnes of Aquitaine]]
*[[Bertha of Aragon]]}}
| issue-link = #Marriage and family
| father = [[Sancho Ramírez]]
| mother = [[Isabella of Urgell]]
}}

'''Peter I''' ({{langx|es|Pedro}}, {{langx|an|Pero}}, {{langx|eu|Petri}}; {{circa}} 1068 – 1104) was [[King of Aragon]] and also [[King of Pamplona|Pamplona]] from 1094 until his death in 1104. Peter was the eldest son of [[Sancho Ramírez]], from whom he inherited the crowns of Aragon and Pamplona, and [[Isabella of Urgell]]. He was named in honour of [[Saint Peter]], because of his father's special devotion to the [[Holy See]], to which he had made his kingdom a [[vassal]]. Peter continued his father's close alliance with the Church and pursued his military thrust south against bordering [[Al-Andalus]] [[taifa]]s with great success,<ref>Bernard F. Reilly (1988), [http://libro.uca.edu/alfonso6/alfonso.htm ''The Kingdom of León-Castilla under King Alfonso VI, 1065–1109''] (Princeton: Princeton University Press), 304, notes of Peter's ecclesiastical and military policy that he "envisioned no retreat."</ref> allying with [[Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar]], known as ''El Cid'', the ruler of [[Valencia, Valencia|Valencia]], against the [[Almoravids]].<ref>Bisson, 15, and Henry John Chaytor (1933), [http://libro.uca.edu/chaytor/achistory.htm ''A History of Aragon and Catalonia''] (London: Methuan Publishing), 47–48.</ref> According to the medieval ''[[Annales Compostellani]]'' Peter was "expert in war and daring in initiative",<ref>''in bellis expertus et audax in principio''</ref> and one modern historian has remarked that "his grasp of the possibilities inherent in the age seems to have been faultless."<ref>Reilly, 304 and n. 1. Despite this, no comprehensive study of his reign has been published and he is usually overshadowed by his brother and successor Alfonso the Battler.</ref>

==Early life==
[[File:Signun regis Pietro I d'Aragón.svg|thumb|The royal sign (''signum regis'') of Peter I. Peter could also write his signature in [[Arabic language|Arabic]].<ref>[[Richard A. Fletcher]] (1989), ''The Quest for El Cid'' (New York: Alfred A. Knopf), 82, provides an image. The signature occurs between two crosses.</ref>]]
The ''[[Crónica de San Juan de la Peña]]'', a rather late source for Peter's reign, states that Peter was 35 years of age when he died, which places his birth in 1068 or 1069.<ref>Chapter XVIII of the ''Crónica'' is devoted exclusively to Peter's reign: [http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/01604852981254827438813/p0000002.htm#I_26 De rege Petro et suis gestis, et de captione ciuitatis Oscensis] ("On King Peter and his deeds, and of the capture of the city of Huesca"). The ''Crónica'' errs in making Peter a son of his father's second wife, [[Felicia of Roucy]].</ref> As a child Peter was placed in the line of succession to the [[County of Urgell]] by the first testament of his uncle [[Ermengol IV]], after Ermengol's own son and brothers. He was not destined to inherit it.

In 1085, two years after his father had conquered [[Graus]] (28 April 1083), Peter was entrusted with [[Sobrarbe]] and [[County of Ribagorza|Ribagorza]] as a subkingdom with its capital at Graus, which he thenceforth ruled more or less independently with the title of king (Latin ''rex'').<ref>Ángel J. Martín Duque (2002), [http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/fichero_articulo?codigo=497302&orden=60045 "Graus: un señorío feudal aragonés en el siglo XII,"] ''Príncipe de Viana'', '''63'''(227):613, nn. 9–11. Originally published in ''Hispania'', '''18''' (1958), pp. 159–80.</ref> On 28 October 1087 Peter joined his father in [[Pamplona]] in Navarre, where the two monarchs confirmed the rights of the [[Bishop of Pamplona|bishops]] in the city. He pursued the ''Reconquista'' with vigour in the southeast of the realm. In 1087 he may have been present at the unsuccessful [[siege of Tudela]]. Later that year he conquered [[Estada]], in 1088 [[Castle of Montearagón|Montearagón]], and on 24 June 1089 [[Monzón]]. These conquests opened up the valley of the [[Cinca River (Spain)|Cinca]], which he proceeded to conquer as far as [[Almenar]], taken in 1093.<ref>Thomas N. Bisson (2000), ''The Medieval Crown of Aragon: A Short History'' (Oxford: Clarendon Press), 15.</ref>

== Sole reign ==
Peter succeeded to the whole of his father's kingdom on the latter's death while besieging [[Huesca]] in 1094.<ref>Peter adopted his father's title, ''Aragonensium et Pampilonensium rex'' (Aragonese and Pamplonese king), though his father had preferred to name the Pamplonese (Navarrese) kingdom first. Peter also sometimes used the [[patronymic]] ''Sánchez'' (or ''Sangiz'' in contemporary Latinisations), as in a document by which he gave some property in [[Arguiñáriz]] to a lord Diego Álvarez (''Didaco Albarez'') in December 1099.</ref> Peter raised the siege, only to return to it within the year. After 1094 his objectives shifted westwards, towards the valley of the [[Gallega]]. In 1095 Peter renewed his father's oaths to [[Pope Urban II|Urban II]], and Urban renewed his promise of protection, under which Sancho, his sons, and his kingdom had been placed in July 1089. On 16 March 1095 the pope even issued a [[Papal bull|bull]], ''Cum universis sancte'', granting the king and queen of Aragon immunity from [[excommunication]] without the permission of the pope.<ref>Smith, 135.</ref> That same year, while he was besieging Huesca, Peter defeated the relief forces of the [[Taifa of Zaragoza]] at the [[Battle of Alcoraz]].<ref>Antonio Ubieto Arteta (1951), [http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/fichero_articulo?codigo=2110572&orden=81759 "Una narración de la batalla de Alcoraz atribuida al abad pinatense Aimerico,"] ''Argensola: Revista de Ciencias Sociales del Instituto de Estudios Altoaragoneses'', '''7''':245–56.</ref> Peter later rewarded a certain Sancho Crispo for his contribution of three hundred knights and infantry at Alcoraz.<ref name=Powers>James F. Powers (1987), [http://libro.uca.edu/socwar/war.htm ''A Society Organized for War: The Iberian Municipal Militias in the Central Middle Ages, 1000–1284''] (Berkeley: University of California Press), 23–24. The original source has ''milites et pedones'', literally "men-at-arms and foot soldiers".</ref> He went on to take Huesca on 27 November of that same year.

===''Reconquista'' and war with the Almoravids===
[[File:Creu-Alcoraz-1524-Jeronimo-Martinez-Retablo-San-Jorge.Salvador-Merce-Teruel.jpg|thumb|left|Peter receiving a shield emblazoned with [[St George's Cross]]. According to legend, George appeared on the field of battle at Alcoraz. The heads of four decapitated Moors found on the battlefield were added to George's familiar emblem, creating the [[:es:Cruz_de_Alcoraz|Cross of Alcoraz]] (the basis for the [[Sardinia]]n coat-of-arms).]]

The next year (1096) Peter travelled south to inspect his fortress at [[Castellón de la Plana|Castellón]], though the ''[[Historia Roderici]]'' claims that he came to help Rodrigo.<ref name=Fletcher175>Fletcher, 175.</ref> He met Rodrigo in Valencia and with a large force already assembled they decided to reinforce the southern frontier fort of Benicadell, rebuilt by Rodrigo in 1091. As they were passing by [[Xàtiva]] they were met by an Almoravid force under the command of Mohammed, the nephew of Almoravid leader [[Yusuf ibn Tashfin]], and the commander whom Rodrigo had defeated at the [[Battle of Cuarte]] in 1095. They decided to hastily restock Benicadell and retreat to Valencia via the coast, but were met at the [[Battle of Bairén]] by Muhammad's forces encamped on the high ground that reached almost to the sea. A small Almoravid fleet had been assembled from the southern ports, including [[Almería]], and the Christians were trapped between arrow fire from the ships and the cavalry perched atop the hill. Rodrigo roused the troops with a speech and the next day at midday the Christians charged. The [[Battle of Xàtiva]] ended in a rout, with many Almoravids killed or forced into the river or the sea, where many drowned. Peter and Rodrigo returned to Valencia in triumph and thanking God for the victory, as the ''Historia'' records.<ref name=Fletcher175/>

In 1099, in preparation for the fall of [[Barbastro]], Peter sent [[Ebontius|Ponce]], then [[Bishop of Roda]], to Rome to ask Pope Urban II to transfer the see of Roda to [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Barbastro-Monzón|Barbastro]]. The pope complied with Peter's request, and endowed the transferred diocese with all the re-conquered lands of the [[Diocese of Lleida]]. Peter's motive in this action was probably to curtail any expansion of the [[Diocese of Urgell]] in the direction of Lleida. In any case, Barbastro fell in 1100.

According to what is probably a legend, at the urging of the monks of [[San Juan de la Peña]] Peter planned to join on the [[Crusade of 1101]] and make a pilgrimage to [[Jerusalem]], but [[Pope Paschal II]] refused to allow it and ordered him to make war on Zaragoza instead. Peter, probably aided by knights from [[Kingdom of France|France]] and [[Principality of Catalonia|Catalonia]],<ref>Reilly, 304, deduces this from the presence of [[Berengar (Bishop of Barcelona)|Berengar]], [[Bishop of Barcelona]], in Barbastro on 5 May 1101 to attend the reconsecration of the mosque as a Christian church.</ref> certainly did make war on Zaragoza in 1101, in a campaign that lasted the whole year. He may have been inspired by the [[First Crusade]]rs, since contemporary accounts of the 1101 campaign call him a "cross-bearer" (''crucifer'').<ref>[[Christopher Tyerman]] (2006), ''God's War: A New History of the Crusades'' (London: Penguin Books), 659.</ref> The size of his forces so impressed a contemporary scribe in [[Kingdom of León|León]] that he remarked in the dating formula of a document of 12 February that "Peter, Aragonese king, with his infinite multitude of armed men, the city of Zaragoza, with Christ's banner, fought".<ref>Reilly, 304: ''Petrus quoque rex aragonensis eum infinita armorum multitudine Cesaraugustam civitatem cum Christi vexillo preliante''.</ref> By June Peter had begun the siege of [[Zaragoza]] itself. For the siege he had a fortress built named [[Juslibol]] (a corruption of the Latin slogan ''[[Deus lo volt]]'' [God wills it] used by the First Crusaders) and ringed the city with banners bearing the cross.<ref>Tyerman, 662. Today [[:es:Juslibol|Juslibol]] is a town three kilometres from Zaragoza.</ref> In August he was conducting a ''[[Razzia (military)|razzia]]'' (raid) as far south as [[Alpenes]] and the [[river Ebro]], but the campaign was eventually aborted due to insufficient cavalry.<ref name=Powers/> By the end of the year he had expanded Aragon and Navarre in the west almost as far as the walls of Zaragoza and [[Tudela, Navarre|Tudela]], though the cities both remained in Muslim hands.

===Administration of the realm and the granting of ''fueros''===
[[File:Pietro I d'Aragón.jpg|thumb|upright|Late and fanciful painting of Peter I. The hand on the sword is an accurate pictorial comment on his reign.]]
During his reign Peter bestowed ''[[fuero]]s'' on Barbastro (1100), [[Caparroso]] (1102), and [[Santacara]] (1102). The last was repopulated partly by Frenchmen, whose influence on local customs is apparent. According to Peter's ''fueros'', citizens were required to serve in local campaigns and castle defence, but were exempted from long-term service in the "host".<ref name=Powers/> Horse-owners resident in the towns of Barbastro and [[Santa Cristina de Somport]] (1104) were also exempted from [[Knighthood|knight-service]], known as ''cavalcata''. In 1101 Peter delineated the boundaries of the diocese of Barbastro–Roda, and those that would belong to Lleida after its reconquest.<ref>Damian J. Smith (2004), ''Innocent III and the Crown of Aragon'' (Ashgate Publishing), 206. Peter's [[charter]]s and other diplomata have been collected and edited by Antonio Ubieto Arteta in ''Colección diplomática de Pedro I de Aragón y Navarra'' (Zaragoza: 1951).</ref> On 11 December 1102 Peter was in [[Estella-Lizarra|Estella]] on the border with [[Kingdom of Castile|Castile]], perhaps seeking the aid of [[Alfonso VI of Castile|Alfonso VI]] after a particularly disastrous autumn for the Christians of eastern Spain.<ref>Reilly, 312.</ref> In 1104 Peter granted a ''fuero'' to all the ''[[infanzones]]'' of his realm, retaining his right to require three-day field service.<ref>Alfonso the Battler later extended this ''fuero'' to Zaragoza in January 1119.</ref>

==Succession==
Peter's first marriage, to [[Agnes of Aquitaine, Queen of Aragon and Navarre |Agnes of Aquitaine]] (betrothed 1081), was arranged by his father and took place in the capital of [[Jaca]] in January 1086.{{sfn|Dunbabin|1985|p=384}} His second marriage, to a certain [[Bertha of Italy| Bertha]], probably from [[Lombardy]], was officiated in Huesca on 16 August 1097. This represented the transferral of the capital of Aragon from Jaca to the larger city of Huesca. Peter's only children, Isabella and Peter (born {{circa}} 1086), both from his first marriage, died young in 1103 and on 1 February 1104, respectively. Peter was married to María Rodríguez, a daughter of El Cid, in 1098 - a marriage celebrated in the ''[[Cantar de mio Cid]]'' and in subsequent literature. Both Isabella and Peter were interred in San Juan de la Peña on 18 August 1104.<ref>Cf. the ''Crónica'', XVIII.</ref>

When Peter I died in the [[Val d'Aran]] his kingdoms passed to his younger half-brother, [[Alfonso the Battler]].{{efn|The date of his death is given as ''III Kal Oct'' (the third [[Kalends]] of October, that is, 29 September) in the ''Crónica de San Juan de la Peña'', but as ''IV Kal Oct'' (28 September) in the ''[[Annales Compostellani]]''. The ''[[Corónicas Navarras]]'' place his death on ''V Kal Oct'' (27 September).}} Peter was buried in San Juan de la Peña alongside his children. When Alfonso also died without living children, the kingdom of Aragon passed to the youngest brother, [[Ramiro II of Aragon| Ramiro II]].{{efn|Navarre went its separate way at this time (1134). [[García Ramírez of Navarre |García Ramírez]] was elected king in Pamplona.}} Peter's name was adopted, in a feminised form, for Ramiro's only child, and successor, [[Petronilla of Aragon| Petronilla]] (1137–64). The name "Peter" entered the [[Onomastics |name-pool]] of the [[House of Barcelona]] into which Petronilla married and appeared commonly thereafter in the ruling family of Aragon.

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book |title=France in the Making: 843-1180 |first=Jean |last=Dunbabin |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1985 }}

==Further reading==
*Ubieto Arteta, Antonio, ed. ''Colección diplomática de Pedro I de Aragón y Navarra''. Zaragoza: 1951.

{{s-start}}
{{s-reg}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Sancho Ramírez, King of Aragon and Navarre|Sancho (V)]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[King of Aragon]] and [[List of Navarrese monarchs|Navarre]]|years=1094–1104}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Alfonso I of Aragon|Alfonso I]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Aragonese monarchs}}
{{Navarrese monarchs}}
{{Infantes of Aragon}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Peter 01 Of Aragon And Navarre}}
[[Category:1060s births]]
[[Category:1104 deaths]]
[[Category:11th-century people from the Kingdom of Pamplona]]
[[Category:People of the Reconquista]]
[[Category:11th-century Aragonese monarchs]]
[[Category:12th-century Aragonese monarchs]]
[[Category:11th-century Navarrese monarchs]]
[[Category:12th-century Navarrese monarchs]]
[[Category:Burials at the Monastery of San Juan de la Peña]]

Charles, Prince of Viana

2025-06-10T10:12:52Z

2A02:8012:227B:0:1C01:C8C3:13B:C430: Removed Category:Navarrese monarchs as already in Category:15th-century Navarrese monarchs

{{Short description|Claimed king of Navarre from 1441 to 1461}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name =Charles IV
| succession =[[King of Navarre]]<br/><small>[[de jure]] only</small>
| image =Princep carles de viana.jpg
| caption =
| spouse =[[Agnes of Cleves]]
| reign =1441–1461
| predecessor =[[Blanche I of Navarre|Blanche I]] and [[John II of Navarre|John II]]
| successor =[[Blanche II of Navarre|Blanche II]]
| regent = [[John II of Aragon|John II]]
| reg-type = Contender
| issue =
| house =[[House of Trastámara|Trastámara]]
| father =[[John II of Aragon]]
| mother =[[Blanche I of Navarre]]
| birth_date =29 May 1421
| birth_place =[[Peñafiel, Spain|Peñafiel]]
| death_date ={{death date and age|1461|9|23|1421|5|29|df=y}}
| death_place =[[Barcelona]]
| burial_place =
}}

'''Charles, Prince of Viana''' ({{langx|eu|Karlos IV.a}}) (29 May 1421 – 23 September 1461), sometimes called '''Charles IV of Navarre''', was the eldest son of King [[John II of Aragon]] and Queen [[Blanche I of Navarre]]. He pre-deceased his father.<ref name=EB1911attribution/>

==Background==
His mother was the daughter and heiress of [[Charles III of Navarre|Charles III, King of Navarre]]. Both his grandfather Charles and his mother, who ruled over Navarre from 1425 to 1441, had bequeathed this kingdom to Charles, whose right had also been recognized by the Cortes; but when Blanche died in 1441 her husband John seized the kingdom to the exclusion of his son.<ref name=EB1911attribution/>

==Marriage==
The Prince of Viana was married in Olite (Navarre) on 30 September 1439, taking as his wife [[Agnes of Cleves]] (1422–1446), the daughter of [[Adolph I, Duke of Cleves]] and Mary of Burgundy, and the niece of [[Philip the Good|Philip III "the Good"]], [[Duke of Burgundy]]. Agnes died, childless, on 6 April 1448, eight years after her marriage to Charles, aged only about twenty-six. After her death, the prince took a mistress, Brianda de Vaca, and by her had an illegitimate son, born about 1449. He wished to remarry, and a possibility which was canvassed was a match with [[Isabella of Scotland]] (1426–1494), the widow of [[Francis I, Duke of Brittany]], after he died on 18 July 1450, but this was opposed by [[Charles VII of France]]. A match was then agreed between Charles and the [[Infanta Catherine of Portugal]] (1436–1463), daughter of [[List of Portuguese monarchs|King]] [[Edward, King of Portugal|Edward of Portugal]], but the marriage was delayed and had not taken place when Charles died in 1461.

Charles left three illegitimate children by three different mistresses:
#Anna, Countess of Medinaceli (1451-1477), married [[Luis de la Cerda y de la Vega]], 5th Count of Medinaceli,
#[[Philip of Viana|Philip, Archbishop of Palermo]] (1456–1488),
#[[Juan de Aragón y de Navarra|John, Bishop of Huesca]] (died 1526).

== Clashes with his father ==

The ill feeling between father and son was increased when his father John took in 1447 for his second wife [[Juana Enriquez]], a [[Crown of Castile|Castilian]] noblewoman (of a bastard [[cadet branch|cadet line]] from Castilian kings), who soon bore him a son, afterwards [[Ferdinand II of Aragon]], and who regarded her stepson as an interloper. When Joanna began to interfere in the internal affairs of Navarre, [[Navarrese Civil War (1451–1455)|a civil war]] broke out, and in 1452 Charles, although aided by King [[John II of Castile]], was defeated and taken prisoner.<br>
Released upon promising not to take the kingly title until after his father's death, the prince, again unsuccessful in an appeal to arms, took refuge in [[Naples]] with King [[Alfonso V of Aragon]]. In 1458 Alfonso died and John became king of Aragon, while Charles was offered the crowns of Naples and Sicily. He declined these proposals, and having been reconciled with his father, returned to Navarre in 1459. Aspiring to marry [[Isabella I of Castile|Isabella of Castile]], he was then thrown into prison by his father, and the Catalans rose in his favor. This insurrection soon became general and John was obliged to yield. He released his son, and recognized him as perpetual governor of [[Principality of Catalonia|Catalonia]], and heir to the kingdom.<ref name=EB1911attribution/>

== Death and legacy ==

Soon afterwards, however, on 23 September 1461, the prince died at [[Barcelona]], not without a suspicion that he had been poisoned by his stepmother,<ref name=EB1911attribution/> [[Joanna Enriquez]].

Charles was a cultured and amiable prince, fond of music and literature. He translated Aristotle's ''Ethics'' into Aragonese, a work first published at [[Zaragoza]] in 1509, and wrote a chronicle of the kings of Navarre, ''Cronica de los reyes de Navarra.''<ref name=EB1911attribution>{{EB1911 |wstitle=Charles (Prince of Viana) |volume=5 |page=937|inline=1}}</ref>

==Ancestry==
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;
|1= 1. '''Charles IV of Navarre'''
|2= 2. [[John II of Aragon]]
|3= 3. [[Blanche I of Navarre]]
|4= 4. [[Ferdinand I of Aragon]]<ref name="1911-John II">{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=John II of Aragon |volume=15}}</ref>
|5= 5. [[Eleanor of Alburquerque]]<ref name="1911-John II"/>
|6= 6. [[Charles III of Navarre]]
|7= 7. [[Eleanor of Castile, Queen of Navarre|Eleanor of Castile]]
|8= 8. [[John I of Castile]]<ref name="Britannica204397">{{Britannica|204397|Ferdinand I, King of Aragon}}</ref>
|9= 9. [[Eleanor of Aragon, Queen of Castile|Eleanor of Aragon]]<ref name="Britannica204397"/>
|10= 10. [[Sancho Alfonso, 1st Count of Alburquerque|Sancho Alfonso]]<ref name="DeSousa2">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/stream/historiagenealog02sous#page/496/mode/2up |title=Historia genealogica da casa real portugueza |trans-title=Genealogical History of the Royal House of Portugal |volume=2 |language=pt |last=de Sousa |first=Antonio Caetano |publisher=Lisboa Occidental |year=1735 |page=497}}</ref>
|11= 11. [[Beatrice, Countess of Alburquerque|Beatrice of Portugal]]<ref name="DeSousa2"/>
|12= 12. [[Charles II of Navarre]]
|13= 13. [[Joan of Valois, Queen of Navarre|Joan of Valois]]
|14= 14. [[Henry II of Castile]]
|15= 15. [[Juana Manuel]]
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080413111328/http://www.artehistoria.jcyl.es/histesp/obras/11025.htm "El príncipe don Carlos de Viana"] by [[José Moreno Carbonero]] at ArteHistoria
*[http://www.lebrelblanco.com/21.htm The Prince Carlos of Viana in Medieval History of Navarre]

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[House of Trastámara]]|29 May|1421|23 September|1461}}
{{s-reg|}}
{{s-bef | before=[[Blanche I of Navarre|Blanche I]] }}
{{s-tul | title=[[King of Navarre]]|reason=Crown withheld by [[John II of Aragon|John II]] | years=1441–1461}}
{{s-aft | after= [[Blanche II of Navarre|Blanche II]]}}
|-
{{s-reg|es}}
|-
{{S-new|creation}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Prince of Viana]]|years= 1423–1441}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Eleanor of Navarre|Eleanor]]}}
|-
{{s-vac|last=[[Alfonso V of Aragon|Alfonso V]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Prince of Girona]] and [[Count of Cervera]]|years=1458–1461}}
{{s-aft|rows=2|after=[[Ferdinand II of Aragon|Ferdinand II]]}}
|-
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|-
{{s-end}}
{{Infantes of Aragon}}
{{Princes of Girona}}
{{Navarrese monarchs}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Viana, Charles, Prince of}}
[[Category:1421 births]]
[[Category:1461 deaths]]
[[Category:House of Trastámara|Charles]]
[[Category:Sons of kings]]
[[Category:Sons of queens regnant]]
[[Category:Sons of counts]]
[[Category:Navarrese infantes]]
[[Category:Aragonese infantes]]
[[Category:15th-century Navarrese monarchs]]
[[Category:Princes of Viana]]
[[Category:Dukes of Montblanc]]
[[Category:Dukes of Gandía]]
[[Category:Heirs apparent who never acceded]]
[[Category:Burials at the Poblet Monastery]]

Charles III of Navarre

2025-06-10T10:01:05Z

2A02:8012:227B:0:1C01:C8C3:13B:C430: Removed Category:Navarrese monarchs as already in Category:14th-century Navarrese monarchs and Category:15th-century Navarrese monarchs

{{Short description|King of Navarre from 1387 to 1425}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Charles III
| image = Karel3 Evreux (cropped).jpg
| caption= Reproduction of the [[stained glass]] depiction of Charles in the [[Évreux Cathedral]]
| succession = [[King of Navarre]]
| predecessor = [[Charles II of Navarre|Charles II]]
| successor = [[Blanche I of Navarre|Blanche I]] and [[John II of Aragon|John II]]
| reign = 1 January 1387 – 8 September 1425
| issue = {{plainlist|
* [[Joan of Navarre (regent)|Joan, Countess of Foix]]
* [[Blanche I, Queen of Navarre]]
* [[Beatrice of Navarre, Countess of La Marche|Beatrice, Countess of La Marche]]
* [[Isabella of Navarre, Countess of Armagnac|Isabel, Countess of Armagnac]]
* (ill.) [[Lancelot of Navarre|Lancelot, Vicar General of Pamplona]]}}
| issue-link = #Issue
| issue-pipe = more...
| house = [[House of Évreux|Évreux]]
| father = [[Charles II of Navarre]]
| mother = [[Joan of Valois, Queen of Navarre|Joan of Valois]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Eleanor of Castile, Queen of Navarre|Eleanor of Castile]]|1375|1416|end=d.}}
| birth_date ={{birth date|df=yes|1361|07|22}}
| birth_place = [[Mantes]], [[Kingdom of France|France]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1425|09|08|1361|07|22|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Olite Palace]], [[Kingdom of Navarre|Navarre]]
| burial_place = [[Pamplona Cathedral]]
| signature = Charles III of Navarre signature.png
}}

'''Charles III''' ({{langx|eu|Karlos}}, {{langx|fr|link=no|Charles}}; 22 July 1361 – 8 September 1425), called '''the Noble''', was [[King of Navarre]] from 1387 to his death and [[Count of Évreux]] in France from 1387 to 1404, when he exchanged Évreux for the [[Duchy of Nemours]].

As a young man, Charles was frequently sent by his father, King [[Charles II of Navarre|Charles II]], to act as the envoy to France, where the family had vested interests both as fief holders and [[princes of the blood royal]]. Following Charles II's dismal reign, Charles III set out to improve Navarre's infrastructure, restore its pride, and mend strained relations with France. While he may have seen himself primarily as a French prince, particularly early on, the focus of the Navarrese foreign policy during Charles III's reign gradually shifted towards Navarre's neighbours in the [[Iberian Peninsula]].

Charles's personal life was somewhat turbulent. His marriage to [[Eleanor of Castile, Queen of Navarre|Eleanor of Castile]] suffered a long crisis early in his reign over the status of their daughters and his illegitimate children; the couple reconciled after Charles affirmed their daughters' exclusive right to succeed him. Charles skillfully secured a balanced web of alliances through the marriages of his sisters and daughters to French lords and Iberian princes, ensuring a long-lasting peace in Navarre. He strove to increase the royal prestige through art patronage, court extravagance, and construction works. Having outlived most of his children, he was succeeded by his third daughter, [[Blanche I of Navarre|Blanche I]].

==Background and childhood==
A member of the [[House of Évreux]], a [[cadet branch]] of the French royal [[House of Capet]], Charles III was the firstborn son of King [[Charles II of Navarre]] and the French princess [[Joan of Valois, Queen of Navarre|Joan of Valois]]. He was born at [[Mantes]], the heart of his father's patrimonial lands in northern France, on 22 July 1361.{{sfn|Ramírez Vaquero|2007|p=11}} His parents were there on one of their long stays, managing the [[County of Évreux]] and other fiefs during the [[Hundred Years' War, 1337–1360|first phase]] (1337–1360) of France's [[Hundred Years' War]] against England.{{sfn|Castro Alava|1967|pp=24-29}} Since 1234, the [[Kingdom of Navarre]] had been ruled by monarchs of French extraction, who reformed the kingdom's administration, increased its international prestige, and strengthened the position of the monarchy,{{sfn|García Arancón|2014|p=325}} but also caused concern among their Iberian subjects by their long absences from the kingdom in favor of their possessions in France.{{sfn|García Arancón|2014|p=326}}

King Charles II returned to Navarre in November 1361, leaving his wife and son behind in France. When in January 1363 it was her turn to move to Navarre, Queen Joan left Charles in the custody of his aunt [[Blanche of Navarre, Queen of France|Blanche]], sister of his father and widow of his maternal great-grandfather King [[Philip VI of France]]. Charles was reunited with his mother when she returned to France in December 1365, and the following August Charles set foot in his father's kingdom for the first time.{{sfn|Castro Alava|1967|pp=24-29}}

[[File:Début guerre de cent ans.svg|thumb|left|Map of France in 1350. The possessions of the king of Navarre are painted yellow.]]
Charles's parents repeatedly went back and forth between the family's French fiefs and Iberian kingdom; during his father's absence in 1369, Charles was already titled lieutenant of the kingdom despite his young age.{{sfn|Castro Alava|1967|p=27}} Navarre paid a high price in King Charles II's conflict with Kings [[John II of France|John II]] and [[Charles V of France]], his father-in-law and brother-in-law respectively, over his ancestral claim to the [[County of Champagne]] and even the [[Kingdom of France]], as well as over Queen Joan's [[dowry]].{{sfn|García Arancón|2014|p=336}} The suffering of the populace was exacerbated by [[Crisis of the Late Middle Ages|problems common throughout Europe at that time]], from [[Little Ice Age|worsening climate]] to disease and food shortages.{{sfn|García Arancón|2014|p=326}} Queen Joan died suddenly on a diplomatic mission to her brother the French king in November 1373.{{sfn|Castro Alava|1967|pp=24-29}}

==Marriage==
On 27 May 1375, in the Castilian town of [[Soria]], Charles married [[Eleanor of Castile, Queen of Navarre|Eleanor]], daughter of King [[Henry II of Castile]], sealing the peace between their fathers. Both Charles and Eleanor were in their early teen years at the time of their wedding. She remained in Castile, where Charles visited her when he was not in Navarre or representing his father at the French royal court in Paris.{{sfn|Woodacre|2013|p=78}}

In 1378, Charles was sent by his father on an embassy to King Charles V of France. The king of France had his nephew arrested and the Évreux possessions in France embargoed, except [[Cherbourg]], which the king of Navarre had leased to the English. During an interrogation, the young Charles revealed his father's plan to seize the Castilian (formerly Navarrese) town of [[Logroño]]. The king of France alerted the king of Castile to the plot, and the latter promptly invaded Navarre and forced its king to sign the [[Treaty of Briones]].{{sfn|Herreros Lopetegui|1993}} Eleanor played a key role in securing Charles's release in 1381 by having her brother King [[John I of Castile]] exert diplomatic pressure on France. Upon his release, Charles joined Eleanor in Castile.{{sfn|Woodacre|2013|p=78}}

Charles and Eleanor's first child, a daughter named [[Joan of Navarre (regent)|Joan]], was born in Castile in November 1382. Two more daughters were born to the young couple in Castile: Marie, in 1383 or 1384, and [[Blanche I of Navarre|Blanche]], in August 1385. Twin daughters were born to the couple the following year, but only one, named Beatrice, survived infancy.{{sfn|Woodacre|2013|p=78}}

==Reign==
[[File:Carlo-Secondo-Morte.jpg|thumb|The death of Charles II]]
Charles III became [[king of Navarre]] and [[count of Évreux]] upon the death of his father on 1 January 1387;{{sfn|Woodacre|2013|p=77}} the same year he recovered from the [[Crown of Castile]] the last Castilian-occupied parts of Navarre.{{sfn|García Arancón|2014|p=338}}
===Marital problems===
The early years of Charles III's reign were marred by the breakdown of his relationship with his wife, Eleanor. She and their daughters joined him in Navarre upon his accession, but the new queen soon fell gravely ill. She returned to Castile as soon as her health began to improve and took the princesses with her. Her refusal to return for the next seven years, despite embassies sent by Charles, damaged the relations between her husband and her brother King John I of Castile. When the latter became exasperated by her abandonment of her "great obligations", she claimed that Charles failed to receive her and treat her as befit her.{{sfn|Woodacre|2013|p=78}} According to a chronicle of John's reign, she even accused Charles of pressuring her to take herbs from a Jewish physician in an attempt to poison her. Historian Elena Woodacre posits that the rift between Charles and Eleanor was caused by his [[illegitimate]] children. When she arrived in Navarre, Eleanor found Charles's four mistresses and six illegitimate children living with their retainers at the court. The queen was likely worried that her daughters' rights to succeed their father would be threatened by his illegitimate infant son, [[Lancelot of Navarre|Lancelot]], despite illegitimate children being barred from succession by the ''[[Fueros of Navarre|Fueros]]''.{{sfn|Woodacre|2013|p=79}}

Still estranged from Eleanor, Charles underwent [[coronation]] alone in 1390.{{sfn|Woodacre|2013|p=81}} From that year on, Charles made a series of moves to repair his marriage, the first of which was to assure Eleanor that he intended to be succeeded by the issue of their marriage. He summoned their eldest daughter, Joan, to Navarre to be sworn in as [[heir presumptive]] to the throne. The ceremony, attended by the nobility of Navarre and Castilian envoys, was held on 25 July. Eleanor did not find this sufficient, but the death of her brother John and the accession of her nephew King [[Henry III of Castile]], who was less sympathetic to her cause, forced her to compromise. She demanded further assurances of her safety, and Charles accordingly swore on the [[Christian cross]] before Castilian representatives that he "would not kill nor maim nor seize nor allow her to be killed or maimed or seized" and that he "would protect the life and health of the said queen with all of his power" and "otherwise treat [her] in all things as a good husband should treat his wife". Eleanor then returned to Navarre, reuniting with Charles in November 1394 in [[Tudela, Navarre|Tudela]].{{sfn|Woodacre|2013|p=80}}

Soon after their reconciliation, Charles and Eleanor had another daughter, Isabel, born in July 1396.{{sfn|Woodacre|2013|p=79}} The following September, Charles affirmed the succession rights of all five of their daughters. The birth of long-awaited sons, Charles in June 1397 and Louis in 1402, was a triumph for the king and queen. The young Charles was confirmed as [[heir apparent]] to the throne, but both he and Louis died in 1402.{{sfn|Woodacre|2013|p=81}} The royal couple had another daughter, Margaret, the next year, and Charles held on to the hope that he would have a son with Eleanor until at least 1412.{{sfn|Woodacre|2013|p=84}} The king and queen appear to have had no disputes after Eleanor's coronation in 1403,{{sfn|Woodacre|2013|p=81}} and Charles entrusted her with [[regency]] of the kingdom while he visited his French fiefs.{{sfn|Woodacre|2013|p=82}}

===Diplomacy===
[[File:Escudo carlos iii.jpg|thumb|Charles III's personal [[coat of arms]] in the [[Cathedral of Pamplona]] emphasizes both his Navarrese kingship and his [[House of Capet|male-line descent]] from the [[kings of France]].]]
In 1393, Charles procured a link to the Aragonese royal house by arranging for his sister Marie to marry Duke [[Alfonso II of Gandia]]. The same year, he secured the return of Cherbourg from the English and started negotiations with the French court about the settlement of his claims on land in France, which resulted in the exchange of the counties inherited by his father for various rents and the [[Duchy of Nemours]]. Charles III took an active part in European affairs as a [[prince of the blood]] of the royal house of France until 1406, after which he reoriented himself towards the [[Iberian Peninsula]].{{sfn|García Arancón|2014|p=338}}

Charles excelled in diplomacy: much of the peace and prosperity Navarre enjoyed during his reign can be attributed to the matrimonial alliances he forged with his nobles and rulers in Iberia and [[southern France]] through his numerous female relatives. Between 1396 and 1406, he carefully [[arranged marriage|arranged the marriages]] of two of his sisters and three of his legitimate daughters, who were his strongest assets in dynastic diplomacy. His illegitimate children, meanwhile, were married off into the Navarrese nobility to ensure their loyalty. Charles greatly profited even from the unions he did not orchestrate, such as his sister [[Joan of Navarre, Queen of England|Joan]]'s successive marriages to Duke [[John IV of Brittany]] and King [[Henry IV of England]].{{sfn|Woodacre|2013|p=82}} When Joan became queen of England in 1402, Charles gifted her with a copy of the manuscript ''[[Ceremonial of the Coronation, Anointment and Obsequies of the Kings of England]]''.{{sfn|García Arancón|2014|p=339}}

===Succession plans===
[[File:Peninsula Iberica 1400.png|thumb|Iberian states in the 15th century: Navarre (blue) is bordered by France to the north, Castile to the west, and Aragon to the east]]
[[File:Karel3.jpg|thumb|Charles III's seal]]
From 1401 to 1402, Charles conducted marriage negotiations with King [[Martin of Aragon]],{{sfn|Woodacre|2013|p=85}} whose only son,{{sfn|Woodacre|2013|p=86}} King [[Martin I of Sicily]], had been recently widowed.{{sfn|Woodacre|2013|p=85}} Charles was flattered by the king of Aragon's interest, for Martin had earlier rejected Queen [[Joan II of Naples]] as well as the daughters of Kings [[Rupert of Germany]], [[Charles VI of France]], and Henry IV of England. The selection of the third daughter, Blanche, ahead of her older sisters suggests that either Martin or Charles, or both, were not keen on creating a [[personal union]] between their kingdoms. Charles concurrently negotiated the marriage of Joan, his eldest daughter, with [[John I, Count of Foix|John]], heir apparent to the [[County of Foix]]; the king may have preferred that Navarre be the primary partner in any potential union.{{sfn|Woodacre|2013|p=86}} Joan's marriage to John was celebrated in October 1402, some months after the deaths of her brothers made her once again first in the line of succession.{{sfn|Woodacre|2013|p=85}} These two marriages, as well as that of Beatrice, the fourth daughter, to Count [[James II of La Marche]] in 1406, put a strain on Charles's coffers, and his struggle to pay their [[dowries]] led to disputes with their respective in-laws, particularly the king of Aragon.{{sfn|Woodacre|2013|p=88}} 1406 also saw the death of Charles and Eleanor's second daughter, Marie.{{sfn|Woodacre|2013|p=86}}

Charles entrusted the kingdom to Eleanor and their daughter Joan from 1408 to 1411, when he was seeking compensation from the French royal court for lost territories.{{sfn|Woodacre|2013|p=85}} When Blanche was widowed in 1409, Charles used his new connections at the French court to negotiate for her to marry the French king's brother-in-law [[Louis VII, Duke of Bavaria|Louis of Bavaria]] or [[Edward III, Duke of Bar|Edward of Bar]].{{sfn|Woodacre|2013|p=90}} The death of his childless eldest daughter, Joan, in July 1413{{sfn|Woodacre|2013|p=85}} prompted Charles to seek a closer match for Blanche, who became the new heir presumptive.{{sfn|Woodacre|2013|p=90}} To support his monarchy and manage the royal household, he appointed Lord [[Juan Vélaz de Medrano IV|Juan Vélaz de Medrano]] as his royal [[Chamberlain (office)|Chamberlain]] in 1414.<ref>''Euskal memoria digitala''. https://www.euskalmemoriadigitala.eus/applet/libros/JPG/022344/022344.pdf

</ref>

Blanche's situation in Sicily was precarious after the deaths of her husband and father-in-law left her in charge of the unstable island kingdom in the name of the new king, [[Ferdinand I of Aragon]], but without proper support from Aragon. Deeply concerned, Charles sent envoys to both Ferdinand and the [[Holy See]] asking that she either be returned to Navarre or provided with assistance. Blanche returned and was confirmed as heir presumptive before the ''[[Cortes of Navarra|Cortes]]''. Charles refused Joan's widower's proposal to marry Blanche and instead in mid-1414 offered her in marriage to [[Alfonso V of Aragon|Alfonso]], the eldest son of the new king of Aragon. Since Alfonso was already betrothed, Ferdinand suggested his third son, [[Henry, Duke of Villena|Henry]]. Charles indignantly refused the offer in August when Ferdinand's second son, [[John II of Aragon|John]], broke off his engagement to Charles's younger daughter Isabel. Isabel was married off instead to Count [[John IV of Armagnac]], signaling Charles's shift in allegiance from the Burgundians to the Armagnac party during the [[Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War|on-going civil war in France]].{{sfn|Woodacre|2013|p=89}} The change may have been prompted by Burgundy's alliance with England, where Charles's sister Joan was imprisoned on a charge of [[witchcraft]] after the death of her second husband, King Henry IV.{{sfn|Woodacre|2013|p=92}}

In 1416, following the examples of the kings of France, Castile, Aragon, and Portugal in dealing with the [[Western Schism]], Charles III stopped recognizing the [[Avignon papacy|Avignon-based]] [[Antipope Benedict XIII|Benedict XIII]] as the true [[pope]] and switched his allegiance to [[Gregory XII]], who ruled in Rome.{{sfn|García Arancón|2014|p=338}} Eleanor died the same year.{{sfn|Castro Alava|1967|p=394}}

The Aragonese remained determined to secure Blanche's marriage for themselves. Their queen, [[Eleanor of Alburquerque]], pushed for her second son, John, to marry Blanche. Their marriage was celebrated in October 1419, after months of intensive negotiations during which the princess's position was reaffirmed.{{sfn|Woodacre|2013|p=92}} Charles promised not to remarry to sire sons who could displace Blanche.{{sfn|Woodacre|2013|p=93}} When Blanche gave birth to a son, [[Charles of Viana|Charles]], the king celebrated by creating for him the [[Principality of Viana]]. Blanche soon had a daughter too, named Joan. King Charles held formal ceremonies marking the introduction of both grandchildren into the line of succession after Blanche.{{sfn|Woodacre|2013|p=95}}

===Last years===
[[File:Sepulcro carlos iii pamplona.jpg|thumb|[[Tomb of Charles III of Navarre and Eleanor of Castile|Tomb of King Charles and Queen Eleanor]] in the Cathedral of Pamplona]]
Charles made great effort to exalt the monarchy through [[art patronage]], extraordinary donations, and [[thaumaturgy]]. The construction of the [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] [[Cathedral of Pamplona]] and of the royal palaces [[Royal Palace of Olite|in Olite]] and [[Tafalla]] was finished at his instruction. In 1423, he ended the centuries of conflict between the city's three boroughs by uniting them into one.{{sfn|García Arancón|2014|p=339}}

On 8 September 1425, having woken up healthy and cheerful,{{sfn|Woodacre|2013|p=95}} Charles III suddenly collapsed.{{sfn|Woodacre|2013|p=96}} He was able to call for Blanche, but [[speech loss|lost the ability to speak]] by the time she arrived. He died in his daughter's arms the same day. Blanche succeeded him without trouble.{{sfn|Woodacre|2013|p=96}} Charles was buried in the Cathedral of Pamplona by the side of his wife, Eleanor.{{sfn|García Arancón|2014|p=339}}

==Legacy==
[[File:CarlosIIIPamplona.jpg|thumb|Statue of King Charles III in Pamplona, Spain]]
Charles III left to his daughter a stable and prosperous realm.{{sfn|Woodacre|2013|p=97}} Whether he saw himself primarily as a French prince or an Iberian king remains debated by historians, but it is clear that he oversaw a steadily increasing Iberianization of Navarre.{{sfn|Woodacre|2013|p=3}} Traditional historiography portrays Charles III's reign as a time of internal withdrawal, as opposed to his father's active part in the Hundred Years' War; finance reforms, which restored a measure of prosperity and social contentment to the kingdom after Charles II's turbulent reign; and courtly splendor. Charles III also demonstrated a significant aptitude for diplomacy. In contrast to his father, Charles "the Bad", Charles III therefore earned the [[List of monarchs by nickname|cognomen]] "the Noble".{{sfn|García Arancón|2014|p=338}}

==Issue==
Charles had seven daughters and two sons with his wife, [[Eleanor of Castile, Queen of Navarre|Eleanor of Castile]]:
*[[Joan of Navarre (regent)|Joan]] (1382–1413), who was his heir presumptive and married to [[John I, Count of Foix|John I of Foix]]{{sfn|Woodacre|2013|p=83}}
*Maria (1383 or 1384–1406),{{sfn|Woodacre|2013|pp=81, 89}} who was gravely ill along with Eleanor in the immediate aftermath of Charles's accession and remained in poor health throughout her life{{sfn|Woodacre|2013|p=86}}
*[[Blanche I of Navarre|Blanche]] (1385–1441),{{sfn|Woodacre|2013|p=78}} Charles's ultimate successor, who was married successively to Kings [[Martin I of Sicily]] and [[John II of Aragon]]
*[[Beatrice of Navarre (1392–1412)|Beatrice]] (1392–1412),{{sfn|Woodacre|2013|p=78}} married to Count [[James II of La Marche]]{{sfn|Woodacre|2013|p=86}}
*Daughter, twin sister of Beatrice, who died young{{sfn|Woodacre|2013|p=71}}
*[[Isabella of Navarre, Countess of Armagnac|Isabel]] (1395{{sfn|Narbona Cárceles|2014|p=647}}–1435),{{sfn|Woodacre|2013|p=80}} married in 1419 to Count [[John IV of Armagnac]]
*Charles (1397–1402),{{sfn|Woodacre|2013|pp=81, 84}} who was [[heir apparent]] to the throne of Navarre during his short life{{sfn|Woodacre|2013|p=81}}
*Louis (1402), who died within months of his birth{{sfn|Woodacre|2013|p=84}}
*Margaret (1403),{{sfn|Woodacre|2013|p=84}} who died young{{sfn|Woodacre|2013|p=Chart 3}}

Additionally, Charles had several illegitimate children, including:
*[[Lancelot of Navarre|Lancelot]] (by Maria Miguel de Esparza), who had a church career{{sfn|Woodacre|2013|p=202}}
*Godfrey, who married Teresa Ramírez de Arellano{{sfn|Woodacre|2013|p=202}}
*Joan, who married [[Louis de Beaumont, 1st Count of Lerín]]{{sfn|Woodacre|2013|p=202}}
*another Joan, who married Iñigo Ortiz de Zúñiga{{sfn|Woodacre|2013|p=202}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book |title=Carlos III el Noble: rey de Navarra|first1=José Ramón|last1=Castro Alava|publisher=Institución Príncipe de Viana, Diputación Foral de Navarra|year=1967}}
*{{cite book |series=Monarquía, crónicas, archivos y cancillerías en los reinos hispano-cristianos: siglos XIII-XV|editor-first1=Esteban|editor-last1=Sarasa Sánchez|title=La monarquía navarra, 1234-1512|first1=Raquel|last1=García Arancón|publisher=[[University of Navarra]]|year=2014|isbn=978-84-9911-307-4|pages=325–346}}
*{{cite book |title=Navarra en la órbita francesa|series=Historia Ilustrada de Navarra|location=Pamplona |publisher=Diario de Navarra|first=Susana|last=Herreros Lopetegui|year=1993|isbn=}}
*{{cite book |title=Carlos III, rey de Navarra: príncipe de sangre Valois (1387-1425)|first1=Eloísa|last1=Ramírez Vaquero|publisher=Trea|year=2007|isbn=978-8497043052}}
*{{cite book |title=The Queens Regnant of Navarre: Succession, Politics, and Partnership, 1274-1512 |first=Elena |last=Woodacre |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |year=2013 }}
* {{Cite book|url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=5111452|title=Leonor de Trastámara: (1360-1415) esposa de Carlos III el Noble|last=Narbona Cárceles|first=María|publisher=Reinas de Navarra|year=2014|pages=645–680|isbn=978-84-7737-840-2 }}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Charles III of Navarre}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-hou|[[House of Évreux]]||1361|8 September|1425| [[Capetian dynasty]]}}

{{S-reg}}
{{S-bef | before = [[Charles II of Navarre|Charles II]] }}
{{S-ttl| title = [[King of Navarre]]
| years = 1387–1425 }}
{{S-aft| after = [[Blanche I of Navarre|Blanche I]]|after2=[[John II of Aragon|John II]]}}
|-
{{S-vac|reason=Forfeited to France| last= [[Charles II of Navarre]] }}
{{S-ttl| title = [[Count of Évreux]]
| years = 1387–1404 }}
{{S-vac| reason = [[French royal domain]]|next=[[John Stewart of Darnley|John Stewart]]}}
|-
{{s-new|creation}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Duke of Nemours]]|years=1404–1425}}
{{s-vac|reason=Seized by England|next=[[Blanche I of Navarre|Blanche]]}}
{{S-end}}

{{Navarrese monarchs}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Charles 03 of Navarre}}
[[Category:1361 births]]
[[Category:1425 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Mantes-la-Jolie]]
[[Category:House of Évreux]]
[[Category:Sons of kings]]
[[Category:Navarrese infantes]]
[[Category:14th-century Navarrese monarchs]]
[[Category:15th-century Navarrese monarchs]]
[[Category:Dukes of Nemours]]
[[Category:Counts of Évreux]]
[[Category:14th-century peers of France]]
[[Category:15th-century peers of France]]
[[Category:Burials at Pamplona Cathedral]]