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Grande Champagne

2025-08-25T13:55:07Z

2A02:8012:227B:0:61D0:68C2:A43D:5FEC: - Category:Subdivisions of France + Category:Wine regions of France

{{Short description|French district}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Refimprove|date=November 2020}}

[[File:Map of Cognac Regions3.svg|thumb|right|Map of the Cognac growth regions]]
'''Grande Champagne''' is a French district, called a ''cru'', known for its [[cognac]]. It produces the finest cognacs in a zone of 34,703 hectares, of which 17% is dedicated to production of cognac, which can be marked as Grande Champagne or Grande Fine Champagne.<ref>{{cite web |title=Product Specification For The Cognac or Eau-de-vie de Cognac or Eau-de-vie des Charentes Controlled Appellation Of Origin |url=https://p9d8a6h2.stackpathcdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015_01_07_Cognac_product_specification_controlled_appellation_of_origin.pdf |access-date=25 December 2020 |archive-date=15 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715231720/https://p9d8a6h2.stackpathcdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015_01_07_Cognac_product_specification_controlled_appellation_of_origin.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> At its heart is the town of [[Segonzac, Charente|Segonzac]], in the Département of [[Charente]]. Grande Champagne is situated entirely in this département.

==Cognac regions==

{{Lang|fr|Cru}} is a French word for growth region. There are six different sub-regions (Cru) within Cognac. Each is graded by the French government according to the quality of the cognac produced there. The six Cru are from best to least, (1) Grande Champagne, (2) [[Petite Champagne]], (3) [[Borderies]], (4) [[Fins Bois]], (5) Bons Bois, and (6) Bois Ordinaires.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cognacfans.com/how-to-read-a-cognac-label/ |date=July 13, 2010 |title=How To Read A Cognac Label? |work=cognacfans.com |accessdate=October 15, 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190210215937/http://www.cognacfans.com/how-to-read-a-cognac-label/ |archivedate=February 10, 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Grande champagne is the first (and, according to many connoisseurs, the favored) cru. A blend of Grande and Petite Champagne cognacs, with at least half the eaux-de-vie coming from Grande Champagne, is known as [[Fine Champagne]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.bnic.fr Bureau National Interprofessionnel du Cognac.]

[[Category:Wine regions of France]]
[[Category:Cognac]]

{{Wine-region-stub}}
{{Charente-geo-stub}}

Cantons of France

2025-08-25T13:38:54Z

2A02:8012:227B:0:61D0:68C2:A43D:5FEC: Category:Cantons of France is already a top-level subcategory of Category:Subdivisions of France

{{Short description|Territorial subdivisions of France}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox subdivision type|name=Canton|category=[[:Category:Fourth-level administrative divisions by country|Fourth-level]] [[administrative division]]|territory=[[Regions of France]]|current_number=2,054|number_date=2015|image=[[File:Frankreich Kantone 2019.png|450px]]|caption=Cantons of [[metropolitan France]]|government=[[Departmental council (France)|Departmental council]]}}{{Administrative divisions of France}}
The '''cantons of France''' ({{IPA|fr|kɑ̃tɔ̃|-|LL-Q150 (fra)-LoquaxFR-canton.wav}}) are territorial subdivisions of the [[France|French Republic]]'s [[Departments of France|departments]] and [[Arrondissements of France|arrondissements]].

Apart from their role as organizational units in relation to certain aspects of the administration of [[public service]]s and [[justice]], the chief purpose of the cantons today is to serve as [[Constituency|constituencies]] for the [[election]] of members of the representative assemblies established in each of France's territorial departments ([[Departmental council (France)|departmental councils]], formerly general councils). For this reason, such elections were known in France as "cantonal elections", until 2015 when their name was changed to "departmental elections" to match the departmental councils' name.

There are 2,054 cantons in France.<ref name="name game">{{cite journal|
url=https://www.cairn-int.info/article-E_EG_441_0073--new-cantons-in-france-name-games.htm|title=New cantons in France: Name games|journal=L'Espace Géographique|author=Roger Brunet|doi=10.3917/eg.441.0073|date=2015|volume=44|doi-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Most of them group together a number of [[Communes of France|communes]] (the lowest administrative division of the French Republic), although larger communes may be included in more than one canton, since the cantons – in marked contrast to the communes, which have between more than two million inhabitants (Paris) and just one person ([[Rochefourchat]]) – are intended to be roughly equal in size of population for electoral purposes.

== Role and administration ==
The role of the ''canton'' is, essentially, to provide a framework for [[Departments of France|departmental]] elections. Each ''canton'' elects a woman and a man to represent it at the ''[[Departmental council (France)|conseil départemental]] du département'' – or departmental council for the ''department'', which is the principal administrative division of the French Republic.

In urban areas, a single ''commune'' generally includes several ''cantons''. Conversely, in rural areas, a ''canton'' may comprise several smaller ''communes''. In the latter case, administrative services, the ''[[gendarmerie]]'' headquarters for example, are often situated in the principal town ({{Lang|fr|[[chef-lieu]]}}) of the ''canton'', although there are exceptions, such as ''cantons'' [[Canton of Gaillon-Campagne|Gaillon-Campagne]] and [[Canton of Sarreguemines-Campagne|Sarreguemines-Campagne]], which have in common a "chief-town" which does not belong to either ''canton''.

For statistical ([[INSEE]]) purposes, the twenty [[arrondissements of Paris]] – the administrative subdivisions of that city – are sometimes considered ''cantons'', but they serve no greater electoral function.<ref name="INSEE">[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/detail.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=cantons-2015 INSEE], Populations légales 2012 des cantons – découpage 2015</ref>

''Cantons'' also form legal districts, as seats of ''[[Tribunal d'instance|Tribunaux d'instance]]'' (''TI'') or [[court of first instance|Courts of First Instance]]. Historically, the ''cantons'' are called ''justices de paix'' or "district courts".

== History ==
The ''cantons'' were created in 1790 at the same time as the [[département in France|''départements'']] by the [[French Revolution|Revolutionary]] Committee for the Division of Territory (''Comité de division''). They were more numerous than today (between 40 and 60 to each ''département'').
''Cantons'' were, at first, grouped into what were called ''districts''. After the abolition of the ''district'' in 1800, they were reorganized by the [[French Consulate|Consulate]] into ''arrondissements''. The number of ''cantons'' was then drastically reduced (between 30 and 50 units) by the ''Loi du 8 pluviôse an IX'' (28 January 1801), or the "Law for the Reduction of the Number of District Courts", or ''Loi portant réduction du nombre de justices de paix'' in French. The ''département'' [[prefects]] were told by the government to group the ''communes'' within newly established ''cantons''. The ''département'' lists, once approved by the government, were published in the ''[[Bulletin des lois]]'' in 1801 and 1802; these lists were the basis of the administrative divisions of France from then until 2015, although ''cantons'' with small populations were eliminated and new ''cantons'' created in areas of strong demographic growth. On the whole, their number increased appreciably.

In May 2013 a law was adopted that reduced the number of cantons drastically.<ref name="2013–403">[http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000027414225&categorieLien=id LOI n° 2013-403 du 17 mai 2013 relative à l'élection des conseillers départementaux, des conseillers municipaux et des conseillers communautaires, et modifiant le calendrier électoral]</ref> This law came into effect at the [[2015 French departmental elections|French departmental elections in March 2015]]. Before the cantonal reform, there were 4,032 cantons; afterwards there were 2,054, with the cantons in Martinique and Guyana abolished.<ref>[https://www.insee.fr/fr/information/2560615 Code officiel géographique au 1er janvier 2013], INSEE</ref><ref>[https://www.insee.fr/fr/information/2114819 Code officiel géographique au 1er janvier 2016], INSEE</ref> The 2013 reform law also changed the representation of the cantons in the [[General councils (France)|departmental councils]]: each canton is now represented by a man and a woman.<ref name="2013–403"/>

== Statistics ==
The number of ''cantons'' varies from one ''département'' to another. The [[Territoire de Belfort]] has the fewest at 9, while [[Nord (département)|Nord]] has the most at 41. The average figure is about 21.<ref>Based on 2,054 cantons divided by 100 departments.</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Administrative divisions of France]]
* [[Canton (administrative division)]]
* [[List of cantons of France]]

==References==
{{reflist|}}

{{Cantons of France}}
{{Articles on fourth-level administrative divisions of countries}}

[[Category:Cantons of France| ]]
[[Category:Fourth-level administrative divisions by country|France]]

Arrondissements of France

2025-08-25T13:38:01Z

2A02:8012:227B:0:61D0:68C2:A43D:5FEC: Category:Arrondissements of France is already a top-level subcategory of Category:Subdivisions of France

{{Short description|Territorial subdivisions of France}}
{{Hatnote|The cities of [[Lyon]], [[Marseille]], and [[arrondissements of Paris|Paris]] are also divided into [[municipal arrondissements of France|municipal arrondissements]], not to be confused with the arrondissements addressed in this article.}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}

{{Administrative divisions of France}}

An '''''arrondissement''''' ({{IPAc-en|lang|ə|ˈ|ɹ|ɒ|n|d|ɪ|s|m|ə|n|t}}, {{IPA|fr|aʁɔ̃dismɑ̃|lang|LL-Q150 (fra)-0x010C-arrondissement.wav}})<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=99&ref_id=t_0203D |title=Circonscriptions administratives au 1er janvier 2015 : comparaisons départementales |trans-title=Administrative constituencies of 1 January 2015: departmental comparisons |language=fr |publisher=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] |access-date=5 July 2015}}</ref> is the third level of [[Administrative divisions of France|administrative division in France]] generally corresponding to the territory overseen by a [[subprefect]]. As of 2023, the 101 French [[Departments of France|departments]] are divided into 333 arrondissements (including 13 overseas).<ref>[https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/3720946/arrondissement2019-csv.zip Téléchargement - Année 2019: Liste des arrondissements]</ref>

The capital of an arrondissement is called a [[subprefectures in France|subprefecture]]. When an arrondissement contains the [[prefectures in France|prefecture]] (capital) of the department, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture. Arrondissements are further divided into [[communes of France|communes]].

The term [[arrondissement]] can be roughly translated into English as district.<ref>André de Laubadère, Jean-Claude Vénézia, Yves Gaudemet, ''Traité de droit administratif'', 12th edition, LGDJ, 1992, vol. 1, nr. 168–169.</ref>

[[Administrative divisions of Quebec#Local municipalities|Some municipalities]] in [[Quebec]] are divided into arrondissements, reflecting the province’s historical link to [[New France]].

==Role and administration==
The administration of an arrondissement is assigned to a subprefect ({{Langx|fr|sous-préfet}}) who assists the departmental prefect ({{Lang|fr|préfet}}).

Unlike French [[Regions of France|regions]], departments and communes, arrondissements do not have the status of [[Juristic person|legal entity]] in [[public law]]. In addition, unlike those other administrative divisions, they are not run by elected officials, but by political appointees, officials appointed by the [[President of the French Republic|French president]].

==History==
The concept of arrondissements was proposed several times as an administrative reform during the ''[[Ancien Régime]]'', notably by the ''[[intendant]]'' of the [[généralité]] of [[Brittany]], [[Gaspard Louis Caze de La Bove|Caze de La Bove]], in his ''Mémoire concernant les subdélégués de l'intendance de Bretagne'' in 1775.

The arrondissements were created after the [[French Revolution]] by the ''Loi du 28 [[pluviôse]]'' in the year VIII of the [[French Republican Calendar|Republican Calendar]] (17 February 1800) and replaced "districts". In certain periods in French history, they have served a role in legislative elections, especially during the [[French Third Republic|Third Republic]]. In 1926, 106 arrondissements were suppressed by the government.<ref>Nicolas Verdier, ''La réforme des arrondissements de 1926 : un choix d'intervention entre espace et territoire'', [http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/46/77/70/PDF/Verdier_La_reforme_des_arrondissements.pdf online]</ref><ref>[http://splaf.free.fr/1926.html List of the arrondissements suppressed in 1926]</ref> While it claimed it was to achieve fiscal savings, some political analysts considered the results electoral manipulation. Some of these suppressed arrondissements were restored in 1942.

===Changes===
The most recent creations and disestablishments of arrondissements are listed in the table below.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Department
! Created arrondissement(s)
! Disbanded arrondissement(s)
|-
| 2015
| [[Moselle (department)|Moselle]]
| [[Arrondissement of Forbach-Boulay-Moselle|Forbach-Boulay-Moselle]]
| [[Arrondissement of Forbach|Forbach]], [[Arrondissement of Boulay-Moselle|Boulay-Moselle]]
|-
| 2015
| [[Moselle (department)|Moselle]]
| [[Arrondissement of Metz|Metz]]
| [[Arrondissement of Metz-Campagne|Metz-Campagne]], [[Arrondissement of Metz-Ville|Metz-Ville]]
|-
| 2015
| [[Moselle (department)|Moselle]]
| [[Arrondissement of Sarrebourg-Château-Salins|Sarrebourg-Château-Salins]]
| [[Arrondissement of Château-Salins|Château-Salins]], [[Arrondissement of Sarrebourg|Sarrebourg]]
|-
| 2015
| [[Moselle (department)|Moselle]]
| [[Arrondissement of Thionville|Thionville]]
| [[Arrondissement of Thionville-Est|Thionville-Est]], [[Arrondissement of Thionville-Ouest|Thionville-Ouest]]
|-
| 2015
| [[Bas-Rhin]]
| [[Arrondissement of Haguenau-Wissembourg|Haguenau-Wissembourg]]
| [[Arrondissement of Haguenau|Haguenau]], [[Arrondissement of Wissembourg|Wissembourg]]
|-
| 2015
| [[Bas-Rhin]]
| [[Arrondissement of Strasbourg|Strasbourg]]
| [[Arrondissement of Strasbourg-Campagne|Strasbourg-Campagne]], [[Arrondissement of Strasbourg-Ville|Strasbourg-Ville]]
|-
| 2015
| [[Haut-Rhin]]
| [[Arrondissement of Colmar-Ribeauvillé|Colmar-Ribeauvillé]]
| [[Arrondissement of Colmar|Colmar]], [[Arrondissement of Ribeauvillé|Ribeauvillé]]
|-
| 2015
| [[Haut-Rhin]]
| [[Arrondissement of Thann-Guebwiller|Thann-Guebwiller]]
| [[Arrondissement of Guebwiller|Guebwiller]], [[Arrondissement of Thann|Thann]]
|-
| 2017
| [[Loire-Atlantique]]
| [[Arrondissement of Châteaubriant-Ancenis|Châteaubriant-Ancenis]]
| [[Arrondissement of Ancenis|Ancenis]], [[Arrondissement of Châteaubriant|Châteaubriant]]
|-
| 2017
| [[Marne (department)|Marne]]
| –
| [[Arrondissement of Sainte-Menehould|Sainte-Menehould]]
|}

==Statistics==
Most departments have three or four arrondissements. The departments of [[Arrondissement of Paris|Paris]] and of the [[Territoire de Belfort]] have only one, while the department of [[Pas-de-Calais]] has seven. [[Mayotte]] has none.

==See also==
{{commons category|Arrondissements of France}}

* [[Administrative divisions of France]]
* [[Arrondissement]]
* [[Arrondissements of Paris]]
* [[List of arrondissements of France]]
* [[Municipal arrondissements of France]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Articles on third-level administrative divisions of countries}}
{{Arrondissements of France}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Arrondissements Of France}}

[[Category:Arrondissements of France| ]]
[[Category:Administrative divisions in Europe|France 3]]

Agenais

2025-08-25T13:34:01Z

2A02:8012:227B:0:61D0:68C2:A43D:5FEC:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}{{Infobox former country
| conventional_long_name = County of Agenois
| common_name = Agenois
| flag_caption = Map of Agenois within its 18th century limits with the current municipalities and departments.
| image_map = Carte de l'Agenais.svg
| capital = [[File:Coat of Arms of Agen.svg|20px]] [[Agen]]
| religion = [[Catholicism]]
| government_type = [[County]]
| legislature = [[Parlement]]
| upper_house = [[Parliament of Bordeaux]]
| empire = Kingdom of France
| year_end = 1791
| year_start = 886
| image_map_alt = Location of the county with modern departmental boundaries
| year_leader2 = 1718–1751{{efn|name=Titles|Following the death of Charles, Count of Armagnac in 1751, the title of 'Count of Armagnac' passed to the King of France, at the time being Louis XV. This made the county a crownland, belonging to the King.}}
| leader2 = [[Charles, Count of Armagnac|Charles de Lorraine, Count of Armagnac]]{{efn|name=Titles}}
| event_start = Established
| event_end = Disestablishment of the Provinces
| s1 = Lot-et-Garonne
| flag_s1 = Blason département fr Lot-et-Garonne2.svg
| era = [[France in the Middle Ages|Middle Ages]] / [[Early modern France|Early Modern]]
}}
'''Agenais''' ({{IPA|fr|aʒ(ə)nɛ|-|Fr-Agenais.ogg}}), or '''Agenois''' ({{IPA|fr|aʒ(ə)nwa}}), was an ancient region that became a [[county]] ([[Old French]]: ''conté'' or ''cunté'') of France, south of [[Périgord]].<ref name="WebsterNinthNewCollege">Mish, Frederick C., Editor in Chief. "Agenais". ''[[Webster's Dictionary#The Collegiate Dictionary|Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary]]''. 9th ed. Springfield, MA: [[Merriam-Webster]] Inc., 1985. {{ISBN|0-87779-508-8}}, {{ISBN|0-87779-509-6}} (indexed), and {{ISBN|0-87779-510-X}} (deluxe).</ref>

==History==
In ancient [[Gaul]] the region was the country of the '''Nitiobroges''' with [[Agen|Aginnum]] for their capital, which in the fourth century was the Civitas Agennensium, which was a part of [[Aquitania|Aquitania Secunda]]<ref>[[Alexander Riese]], ''Geographi Latini Minores'', 1878, "[[Notitia Galliarum]]" p. 143</ref> and which formed the [[diocese of Agen]]. From 833 to 848, all the land seems to have been ravaged by the Vikings.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cosmovisions.com/histAgenais.htm |title=L'Agenais (in French) |last=Tholin |first=G. |website=Imago Mundi |publisher=Serge Jodra |accessdate=11 December 2014}}</ref> Having in general shared the fortunes of [[Aquitaine]] during the [[Merovingian]] and [[Carolingian]] periods, Agenais from about 886 became an hereditary county in the part of the country now called [[Gascony]] (Vasconia).<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=1|wstitle=Agenais|volume=1|page=373|first=Charles|last=Bémont|authorlink=Charles Bémont}}</ref><ref>Joseph Noulens, ''Le comté d'Agenais au xe siècle'' (Paris, 1877).</ref> The first count of Agenais (''comte d'Agen'') was William I of Périgord (d. 920), son of [[Wulgrin I of Angoulême]].

In 1038 this county was purchased by [[William VI, Duke of Aquitaine|William, Duke of Aquitaine and Count of Poitiers]]. The marriage of [[Eleanor of Aquitaine]] with the future [[Henry II of England]] in 1152 brought the county under the sway of the [[Plantagenet]] house of Anjou. When [[Richard I of England|Richard Coeur-de-Lion]] married his sister Joan to [[Raymund VI, Count of Toulouse]], in 1196, Agenais formed part of the princess's dowry, and formed part of the other estates of the last independent [[count of Toulouse]].<ref name="EB1911"/> In 1212, during the [[Albigensian Crusade]], [[Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester|Simon de Montfort]] captured the [[Cathar]] fortress of [[Penne-d'Agenais]] and burned Cathars at the stake.<ref>William W. Kibler, ed.''Medieval France: an encyclopedia'', ''s.v.'' "Agenais".</ref> At the [[1259 Treaty of Paris]], [[Louis IX of France]] agreed to pay an annual rent to [[Henry III of England]] for Louis' possession of Agenais.<ref>Harry Rothwell, ed. ''English Historical Documents 1189–1327'', Routledge, 1996, {{ISBN|0-415-14368-3}}</ref> The estates of Agenais lapsed to the crown of France in 1271.<ref name="EB1911"/>

This, however, was not for long; the king of France had to recognize the prior rights of the king of England to the possession of the county, and restored it to him in 1279. During the [[Hundred Years' War]] between the English and the French, Agenais was frequently taken and retaken, the final retreat of the English in 1453 at last leaving the king of France in peaceable possession.<ref name="EB1911"/>

In 1561, [[Guyenne]] was made a [[provinces of France|province]], and included [[Bordeaux|Bordelais]], [[Bazas|Bazadais]], [[Limousin (province)|Limousin]], [[Périgord]], [[Quercy]], [[Rouergue]], Agenais, [[County of Saintonge|Saintonge]], and [[Angoumois]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2016}} Thenceforth Agenais was no more than an administrative term. At the end of the [[Ancien Régime]] it formed part of the ''Gouvernement'' of [[Guienne]], and at the [[French Revolution|Revolution]] it was incorporated within the département of [[Lot-et-Garonne]], of which it constitutes nearly the whole. The title of count of Agenais, which the kings of England had allowed to fall into desuetude, was revived by the kings of France, and in 1789 was held by the family of the [[Duke of Richelieu|dukes of Richelieu]].<ref name="EB1911"/>

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070313161548/http://icarus.umkc.edu/sandbox/perseus/pecs/page.86.a.php Richard Stillwell, ed. ''Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites'', 1976:] "Aginnum (Agen), Lot-et-Garonne, France"
{{refend}}

{{coord|44.20|0.62|display=title}}

[[Category:Agenais| ]]
[[Category:Geography of Gironde]]
[[Category:Geography of Lot (department)]]
[[Category:Geography of Lot-et-Garonne]]
[[Category:Geography of Tarn-et-Garonne]]
[[Category:History of Nouvelle-Aquitaine]]
[[Category:History of Occitania (administrative region)]]
[[Category:History of Gironde]]
[[Category:History of Lot (department)]]
[[Category:History of Lot-et-Garonne]]
[[Category:History of Tarn-et-Garonne]]
[[Category:Guyenne]]
<references />
[[Category:Former counties of France|Agenois]]
[[Category:Former provinces of France]]

List of former counties of Quebec

2025-08-25T12:48:56Z

2A02:8012:227B:0:61D0:68C2:A43D:5FEC: Removed Category:Former counties of Canada as Category:Former counties in Quebec is a subcategory of the same

{{Short description|Overview of historical counties and territories in Quebec}}
{{For|the current administrative divisions of Quebec|List of regional county municipalities and equivalent territories in Quebec}}
{{Expand French|Comtés du Québec|date=June 2015|topic=geo}}

'''Historical [[county|counties]] and [[territory|territories]] in [[Quebec]]''', [[Canada]], and their county seats are listed below. The list is alphabetized by county, but can also be alphabetized by seat.

In terms of internal division, there are four types of counties:
# Those that contain only townships, as do counties surveyed by the British after 1763.
# Those that contain only parishes, as do counties chiefly in the Saint Lawrence Valley settled by French colonists before 1761.
# Those that each contain both townships and parishes.
# Those that each contain townships and undivided lands, as do the northern counties outside the main populated areas of the province.

Parishes as a land unit division arise from the elevation of municipalities based on religious parish limits (parish municipalities). Quebec's counties were dissolved in the early 1980s and Quebec was then divided into [[list of regional county municipalities and equivalent territories in Quebec|regional county municipalities]].

[[File:Quebec-1965-chefslieux.png|500px|thumb|Counties and county seats of Quebec around 1965]]

{| class="sortable wikitable"
!County!! Seat
|-
|[[Abitibi County, Quebec|Abitibi County]] || [[Amos, Quebec|Amos]]
|-
|[[Argenteuil County, Quebec|Argenteuil County]] || [[Lachute]]
|-
|[[Arthabaska County, Quebec|Arthabaska County]] || [[Arthabaska, Quebec|Arthabaska]]
|-
|[[Bagot County, Quebec|Bagot County]] || [[Saint-Liboire, Quebec|Saint-Liboire]]
|-
|[[Beauce County, Quebec|Beauce County]] || [[Beauceville, Quebec|Beauceville]]
|-
|[[Beauharnois County, Quebec|Beauharnois County]] || [[Beauharnois, Quebec|Beauharnois]]
|-
|[[Bellechasse County, Quebec|Bellechasse County]] || [[Saint-Raphaël, Quebec|Saint-Raphaël]]
|-
|[[Berthier County, Quebec|Berthier County]] || [[Berthierville, Quebec|Berthierville]]
|-
|[[Bonaventure County, Quebec|Bonaventure County]] || [[New Carlisle, Quebec|New Carlisle]]
|-
|[[Brome County, Quebec|Brome County]] || [[Knowlton, Quebec|Knowlton]]
|-
|[[Chambly County, Quebec|Chambly County]] || [[Longueuil]]
|-
|Champlain County || [[Sainte-Geneviève-de-Batiscan, Quebec|Sainte-Geneviève-de-Batiscan]]
|-
|[[Charlevoix-Est County, Quebec|Charlevoix-Est County]] || [[La Malbaie]]
|-
|[[Charlevoix-Ouest County, Quebec|Charlevoix-Ouest County]] || [[Baie-Saint-Paul]]
|-
|[[Châteauguay County, Quebec|Châteauguay County]] || [[Sainte-Martine, Quebec|Sainte-Martine]]
|-
|[[Chicoutimi County, Quebec|Chicoutimi County]] || [[Chicoutimi]]
|-
|[[Compton County, Quebec|Compton County]] || [[Cookshire, Quebec|Cookshire]]
|-
|Deux-Montagnes County || [[Sainte-Scholastique, Quebec|Sainte-Scholastique]]
|-
|[[Dorchester County, Quebec|Dorchester County]] || [[Sainte-Hénédine, Quebec|Sainte-Hénédine]]
|-
|[[Drummond County, Quebec|Drummond County]] || [[Drummondville]]
|-
|[[Frontenac County, Quebec|Frontenac County]] || [[Lac-Mégantic, Quebec|Lac-Mégantic]]
|-
|[[Gaspé-Est County, Quebec|Gaspé-Est County]] || [[Percé, Quebec|Percé]]
|-
|[[Gaspé-Ouest County, Quebec|Gaspé-Ouest County]] || [[Sainte-Anne-des-Monts, Quebec|Sainte-Anne-des-Monts]]
|-
|[[Gatineau County, Quebec|Gatineau County]] || [[Maniwaki, Quebec|Maniwaki]]
|-
|[[Hull County, Quebec|Hull County]] || [[Hull, Quebec|Hull]]
|-
|[[Huntingdon County, Quebec|Huntingdon County]] || [[Huntingdon, Quebec|Huntingdon]]
|-
|[[Iberville County, Quebec|Iberville County]] || [[Iberville, Quebec|Iberville]]
|-
|[[Ile-de-Montréal County, Quebec|Ile-de-Montréal County]] || [[Montreal]]
|-
|[[Ile-Jésus County, Quebec|Ile-Jésus County]] || [[Laval, Quebec|Laval]]
|-
|[[Iles-de-la-Madeleine County, Quebec|Iles-de-la-Madeleine County]] || [[L'Île-du-Havre-Aubert, Quebec|Ile-du-Havre-Aubert]]
|-
|[[Joliette County, Quebec|Joliette County]] || [[Joliette]]
|-
|[[Kamouraska County, Quebec|Kamouraska County]] || [[Saint-Pascal, Quebec|Saint-Pascal]]
|-
|[[Labelle County, Quebec|Labelle County]] || [[Mont-Laurier]]
|-
|[[Laprairie County, Quebec|Laprairie County]] || [[La Prairie, Quebec|La Prairie]]
|-
|[[Laviolette County, Quebec|Laviolette County]] || [[La Tuque, Quebec|La Tuque]]
|-
|[[L'Assomption County, Quebec|L'Assomption County]] || [[L'Assomption, Quebec|L'Assomption]]
|-
|[[Lévis County, Quebec|Lévis County]] || [[Saint-Romuald, Quebec|Saint-Romuald]]
|-
|[[L'Islet County, Quebec|L'Islet County]] || [[Saint-Jean-Port-Joli, Quebec|Saint-Jean-Port-Joli]]
|-
|[[Lotbinière County, Quebec|Lotbinière County]] || [[Sainte-Croix, Quebec|Sainte-Croix]]
|-
|[[Lac-Saint-Jean-Est County, Quebec|Lac-Saint-Jean-Est County]] || [[Alma, Quebec|Alma]]
|-
|[[Lac-Saint-Jean-Ouest County, Quebec|Lac-Saint-Jean-Ouest County]] || [[Roberval, Quebec|Roberval]]
|-
|[[Maskinongé County, Quebec|Maskinongé County]] || [[Louiseville]]
|-
|[[Matane County, Quebec|Matane County]] || [[Matane]]
|-
|[[Matapédia County, Quebec|Matapédia County]] || [[Amqui]]
|-
|[[Mégantic County, Quebec|Mégantic County]] || [[Inverness, Quebec|Inverness]]
|-
|[[Missisquoi County, Quebec|Missisquoi County]] || [[Bedford, Quebec (city)|Bedford]]
|-
|[[Montcalm County, Quebec|Montcalm County]] || [[Sainte-Julienne, Quebec|Sainte-Julienne]]
|-
|[[Montmorency No. 1 County, Quebec|Montmorency No. 1 County]] || [[Chateau-Richer, Quebec|Chateau-Richer]]
|-
|[[Montmorency No. 2 County, Quebec|Montmorency No. 2 County]] || [[Sainte-Famille, Quebec|Sainte-Famille]]
|-
|[[Montmagny County, Quebec|Montmagny County]] || [[Montmagny, Quebec|Montmagny]]
|-
|[[Napierville County, Quebec|Napierville County]] || [[Napierville, Quebec|Napierville]]
|-
|[[Nicolet County, Quebec|Nicolet County]] || [[Bécancour, Quebec|Bécancour]]
|-
|[[Papineau County, Quebec|Papineau County]] || [[Papineauville, Quebec|Papineauville]]
|-
|[[Pontiac Regional County Municipality, Quebec|Pontiac County]] || [[Campbell's Bay, Quebec|Campbell's Bay]]
|-
|[[Portneuf County, Quebec|Portneuf County]] || [[Cap-Santé, Quebec|Cap-Santé]]
|-
|[[Québec County, Quebec|Québec County]] || [[Quebec City]]
|-
|[[Richelieu County, Quebec|Richelieu County]] || [[Sorel-Tracy, Quebec|Sorel-Tracy]]
|-
|[[Richmond County, Quebec|Richmond County]] || [[Richmond, Quebec|Richmond]]
|-
|[[Rimouski County, Quebec|Rimouski County]] || [[Rimouski]]
|-
|[[Rivière-du-Loup County, Quebec|Rivière-du-Loup County]] || [[Rivière-du-Loup]]
|-
|[[Rouville County, Quebec|Rouville County]] || [[Marieville, Quebec|Marieville]]
|-
|Saint-Hyacinthe County || [[Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec|Saint-Hyacinthe]]
|-
|[[Saint-Jean County, Quebec|Saint-Jean County]] || [[Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu]]
|-
|Saint-Maurice County || [[Yamachiche, Quebec|Yamachiche]]
|-
|[[Saguenay County, Quebec|Saguenay County]] || [[Tadoussac, Quebec|Tadoussac]]
|-
|[[Shefford County, Quebec|Shefford County]] || [[Waterloo, Quebec|Waterloo]]
|-
|[[Sherbrooke County, Quebec|Sherbrooke County]] || [[Sherbrooke]]
|-
|[[Soulanges County, Quebec|Soulanges County]] || [[Coteau-Landing, Quebec|Coteau-Landing]]
|-
|[[Stanstead County, Quebec|Stanstead County]] || [[Ayer's Cliff, Quebec|Ayer's Cliff]]
|-
|[[Témiscouata County, Quebec|Témiscouata County]] || [[Notre-Dame-du-Lac, Quebec|Notre-Dame-du-Lac]]
|-
|[[Témiscamingue County, Quebec|Témiscamingue County]] || [[Ville-Marie, Quebec|Ville-Marie]]
|-
|[[Terrebonne County, Quebec|Terrebonne County]] || [[Saint-Jérôme, Quebec|Saint-Jérôme]]
|-
|[[Vaudreuil County, Quebec|Vaudreuil County]] || [[Vaudreuil-Dorion]]
|-
|[[Verchères County, Quebec|Verchères County]] || [[Verchères, Quebec|Verchères]]
|-
|[[Wolfe County, Quebec|Wolfe County]] || [[Saint-Joseph-de-Ham-Sud, Quebec|Saint-Joseph-de-Ham-Sud]]
|-
|[[Yamaska County, Quebec|Yamaska County]] || [[Saint-François-du-Lac, Quebec|Saint-François-du-Lac]]
|}

*Abitibi Territory
*Mistassini Territory
*Nouveau-Quebec Territory

==Renamed counties==
* [[Laval County, Quebec|Laval County]] – Former name of Ile-Jésus County.
* [[Jacques-Cartier County, Quebec|Jacques Cartier County]] – Renamed in 1970. Former name of Ile-de-Montréal County. It absorbed [[Hochelaga County, Quebec|Hochelaga County]] in 1921.
* Ottawa County – Former name of Hull County.
* Wright County – Former name of Ottawa County.

==External links==
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.westol.com/~beaurega/map.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090321052657/http://www.westol.com/~beaurega/map.htm |archive-date=2009-03-21 |access-date=August 12, 2011 |title= Detailed Ontario Map and Quebec Map of Towns and Counties for Genealogy, circa 1957.}}

[[Category:Former counties of Quebec|*]]
[[Category:Lists of populated places in Quebec|Counties, List of Quebec]]
[[Category:Canada geography articles needing translation from French Wikipedia]]

Former counties of Ontario

2025-08-25T12:48:07Z

2A02:8012:227B:0:61D0:68C2:A43D:5FEC: Removed Category:Former counties of Canada as Category:Former counties in Ontario is a subcategory of the same

The [[Provinces and territories of Canada|Canadian]] province of [[Ontario]] has several historic counties, which are past [[census division]]s that no longer exist today. Most historic counties either merged with other counties, or became [[Regional municipality|regional municipalities]] or single-tier municipalities. Although counties had existed prior to 1849, after 1849 they replaced the district systems in administering local government and courts in [[Ontario]].

The county system is used in southern, southwestern and eastern sections of the province of Ontario. There are no counties in [[Northern Ontario]] due to sparse population and a long-standing boundary dispute with the [[Northwest Territories]] (that was not resolved until 1912).

==Counties==
*'''[[Addington County, Ontario|Addington County]]''' (1792–1864) merged with Lennox County to form [[Lennox and Addington County, Ontario|Lennox and Addington County]]
*'''[[Brant County, Ontario|Brant County]]''' (established 1852) split into the single-tier 'county' of [[Brant, Ontario|Brant]] and the city of [[Brantford, Ontario|Brantford]]
*'''[[Carleton County, Ontario|Carleton County]]''' (1800–1969) became the [[Regional Municipality of Ottawa-Carleton, Ontario|Regional Municipality of Ottawa-Carleton]], now the [[Ottawa, Ontario|City of Ottawa]], a single-tier municipality.
*'''[[Dufferin County, Ontario|Dufferin County]]''' (established 1881) created from parts of Simcoe, Grey and Waterloo counties.
*'''[[Durham County, Ontario|Durham County]]''' (1792–1973) portions merged with Ontario County to form [[Durham Regional Municipality, Ontario|Durham Regional Municipality]]. Remaining portions joined [[Northumberland County, Ontario|Northumberland]], [[Peterborough County|Peterborough]] and Victoria Counties.
*'''[[Grenville County, Ontario|Grenville County]]''' (1792–1850) merged with Leeds County to form [[Leeds and Grenville United Counties, Ontario|Leeds and Grenville United Counties]]
*'''[[Kent County, Ontario|Kent County]]''' (1792–1998) became the single-tier [[Chatham-Kent, Ontario|Municipality of Chatham-Kent]]
*'''[[Haldimand County, Ontario|Haldimand County]]''' (1800–1974; 2001–present) was merged into the Regional Municipality of Haldimand-Norfolk for many years, but this was divided again with some minor adjustments to the old lines in 2001; it is now a single-tier municipality, not an official county
*'''[[Halton County, Ontario|Halton County]]''' (1816–1973) became [[Halton Regional Municipality, Ontario|Halton Regional Municipality]]
*'''[[Leeds County, Ontario|Leeds County]]''' (1792–1850) merged with Grenville County to form [[Leeds and Grenville United Counties, Ontario|Leeds and Grenville United Counties]]
*'''[[Lennox County, Ontario|Lennox County]]''' (1792–1864) merged with Addington County to form [[Lennox and Addington County, Ontario|Lennox and Addington County]]
*'''[[Lincoln County, Ontario|Lincoln County]]''' (1792–1970) merged with Welland County to form [[Niagara Regional Municipality, Ontario|Niagara Regional Municipality]]
*'''[[Norfolk County, Ontario|Norfolk County]]''' (1792–1974) was merged into the Regional Municipality of Haldimand-Norfolk for many years, but this was divided again with some minor adjustments to the old lines in 2001; it is now a single-tier municipality, not an official county
*'''[[Ontario County, Ontario|Ontario County]]''' a short-lived first county with this name existed from 1792 to 1800, and was split with the eastern portion joining Frontenac County and the western portion joining Addington County. The second existed from 1852 to 1973, and merged with portions of Durham County to form [[Durham Regional Municipality, Ontario|Durham Regional Municipality]]. A small portion became part of Simcoe County.
*'''[[Peel County, Ontario|Peel County]]''' (1851–1973) became [[Peel Regional Municipality, Ontario|Peel Regional Municipality]]
*'''[[Prescott County, Ontario|Prescott County]]''' (1800–1820) merged with Russell County to form [[Prescott and Russell United Counties, Ontario|Prescott and Russell United Counties]]
*'''[[Prince Edward County, Ontario|Prince Edward County]]''' (established 1792) has retained its name, but is now a single-tier municipality, not an official county
*'''[[Russell County, Ontario|Russell County]]''' (1800–1820) merged with Prescott County to form [[Prescott and Russell United Counties, Ontario|Prescott and Russell United Counties]]
*'''[[Suffolk County, Ontario|Suffolk County]]''' (1792–1800) formed in 1792 with [[Ontario County, Ontario#Ontario County (1792-1800)|Ontario County]], in 1800 it was split into the Counties of [[Kent County, Ontario|Kent]], [[Elgin County|Elgin]] and [[Middlesex County, Ontario|Middlesex]]. During its short existence it was made up of Delaware Township, Westminster Township, most of North Dorchester Township and the rest Indian land.<ref name="Middlesex Timeline">{{cite web|url=http://onmiddle.com/timeline.htm |title=Timeline of Middlesex County
|website= Middlesex County Ontario Genweb
|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206172159/http://onmiddle.com/timeline.htm |archive-date=2009-02-06 }}</ref>
*'''[[Victoria County, Ontario|Victoria County]]''' (1821–2001) became the [[Kawartha Lakes, Ontario|City of Kawartha Lakes]], a single-tier municipality.
*'''[[Welland County, Ontario|Welland County]]''' (1851–1970) merged with Lincoln County to form [[Niagara Regional Municipality, Ontario|Niagara Regional Municipality]]
*'''[[Waterloo County, Ontario|Waterloo County]]''' (1853–1973) became [[Waterloo Regional Municipality, Ontario|Waterloo Regional Municipality]] in 1973
*'''[[Wentworth County, Ontario|Wentworth County]]''' (1816–1970) became [[Hamilton-Wentworth Regional Municipality, Ontario|Hamilton-Wentworth Regional Municipality]], now the [[Hamilton, Ontario|City of Hamilton]], a single-tier municipality.
*'''[[York County, Ontario|York County]]''' (1792–1971) saw [[Metropolitan Toronto]] (now the [[Toronto|City of Toronto]]) separate from it in 1953, and the remainder became [[York Regional Municipality, Ontario|York Regional Municipality]] in 1971

Various counties throughout Ontario were joined administratively in the 19th century. While many of these still exist today and have become relatively permanent, some have since been dissolved. For example, the former '''[[United Counties of Huron and Perth, Ontario|United Counties of Huron and Perth]]''' existed for only a few years in the 19th century. The '''[[United Counties of Northumberland and Durham, Ontario|United Counties of Northumberland and Durham]]''', on the other hand, merged eight years after each one was created, and continued for 174 years up until the dissolution of Durham County on January 1, 1974.

==Special cases==

Four of Ontario's [[electoral district (Canada)|electoral district]]s were also erroneously listed as counties of residence in some of Canada's first post-[[Canadian Confederation|Confederation]] censuses. These did not exist as counties in the political sense, although they may be referred to as such in some historical and genealogical works because of their appearances in census data:

*'''[[Bothwell (Canadian electoral district)|Bothwell]]''' was made up of townships from Kent and Lambton counties.
*'''[[Cardwell (federal electoral district)|Cardwell]]''' was made up of townships from Simcoe and Peel counties.
*'''[[Monck (electoral district)|Monck]]''' was made up of townships from Lincoln, Haldimand, and Welland Counties.
*'''[[Niagara (federal electoral district)|Niagara]]''' was made up of townships from Lincoln County.

The '''[[Regional Municipality of Sudbury, Ontario|Regional Municipality of Sudbury]]''' can also be considered 'historic', as it later became the [[Greater Sudbury|City of Greater Sudbury]] — however, its origins are not in county government, but as a part of the still-extant [[Sudbury District, Ontario|Sudbury District]].

The unincorporated '''[[Patricia District, Ontario|Patricia District]]''', comprising the portion of [[Northwestern Ontario]] which was transferred to Ontario from the [[Northwest Territories]] in 1912, existed until 1937 when it was merged into [[Kenora District, Ontario|Kenora District]].

==See also==
* [[List of Ontario census divisions]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.archives.gov.on.ca/english/on-line-exhibits/maps/ontario-circa-1951.aspx Maps of historic counties] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121115081904/http://www.archives.gov.on.ca/english/on-line-exhibits/maps/ontario-circa-1951.aspx |date=2012-11-15 }}

{{Subdivisions of Ontario}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Historic Counties Of Ontario}}
[[Category:Former counties in Ontario|*]]
[[Category:Historical regions in Canada]]

Mayaro County

2025-08-25T12:44:06Z

2A02:8012:227B:0:61D0:68C2:A43D:5FEC: Removed Category:Former counties as Category:Counties of Trinidad and Tobago is a subcategory of the same

{{short description|County on Trinidad island}}
[[File:Trinidad and tobago.gif|thumb|Map showing old counties of Trinidad]]
'''Mayaro''' is the name of a [[Counties of Trinidad and Tobago|county]] on southeastern [[Trinidad]] island, in [[Trinidad and Tobago]].
[[File:Ferry crossing, Mayaro River c. 1959.jpg|thumb|Old car ferry across river, Mayaro, [[Trinidad]] c. 1959]]

==History==
The "Mayaro District" was the first area of settlement on the east coast. Many estates were granted to [[France|French]] planters who settled [[Trinidad]] in the late 18th century. No roads crossed the island and the area was only accessible by steamer until the late 19th century.

==Geography==
The name Mayaro is applied to several villages along the coast. The [[county]] of Mayaro occupies a large area of southeastern Trinidad, but the name is usually only applied to the coastal strip. County Mayaro is divided into two [[Ward (country subdivision)|ward]]s: Trinity and [[Guayaguayare]].

Along this strip a number of villages exist to which the name Mayaro is generally applied. From north to south these are: Kernaham/Cascadou, [[Ortoire (village)|Ortoire]], St. Joseph, Beau Sejour, Plaisance, Pierreville, Beaumont, St. Ann's, Radix, Ste. Marguerite, Lagon Doux, Grand Lagoon and Lagon Palmiste. Beyond that are several small villages and then the town of Guayaguayare.

Mayaro falls under the jurisdiction of the [[Rio Claro–Mayaro Regional Corporation]]. Until 1990 it was administered together with the neighbouring county of [[Nariva]] by the Nariva–Mayaro County Council.

==Economy==
Mayaro is also associated with oil production - most of Trinidad's [[oil]] and [[natural gas]] production comes from offshore oil fields to the east of Mayaro. The major producer is [[BP]] Trinidad & Tobago (bpTT), together with [[BHP]]. Onshore oil production is under the control of [[Petrotrin]], although a considerable area has been farmed out to small independent oil producers.

== Politics ==
Mayaro is covered by the [[Mayaro (parliamentary constituency)|Mayaro parliamentary constituency]] for elections to the [[House of Representatives of Trinidad and Tobago|House of Representatives]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Constituencies for 2025 Parliamentary Elections {{!}} Elections And Boundaries Commission |url=https://ebctt.com/constituencies-for-2025-parliamentary-elections/ |access-date=2025-04-06 |website=ebctt.com}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Mayaro Bay]]
* [[Ortoire River]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
* [[Michael Anthony (author)|Anthony, Michael]]. 2002. [https://web.archive.org/web/20050322091855/http://www.nalis.gov.tt/Places/Mayaro.htm Where's Mayaro?] ''[[Trinidad and Tobago Express|Sunday Express]]'', 14 July 2002.

==External links==
* [http://www.mayaro.com Mayaro.com: Mayaro Community Blog]
* [http://www.mayarobeach.com Mayarobeach.com: photos of Mayaro Beach]

{{Local Government in Trinidad and Tobago}}
{{coord|10|12|N|61|00|W |region:TT_type:city |display=title}}

[[Category:Counties of Trinidad and Tobago]]
[[Category:Trinidad (island)]]

Caroni County

2025-08-25T12:43:43Z

2A02:8012:227B:0:61D0:68C2:A43D:5FEC: Removed Category:Former counties as Category:Counties of Trinidad and Tobago is a subcategory of the same

{{About|the historic county of Caroni, not to be confused with the village within this historic county called Caroni Village||Caroni (disambiguation){{!}}Caroni}}
[[File:Trinidad and tobago.gif|thumb|Map showing old counties of Trinidad]]
'''Caroni County''' was a [[Counties of Trinidad and Tobago|historic county of Trinidad and Tobago]]. It occupies {{convert|557|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} in the west central part of the island of [[Trinidad]], the larger island in the Republic of [[Trinidad and Tobago]]. It lies south and southwest of [[Saint George County]], west of [[Nariva County]] and north of [[Victoria County, Trinidad and Tobago|Victoria County]]. To the west it is bounded by the [[Gulf of Paria]]. County Caroni includes the towns of [[Chaguanas]], the largest town (by population) in the country and [[Couva]], the capital of the Couva–Tabaquite–Talparo region. Administratively it is divided between the Borough of Chaguanas, the Region of Couva–Tabaquite–Talparo and the Region of Tunapuna–Piarco. The county was divided into four Wards: Chaguanas, Couva, Cunupia and [[Montserrat, Trinidad and Tobago|Montserrat]]. The major towns of County Caroni are Chaguanas and Couva. The [[port]] and industrial zone of [[Point Lisas]] is located in Caroni, and the region is also a site for agriculture.

Caroni County, which takes its name from the [[Caroni River (Trinidad)|Caroni River]], stretches from the hills of the [[Central Range, Trinidad|Central Range]] into the lowlands of the [[Caroni Plains]] and the [[Caroni Swamp]]. It is heavily associated with [[sugar cane]] and the "sugar belt", but it actually accounts for no more than one third of the sugar belt. The now-defunct state-owned sugar company, Caroni (1975) Ltd, took its name from the county.

Caroni is often used symbolically to represent the [[Indo-Trinidadian]] heartland and the power base of the [[United National Congress]].

There are two waterfalls located in the [[Central Range, Trinidad and Tobago|Central Range]] in Caroni County, Brasso Venado Falls in Brasso Venado and Carmelita Falls in Gran Couva. These are the only two waterfalls in Central Trinidad.

Prior to 1990 local government was administered by the Caroni County Council.

After 1990 areas formerly administered by the Caroni County Council were divided into the regions of Couva, Tabaquite–Talparo, Tunapuna, Piarco and the [[Borough of Chaguanas]]. In 1992, Couva and Tabaquite–Talparo merged to form [[Couva–Tabaquite–Talparo]] and Tunapuna and Piarco merged to form [[Tunapuna–Piarco]].

==References==
*{{cite book | author=Anthony, Michael | author-link=Michael Anthony (author) | title=Historical Dictionary of Trinidad and Tobago | publisher=Scarecrow Press, Inc. Lanham, Md., and London | year=2001 |isbn=0-8108-3173-2}}

{{Local Government in Trinidad and Tobago}}

{{coord missing|Trinidad and Tobago}}

{{-}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Caroni, Trinidad And Tobago}}
[[Category:Counties of Trinidad and Tobago]]
[[Category:Trinidad (island)]]

Norfolk County, Massachusetts Colony

2025-08-25T12:40:28Z

2A02:8012:227B:0:61D0:68C2:A43D:5FEC: Removed Category:Former counties of the United States as already in Category:Former counties of Massachusetts

{{confuse|Norfolk County, Massachusetts}}

{{one source|date=February 2010}}

[[File:MA Norfolk (old) Co towns map.png|thumb|375px|Norfolk County in Massachusetts and New Hampshire (created in 1643 part of Massachusetts Bay Colony) had six towns shown in red and black. This is overlaid on a map of present-day MA and NH town borders in white.]]'''Norfolk County, Massachusetts Colony''' was one of the original four counties created in the [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]]. The land was originally granted as separate from Massachusetts, but boundary disputes among the settlers led to their petitioning to join the colonial government to the south. The county was created by the [[Massachusetts General Court]] on May 10, 1643, when it was ordered "that the whole [[Massachusetts Bay Colony|plantation]] within this jurisdiction be divided into four [[Shire|sheires]]".

Norfolk County contained the settlements of [[Salisbury, Massachusetts|Salisbury]], [[Hampton, New Hampshire|Hampton]], [[Haverhill, Massachusetts|Haverhill]], [[Exeter, New Hampshire|Exeter]], [[Dover, New Hampshire|Dover]], and [[Portsmouth, New Hampshire|Portsmouth]].<ref>Davis, William T. ''Bench and Bar of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts'', p. 44. The Boston History Company, 1895.</ref> It effectively encompassed all settlements from the [[Merrimack River]], north to the [[Piscataqua River]], and extending inland about a dozen miles. In 1680, the [[Province of New Hampshire]] was formally separated from Massachusetts, with Norfolk County forming the core. Massachusetts retained the northern bank of Merrimack River and the towns of Salisbury and Haverhill were added to [[Essex County, Massachusetts|Essex County]]. Hampton, Exeter, Dover, and Portsmouth were governed at two levels, town and province/colony, until 1769, when New Hampshire was itself divided into counties, so that Norfolk ceased to exist.

The former Norfolk County is often referred to as "Old Norfolk County."

Four volumes of records of the Old Norfolk County exist and are at the [[Essex County, Massachusetts|Essex County]] Registry of Deeds in [[Salem, Massachusetts|Salem]]. They have been electronically imaged into JPG image files but are not yet online. These four record books were also abstracted by [[Sidney Perley]] in ''The Essex Antiquarian''. This magazine (published 1897 to 1911) has also been electronically imaged and some volumes are available at [[Google Books]].

A new, unrelated county was established as [[Norfolk County, Massachusetts]] from most of the southern portion of [[Suffolk County, Massachusetts|Suffolk County]] in 1793.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite journal |author= Sidney Perley |year=1897|title= The Essex Antiquarian: An Illustrated ... Magazine Devoted to the Biography, Genealogy, History and Antiquities of Essex County, Massachusetts|journal=Essex Antiquarian |volume=1 |pages=18, 11–15, 19–24(article), 81 Article |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wg4XAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA19 |access-date=22 October 2012}}
*{{cite journal |author= Sidney Perley |year=1897|title= The Essex Antiquarian: An Illustrated ... Magazine Devoted to the Biography, Genealogy, History and Antiquities of Essex County, Massachusetts|journal=Essex Antiquarian |volume=2 |pages=18, 11–15, 47–49 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wg4XAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA19 |access-date=22 October 2012}}

{{Coord|43|00|00|N|71|00|00|W|display=title}}

[[Category:Former counties of Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Essex County, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Pre-statehood history of Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Pre-statehood history of New Hampshire]]

Devonshire County, District of Maine, Massachusetts Bay Colony

2025-08-25T12:39:30Z

2A02:8012:227B:0:61D0:68C2:A43D:5FEC: Removed Category:Former counties of the United States as already in Category:Former counties of Massachusetts

'''Devonshire County, Massachusetts''' was a short-lived county formed in 1674 during colonial territorial disputes between the [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] and the [[Province of New York]]. The county existed from 1674 to 1675, and encompassed land claimed by Massachusetts between the [[Kennebec River]] and [[Penobscot Bay]] in what is now [[Maine]]. This overlapped the New York claim, which extended from the Kennebec to the [[Saint Croix River (Maine – New Brunswick)|Saint Croix River]] (Maine's present easternmost boundary). Settlements in the territory were attacked during [[King Philip's War]] (1675-1676) and the area was abandoned until the 18th century. It was incorporated into the [[Province of Massachusetts Bay]] in 1692, which initially governed it as part of [[York County, Massachusetts|York County]]. The area is now divided into a number of [[List of counties in Maine|Maine counties]].

==References==
{{reflist}}
*Williamson, [https://books.google.com/books?id=670rAAAAYAAJ&q=Devonshire&pg=PA164 ''History of Maine'']

{{Coord|44|06|14.3|N|69|23|10.8|W|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Devonshire County, District Of Maine, Massachusetts Bay Colony}}
[[Category:Pre-statehood history of Maine]]
[[Category:History of the Thirteen Colonies]]
[[Category:Former counties of Massachusetts]]

{{Massachusetts-geo-stub}}
{{US-hist-stub}}

Philippine Scouts

2025-08-25T11:06:00Z

2A02:8012:227B:0:61D0:68C2:A43D:5FEC:

{{about|the military unit|the youth movement|Boy Scouts of the Philippines}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Philippine English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name=Philippine Scouts
|image=[[File:12th Infantry Division SSI.svg|225px]]
|caption=Philippine Scouts [[shoulder sleeve insignia]] from 1921–1947 was the head of the [[carabao]] ([[water buffalo]]) which symbolized the Philippines. The colors red and gold represented the islands' Spanish colonial roots.
|dates=1901–1948
|country={{plainlist|
* {{flagu|United States|1912}}
* {{flag|Philippines|1936}}}}
|allegiance={{plainlist|
* {{flagu|United States|1912}} {{small|(1901–1946)}}
* {{flagdeco|Philippines|1919}} [[Insular Government (Philippines)|Insular Government]] {{small|(1901–1935)}}
* {{flag|Commonwealth of the Philippines}} {{small|(1935–1946)}}
* {{flag|Republic of the Philippines|1936}} {{small|(1946–1948)}}}}
|branch={{plainlist|
* {{Dodseal|War}} [[United States Army]]
* [[Philippine Division (United States)|Philippine Division]]
* [[24th Field Artillery Regiment (United States)|24th Field Artillery Regiment]]
* [[25th Field Artillery Regiment (United States)|25th Field Artillery Regiment]]
* [[26th Cavalry Regiment (PS)]]
* [[31st Infantry Regiment (United States)|31st Infantry Regiment]]
* [[43d Infantry Regiment (PS)]]
* [[44th Infantry Regiment (United States)|44th Infantry Regiment]]
* [[45th Infantry Regiment (PS)]]
* [[57th Infantry Regiment (PS)]]
* [[91st Coast Artillery (United States)|91st Coast Artillery]]
* [[92nd Coast Artillery (United States)|92nd Coast Artillery Regiment]]}}
|type=
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|garrison=
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|motto=
|colors=Red and Gold
|colors_label=
|march=
|mascot= [[Carabao]]
|equipment=
|equipment_label=
|battles={{plainlist|
* [[Philippine–American War]]
* [[Moro Rebellion]]
* [[Palawan|Palawan Uprising]]
* [[World War II]]}}
|anniversaries=
|decorations=
|battle_honours=
|disbanded=

|commander1=
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[[File:FortMcKinley.jpg|thumb|220px|Philippine Scouts at [[Fort William McKinley]] firing a [[37 mm Gun M3|37mm]] anti-tank gun in training.]]

The '''Philippine Scouts''' ({{langx|fil|Maghahanap ng Pilipinas/Hukbong Maghahanap ng Pilipinas}}) was a military organization of the [[United States Army]] from 1901 until after the end of [[World War II]]. These troops were generally [[Filipinos]] and [[Filipino-Americans]] assigned to the [[United States Army]] [[Philippine Department]], under the command of American [[commissioned officer]]s (though a handful of Filipino Americans received commissions from the [[United States Military Academy]]). Philippine Scout units were given the suffix "'''(PS)'''", to distinguish them from other U.S. Army units.

The first Scout companies were organized by the U.S. in 1901 to combat the [[Philippine Revolutionary Army]] led at that time by General [[Emilio Aguinaldo]]. In 1919–1920, the PS companies were grouped into regiments as part of the [[United States Army]] and redesignated the [[43d Infantry Regiment (PS)|43d]], [[44th Infantry Regiment (United States)|44th]], [[45th Infantry Regiment (PS)|45th]], and [[57th Infantry Regiment (PS)|57th Infantry Regiments]], plus the [[24th Field Artillery Regiment (United States)|24th]] and [[25th Field Artillery Regiment (United States)|25th Field Artillery Regiments]], the [[26th Cavalry Regiment (PS)]] and the [[91st Coast Artillery (United States)|91st]] and [[92nd Coast Artillery (United States)|92nd Coast Artillery Regiments]]. Service and support formations were also organized as engineer, medical, quartermaster and military police units. The infantry and field artillery regiments were grouped together with the [[31st Infantry Regiment (United States)|U.S. 31st Infantry Regiment]] to form the U.S. Army's [[Philippine Division (United States)|Philippine Division]]. At this point, the Scouts became the U.S. Army's front line troops in the Pacific.

The Philippine Department assigned the Scouts to subdue the [[Moro people|Moro tribes]] on the island of Mindanao (see [[Moro rebellion]]), and to establish tranquility throughout the islands. In the 1930s, Philippine Scouts, along with the [[31st Infantry Regiment (United States)|31st Infantry Regiment]], saw action at [[Palawan|Jolo, Palawan]].

Philippine Scout regiments became the first United States Army units to be in combat during World War II, until the surrender of [[USAFFE]] in May 1942. Even after that some individual soldiers and units refused to surrender and became beginning elements of the [[Japanese occupation of the Philippines#Resistance|resistance to the Japanese occupation]]. Later paroled [[POWs]] would also join the resistance.

==Macabebe Scouts==
{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name=Macabebe Scouts
|image=
|caption=
|dates=1899–1901
|country={{flag|United States|1896}} {{small|(1899–1901)}}
|allegiance={{flag|United States of America|1899}}
* {{flagdeco|United States|1896}} [[United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands|Military Government]] {{small|(1899–1901)}}
|branch={{army|United States}} (1899–1901)
|type= [[Militia]], [[Irregular military|Irregulars]]
|role= [[military intelligence|intelligence]], [[reconnaissance]]
|size= 1,402 personnel in December 1900<ref name=dum>{{cite web |last=Dumindin |first=Arnaldo |title=Philippine-American War, 1899–1902 |url=http://www.filipinoamericanwar.com/thewarrages1899.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160628081842/http://www.filipinoamericanwar.com/thewarrages1899.htm|archive-date=June 28, 2016|access-date=May 30, 2018}}</ref>
|command_structure=
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|garrison_label=
|nickname=
|patron=
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|battles=[[Philippine–American War]] [[Moro rebellion]]
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|decorations=
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|disbanded=

|commander1=
|commander1_label=
|commander2=
|commander2_label=
|commander3=
|commander3_label=
|notable_commanders=General [[Henry Lawton]] 
General [[Frederick Funston]] 
Lieutenant [[Matthew A. Batson]]

|identification_symbol=
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}}
[[File:1902waterboarding.jpg|thumb|A newspaper depiction from 1902 of [[Water cure (torture)|water curing]] by Macabebe Scouts against fellow Filipinos.]]
[[File:FvfMacabebe9913 28.JPG|thumb|left|125px|Macabebe Scouts monument-memorial ([[Macabebe, Pampanga]]: On April 23, 1901, the Macabebe scouts helped capture Aguinaldo in [[Palanan, Isabela]]).]]

Native guides and a small number of former [[Spanish Army]] [[militia]] members from [[Macabebe]] that joined U.S. forces commanded by General [[Henry Lawton]] and, after authorization by General [[Elwell Otis]], initially two, and later five companies of Macabebe Scouts were formed on September 10, 1899<ref name=ore>{{cite news |last=Orejas |first=Tonette |title=They were fierce, loyal soldiers |newspaper=[[The Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |date=June 10, 2014 |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/610251/they-were-fierce-loyal-soldiers |access-date=May 30, 2018}}</ref> under Lieutenant [[Matthew A. Batson]].<ref name=Coffman1977p68p72>{{harvnb|Coffman|1977|pp=68, 72}}.</ref> The Macabebes proved themselves reliable over the next two months, and Batson formed five companies of 128 men each; all veterans of service in the militia. In retaliation, Aguinaldo's forces under the command of Col. [[Agapito Bonzon]] burned the town of Macabebe and massacred 300 of its residents on June 26, 1898.<ref name=ore /> Batson's Macabebe companies saw combat against Aguinaldo's forces beginning in October 1899, after which they were reorganized into "The Squadron of Philippine Cavalry, U.S. Volunteers" on June 1, 1900<ref name=dum /> and enlisted as [[Irregular military|irregulars]]. The Macabebes won lasting notability in the operation under General [[Frederick Funston]] to capture General Aguinaldo.{{sfn|García|Rodríguez|2001|pp=94-95}}

[[File:Philippine Scouts 1905.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Formation of Philippine Scouts in 1905.]]
[[File:Scouts2jf.JPG|thumb|right|125px|The marker ([[Macabebe, Pampanga]] downtown).]]

The Army Reorganization Act of 1901 authorized the formation of scout units of Philippine origin within the U.S. Army.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2liGLyKRW6QC|title=Military Laws of the United States|author=United States|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|year=1901|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=2liGLyKRW6QC&pg=PA1064 1064]}}</ref> On the Army's recommendation, U.S. President [[Theodore Roosevelt]] authorized the formation of a unified native Scouts organization. The Army activated this Native Scouts force in October 1901 by integrating 50 local companies into a single force of 5,000 men.{{sfn|García|Rodríguez|2001|pp=97–98}} Over the next ten years, the Scouts won accolades from their American commanders which contributed to their survival as a unit.{{sfn|García|Rodríguez|2001|p=99}}

==Philippine Scouts and U.S. Army Forces in the Far East (USAFFE)==
On July 26, 1941, in preparation for the coming war, President Roosevelt called [[General Douglas MacArthur]] back to active duty and put him in charge of a new military organization: The United States Army Forces in the Far East ([[USAFFE]]). MacArthur took command of all military forces in the Philippines except the U.S. Navy's [[Asiatic Fleet]]. The [[Philippine Division (United States)|Philippine Division]], [[Philippine Department]] and all other Philippine Scout units were included in USAFFE, as was the U.S. Army's [[United States Far East Air Force|Far East Air Force]] (FEAF). At the time of USAFFE's formation, the unit consisted of 22,532 troops, of which 11,972 were Philippine Scouts.

Of the 22,532 troops, 10,473 were members of the Philippine Division, itself containing 2,552 Americans and 7,921 Filipinos. All of the division's enlisted men, with the exception of the [[31st Infantry Regiment (United States)|31st Infantry Regiment]] and some of the [[Military Police Corps (United States)|military police]] and headquarters troops, were Philippine Scouts.

==Filipino Officers within the Philippine Division, July 1941==
In 1910, the U.S. Army began sending one outstanding Filipino soldier per year to West Point. Among these cadets were [[Vicente Lim]] (USMA, Class of 1914),<ref name=Braden1707>{{harvnb|Braden|1920|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=SSHcAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22Vicente%20Lim%22&pg=PA1707 1707]}}.</ref> [[Fidel V. Segundo]] (1917),<ref name=Braden1939>{{harvnb|Braden|1920|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=SSHcAAAAMAAJ&dq=Segundo+Ventura&pg=PA1939 1939]}}.</ref> Eustaquio S. Baclig (1918),<ref name=WPBB>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HCk-DQAAQBAJ |title=West Point, Bataan, and Beyond |first=Nick |last=Guevara |date=September 15, 2016 |page=138 |publisher=Lulu Press, Inc. |isbn=978-1365280542}}</ref> Pastor Martelino (1920),<ref name=Braden2146>{{harvnb|Braden|1920|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=SSHcAAAAMAAJ&dq=Pastor+Martelino&pg=PA2146 2146]}}.</ref> and at least eight others.<ref name=WPBB/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.westpointaog.org/file/history/International-Graduates.pdf |title=International Graduates |author= |publisher=West Point Association of Graduates |access-date=May 15, 2018 |archive-date=May 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180512181611/https://www.westpointaog.org/file/history/International-Graduates.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> However, the first Filipino officer with the Philippine Scouts, Esteban Boadilla Dalao, had been commissioned in 1912 and rose to the rank of Colonel.<ref name="Filipinos buried in Arlington">{{cite web |title=Names D-L |url=https://filipinos-buried-arlington.tripod.com/id2.html |website=filipinos-buried-arlington.tripod.com |access-date=June 20, 2021}}</ref><ref name="Corregidor.org - Philippine Scouts">{{cite web |title=91st COASTAL ARTILLERY (PHILIPPINE SCOUTS) |url=https://corregidor.org/chs_munson/91st.htm |website=corregidor.org |access-date=June 23, 2021}}</ref> By 1941 some of these men had risen to the rank of senior officers, and some transferred to the Philippine Army when the [[Philippine Commonwealth]] began to build up its own forces in 1937. In July 1941, there were fifteen Filipino Scout officers within the [[Philippine Department|Philippine Division]]. Two were in the Headquarters, two were amongst the Special Troops, three in the [[45th Infantry Regiment (PS)]], one in the [[57th Infantry Regiment (PS)]], five in the [[24th Field Artillery Regiment (PS)]], one in the [[12th Quartermaster Regiment (PS)]], and one in the [[14th Engineer Regiment (PS)]].

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Strength of the Philippine Division, July 31, 1941<ref>{{Citation|title=The Fall of the Philippines|chapter=Chapter II. U.S. Army Forces, Far East|chapter-url=http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_2.htm|author=Louis Morton|editor=Kent Roberts Greenfield|publisher=[[United States Army Center of Military History]]|year=1953|access-date=December 7, 2009|archive-date=February 17, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217093142/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_2.htm|url-status=dead}}.</ref>
|-
! rowspan=2 | Unit
! rowspan=2 | Total
! rowspan=2 | Officers
! colspan=3 | Enlisted
|-
! Total
! American
! Filipino
|-
| All Units || 10,473 || 516{{ref label|scoutmanning|a|a}} || 9,957 || 2,036 || 7,921
|-
| Hq and Hq Co || 181 || 30 || 151 || 4 || 147
|-
| Special Troops || 5 || 5 || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| 31st Infantry || 2,100 || 114 || 1,986 || 1,986 || 0
|-
| 45th Infantry || 2,265 || 117 || 2,148 || 1 || 2,147
|-
| 57th Infantry || 2,279 || 118 || 2,161 || 0 || 2,161
|-
| 23rd FA Regt || 401 || 10 || 391 || 0 || 804
|-
| 24th FA Regt || 843 || 39 || 804 || 0 || 804
|-
| 12th MP Co || 136 || 5 || 131 || 5 || 86
|-
|12th QM Regt || 592 || 18 || 574 || 0 || 574
|-
| 12th Ord Co || 142 || 3 || 139 || 0 || 139
|-
| 12th Sig regt || 227 || 10 || 217 || 0 || 217
|-
|4th Vet Co || 11 || 1 || 10 || 0 || 10
|}
:{{small|{{note label|scoutmanning|a|a}}Includes 15 Philippine Scout officers: 2 Hq, 2 Sp Trs, 3 45th Inf, 1 57th Inf, 5 24th FA Regt, 1 12th QM Regt, and 1 14th Engr.}}
:{{small|Source: Phil Dept, Machine Rcds Unit Station Strength and Misc., Officers and Enlisted Men, Jul 41.}}

==World War II==
[[File:26th Cavalry PI Scouts moving into Pozorrubio.jpg|thumb|220px|26th Cavalry moving into Pozorrubio pass a [[M3 Stuart|General Stuart light tank, M3]] in 1942.]]

On December 7, 1941, (December 8, 1941, local time in Asia), Imperial Japanese forces attacked the U.S. Navy's [[United States Pacific Fleet|Pacific Fleet]] at Pearl Harbor, bombed the U.S. Army's [[Far East Air Force (United States)|Far East Air Force]] at [[Clark Field]] in the Philippines, attacked [[British Hong Kong]], and landed troops on the shores of [[British Malaya]], simultaneously. Over the next three months the Japanese Army marched through [[Southeast Asia]], and by March 1942 the Japanese had completely overrun every country and island in the western Pacific — except the Philippines.

On the [[Bataan Peninsula]] of [[Luzon Island]], the Philippine Scouts, a few U.S. Army National Guard units, and ten divisions of poorly equipped, almost untrained [[Philippine Army]] soldiers held out against the Japanese. Survivors of the [[Battle of Bataan]], to a man, describe the Philippine Scouts as the backbone of the American defense there. President Franklin Roosevelt awarded the U.S. Army's first three [[Medal of Honor|Medals of Honor]] of World War II to Philippine Scouts: to Sergeant [[Jose Calugas]] for action at Culis, Bataan on January 6, 1942, to Lieutenant [[Alexander R. Nininger]] for action near Abucay, Bataan on January 12, and to Lieutenant [[Willibald C. Bianchi]] for action near Bagac, Bataan on February 3, 1942.

With the U.S. Navy at [[Pearl Harbor]] in shambles, and the Japanese Navy blockading the Philippines, there was no way to send adequate amounts of food, medicine, ammunition or reinforcements to Bataan. Early in the campaign, in January 1942, General MacArthur ordered that his forces be fed one-half daily rations because the USAFFE food-stocks on Bataan were insufficient for the planned six-month siege. Such a diet did not provide enough calories for men working and fighting in the tropical heat of the Philippines' Dry Season. Nonetheless, the Scouts and the other soldiers held out for more than four months without adequate food or medicine, while malaria, dysentery and malnutrition ravaged their ranks, and Japanese attacks drove them further down the [[Bataan Peninsula]]. In the midst of the [[Battle of Bataan]], on March 11, 1942, U.S. President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] ordered General [[Douglas MacArthur]] spirited out of the Philippines by PT boat and airplane.

==Prisoners of war==
The [[Battle of Bataan]] ended on April 9, 1942, when [[Edward P. King|Major General Edward P. King, Jr.]], surrendered rather than see any more of his starving, diseased men slaughtered by the advancing enemy. At that point 70,000 men became [[Prisoner of war|prisoners of war]]: about 16,000 Americans and 54,000 Filipinos. Japanese soldiers marched the emaciated Scouts, American soldiers, and Philippine Army men sixty-five miles up the Bataan Peninsula's East Road on the notorious "March of Death", the [[Bataan Death March]]. During the March, Japanese guards shot or bayoneted between 7,000 and 10,000 men who fell, attempted to escape, or just stopped to quench their thirst at roadside spigots or puddles. They also beat and sometimes killed Filipino civilians who attempted to give food and water to the POWs, and at times flashed the "V" for "Victory" hand-gesture to the defeated soldiers along the length of the Death March. The March ended at the railroad head in San Fernando, Pampanga province. There the POWs were forced into overcrowded "40 and 10" railroad cars, which only had enough room for them to sit down in shifts on the final leg of the trip to Capas, Tarlac province. At Capas they were herded into Camp O'Donnell, a former Philippine Army training camp, which was to be their prison camp.

At [[Camp O'Donnell]] the Japanese crammed all 60,000 survivors into a Philippine Army camp designed to accommodate 10,000 men. There, the Japanese commander greeted each new group of arrivals with the discouraging "Goddamn you to Hell" speech in his native language, and assured the men that they were "captives," not Prisoners of war, and would be treated as such. There was little running water, sparse food, no medical care, and only slit trenches for sanitation. The heat was intolerable, flies rose out of the latrines and covered the prisoner's food, and malaria, dysentery, beriberi and a host of other diseases swept through the crowds of men. They began to die at the rate of four hundred per day.

From September through December 1942, the Japanese gradually paroled the surviving Philippine Scouts and other Filipino soldiers to their families and to the mayors of their hometowns. But by the time Camp O'Donnell closed in January 1943, after eight months of operation, 26,000 of the 50,000 Filipino [[Prisoner of war|prisoners of war]] had died there.

The Japanese transferred the American prisoners to [[Cabanatuan]], Nueva Ecija province, where conditions were only marginally better. But as U.S. forces pulled closer to the Philippines in 1944, they [[Hell ship|evacuated]] the healthiest American prisoners to [[Japan]] and [[Manchuria]], for use as slave laborers. Thousands of men were crammed into the dark holds of cargo ships so tightly that they could not sit or lay down. Again, food and water were scarce, sanitary facilities were non-existent, and the heat in the closed holds of the ships was unbearable. Men suffocated to death standing up. The Japanese ships were unmarked and some of them were torpedoed by American submarines. More of the men died of malnutrition and exposure in the work camps. By the time Japan surrendered and the U.S. and Filipino Army liberated the Bataan prisoners of war, two-thirds of the American prisoners had died in Japanese custody.

==Liberation and the "New" Scouts==
During the Japanese occupation of the Philippines an extensive Filipino [[Philippine resistance against Japan|guerrilla]] movement sprang up. In some cases the guerrilla units were led by escaped American officers (e.g., [[Wendell Fertig]]) and often included "paroled" Philippine Scout and Philippine Commonwealth Army soldiers, along with civilian members of the Philippine underground. As MacArthur's forces, supported by the guerrillas, liberated the [[Philippine Islands]], the surviving Philippine Scouts stepped forward and rejoined the U.S. Army. The Filipino guerrillas joined them, and the U.S. Army set up new Philippine Scout units, reconstituting the old Philippine Division as the [[Philippine Division (United States)|12th Infantry Division]]. Subordinate units included the [[43rd Infantry Regiment (PS)|43rd]], [[44th Infantry Regiment (PS)|44th]] and [[45th Infantry Regiment (PS)|45th Infantry Regiments]] (PS); [[23rd Field Artillery (PS)|23rd]], [[24th Field Artillery (PS)|24th]] and [[88th Field Artillery (PS)|88th Field Artillery]] (PS) Battalions; [[56th Engineer Battalion (PS)]] and the [[57th Infantry Regiment (PS)]]. The "New Scouts" actively participated in combat against the Japanese Army in north [[Luzon]], served as [[military police]] to restore order and help locate pockets of escaped Japanese in the south, and served as occupation forces on [[Okinawa Prefecture|Okinawa]]. As planning for the invasion of Japan progressed, the Philippine Scouts were included in the invasion forces, and were selected to become part of the occupying force once Japan was defeated.

After Japan surrendered in August 1945, the United States granted the Republic of the Philippines full independence on July 4, 1946. At that point the ethnically Filipino Philippine Scouts held a unique status in U.S. military history: they were soldiers in the regular U.S. Army, but now they were citizens of a foreign country. To solve this dilemma, the United States offered the Filipinos in the Philippine Scouts full [[U.S. citizenship]]. Many of the surviving Scouts, perhaps around 1,000, accepted, and the Army transferred them to other units to finish their military careers.

With the consent of the Philippine government, Congress approved the maintenance of 50,000 Philippine Scouts. Under Major General Hibbs, Philippine Division as the 12th Infantry Division (PS) was reconstituted. Unlike its previous organization enlisted personnel of the division were exclusively Philippine Scouts. The War Department also proposed organizing a second Philippine Scout division, the [[14th Infantry Division (United States)|14th]], but never did so.<ref>{{cite book|author=Alexander M. Bielakowski Ph.D.|title=Ethnic and Racial Minorities in the U.S. Military: An Encyclopedia [2 volumes]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w_Mqj6UuRgQC&pg=PT157|date=January 11, 2013|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-428-3|pages=157–}}</ref> In the end [[Harry S. Truman|President Truman]] disbanded the Philippine Scouts as an official element of the United States Army, and all of their unit colors were retired in 1947,<ref>{{cite book |title=MANEUVER AND FIREPOWER |last=Wilson |first=John B. |author2=Jeffrey J. Clarke |year=1998 |publisher=[[Center of Military History]], [[United States Army]] |location=Washington D.C. |page=212 |url=http://www.history.army.mil/catalog/pubs/60/60-14.html|chapter=Chapter VIII: An Interlude of Peace|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027171421/http://www.history.army.mil/books/Lineage/M-F/chapter8.htm |chapter-url=http://www.history.army.mil/books/Lineage/M-F/chapter8.htm |access-date=November 15, 2014|archive-date=October 27, 2012 }}</ref> and finally disbanded in December 1948.<ref>{{cite book |title=World War 2 Pacific island guide |last=Rottman |first=Godron L. |year=2002 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |location=Westport, Connecticut |isbn=978-0-313-31395-0 |page=318 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ChyilRml0hcC&q=guerrilla%20Philippine%20liberation%20fighting%20Japanese&pg=PA318 |access-date=May 7, 2011}}</ref>

==Legacy==
Many of the former Philippine Scouts went on to serve the new Philippine Army, as well as the United States Army in military careers of twenty and more years, campaigning in the [[Korean War]], the build-up to the planned invasion of Cuba during the October 1962 Missile Crisis, the [[Vietnam War]], and the Cold War. Children of the Scouts (known as "Army Soup" in pre-World War II Fort William McKinley days) sometimes carried on their fathers' military traditions and also became U.S. Army soldiers and Marines. Two Philippine Scout children even earned the stars of U.S. Army generals: Lt. General [[Edward Soriano]] and Major General [[Antonio M. Taguba]]. A third, Brig. General [[Oscar Hilman]], a native of Washington state and an armor officer who had started out as an enlisted man, earned his star in a long career in the Army National Guard.

Unlike other non-citizen veterans, veterans of the Philippine Division and other Filipinos who fought as part of the [[USAFFE]] were never granted citizenship. Since 1993, various bills have been introduced to the [[United States Congress]] under the name [[Filipino Veterans Fairness Act]] to rectify this. However, this was a complicated matter as after the liberation of the Philippines members of the Philippine Scouts were offered enlistments and in some applicable cases commissions in the U.S. Army and subsequent citizenship. Large numbers of "old" Philippine Scouts (those enlisting before or during World War II) took advantage of this. However, most "new" Philippine Scouts (those recruited following the war, mostly for occupation duty on Okinawa and elsewhere) were not offered citizenship. Language similar to the aforementioned proposed legislation was inserted by the Senate into the [[American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009]]<ref>{{cite news |first=Rick|last=Maze |title=Senate puts Filipino vet pensions in stimulus |url=http://www.armytimes.com/news/2009/01/military_filipinoscouts_stimulus_012909w/ |format=News article |work=Army Times |date=January 29, 2008|access-date=January 30, 2009 |quote=Buried inside the Senate bill, which includes tax cuts and new spending initiatives intended to create jobs in the U.S., the Filipino payment was inserted at the urging of Sen. Daniel Inouye, D-Hawaii, the new chairman of the Senate Appropriations Committee and a longtime supporter of monthly pensions for World War II Filipino veterans.}}</ref> which was signed into law. This provided a one-time payment to those veterans who are recognized as being soldiers or recognized guerrilla members by the United States or their surviving spouse. Even this, however, falls far short of the benefits available to similar veterans of other units.

In 2012, a [[documentary film]] named ''Forgotten Soldiers'' was produced by Donald A. Pata, with the help of Associate Instructor Chris Schaefer of the [[University of Utah]], and narrated by [[Lou Diamond Phillips]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Forgotten Soldiers: A Film Recognizing the Bravery and Courage of WWII's Philippine Scouts |author=Malou Liwanag-Bledsoe |url=http://www.asianjournal.com/aj-magazine/something-filipino/17559-forgotten-soldiers-a-film-recognizing-the-bravery-and-courage-of-wwiis-philippine-scouts.html |newspaper=Asian Journal |date=October 3, 2012 |access-date=May 5, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128075437/http://asianjournal.com/aj-magazine/something-filipino/17559-forgotten-soldiers-a-film-recognizing-the-bravery-and-courage-of-wwiis-philippine-scouts.html |archive-date=January 28, 2013 }}</ref> The film received awards from the City of [[Los Angeles]], the [[California Senate]], [[County of Los Angeles]], and at the [[Beloit International Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite news |title=City of LA recognizes Donald Plata for 'Forgotten' Soldiers |url=http://www.asianjournal.com/community/community-news/17827-city-of-la-recognizes-donald-plata-for-forgotten-soldiers-.html |newspaper=Asian Journal |date=October 19, 2012 |access-date=May 5, 2013 }}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

==Notable Philippine Scouts==
* [[Vicente Barros]] – Major, U.S. Army, the only Filipino officer among the ranks of Americans during the formation of the [[Philippine National Guard]] in 1917.<ref>{{cite news |title=THE CORNERSTONE OF PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE: A Narrative Of Seven Years |author=Francis Burton Harrison |url=http://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/AFJ2343.0001.001/192 |pages=166 |publisher=Kessinger Publishing, LLC |date=September 10, 2010 |access-date=April 17, 2014}} {{cite book|author=Francis Burton Harrison|title=The Corner-stone of Philippine Independence|url=https://archive.org/details/cornerstonephil00harrgoog|year=1922|publisher=Century Company|page=[https://archive.org/details/cornerstonephil00harrgoog/page/n196 166]}}</ref> Became advisor to the Philippine Commonwealth militia, the National Volunteers of the Philippines in 1935.<ref>{{cite news |title=THE PHILIPPINE ARMY, 1935-1942 |author=Ricardo Trota Jose |year=1992 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kGocnp15GQ8C&q=barros&pg=PA13 |pages=21 |publisher=Ateneo de Manila University Press (1992) |isbn=9789715500814 |access-date=April 17, 2014}}</ref>
* [[Vicente Lim]] - Brigadier General, first Filipino graduate of the [[United States Military Academy]]
* [[Mateo M. Capinpin]] - Brigadier General, Commanding General of the [[21st Division (Philippines)|21st Division]] of the [[Philippine Army]] at the [[Battle of Bataan]].
* [[Willibald C. Bianchi]] – [[First Lieutenant#United States|First Lieutenant]], [[United States Army|U.S. Army]]. [[Medal of Honor]] recipient, 45th Infantry Regiment
* [[Jose Calugas]] – [[Captain (United States O-3)|Captain]], U.S. Army. Medal of Honor recipient, 88th Field Artillery Regiment
* [[Philip T. Fry]] - Commanded C Battalion, 57th Infantry during initial Japanese attack at Abucay. Received the Silver Star for this action and the Bronze Star as a POW after the Bataan Death March.
* [[Eddie Garcia]] – Sergeant, 116th Military Police Company. Actor, previously a Philippine Scout in Okinawa.<ref>{{cite news |last=Layug |first=Margaret Claire |date=June 22, 2019 |title=Eddie Garcia honored by Philippine Army in memorial service |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/showbiz/chikaminute/698592/eddie-garcia-honored-by-philippine-army-in-memorial-service/story/ |work=GMA News |location=Philippines |access-date=July 3, 2019 }}</ref>
* [[Louis C. Mosher]] – First Lieutenant, U.S. Army. Medal of Honor recipient
* [[Alexander R. Nininger]] – [[Second Lieutenant#United States|Second Lieutenant]], U.S. Army. First Medal of Honor recipient in World War II, 57th Infantry Regiment
* [[José B. Nísperos]] – [[Private First Class#United States|Private First Class]], U.S. Army. First Asian Medal of Honor recipient, 34th Company
* [[Juan Pajota]] – Captain, U.S. Army, 45th Infantry Regiment
* [[Edwin Ramsey]] – First Lieutenant, U.S. Army. Led last horse cavalry charge in U.S. military history, 26th Cavalry Regiment
* [[Benigno G. Tabora]] – [[Sergeant major#United States Army|Sergeant Major]], U.S. Army. [[Purple Heart]] recipient
* [[Miguel White]] – Lieutenant, [[Philippine Commonwealth Army|Philippine Army]]. Olympian, previously a Philippine Scout.<ref>{{cite book|author=Mariano Villarin|title=We Remember Bataan and Corregidor: The Story of the American & Filipino Defenders of Bataan and Corregidor and Their Captivity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wj4gAAAAMAAJ|year=1990|publisher=Gateway Press|isbn=978-0-9626127-0-1|page=53}}</ref>
* [[Teofilo Yldefonso]] – Sergeant, U.S. Army. Olympian, [[57th Infantry Regiment (United States)|57th Infantry Regiment]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Viloria |first=Barry |date= September 8, 2016 |title=What makes the first Filipino Olympics medalist a 'hero' |url=https://sports.abs-cbn.com/sportslifestyle/news/2016/09/08/what-makes-first-filipino-olympics-medalist-hero-15317 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920012058/http://sports.abs-cbn.com/sportslifestyle/news/2016/09/08/what-makes-first-filipino-olympics-medalist-hero-15317 |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 20, 2016 |work=ABS-CBN |location=Philippines |access-date=May 8, 2018}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Alamo Scouts]]
* [[Apache Scouts]]
* [[Eskimo Scouts]]
* [[Military history of Asian Americans]]
* [[Military History of the Philippines]]
* [[Military History of the United States]]
* [[Navajo Scouts]]
* [[Philippine Scout Mutiny]]
* [[United States Army Indian Scouts]]

==Bibliography and references==


===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Braden|first=Charles|editor=Wirt Robinson|title=Biographical register of the officers and graduates of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, N.Y.: from its establishment, in 1802, to 1890, with the early history of the United States Military Academy |year=1920 |publisher=Houghton, Mifflin |location=University of Michigan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SSHcAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{cite journal|last=Coffman|first=Edward M.|title=Batson of the Philippine Scouts|year=1977|volume=VII|issue=3|journal=Journal of the U.S. Army War College}}
* {{cite book |last1=García |first1=Florentino Rodao |last2=Rodríguez |first2=Felice Noelle |title=The Philippine Revolution of 1896: Ordinary Lives in Extraordinary Times |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |location=Honolulu, HI |date=2001 |isbn=978-971-550-386-0 |oclc=53224282 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MnNxAAAAMAAJ |access-date=January 29, 2025}}
* {{cite book|last=Knox|first=Donald |title=Death March: The Survivors of Bataan|url=https://archive.org/details/deathmarchsurviv00knox|url-access=registration|year=1981|publisher=Harcourt Brace Jovanovich|isbn=978-0-15-124094-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Linn|first=Brian McAllister |author-link=Brian McAllister Linn|title=Guardians of Empire: The U.S. Army and the Pacific, 1902–1940|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zEOtgqPEkgwC|year=1999|publisher=UNC Press Books|isbn=978-0-8078-4815-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Morton|title=The Fall of the Philippines|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1AJgPwAACAAJ|year=2004|publisher=University Press of the Pacific|isbn=978-1-4102-1696-0}}
* {{cite book|author=Philippine Scouts Heritage Society|title=The Philippine Scouts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Def9NwAACAAJ|year=1996|publisher=The Society}}
* {{cite book|last=Olson|first=John E. |title=O'Donnell, Andersonville of the Pacific|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XaOEAAAAIAAJ|year=1985|publisher=J.E. Olson|isbn=9780964443211 }}
* {{cite book|author=United States War Dept|title=Annual Reports of the Secretary of War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QjhKQgAACAAJ|year=2009|publisher=Books LLC|isbn=978-1-4588-1628-3}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Philippine Scouts}}
* [http://www.philippine-scouts.org/ Philippine Scouts Heritage Society]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110624063024/http://www.army.mil/asianpacificsoldiers/history/phillipineScouts.html Philippine Scouts on United States Army website]

[[Category:History of the Philippines (1898–1946)]]
[[Category:Military history of the Philippines]]
[[Category:20th-century military history of the United States]]
[[Category:United States military in the Philippines]]
[[Category:Military units and formations of the United States in the Philippine–American War]]
[[Category:Military history of the Philippines during World War II]]
[[Category:United States Army in World War II]]
[[Category:Filipino-American history]]
[[Category:American military personnel of Filipino descent]]