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Joe Greene (Ontario politician)

2025-10-09T20:01:12Z

2A02:8012:227B:0:5DAB:ED73:3BE6:B839:

{{Short description|Canadian politician}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[The Honourable]]
| name = Joe Greene
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=CAN|PC|QC|DFC|size=100%}}
| smallimage = Joe Greene portrait 1968.jpg
| imagesize =
| office = [[Minister of Energy, Mines and Resources]]
| primeminister = [[Pierre Trudeau]]
| term_start = 6 July 1968
| term_end = 27 January 1972
| predecessor = [[Jean-Luc Pépin]]
| successor = [[Donald Stovel Macdonald]]
| office1 = [[Minister of Agriculture (Canada)|Minister of Agriculture]]
| primeminister1 = [[Lester B. Pearson]] Pierre Trudeau
| term_start1 = 18 December 1965
| term_end1 = 5 July 1968
| predecessor1 = [[Harry Hays]]
| successor1 = [[Bud Olson]]
| office2 = [[Senate of Canada|Senator]] for Niagara, Ontario
| appointed2 = Pierre Trudeau
| term_start2 = 1 September 1972
| term_end2 = 23 October 1978
| riding3 = [[Niagara Falls (federal electoral district)|Niagara Falls]]
| parliament3 = Canadian
| predecessor3 = [[Judy LaMarsh]]
| successor3 = [[Joe Hueglin]]
| term_start3 = 25 June 1968
| term_end3 = 31 August 1972
| riding4 = [[Renfrew South (federal electoral district)|Renfrew South]]
| parliament4 = Canadian
| term_start4 = 8 April 1963
| term_end4 = 24 June 1968
| predecessor4 = [[James William Baskin]]
| successor4 = ''Riding dissolved''
| birth_name = John James Greene
| birth_date = {{birth date|1920|06|24|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]], Canada
| death_date = {{death date and age|1978|10|23|1920|06|24|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Ottawa]], Ontario, Canada
| nationality =
| spouse = {{marriage|Corinne Bedore|1948}}
| children = 5
| party = [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]]
| relatives =
| residence =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| profession = Lawyer
| committees =
| cabinet =
| portfolio =

|nickname =
|allegiance = Canada
|branch = [[Royal Canadian Air Force]]
|serviceyears = 1941–1945
|rank = [[Flight lieutenant]]
|unit =
|commands =
|battles =
|mawards = [[Distinguished Flying Cross (British)|Distinguished Flying Cross]] [[Mentioned in dispatches]]
}}

'''John James''' "'''Joe'''" '''Greene''' {{post-nominals|country=CAN|PC|QC|DFC|size=100%}} (24 June 1920 – 23 October 1978) was a Canadian politician.<ref name="parl">{{Canadian Parliament links|ID=12385|2=Joe Greene|nolist=yes}}</ref>

==Life and career==
Greene was born in [[Toronto]], Ontario, the son of Andrée (née Charpagnol) and Peter Greene.<ref name="johnson">{{cite book|title=The Canadian Directory of Parliament, 1867-1967|last=Johnson|first=J.K.|year=1968|publisher=Public Archives of Canada}}</ref> He grew up in [[Toronto]] before finding work in northern [[Ontario]] as a mine worker.<ref name=":0" /> {{Citation needed|date=November 2010}}

After graduating from the [[University of Toronto Schools]], he served in the [[Royal Canadian Air Force]] during [[World War II]] and earned the [[Distinguished Flying Cross (British)|Distinguished Flying Cross]].<ref name="parl"/><ref>Walter Stewart, "Which of these men will be Captain Canada, 1971?" ''Maclean's,'' Nov. 1, 1970, 31.</ref> Following the war, he earned a Bachelor of Arts from the [[University of Toronto]] and a law degree from [[Osgoode Hall Law School|Osgoode Hall]]. He began practice in Toronto, establishing a law firm in [[Arnprior, Ontario]]<ref name="johnson"/> in 1949. In 1948, he married Corinne Bedore.<ref name="johnson"/>

He ran for the leadership of the [[Ontario Liberal Party]] in 1958, placing a poor third at the [[Ontario Liberal Party leadership elections|party's leadership convention]].

He was first elected to the [[House of Commons of Canada]] as a [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]] in the [[1963 Canadian federal election|1963 general election]].<ref name="parl"/> In 1964, he ran again for the [[1964 Ontario Liberal Party leadership election|leadership of the Ontario Liberals]], placing fourth.

In 1965, he became [[Minister of Agriculture (Canada)|Minister of Agriculture]] in the [[Canadian cabinet|cabinet]] of [[Lester Pearson]],<ref name="parl"/> one of the few non-farmers to hold the position and the first easterner in 54 years. In 1968, he ran to succeed Pearson in that year's federal [[1968 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election|Liberal leadership convention]], but despite giving what many say was the best speech, he came in fifth place. After three ballots, he threw his support to [[Pierre Trudeau]], contributing towards his victory.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/ottawaboyautobio0000fran|url-access=registration|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ottawaboyautobio0000fran/page/96 96]–7|title=Ottawa boy: an autobiography|last=Francis|first=Lloyd|year=2000|ISBN=1-894263-30-8|publisher=General Store Publishing House|access-date=2009-09-29}}</ref> The new [[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]] made Greene [[Minister of Energy, Mines and Resources (Canada)|Minister of Energy, Mines and Resources]].<ref name="parl"/>

Greene moved to the riding of [[Niagara Falls, Ontario]] in the [[1968 Canadian federal election|1968 election]], and was again elected to Parliament. As energy minister,<ref name="parl"/> Greene prevented the sale of both the largest oil company under Canadian control and Canada's largest uranium producer to Americans.

Greene suffered a heart attack in 1969, and was required to take a temporary leave of absence from parliament. [[Otto Lang]] served as the acting minister of Energy, Mines and Resources in this period.<ref>''Winnipeg Free Press'', 5 February 1969, p. 15</ref> Green later suffered a stroke in late 1971. Greene retired from cabinet in January 1972 when he was appointed to the [[Senate of Canada]].<ref name="parl"/>

He died in 1978, aged 58.

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|ca}}
{{s-bef|before=[[James William Baskin]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Member of Parliament (Canada)|Member of Parliament]] from [[Renfrew South (federal electoral district)|Renfrew South]]
|years=1963–1968}}
{{s-aft|after=The electoral district was abolished in 1966.}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Judy LaMarsh]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Member of Parliament (Canada)|Member of Parliament]] from [[Niagara Falls (federal electoral district)|Niagara Falls]]
|years=1968–1972}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Joe Hueglin]]}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Harry Hays]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Minister of Agriculture (Canada)|Minister of Agriculture]]
|years=1965–1968}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Bud Olson]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Jean-Luc Pepin]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Minister of Energy, Mines and Resources (Canada)|Minister of Energy, Mines and Resources]]
|years=1968–1972}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Donald Stovel Macdonald]]}}
{{end}}

{{CA-Ministers of Agriculture}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Greene, Joe}}
[[Category:1920 births]]
[[Category:1978 deaths]]
[[Category:Canadian Anglicans]]
[[Category:University of Toronto alumni]]
[[Category:Royal Canadian Air Force personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Lawyers in Ontario]]
[[Category:20th-century Canadian lawyers]]
[[Category:Politicians from Toronto]]
[[Category:Liberal Party of Canada MPs]]
[[Category:Liberal Party of Canada senators]]
[[Category:Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario]]
[[Category:20th-century members of the House of Commons of Canada]]
[[Category:Canadian senators from Ontario]]
[[Category:20th-century members of the Senate of Canada]]
[[Category:Members of the King's Privy Council for Canada]]

Roland Penner

2025-10-09T16:23:24Z

2A02:8012:227B:0:5DAB:ED73:3BE6:B839:

{{short description|Canadian politician}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Roland Penner
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1924|7|30}}
| birth_place = [[Winnipeg]], [[Manitoba]], [[Canada]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2018|5|31|1924|7|30}}
| death_place = Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| spouse =
| residence =
| assembly = Manitoba Legislative
| constituency_AM = [[Fort Rouge (electoral district)|Fort Rouge]]
| term_start = November 17, 1981
| term_end = April 26, 1988
| predecessor = [[June Westbury]]
| successor = [[Jim Carr]]
| office1 = President of the [[Canadian Association of University Teachers]]
| term_start1 = 1979
| term_end1 = 1980
| predecessor1 = Gordon Jones
| successor1 = Israel Unger
| profession = lawyer
| party = [[New Democratic Party of Manitoba]]
| otherparty = [[Communist Party of Canada]] (–1961) [[Labor-Progressive Party of Canada]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Manitoba]]
| parents = [[Jacob Penner]]
| relatives = [[Norman Penner]] (brother)
| awards = [[Order of Manitoba]] (2014) [[Order of Canada]] (2000)
| module = {{Infobox military person
|embed = yes
|embed_title = Military Service
| allegiance = {{flag|Canada|1921}}
| branch = [[Canadian Army]]
| serviceyears =
| unit =
| rank =
| awards =
| battles = [[Second World War]]
}}|
}}
'''Roland Penner''' {{post-nominals|country=CAN|CM|OM|QC}} (July 30, 1924 – May 31, 2018) was a Canadian political activist and lawyer who became a cabinet minister in the [[Manitoba]] provincial government and dean of law at the [[University of Manitoba]].<ref name="robson"/>

== Education and early career ==
Penner was born in [[Winnipeg, Manitoba|Winnipeg]], Manitoba,<ref name="savage">{{cite web |url=http://www.cautbulletin.ca/en_article.asp?articleid=2721 |title=Former CAUT President Chronicles Long Career in Academe & Politics |last=Savage |first=Donald C |publisher=Canadian Association of University Teachers |accessdate=2014-03-14}}</ref> the son of [[Winnipeg, Manitoba|Winnipeg]] [[alderman]] [[Jacob Penner]]<ref name="internment"/> (d. 1965) and Rose Shapack (d. 1970).<ref name="pgn">{{cite book |title=Canadian Parliamentary Guide |year=1984 |last=Normandin |first=Pierre G}}</ref> His father was from a [[Mennonite]] background, and his mother was Jewish.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/mb_history/60/glowingdream.shtml|title = Manitoba History: Review: A Glowing Dream: A Memoir by Roland Penner}}</ref> He served in [[Europe]] during [[World War II]] in the Canadian [[artillery]].<ref name="savage" /> At the end of the war, he earned credits at the [[Khaki University|Khaki University of Canada]]. He continued his education at the [[University of Manitoba]], where he received a [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree in 1949 and an [[LL.B.]] in 1961. He began working at the University of Manitoba in 1967, and became a professor in 1972. From 1972 to 1978, he was the president of [[Legal Aid Manitoba]], and from 1979 to 1980, he was president of the [[Canadian Association of University Teachers]].<ref name="robson">{{cite web |url=http://law.robsonhall.ca/faculty-and-staff-directory/165-roland-penner-cm-qc |title=Roland Penner |publisher=University of Manitoba |accessdate=2014-03-14 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319221539/http://law.robsonhall.ca/faculty-and-staff-directory/165-roland-penner-cm-qc |archivedate=2014-03-19 }}</ref> In 1949, he married Adeline ("Addie") Wdoviak, and in 1982, he married Janet Kay Baldwin.<ref name="pgn"/>

== Political career ==
Penner's parents and his older brother [[Norman Penner|Norman]] were active in the [[communist]] [[Labor-Progressive Party]].<ref name="savage"/> In the [[1953 Canadian federal election|federal election of 1953]], he ran as a candidate of the party in the predominantly middle-class riding of [[Winnipeg South Centre]]. He finished a poor fourth with only 504 votes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/About/Parliament/FederalRidingsHistory/hfer.asp?Include=Y&Language=E&rid=825&Search=Det |title=Winnipeg South Centre, Manitoba (1924 - 1976) |work=History of Federal Ridings since 1867 |publisher=[[Library of Parliament]] |accessdate=2014-03-14}}</ref> He also ran as an LPP candidate for school trustee in the [[1953 Winnipeg municipal election|Winnipeg municipal election of 1953]].

Penner left the Labour-Progressive Party in 1961, part of a mass exodus in the years following the [[Soviet invasion of Hungary]] and [[Nikita Khrushchev]]'s [[secret speech]] on [[Joseph Stalin]]'s crimes. His brother Norman had left in 1957, while his father Jacob remained a party member.<ref>Roland Penner, ''A Glowing Dream: A Memoir'' (Winnipeg: J. Gordon Shillingford Publishing, 2007), pp. 171-173.</ref> Penner completed law school and practised criminal law for several years before becoming a law professor.

In 1980, he announced that he would seek the nomination of the [[New Democratic Party of Manitoba|New Democratic Party]] in the riding of [[St. Johns (electoral district)|St. Johns]] in the [[1981 Manitoba general election|1981 election]]. There was some speculation that Penner's communist past would damage his political ambitions, especially as Winnipeg alderman [[Joe Zuken]] had lost a mayoral election the previous year when his communist politics became an issue. Penner rejected this suggestion, however, saying, "There's a fundamental difference between Joe and myself in that I'm not a member of the Communist Party. I'm a member of the NDP. [...] I was a member of the Communist Party at one time, but that's ancient history. That was twenty years ago. It may be raised but it's not relevant. It would ignore what I've been doing the last two decades."<ref>"Law professor seeks NDP nomination in St. Johns", ''Winnipeg Free Press'', 29 October 1980, p. 13.</ref> He later chose not to run in St. Johns, and sought another riding. The party wanted him to run against [[Progressive Party of Manitoba (1981–1995)|Progressive Party]] leader [[Sidney Green (politician)|Sid Green]] in the riding of [[Inkster (electoral district)|Inkster]]. He declined and ran instead in [[Fort Rouge (electoral district)|Fort Rouge]], where he defeated incumbent [[Manitoba Liberal Party|Liberal]] [[June Westbury]].<ref name="members"/>

On November 30, 1981, [[Premier of Manitoba|Premier]] [[Howard Pawley]] appointed Penner to be Government [[House Leader]], chair of the Treasury Board, and [[Manitoba Attorney General|attorney general]]. He was also given ministerial responsibility for the [[Liquor Control Act (Manitoba ministry)|Liquor Control Act]] on March 4, 1982, and stood down as Treasury Board Chair on July 28 of the same year. On November 4, 1983, he stood down as house leader and received the additional portfolio of [[Manitoba Minister of Consumer and Corporate Affairs|Consumer and Corporate Affairs]].<ref name="members"/>

Penner was easily re-elected in the [[1986 Manitoba general election|1986 election]]. He was retained as attorney general and given responsibility for [[Constitutional Affairs (Manitoba ministry)|Constitutional Affairs]] and the Liquor Control Act. Following a cabinet shuffle on September 21, 1987, Penner was named [[Manitoba Minister of Education|Minister of Education]], while retaining responsibility for constitutional matters.<ref name="members"/>

The New Democratic Party experienced a significant decline in its popularity between 1986 and 1988, and Penner lost his seat to Liberal challenger [[Jim Carr]] in the [[1988 Manitoba general election|1988 provincial election]].<ref name="members"/>

As attorney-general, Penner introduced Manitoba's first [[human rights]] legislation. He also introduced [[freedom of information]] legislation and was responsible for implementing legislation requiring [[French language]] services after the [[Supreme Court of Canada]] ruled that the province was violating its constitutional obligations.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GNYl40r3NHsC&pg=PA74 |title=Manitoba's French-Language Crisis: A Cautionary Tale |page=74 |last=Hebert |first=Raymond M |year=2005 |isbn=0773527907 |publisher=McGill-Queen's Press |accessdate=2014-03-14}}</ref> (The latter action resulted in a backlash in some parts of the province, leading to the rise of anti-bilingualism groups such as the [[Confederation of Regions Party (in Manitoba)|Confederation of Regions Party]].) As minister responsible for constitutional affairs, Penner also participated in negotiations for what became the [[Meech Lake Accord]].<ref name="savage"/>

Although he supported [[abortion]] rights, Penner was required to uphold a decision by the Manitoba courts which prevented [[Henry Morgentaler]] from opening a private clinic in the province. Penner was also an early champion of including [[sexual orientation]] in Canada's human rights code.

Because of his background in communist politics, Penner was for many years forbidden from entering the [[United States of America]] under the [[McCarran-Walter Act]]. Special provisions had to be made allowing him to enter America as a [[Minister (government)|cabinet minister]].

== After politics ==
Following his loss, Penner returned to teaching at the University of Manitoba. He taught courses in constitutional law, criminal law, labour law, evidence, and the [[Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms]]. He served as a University Dean between 1989 and 1994.<ref name="robson"/> He wrote several works, including a number on the privacy rights of Canadians. In 1993, he openly questioned the attempts of [[Bob Rae]]'s [[New Democratic Party of Ontario|New Democratic Party]] government in [[Ontario]] to restrict tenure to professors deemed to hold socially unacceptable views. He retired from teaching in 2009.<ref name="robson"/>

In 2010, it was revealed that Penner's name was on a secret list of Communist sympathizers kept during the [[Cold War]]; these persons were to be watched by the RCMP and could have been detained at internment camps in the event of a national security crisis.<ref name="internment">{{cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/former-manitoba-ag-on-secret-internment-list-1.893719 |title=Former Manitoba AG on secret internment list |publisher=[[CBC News]] |date=October 15, 2010 |accessdate=2014-03-14}}</ref>

In 2007, Penner published ''A Glowing Dream: A Memoir'' (Winnipeg: J. Gordon Shillingford Publishing, 2007).<ref name="savage"/> In 2011, he co-wrote ''They Shoot Doctors Don't They: A Memoir'' with [[Jack Fainman]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/winnipeg-abortion-provider-talks-of-sniper-attack-1.1125073 |title=Winnipeg abortion provider talks of sniper attack |publisher=CBC News |date=May 9, 2011 |accessdate=2014-03-14}}</ref> He died on May 31, 2018 in Winnipeg.<ref name="members">{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.mb.ca/legislature/members/mla_bio_living.html#p |title=MLA Biographies - Living |publisher=[[Legislative Assembly of Manitoba]] |accessdate=2014-03-14}}</ref><ref name="obit">{{cite web | url= https://obittree.com/obituary/ca/manitoba/winnipeg/neil-bardal-funeral-centre/roland-penner/3527673/ | title = Roland Penner | publisher = Obit Tree | date = June 1, 2018 | accessdate = 2018-06-01 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142010/https://obittree.com/obituary/ca/manitoba/winnipeg/neil-bardal-funeral-centre/roland-penner/3527673/ | archivedate = 2018-06-12 | url-status = live }}</ref>

== Honours ==

In 2000, he was named to the [[Order of Canada]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gg.ca/honour.aspx?id=5812&t=12&ln=Penner |title=Roland Penner, C.M., Q.C., LL.B. |publisher=[[Governor General of Canada]] |work=Order of Canada |accessdate=2014-03-14}}</ref> In 2014, he was made a member of the [[Order of Manitoba]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://manitobalg.ca/news.php?id=33|title=FOURTEEN TO RECEIVE ORDER OF MANITOBA|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810041808/http://www.manitobalg.ca/news.php?id=33|archivedate=2014-08-10}}</ref>

== Electoral record ==
{{1988 Manitoba general election/Fort Rouge}}

{{CANelec/top|MB|1986|Fort Rouge (electoral district)|Fort Rouge|percent=yes|change=yes}}
{{CANelec|MB|NDP|Roland Penner|4,223|48.86|4.30}}
{{CANelec|MB|PC|Robert P. Haier|2,590|29.97|0.79}}
{{CANelec|MB|Liberal|Lionel Ditz|1,683|19.47|-5.31}}
{{CANelec|MB|Libertarian|Clancy Smith|101|1.17|–}}
{{CANelec|MB|Communist|Nigel Hanrahan|46|0.53|–}}
{{CANelec/total|Total valid votes|8,643|–|–}}
{{CANelec/total|Rejected|53|–}}
{{CANelec/total|Eligible voters / Turnout|13,517|64.33|-7.50}}
{{CANelec/source|hide=Source: {{Cite report|date=1999|author=Manitoba. Chief Electoral Officer|location=Winnipeg|publisher=Elections Manitoba|title=Statement of Votes for the 37th Provincial General Election, September 21, 1999|url=https://www.electionsmanitoba.ca/downloads/1999_statvotes_foreward.pdf}}}}
{{end}}

{{CANelec/top|MB|1981|Fort Rouge (electoral district)|Fort Rouge|percent=yes|change=yes}}
{{CANelec|MB|NDP|Roland Penner|4,342|44.57|10.77}}
{{CANelec|MB|PC|Perry Schulman|2,843|29.18|2.19}}
{{CANelec|MB|Liberal|[[June Westbury]]|2,415|24.79|-14.43}}
{{CANelec|MB|Progressive (1981)|[[Bud Boyce]]|143|1.47|–}}
{{CANelec/total|Total valid votes|9,743|–|–}}
{{CANelec/total|Rejected|77|–}}
{{CANelec/total|Eligible voters / Turnout|13,671|71.83|–}}
{{CANelec/source|hide=Source: {{Cite report|date=1999|author=Manitoba. Chief Electoral Officer|location=Winnipeg|publisher=Elections Manitoba|title=Statement of Votes for the 37th Provincial General Election, September 21, 1999|url=https://www.electionsmanitoba.ca/downloads/1999_statvotes_foreward.pdf}}}}
{{end}}

{{Canadian election result/top|CA|1953|Winnipeg South Centre|percent=yes|change=yes}}
{{CANelec|CA|PC|[[Gordon Churchill]]|12,489|42.7|−0.9}}
{{CANelec|CA|Liberal|A.W. Hanks|9,752|33.3|−4.9}}
{{CANelec|CA|CCF|Gordon R. Fines|6,506|22.2|+4.1}}
{{CANelec|CA|Labor-Progressive|Roland Penner|504|1.7|–}}
{{Canadian election result/total|Total valid votes|29,251 |100.0}}
{{end}}

== Footnotes ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Penner, Roland}}
[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Canadian Mennonites]]
[[Category:Canadian Army personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Politicians from Winnipeg]]
[[Category:Canadian socialists]]
[[Category:Labor-Progressive Party candidates in the 1953 Canadian federal election]]
[[Category:Members of the Executive Council of Manitoba]]
[[Category:New Democratic Party of Manitoba MLAs]]
[[Category:20th-century members of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba]]
[[Category:Manitoba Book Awards winners]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of Canada]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of Manitoba]]

Harvey Patterson

2025-10-09T16:20:46Z

2A02:8012:227B:0:5DAB:ED73:3BE6:B839:

{{short description|Canadian politician}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| birth_date = {{birthdate|1924|09|12}}
| birth_place = [[Roland, Manitoba]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2014|04|08|1924|09|12}}
| death_place = [[Winnipeg, Manitoba]]
| office = Member of the [[Legislative Assembly of Manitoba]] for [[Crescentwood]]
| term_start = June 28, 1973
| term_end = February 20, 1975
| predecessor = [[Cy Gonick]]
| successor = [[Warren Steen]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Manitoba]]
}}
'''Harvey Norman Murray Patterson''' (September 12, 1924 – April 8, 2014)<ref name="obituary">{{cite web|url=http://passages.winnipegfreepress.com/passage-details/id-212531/PATTERSON_HARVEY|title=HARVEY NORMAN MURRAY PATTERSON|publisher=Winnipeg Free Press|access-date=2016-09-16}}</ref> was a [[Canadians|Canadian]] [[politician]] in [[Manitoba]], Canada. He served as a [[New Democratic Party of Manitoba|New Democratic]] member of the [[Legislative Assembly of Manitoba]] from 1973 to 1975.<ref name=members>{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.mb.ca/legislature/members/mla_bio_deceased.html#P0 |title=MLA Biographies - Deceased |publisher=Legislative Assembly of Manitoba |access-date=2020-07-25}}</ref> His term in office is usually remembered for the controversial nature of his election.

== Early life and career ==
The son of Norman Clifford Patterson and Isabel Baker, he was born in [[Roland, Manitoba|Roland]], Manitoba and educated at [[University of Manitoba]], and served overseas with the [[Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada]] in [[World War II]]. Patterson married Margaret Black in 1946. Before entering politics, he worked as a tractor trailer driver.<ref name="pgn">{{cite book |title=Canadian Parliamentary Guide |year=1975 |last=Normandin |first=Pierre G}}</ref> In 1961, he was a delegate to the founding convention of the [[New Democratic Party of Manitoba|New Democratic Party]] in [[Ottawa]], [[Ontario]].

He was actively involved in Winnipeg's labour movement, serving as President of the [[Winnipeg Labour Council]] in the early 1970s (at a time when the WLC was losing members to the [[Manitoba Federation of Labour]]). He was also the chairman for the province's 1970 Panel on Labour Relations and its 1971 Panel on Human Rights and Consumer Affairs.

== Political career ==
In the [[1973 Manitoba general election|provincial election of 1973]], Patterson ran for the NDP in the Winnipeg riding of [[Crescentwood]] against [[Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba|Progressive Conservative]] Lawrie Pollard and [[Manitoba Liberal Party|Liberal]] June Menzies. Patterson won on election night, but a judicial recount invalidated 150 ballots and handed the victory to Pollard. The recount was appealed and a revised count was a tie. The [[returning officer]] broke the tie in Patterson's favour.<ref>{{cite news |title=Count, recount and appeal. Manitoba seats bounce to and fro |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=iFM_AAAAIBAJ&sjid=UlIMAAAAIBAJ&pg=889,1462167&dq=harvey+patterson&hl=en |newspaper=[[Windsor Star]] |date=6 September 1973 |access-date=31 December 2010}}</ref>

After an investigation into the ballot-counting process, Patterson's election was declared void on February 20, 1975.<ref name=members/> He ran again in the succeeding [[by-election]], but finished third against Progressive Conservative [[Warren Steen]] and Liberal leader [[Charles Huband]]. He did not seek a return to public office after this time.

== Post electoral career ==
In 1978, Patterson became Executive Secretary of the Winnipeg Labour Council. He retired in the mid-1980s.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patterson, Harvey}}
[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:2014 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Pembina Valley Region, Manitoba]]
[[Category:Canadian Army personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:New Democratic Party of Manitoba MLAs]]

[[Category:20th-century members of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba]]

Rowland Bourke

2025-10-09T13:10:44Z

2A02:8012:227B:0:5DAB:ED73:3BE6:B839:

{{more footnotes|date=December 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox military person
| name = Rowland Bourke
| image = Roland Richard Bourke VC IWM Q 91466.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Lieutenant Rowland Bourke in {{circa}} 1917
| nickname = Rowley<ref>{{cite web |url=https://canadiannavaltribute.ca/2023/01/commander-roland-bourke-2 |title=Commander Roland Bourke VC, DSO, RCNVR |first=Sean E. |last=Livingston |publisher=Canadian Naval Tribute Project}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{birth date|1885|11|28|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[London]], England
| death_date = {{death date and age|1958|08|29|1885|11|28|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[British Columbia]], Canada
| placeofburial = [[Royal Oak Burial Park]], [[Victoria, British Columbia]] (section O, plot 10, grave 16)
| allegiance = United Kingdom Canada
| branch = [[Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve]] (1916–19) [[Royal Canadian Naval Volunteer Reserve]] (1941–50)
| serviceyears = 1916–1919 1941–1950
| rank = [[Commander]]
| servicenumber =
| unit =
| commands = {{HMCS|Givenchy}} {{HMCS|Esquimalt}} HMCS ''Burrard'' ML276
| battles = [[First World War]]
* [[First Ostend Raid]]
[[Second World War]]
| awards = [[Victoria Cross]] [[Distinguished Service Order]] [[Mentioned in Despatches]] [[Legion of Honour]] (France)<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=31189|date=18 February 1919|page=2542 |supp=y}}</ref>
| relations =
| laterwork = Miner Fruit grower
}}
'''Rowland Richard Louis "Rowley" Bourke''', {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100|sep=,|VC|DSO}} (28 November 1885 – 29 August 1958) was a Canadian farmer, sailor, and a recipient of the [[Victoria Cross]], the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] forces.

Bourke was born in [[London]], England, and emigrated to Canada in 1902. He returned to the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] on the outbreak of the [[First World War]], and after initially being rejected due to poor eyesight, he enlisted in the [[Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve]] in 1916.

==Early life==
Born on 28 November 1885 in [[London]], England, Bourke moved to Canada in 1902. He became a miner in the [[Klondike, Yukon|Klondike]] and a fruit grower in [[British Columbia]]. In January 1916, he volunteered for the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=A Hundred Years of the Victoria Cross |magazine=The Crowsnest |publisher=Queen's Printer |location=Ottawa |date=July 1956 |volume=8 |number=9 |pages=5–7}}</ref>

==Naval career==
===First World War===
Following the outbreak of the [[First World War]], Bourke volunteered to enlist in the Canadian military. He was rejected by all three arms of service due to poor eyesight. Undeterred, Bourke returned to England, at his own expense, where he successfully joined the [[Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve]], serving on [[motor launch]]es.

In April 1918, Bourke volunteered his motor launch to participate in the blockading of the Belgian harbour of Zeebrugge-Ostend, during the [[First Ostend Raid]]. The motor launches were detailed to rescue personnel from ships sunk in the blockade effort. Initially rejected from participating due to his eyesight, Bourke continued to volunteer his launch, despite knowing that volunteering put him and his crew in great peril. During action on the night of 23 April, Bourke's launch picked up 38 sailors from the [[blockship]] {{HMS|Brilliant|1891|6}} and towed the crippled ML 532 out of the harbour.<ref name=museum>{{cite web|url=http://www.navalandmilitarymuseum.org/resource_pages/heroes/bourke.html |title=Commander Rowland Bourke, VC, DSO |publisher=Navalandmilitarymuseum.org |date=1918-09-01 |accessdate=11 November 2013}}</ref> For showing "the greatest coolness and skill in handling his motor-launch", Bourke was awarded the [[Distinguished Service Order]] (DSO).<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=30807|date=19 July 1918|page=8588 |supp=y}}</ref>

On 9 and 10 May 1918 at [[Ostend]], Belgium, after the crew of {{HMS|Vindictive|1897|6}} had been taken off, Bourke, commanding Motor Launch 276, went into the harbour to check that everybody had got away. After searching and finding no one, he withdrew, but hearing cries from the water he turned back, found an officer and two seamen clinging to an up-turned boat, and rescued them. During this time the motor launch was under very heavy fire and was hit 55 times, once by a 6-inch shell, which killed two crew and did considerable damage. Lieutenant Bourke, however, managed to take the motor launch into the open sea, and was taken in tow. In recognition of his gallantry and devotion to duty, Bourke was gazetted the [[Victoria Cross]] on 27 August 1918.<ref name="autogenerated1918">{{London Gazette|issue=30870|date=27 August 1918 |supp=y |page=10084}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=30870|date=27 August 1918 |supp=y |page=10088}}</ref>

===Second World War===
Prior to the outbreak of the [[Second World War]], Bourke was instrumental in organizing a Fishermen's Reserve, to patrol the west coast of Canada. He served as a recruiting officer for a period of time but in 1941 he returned to sea, with the [[Royal Canadian Navy Volunteer Reserve]]. He served as commander of {{HMCS|Givenchy}}, {{HMCS|Esquimalt|J272|6}}, and HMCS ''Burrard'', Vancouver.<ref name=museum/> He ended his naval career in 1950 with the rank of commander.

==Death and legacy==
Bourke is buried in section O, plot 10, grave 16 in Royal Oak Burial Park, Falaise Drive, [[Victoria, British Columbia]]. His medals are held at [[Library and Archives Canada]] in Ottawa.

The [[Canadian Hydrographic Service]] named Mount Bourke in 1945. It is located southwest of Megin Lake and northeast of [[Hot Springs Cove, British Columbia|Hot Springs Cove]], north of [[Tofino]], British Columbia. Mount Bourke is located at latitude 49°27′56 and longitude 126°11′02.

{{HMCS|Malahat}}, Victoria's Naval Reserve Division, honours Bourke at his gravesite in Royal Oak Burial Park with a graveside ceremony each Remembrance Day.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/hmcsmalahat/sets/72157627998201453/ |title=Commander Rowland Bourke – a set on Flickr |publisher=Flickr.com |date= 11 November 2011|accessdate=11 November 2013}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.54thbattalioncef.ca/WARPAGES/bourke.htm Article on Rowland Bourke]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bourke, Rowland Richard Louis}}
[[Category:1885 births]]
[[Category:1958 deaths]]
[[Category:Military personnel from London]]
[[Category:English emigrants to Canada]]
[[Category:Royal Navy officers of World War I]]
[[Category:Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:Canadian World War I recipients of the Victoria Cross]]
[[Category:Royal Navy recipients of the Victoria Cross]]
[[Category:Royal Canadian Navy officers]]
[[Category:Royal Canadian Navy personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Canadian Companions of the Distinguished Service Order]]
[[Category:Knights of the Legion of Honour]]

Henry Botterell

2025-10-09T13:08:27Z

2A02:8012:227B:0:5DAB:ED73:3BE6:B839:

{{Short description|Canadian fighter pilot}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2007}}
[[File:Henry_Botterell_World_War_I_Pilot.jpg|thumb|right|Botterell in 1999 (102 years old), behind him is a [[Sopwith Camel]] plane, like the one he flew in World War I]]
'''Henry John Lawrence Botterell''' (November 7, 1896 – January 3, 2003) was a Canadian [[fighter aircraft|fighter]] [[naval aviator|pilot]] who served in the [[Royal Naval Air Service]] (RNAS) and then in the [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF) during [[World War I]]. When he died at the age of [[Centenarian|106]], the [[Veterans Affairs Canada|Canadian Department of Veterans' Affairs]], among others, believed he was the last surviving pilot in the world to have seen action in the Great War.<ref name="latimes">{{cite news |title=Henry Botterell, 106; Last Surviving WWI Combat Pilot |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=January 9, 2003 |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-jan-09-me-henry9-story.html}}</ref><ref name="Telegraph">{{cite news |title=Henry Botterell |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=January 7, 2003 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1418080/Henry-Botterell.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/exhibitions/navy/galery-e.aspx?section=2-C-7&id=4 |title=First World War (1914-1918): Canadians in the Royal Navy Air Service |publisher=[[Canadian War Museum]] |accessdate=October 2, 2015}}</ref>

==Pre-war life and career==
Henry Botterell was born in [[Ottawa]] to Henry and Annie Botterell. His father, a civil servant, died of [[pneumonia]] when Botterell was still a young boy. He attended [[Lisgar Collegiate Institute]] before beginning a career in banking. Prior to his war service, Botterell worked as a clerk at the Bank of North America (now the [[Bank of Montreal]]).<ref name="latimes"/>

==World War I service==

===Entry and training===
In 1916, he joined the Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS) as a civilian flying trainee. His entry was facilitated by his sister Edith, who worked in the office of Admiral [[Charles Kingsmill]]. Botterell was sent to [[England]] for training. Around this time, his older brother Edward, who had played football for the [[Toronto Argonauts]], was killed in action in [[France]] while serving with the [[48th Highlanders of Canada]].

On May 16, 1917, Botterell became a Probationary Flight Officer with the RNAS, where he was given the nickname "Nap" because of his supposed resemblance to [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon]]. He received his wings on August 15, 1917, and was awarded [[Royal Aero Club]] certificate number 5093.

===No. 8 Naval Squadron===
In September, Botterell joined [[No. 8 Naval Squadron]]. The squadron, which was usually referred to as Naval 8, was soon posted to France in support of the [[Royal Flying Corps]]. Botterell's immediate superior was also a Canadian, the [[flying ace]] Flight Commander [[James White (fighter pilot)|James White]]. The squadron was commanded by another ace, Squadron Commander [[Christopher Draper]], who was later known as the "Mad Major" for his habit of flying under bridges.

On September 18, 1917, Botterell's second operational flight as a pilot ended in a crash at [[Dunkirk, France|Dunkirk]] when the engine of his [[Sopwith Pup]] failed.<ref name="Telegraph"/> He sustained head injuries, a fractured leg and broken teeth. After six months in hospital, he was discharged and sent back to [[Canada]].

En route, Botterell ran into some of his former colleagues from Naval 8 in [[London]]. They arranged for him to be sent to [[Manston Airport|Manston]] in [[Kent]] to try to re-qualify as a pilot. After 10 hours of refresher training, he was approved to start flying once more and was sent to [[Serny]] on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]], where he rejoined No. 8 Naval Squadron, now renamed [[No. 208 Squadron RAF]]. He served with them from May 11 to November 27, 1918, flying a variety of missions in different aircraft. He flew patrols and fought over [[Serny]], [[Tramecourt]], [[Arras]], [[Foucaucourt-en-Santerre|Foucaucourt]] and [[Estrées-en-Chaussée|Estrées]].<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3x_AAwAAQBAJ&dq=208+Squadron+RAF+Foucaucourt&pg=PT230 |title = Airfields & Airmen: Somme|isbn = 9781473811751|last1 = O'Connor|first1 = Mike|date = August 2001| publisher=Pen and Sword }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mcw7BAAAQBAJ&dq=208+Squadron+RAF+Foucaucourt&pg=PA434 |title = The Birth of the Royal Air Force|isbn = 9781781593332|last1 = Philpott|first1 = Ian|date = 2013-12-09| publisher=Pen and Sword }}</ref> In 60 days between June and August 1918, he flew 91 sorties.

Botterell's sole air victory was a German observation balloon, which was well-defended by anti-aircraft guns, on August 29, 1918, near Arras. He was returning from dropping four bombs on the railway station at [[Vitry-en-Artois|Vitry]] when he saw the balloon. Putting his Sopwith Camel into a dive, he fired 400 machine-gun rounds at the balloon, setting it aflame. The German observer parachuted to safety.

During his service, Botterell flew a variety of planes, including several [[Sopwith Aviation Company|Sopwith]] types ([[Sopwith Pup|Pup]], [[Sopwith Camel|Camel]] and [[Sopwith Snipe|Snipe]]), the [[Royal Aircraft Factory R.E.8|RE8]], the [[Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5|SE5]], the [[Claude Grahame-White]]{{Clarify|date=May 2022|reason=name of an individual, and an aviation company, but not a specific aircraft type}} and the [[Maurice Farman]]. He logged 251 combat hours.

At the end of the war, Botterell was a [[flight lieutenant]] with the Royal Air Force (the Royal Flying Corps and RNAS had been combined on April 1, 1918, to form the RAF).

After his return to Canada, Botterell never flew again except on commercial flights.

==Post-war life and honours==
Botterell returned to work at the Bank of Montreal as Assistant Chief Accountant, initially in rural [[Quebec]] and then in [[Montreal]], eventually retiring in 1970.

In 1929, he married Maud Goater (died 1983).<ref name="latimes"/> They had two children, Edward and Frances.

During the [[World War II|Second World War]], he was an Air Cadet Squadron Commander, in [[Lachine, Quebec|Lachine]] (now Montreal).

In 1998, Botterell celebrated his 102nd birthday at a hotel in [[Lille]], where he and 16 other Canadian veterans marked the 80th anniversary of the war's end. In 1999, he was guest of honour at a dinner to celebrate the 75th anniversary of the [[Royal Canadian Air Force]]. In 2001, he received a visit from members of the present-day 208 Squadron.

The [[Canadian War Museum]] in [[Ottawa]] now houses a fence post that was caught in the wing of Botterell's Sopwith Camel during a low-level sortie.

During an interview about his wartime exploits Botterell once said: "I had good hands. I didn't have the fighting acumen of some, like [[Billy Bishop]]. I was just a bank clerk. I wasn't one of the very best, but I had my share of action."

Botterell died in a Toronto nursing home of causes associated with aging. He was 106.<ref name="latimes"/>

His portrait is in the [[National Portrait Gallery (London)|National Portrait Gallery, London]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp65359 |title=Henry John Lawrence Botterell |publisher=National Portrait Gallery}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of last surviving World War I veterans by country]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Botterell, Henry}}
[[Category:1896 births]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:Lisgar Collegiate Institute alumni]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Ottawa]]
[[Category:Canadian World War I pilots]]
[[Category:Royal Naval Air Service aviators]]
[[Category:Royal Air Force officers]]
[[Category:Royal Air Force personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:Royal Canadian Air Force personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Canadian men centenarians]]

Earle Birney

2025-10-09T12:59:25Z

2A02:8012:227B:0:5DAB:ED73:3BE6:B839:

{{Short description|Canadian poet (1904–1995)}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=December 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
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| birth_name = Earle Alfred Birney
| birth_date = {{birth date|1904|5|13|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Calgary]], Alberta District, North-West Territories, Canada
| death_date = {{death date and age|1995|9|3|1904|5|13|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Toronto, Ontario]], Canada
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| alma_mater = {{ubl | [[University of British Columbia]] | [[University of Toronto]]}}
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| notableworks = {{ubl | ''David and Other Poems'' (1942) | ''Now Is Time'' (1945) | ''The Bear on the Delhi Road'' (1973)}}
| spouse = Esther Bull (1940-1977)
| partner = Wailin Low (1973-1995)
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| awards = {{ubl | [[Governor General's Awards|Governor General's Award]] (1942; 1945) | [[Lorne Pierce Medal]] (1953)}}
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'''Earle Alfred Birney {{post-nominals|country=CAN|OC|FRSC}}''' (13 May 1904 – 3 September 1995) was a Canadian poet and novelist, who twice won the [[Governor General's Awards|Governor General's Award]], Canada's top literary honour, for his poetry.

==Life==
Birney was born in [[Calgary]] in what was then the [[District of Alberta]], and raised on a farm in [[Erickson, British Columbia|Erickson]], near [[Creston, British Columbia]]. His childhood was somewhat isolated. After working as a farm hand, a bank clerk, and a park ranger, he went on to college to study [[chemical engineering]], but graduated with a degree in English. He studied at the [[University of British Columbia]], the [[University of Toronto]], the [[University of California, Berkeley]] and the [[University of London]].

During his year in Toronto he became a Marxist–Leninist. Through a brief and quickly annulled marriage to Sylvia Johnston, he was introduced to [[Trotskyism]]. In the 1930s he was an active Trotskyist in Canada, the United States and Britain, and was the leading figure in the [[League for Socialist Action|Socialist Workers League]], but he disagreed with the Trotskyist position on [[World War II]] and left the movement.<ref name="alexander" />

During the conflict, he served as a personnel officer in the [[Canadian Army]], an experience that he used in his 1949 novel, ''Turvey''.

In 1946, Birney began teaching at the University of British Columbia, "where he founded and directed the first Canadian creative writing programme." His work led to the establishment of Canada's first Department of Creative Writing at UBC.<ref name="besner" />

In 1995, Birney died of a heart attack.

==Writing==
===Fiction===
Birney's World War II experiences inspired the creation of the title character of his comic military novel, ''Turvey'' (1949), a saga of one hapless soldier's struggle to get to 'the sharp end' of the fighting in the Netherlands and Germany during 1944–45. The character of Turvey is a fascinating melange of country boy innocent, common sense utilitarian and town fool, and seems to have been fashioned as a foil to the eccentrically pseudo-sophisticated Canadian military life as illustrated in the novel. The book has been described as "uproariously ribald",<ref name="hale" /> winning the [[Stephen Leacock Memorial Medal for Humour|Stephen Leacock Medal for Humour]]. ''Turvey'' was a hit in Canada, selling 30,000 copies.<ref name="purdy" />

Birney published his second novel, ''Down the Long Table'', a Marxist novel about the [[Great Depression]], in 1955. It did not match the first novel's success.<ref name="purdy" />

===Poetry===
Beginning with ''David and Other Poems'' (1942), was published during his tenure at the University of Toronto. Birney's poetry consistently explored the resources of language with passionate and playful curiosity. That first volume won Birney a Governor General's Award in [[1942 Governor General's Awards|1942]].<ref name="besner" /> The title work, "a poem about euthanasia, became quite a controversial poem, frequently anthologized and taught in Canadian literature courses."<ref name="nyu" /> "A generation of Canadian schoolchildren and university students has grown up knowing the story," [[Al Purdy]] wrote in 1974. "At one time or another in the last 25 years, "David" has been required reading for high schools and universities in every Canadian province."<ref name="purdy" />

His second book of poetry, ''Now Is Time'', won Birney a second Governor General's Award in [[1945 Governor General's Awards|1945]].

By the time of Birney's ''Trial of a City and other Verse'' in 1952, literary critic [[Northrop Frye]] was calling him one of "Canada's two leading poets" (the other being [[E. J. Pratt]]).<ref name="frye" />

The [[Royal Society of Canada]] awarded Birney its [[Lorne Pierce Medal]] for literature in 1953.<ref name="besner" />

In the mid-1960s Birney collaborated with electronic composer [[Terry Rusling]] on [[CBC Radio]]. A poem was performed combined with electronic music and afterwards they discussed their respective work and experimental approaches.

Birney's typography became increasingly more experimental during the 1960s, and in his 1966 ''Selected Poems'' he revised many of his older poems, dropping punctuation and sentence structure. He explained his reasoning in the preface to that book:

{{blockquote|Our intricate system of speckles between words evolved comparatively recently and merely to ensure that prose became beautifully unambiguous – Instant Communication. For a while the poets went along with this, even though what they were shooting at was the art of indefinitely delayed communication – Indefinite Ambiguity. Belatedly but willingly influenced by contemporary trends, I've come to surround my pauses with space rather than with typographical spatter, and to take advantage of the new printing processes to free my work occasionally from the tyranny of one-direction linotype.<ref name="preface" />}}

In 1970 Birney was made an [[Order of Canada#Officer|Officer]]{{Broken anchor|date=2025-04-19|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=Order of Canada#Officer|reason= The anchor (Officer) [[Special:Diff/457590642|has been deleted]].|diff_id=457590642}} of the [[Order of Canada]].

In 1974, Birney was still being called "one of the two best poets in Canada," this time by Al Purdy (the other being [[Irving Layton]]).<ref name="purdy" />

In 1982 Birney recorded ''Nexus & Earle Birney'', a triple-album collaboration with avant-garde percussion group [[Nexus (ensemble)|Nexus]].

''[[Canadian Encyclopedia|The Canadian Encyclopedia]]'' sums up: "In long poems and lyrics, sight poems, sound poems and found poems, whether on the page or in his collection of recorded poems with the percussion ensemble NEXUS (1982), Birney demonstrated his deep commitment to making language have meaning in every possible and eloquent way."<ref name="besner" />

==Publications==
===Poetry===
* ''David and Other Poems''. Toronto: Ryerson Press, [[1942 in poetry|1942]].
* ''Now Is Time''. Toronto: Ryerson Press, [[1945 in poetry|1945]].
* ''The Strait of Anian''. Toronto: Ryerson Press, [[1948 in poetry|1948]].
* ''Trial of a City and Other Verse''. Toronto: Ryerson, [[1952 in poetry|1952]].
* ''Ice Cod Bell or Stone''. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, [[1962 in poetry|1962]].
* ''Near False Creek Mouth''. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, [[1964 in poetry|1964]].
* ''Two Poems''. Halifax, [[1964 in poetry|1964]].
* ''Selected Poems: 1940–1966''. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, [[1966 in poetry|1966]].
* ''Memory No Servant'', 1968.
* ''The Poems of Earle Birney: a New Canadian Library selection'' (New Canadian library original N06), Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, [[1969 in poetry|1969]].
* ''pnomes jukollages & other stunzas'', 1969.
* ''Rag & Bone Shop''. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, [[1970 in poetry|1970]].
* ''The Bear on the Delhi Road: selected poems''. London: Chatto & Windus, [[1973 in poetry|1973]].
* ''what's so big about GREEN?''. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, [[1973 in poetry|1973]].
* ''The Collected Poems of Earle Birney''. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, [[1975 in poetry|1975]].
* ''Alphabeings and Other Seasyours''. London, Ont.: Pikadilly Press, [[1976 in poetry|1976]].
* ''The Rugging and the Moving Times: Poems New and Uncollected 1976''. Coatsworth, ON: Black Moss Press, [[1976 in poetry|1976]].
* ''Ghost in the Wheels: Selected Poems''. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, [[1977 in poetry|1977]].
* ''Fall by Fury & Other Makings''. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, [[1978 in poetry|1978]].
* ''The Mammoth Corridors''. Okemos, MI.: Stone Press, 1980.
* ''Copernican Fix''. Toronto: ECW Press, [[1985 in poetry|1985]].
* ''Last Makings: Poems''. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, [[1991 in poetry|1991]].
* ''One Muddy Hand: Selected Poems'', Sam Solecki (ed.), [[2006 in poetry|2006]].
* ''The Essential Earle Birney'', Jim Johnstone (ed.), [[2014 in poetry|2014]].
* ''January Morning/Downtown Vancouver''.

===Fiction===
* ''Turvey: A Military Picaresque''. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1949.
* ''Down the Long Table''. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1955.
* ''Big Bird in the Bush: Selected Stories and Sketches''. Oakville, ON: Mosaic Press, 1978.

===Non-fiction===
* ''The Creative Writer'', 1966
* ''The Cow Jumped Over the Moon: The Writing and Reading of Poetry'', Toronto: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1972.
* ''Essays on Chaucerian Irony'', 1985.
* ''Spreading Time: Remarks on Canadian Writing and Writers, 1904–1949'', 1989.
* ''Conversations with Trotsky, Earle Birney and the Radical 1930s: Collected Trotskyist Writings of Birney and Related Material'', University of Ottawa Press, 2017, {{ISBN|9780776624631}}.

===Plays===
* ''The Damnation of Vancouver''. New Canadian Library original; N 011. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1977.
* ''Words on Waves: selected radio plays of Earle Birney''. Kingston, ON: Quarry Press & CBC Enterprises, 1985.

===Edited===
* ''Twentieth Century Canadian Poetry'', an anthology with introduction and notes. Toronto: Ryerson Press, 1953.
* ''Four parts sand. New Canadian poets.'' [Ottawa]: Oberon Press, 1972.

''Except where noted, bibliographic information courtesy University of Toronto.''<ref name="utoronto" />

==Discography==
* ''Nexus & Earle Birney'' (Nexus, 1982)
* ''Celebration: Famous Canadian Poets on CD'' (with [[Irving Layton]]) (Canadian Poetry Association 2001) {{ISBN|1-55253-029-9}}.

==Filmography==
;Writer (4 titles)
* 1995: ''Trawna Tuh Belvul''<ref name="nfb" />
*1993: ''David'' (short) (poem)
* 1983: ''Aloud'' (short) (poem)
* 1970: ''Espolio'' (short) (poem)

;Actor (1 title)
* 1983: ''Aloud'' (short) Reciter

;Self (3 titles)
* 1993: ''View from the Typewriter''; Himself
* 1981: ''Earle Birney: Portrait of a Poet''; Himself
* 1965: ''[[Ladies and Gentlemen... Mr. Leonard Cohen]]'' (documentary)(uncredited){{citation needed|date=December 2012}}

''Except where noted, film information from Internet Movie Database.''<ref name="imdb" />

==See also==
{{Portal|Poetry|Biography|Canada}}
*[[Canadian literature]]
*[[Canadian poetry]]
*[[List of Canadian poets]]

==References==
*[[Elspeth Cameron]]. ''Earle Birney: A Life''. Toronto: Viking, 1994. {{ISBN|0-670-82874-2}}

===Notes===
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="alexander">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/internationaltro01alex_2 |title=International Trotskyism, 1929–1985: A Documented Analysis of the Movement |page=[https://archive.org/details/internationaltro01alex_2/page/145 145] |year=1991 |publisher=Duke University Press |ISBN=082231066X |last=Alexander |first=Robert Jackson}}</ref>
<ref name="besner">Neil Besner, "[https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/alfred-earle-birney Birney, Alfred Earle]," ''Canadian Encyclopedia'' (Edmonton: Hurtig, 1988), 231</ref>
<ref name="frye">Northrop Frye, "[https://northropfrye-thebushgarden.blogspot.com/2009/02/from-letters-in-canada-1952.html from 'Letters from Canada' University of Toronto Quarterly - 1952]," The Bush Garden (Toronto:Anansi, 1971), 10.</ref>
<ref name="hale">R. L. Hale, editor. ''The Open Road: Stories, Essays and Travel Tales'', St. Martin's Classics, [[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan Company of Canada]], Toronto, 1955. p.46.</ref>
<ref name="imdb">{{IMDb name|id=0083711|name=Earle Birney}}</ref>
<ref name="nfb">{{cite web|url=http://www.nfb.ca/film/trawna_tuh_belvul|title=Trawna Tuh Belvul|last=Martin Rose (director)|work=Animated short|publisher=[[National Film Board of Canada]]|access-date=11 December 2012}}</ref>
<ref name="nyu">"[http://litmed.med.nyu.edu/Annotation?action=view&annid=12263 Birney, (Alfred) Earle: David]," Literature Annotations, Literature, Arts and Medicine Database. Web, 18 March 2011.</ref>
<ref name="preface">Earle Birney, "Preface", ''Selected Poems'' (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1966), ix.</ref>
<ref name="purdy">Al Purdy, "[https://www.tru.ca/ae/e_birney/english/level3/level4/doc00701.htm The Man Who Killed David] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110702060200/http://www.tru.ca/ae/e_birney/english/level3/level4/doc00701.htm |date=2 July 2011}}," Tru.ca. Web, 18 March 2011.</ref>
<ref name="utoronto">"[http://www.library.utoronto.ca/canpoetry/birney/pub.htm Earle Birney: Published Works] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110313081519/http://www.library.utoronto.ca/canpoetry/birney/pub.htm |date=13 March 2011 }}," Canadian Poetry Online, UToronto.ca, Web, 3 May 2011.</ref>
}}

==External links==
*[http://www.library.utoronto.ca/canpoetry/birney/index.htm Canadian Poetry Online: Earle Birney] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110313081443/http://www.library.utoronto.ca/canpoetry/birney/index.htm |date=13 March 2011 }} - Biography and 6 poems ("Vancouver Lights", "From the Hazel Bough", "Sestina for the Ladies of Tehuántepec", "The Bear on the Delhi Road", "El Greco: Espolito", "Plaza de la Inquisición")
*[https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/alfred-earle-birney Earle Birney] in [[The Canadian Encyclopedia]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060520184357/http://www.gg.ca/honours/search-recherche/honours-desc.asp?lang=e&TypeID=orc&id=149 Order of Canada Citation]
*[http://www.library.ubc.ca/archives/u_arch/birney_earle.pdf University of British Columbia Archives]
*{{IMDb name|id=0083711|name=Earle Birney}}
* [http://www.library.utoronto.ca/fisher/collections/findaids/birney49.pdf Earle Birney Papers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303204917/http://www.library.utoronto.ca/fisher/collections/findaids/birney49.pdf |date=3 March 2016 }} at the Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Birney, Earle}}
[[Category:1904 births]]
[[Category:1995 deaths]]
[[Category:University of Toronto alumni]]
[[Category:University of British Columbia alumni]]
[[Category:University of California, Berkeley alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of London]]
[[Category:20th-century Canadian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Canadian male writers]]
[[Category:Canadian male poets]]
[[Category:Canadian modernist poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Calgary]]
[[Category:Poets from Vancouver]]
[[Category:Marxist Group (UK) members]]
[[Category:Canadian socialists]]
[[Category:Canadian Trotskyists]]
[[Category:Canadian Army personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada]]
[[Category:Governor General's Award–winning poets]]
[[Category:Stephen Leacock Award winners]]
[[Category:Officers of the Order of Canada]]