Vero - Wikipedia - User contributions [en]

Kataeb Party

2025-11-03T22:35:23Z

2A02:8012:227B:0:698F:E30D:BFD1:CB08:

{{Short description|Lebanese Christian democratic political party}}
{{Redirect2|Phalangism|Phalangist|the general, originally Spanish, term|Falangism}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox political party
| name = Kataeb Party – Lebanese Social Democratic Party
| native_name = حزب الكتائب اللبنانية – الحزب الديمقراطي الاجتماعي اللبناني
| colorcode = {{party color|Kataeb Party}}
| logo = Kataeb Party logo.svg
| logo_size = 100
| leader1_title = President
| leader1_name = [[Samy Gemayel]]
| leader2_title = Founder
| leader2_name = [[Pierre Gemayel]]
| secretary_general = Serge Dagher<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dagher Appointed as Kataeb Secretary-General |url=https://en.kataeb.org/articles/dagher-appointed-as-kataeb-secretary-general- |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=kataeb.org |language=en}}</ref>
| foundation = {{Start date|1936|11|5|df=y}}
| headquarters = [[Saifi Village|Saifi, Beirut]]
| ideology = {{nowrap|[[Lebanese nationalism]]<ref name="Newsweek">{{cite news|last=Daoud|first=David|date=12 January 2017|url=https://www.newsweek.com/hezbollahs-latest-conquest-lebanons-cabinet-541487|title=Hezbollah's Latest Conquest: Lebanon's Cabinet|work=[[Newsweek]]}}</ref> [[Christian democracy]] [[Social conservatism]] [[Maronite politics]] '''Historical:''' [[Falangism]] [[Anti-communism]]}} [[Christian nationalism]]<ref name="meforum">{{cite journal|last=Gambill|first=Gary C.|author2=Bassam Endrawos|title=The Assassination of Elie Hobeika|journal=Middle East Intelligence Bulletin|date=January 2002|volume=4|issue=1|url=http://www.meforum.org/meib/articles/0201_l1.htm|access-date=15 June 2012|archive-date=27 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627081648/http://www.meforum.org/meib/articles/0201_l1.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Phoenicianism]]
| european = [[European People's Party]] (regional partner)
| international = [[Christian Democrat International]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Parties |url=https://idc-cdi.com/parties/ |website=IDC-CDI |access-date=26 August 2024}}</ref> [[International Democracy Union]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idu.org/members/|title=Members | International Democracy Union|date=1 February 2018}}</ref>
| position = [[Centre-right]]<ref name="Newsweek" /> '''Historical:''' [[Right-wing politics|Right-wing]] to [[Far-right politics|far-right]]
| religion = Mostly [[Christianity in Lebanon|Christianity]] (officially secular)
| slogan = "God. Homeland. Family."
| colours = {{Color box|#228B22|border=silver}} Green {{color box|#FFFFFF|border=silver}} White {{Color box|#7B3F00|border=silver}} Brown (customary)
| native_name_lang = ar
| national = [[Tripartite Alliance (Lebanon)|Helf Alliance]] (1968–1969) [[Lebanese Front]] (1976–1986) [[March 14 Alliance]] (2005–2016) Lebanese Opposition (2016–2025)<ref name="opposition"/>
| blank1_title = Military wing
| blank1 = [[Kataeb Regulatory Forces]] (1961–1980) [[Lebanese Forces (militia)|Lebanese Forces]] (1980–1985)
| seats1_title = [[Parliament of Lebanon]]
| seats1 = {{Composition bar|4|128|hex={{party color|Kataeb Party}}}}
| seats2_title = [[Council of Ministers of Lebanon|Cabinet of Lebanon]]
| seats2 = {{Composition bar|1|24|hex={{party color|Kataeb Party}}}}
| flag = [[File:Flag of Kataeb Party.svg|150px|border]]
| website = {{Official URL}}
| country = Lebanon
| abbreviation = Kataeb
}}
{{Maronite Politics sidebar}}

The '''Kataeb Party''' ({{lit|Battalions Party}}), officially the '''Kataeb Party – Lebanese Social Democratic Party''' ({{langx|ar|حزب الكتائب اللبنانية – الحزب الديمقراطي الاجتماعي اللبناني}} ''{{transliteration|ar|Ḥizb al-Katā'ib al-Lubnānīya}}''),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lebanesekataeb.com/|title=Lebanese Kataeb Party – حزب الكتائب اللبنانية|website=Kataeb Party}}</ref> also known as the '''Phalangist Party''', is a [[Lebanese nationalism|Lebanese nationalist]] political party in Lebanon.

Founded by [[Pierre Gemayel]] in 1936, the party and its [[paramilitary]] wings played a major role in the [[Lebanese Civil War]] (1975–1990), opposing [[Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon]] as well as [[Wartime collaboration|collaborating]] with [[Israel]]. The Phalangists were responsible for the [[Black Saturday (Lebanon)|Black Saturday massacre]], the [[Tel al-Zaatar massacre]], [[Ehden massacre]], and the [[Karantina massacre]]. In 1982, Pierre's youngest son [[Bachir Gemayel|Bachir]], the leader of the party's [[Lebanese Forces (Christian militia)|militia]], was elected [[President of Lebanon|President]], but was [[Assassination of Bachir Gemayel|assassinated]] before he could take office. This led to Phalangist militiamen committing the infamous [[Sabra and Shatilla massacre|Sabra and Shatila massacre]] during the [[1982 Lebanon War|1982 war]], with support from the [[IDF]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=al-Hout |first=Bayan Nuwayhed |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt18fs4j6 |title=Sabra and Shatila: September 1982 |date=2004 |publisher=Pluto Press |isbn=978-0-7453-2302-2 |doi=10.2307/j.ctt18fs4j6 |jstor=j.ctt18fs4j6}}</ref>

[[Bachir Gemayel|Bachir]] was succeeded by his older brother [[Amine Gemayel|Amine]], who led the party through much of the war. In decline in the late 1980s and 1990s during the [[Syrian occupation of Lebanon]], the party slowly re-emerged in the early 2000s and is currently part of the Lebanese opposition. The party currently holds 4 out of the 128 seats in the [[Parliament of Lebanon|Lebanese Parliament]].

==Names==
The Lebanese Phalanges Party is also known as ''{{lang|fr|Phalanges Libanaises}}'' in [[French language|French]] and either ''Kataeb'' ({{lang|ar|الكتائب اللبنانية}} ''{{transliteration|ar|al-Katā'ib al-Lubnāniyya}}'') or ''Phalangist Party'' ({{lang|ar|حزب الكتائب اللبنانية}} ''{{transliteration|ar|Ḥizb al-Katā'ib al-Lubnāniyya}}'') in [[Arabic]]. ''Kataeb'' is the [[plural]] of ''Katiba'' which is a translation into Arabic of the Greek word [[Phalanx formation|phalanx]] ("[[battalion]]") which is also the origin of the Spanish term ''[[Falangism|Falange]]''. In 2021, the party changed its official name to "The Kataeb Party – Lebanese Social Democratic Party" ({{langx|ar|حزب الكتائب اللبنانيّة – الحزب الديمقراطي الاجتماعي اللبناني}}, ''Hiẓb al-Katā'ib al-Lubnāniyya – Hiẓb al-dīmūqrāṭī al-ijtimāʿī al-lubnānī'').<ref>{{cite news|title=بالصورة- تعديل اسم حزب "الكتائب"|url=https://www.imlebanon.org/2021/03/26/kataeb-party-change-name|work=[[IMLebanon]]|date=26 March 2021|access-date=27 March 2021}}</ref>

==Origins==
The Kataeb party was established on November 5, 1936<ref>{{Cite web|date=|title=History of the Lebanese Kataeb Party|url=https://www.lebanesekataeb.com/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8|access-date=January 17, 2022|website=حزب الكتائب اللبنانية (Lebanese Kataeb Party)}}</ref> as a Maronite paramilitary youth organization by [[Pierre Gemayel]] who modeled the party after the [[Nazi Party]], the Spanish [[FET y de las JONS|Falange]], and Italian [[National Fascist Party|Fascist]] parties,<ref>Lee Griffith, [https://books.google.com/books?id=4VnqkuE4c4AC The war on terrorism and the terror of God] (Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1 June 2004), p. 3, {{ISBN|0-8028-2860-4}}</ref><ref>Mark Ensalaco, [https://books.google.com/books?id=i7KIa3VuD04C Middle Eastern terrorism: from Black September to September 11] (University of Pennsylvania Press, 30 November 2007), p. 85, {{ISBN|0-8122-4046-4}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=UPI CONTEXT: The Phalange Party of Lebanon - UPI Archives |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1984/08/29/UPI-CONTEXT-The-Phalange-Party-of-Lebanon/6914462600000/ |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=UPI |language=en}}</ref> all of which he had encountered as an Olympic athlete during the [[1936 Summer Olympics]] held in [[Berlin]], then [[Nazi Germany]].<ref name=":2">Thomas Collelo, ed. Lebanon: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1987. [http://countrystudies.us/lebanon/85.htm "Phalange Party" chapter]</ref><ref>Michael Johnson, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Zydtz0dDntQC All honorable men: the social origins of war in Lebanon] (I. B. Tauris, 23 November 2002), p. 148, {{ISBN|1-86064-715-4}}</ref> The movement's uniforms originally included [[brown shirts]], and its members used the [[Fascist salute]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite news|first=Robert|last=Fisk|author-link=Robert Fisk|title=Lebanese strike a blow at US-backed government|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/fisk/robert-fisk-lebanese-strike-a-blow-at-usbacked-government-460547.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100213103037/http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/fisk/robert-fisk-lebanese-strike-a-blow-at-usbacked-government-460547.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 February 2010|work=[[The Independent]]|date=7 August 2007|access-date=10 April 2009}}</ref>

In an interview by [[Robert Fisk]], Gemayel stated about [[Nazism]] and the Berlin Olympics:

<blockquote>I was the captain of the Lebanese football team and the president of the [[Federation Libanaise de Football|Lebanese Football Federation]]. We went to the Olympic Games of 1936 in Berlin. And I saw then this discipline and order. And I said to myself: "Why can't we do the same thing in Lebanon?" So when we came back to Lebanon, we created this youth movement. When I was in Berlin then, [[Nazism]] did not have the reputation that it has now. Nazism? In every system in the world, you can find something good. But Nazism was not Nazism at all. The word came afterwards. In their system, I saw discipline. And we in the Middle East, we need discipline more than anything else.<ref name="fisk90">Fisk, R. (1990). ''Pity the Nation, the abduction of Lebanon''. New York: Nation Books. 65 p.</ref></blockquote>

Pierre founded the party along with four other young Lebanese: [[Charles Helou]], who later became a [[President of Lebanon]], [[Chafic Nassif]], Emile Yared, and [[Georges Naccache]]. Gemayel was chosen to lead the organization, in part because he was not a political figure at that time.<ref name="el-kataeb.org">{{Cite web|url=http://www.el-kataeb.org/founder.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204082357/http://www.el-kataeb.org/founder.htm|url-status=dead|title=El Kataeb – Founder|archivedate=4 December 2008}}</ref>

During the first years of the Kataeb Party, the Party was strongly opposed to having any group dominate Lebanon. They opposed the [[pan-Arabists]] who tried to take over Lebanon and also the French, whom they saw as trying to infiltrate their culture and impose themselves within Lebanon.<ref name="el-kataeb.org"/> Gemayel and the Kataeb Party advocated for an independent and sovereign Lebanon free of all foreign influence.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=http://www.kataeb.org/pages.asp?pageid%3D3 |access-date=28 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090418080904/http://www.kataeb.org/pages.asp?pageid=3 |archive-date=18 April 2009 |title=Lebanese Kataeb Official Portal }}</ref> They actively took part in the struggle against the [[French Mandate of Lebanon|French Mandate]], until Lebanese independence was proclaimed in November 1943. The party [[motto]] was "[[God in Christianity|God]], [[Nation]] and [[Family]]."

In the 1950s, the Phalanges, deliberately emphasized French [[personalism|personalist]] thinking in their ideological framework, particularly influenced by the works of French Christian Existentialist philosopher [[Emmanuel Mounier]] (1905–1950). Mounier's ideas, which gained prominence among Catholic students in France during the 1930s, were integral in shaping the party's philosophical underpinnings. In the Kataeb's first party program, presented at their inaugural congress in 1956, the party clearly reflected Mounier's personalist principles, which advocated for a society of citizens rather than mere collective nationalism. This approach starkly contrasted with the ideology of the [[Syrian Social Nationalist Party]] (SSNP), which emphasized the primacy of the nation over the intrinsic value of the individual. The adoption of these ideas marked a significant shift within the party and was particularly popularized by young Phalangist intellectuals who had encountered Mounier's thought during their university studies in France.<ref>{{cite web |last=Saab |first=Édouard |title=Les partis politiques de toutes tendances foisonnent dans un pays essentiellement individualiste |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1965/05/04/les-partis-politiques-de-toutes-tendances-foisonnent-dans-un-pays-essentiellement-individualiste_2170706_1819218.html |website=Le Monde |date=May 4, 1965 |access-date=August 16, 2024}}</ref>

The influence of the Phalangists was very limited in the early years of [[Lebanon]]'s independence but came to prominence as a strong ally of the government in the [[Lebanon crisis of 1958|1958 crisis]]. In the aftermath of the crisis, Gemayel was appointed to the cabinet, and two years later, was elected to the [[National Assembly of Lebanon|National Assembly]].

In 1968, the party joined the [[Helf Alliance]] formed with the two other big mainly [[Christians|Christian]] parties in Lebanon: the [[National Liberal Party (Lebanon)|National Liberal Party]] of former President [[Camille Chamoun]], and [[Lebanese National Bloc|National Bloc]] of [[Raymond Eddé]], and won 9 seats of 99 in the 1968 parliamentary elections, making it one of the largest groupings in Lebanon's notoriously fractured political system. By the end of the decade, the party created its own [[militia]], the [[Kataeb Regulatory Forces]] (KRF) and soon clashes began with the rising [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] militant guerrillas.

By the 1970s, the party had become a political giant in Lebanon, with an estimated membership of 60,000 to 70,000. The vast majority (85%) of members were [[Maronite Christianity in Lebanon|Maronites]], but some were members of minority Christian communities, [[Shia Islam in Lebanon|Shiites]], [[Druze in Lebanon|Druze]], and [[Lebanese Jews|Jews]].<ref name="Husseini">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vYiiAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA42|title=Pax Syriana: Elite Politics in Postwar Lebanon|author=Rola L. Husseini|publisher=Syracuse University Press|year=2012|page=42|isbn=9780815651949}}</ref>

==Kataeb Regulatory Forces==
{{Main|Kataeb Regulatory Forces}}

The Phalange party's militia was not only the largest and best organized political paramilitary force in [[Lebanon]] but also the oldest. It was founded in 1937 as the "Militants' organization" by the President of the Party [[Pierre Gemayel]] and [[William Hawi]], a [[Lebanese-American]] glass industrialist, who led them during the [[1958 Lebanon crisis|1958 civil war]]. Fighting alongside the pro-government forces, the Phalangists defended the [[Metn]] region.<ref>Gordon, ''The Gemayels'' (1988), p. 36.</ref><ref name=":03">Tony Badran, ''Lebanon's Militia Wars'' in ''Lebanon: Liberation, Conflict, and Crisis'' (2009), p. 38.</ref>

Disbanded in January 1961 by order of the Kataeb Party's Political Bureau, Hawi created in their place the Kataeb Regulatory Forces. In order to coordinate the activities of all Phalange paramilitary forces, the Political Bureau set up the Kataeb War Council ([[Arabic]]: ''Majliss al-Harbi'') in 1970, with William Hawi being appointed as head.<ref name=":03"/> The seat of the Council was allocated at the Kataeb Party's Headquarters at the heart of [[Ashrafieh]] quarter in [[East Beirut]] and a quiet expansion of KRF units followed suit, complemented by the development of a training infrastructure.<ref name=":03"/>

Two company-sized [[Special Forces]] units, the "1st Commando" and the "2nd Commando" were created in 1963, soon followed by the "Pierre Gemayel" squad (later a company) and a VIP protection squad.<ref name=":03"/> To this was added in 1973 another commando platoon ([[Arabic]]: ''Maghaweer'') and a "Combat School" was secretly opened at Tabrieh, near [[Bsharri]] in the [[Keserwan District]]. Another special unit, the "Bashir Gemayel brigade" – named after Pierre Gemayel's youngest son, Bashir – was formed in 1964, absorbing the old "PG" company in the process.<ref name=":03"/><ref>Saghieh, ''Ta'rib al-Kata'eb al-Lubnaniyya: al-Hizb, al-sulta, al-khawf'' (1991), p. 163.</ref>

Considered by many analysts as the best organized of all militia "[[fiefdom|fiefs]]" in the whole of Lebanon under the leadership of "chef" [[Boutros Khawand]], it was administered by a network of Phalangist-controlled business corporations headed by the GAMMA Group "brain-trust", backed by the DELTA computer company, and the SONAPORT holding. The latter had run since 1975 the legal commercial ports of Jounieh and Beirut, including the infamous clandestine "Dock Five" – "Cinquième basin" in [[French language|French]] – from which the Phalange extracted additional revenues by levying illegal taxes and carried out arms-smuggling operations.<ref>Gordon, ''The Gemayels'' (1988), pp. 58–59.</ref><ref>Menargues, ''Les Secrets de la guerre du Liban'' (2004), p. 47.</ref><ref>Traboulsi, ''Identités et solidarités croisées dans les conflits du Liban contemporain; Chapitre 12: L'économie politique des milices: le phénomène mafieux'' (2007), page unknown.</ref> The KRF was served by a clandestine-built airstrip, the '''[[Pierre Gemayel International Airport]]''', opened in 1976 at [[Hamat]], north of Batroun,<ref>Fisk, ''Pity the Nation'' (2001), p. 179.</ref> and had its own radio station '''"The Voice of Lebanon"''' ([[Arabic]]: ''Iza'at Sawt Loubnan'') or '''"[[Voix du Liban|La Voix du Liban]]" (VDL)''' in [[French language|French]] set up in 1976.

In July–August of that same year, the Phalangists headed alongside its allies, the [[Army of Free Lebanon]], [[Al-Tanzim]], NLP [[Tigers Militia (Lebanon)|Tigers Militia]], [[Guardians of the Cedars]] (GoC), the [[Tyous Team of Commandos]] (TTC) and the [[Lebanese Youth Movement]] (LYM) in the sieges – and subsequent massacres – of [[Karantina Massacre|Karantina]], al-Masklah and [[Tel al-Zaatar Massacre]]s<ref>{{cite web |url=http://forum.tayyar.org/f8/facts-ag-tal-el-za3tar-28096/index2.html |title=The Facts: AG and Tal el Za3tar - Page 2 - the Orange Room - forum.tayyar.org |website=forum.tayyar.org |access-date=6 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727163158/http://forum.tayyar.org/f8/facts-ag-tal-el-za3tar-28096/index2.html |archive-date=27 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> at the Muslim-populated slum districts and adjacent [[Palestinian refugee camps]] of East Beirut, and at the town of [[Dbayeh]] in the [[Metn]].

During the [[Lebanese Civil War#First phase (1975–1977)|1975–76 phase of the Lebanese Civil War]], the Kataeb Regulatory Forces' own mobilization and street action skills allowed the Kataeb to become the primary and most fearsome fighting force in the Christian-conservative camp.<ref name="Abraham, 1996 p. 195">Abraham, ''The Lebanon war'' (1996), p. 195.</ref>

At Beirut and elsewhere, Phalange militia sections were heavily committed in several battles against [[Lebanese National Movement]] (LNM) leftist militias and suffered considerable casualties, notably at the [[Battle of the Hotels]] in October 1975<ref>Jureidini, McLaurin, and Price, ''Military operations in selected Lebanese built-up areas'' (1979), p. 6.</ref><ref>O'Ballance, ''Civil War in Lebanon'' (1998), p. 29.</ref> where they fought the [[al-Murabitoun]] and the Nasserite Correctionist Movement (NCM), and later at the 'Spring Offensive' held against [[Mount Lebanon]] in March 1976.

==Main events==
===1936–1943===
In 1943, the Kataeb played an instrumental role in attaining Lebanon's first independence from the [[Greater Lebanon|French mandate]]. During this period, Kataeb led many social struggles to consolidate national cohesion and promote individual liberties and social welfare.<ref name="el-kataeb.org" />{{Fact or opinion|date=March 2024}} The Kataeb elaborated the first Lebanese "labour charter" in 1937. It was a pioneering initiative as it called for a minimum wage, a limitation of working hours, and paid leaves. The Kataeb was one of the first Lebanese parties to have a solid avant-garde economic program and organized social activism throughout Lebanon.<ref name=":1" />

1941 saw the creation of the first women section in a Lebanese Party. It called openly for stopping any kind of discrimination towards women. Since 1939, the Party has issued ''[[Al Amal (Lebanon)|Al Amal]]'', a leading bilingual political publication.<ref>{{cite book |author=Muhammad I. Ayish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=veftcUFbyGMC&pg=PA110 |title=The New Arab Public Sphere |publisher=Frank & Timme GmbH |year=2008 |isbn=978-3-86596-168-6 |location=Berlin |page=110}}</ref><ref name="Entelis1974">{{cite book |author=John Pierre Entelis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_bAfAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA62 |title=Pluralism and Party Transformation in Lebanon: Al-Kataʼib, 1936-1970 |publisher=BRILL |year=1974 |isbn=978-90-04-03911-7 |location=Leiden |page=62}}</ref>

===1943–1958===
{{unreferenced section|date=February 2025}}
The Kataeb Party entered the political and parliamentary scene during the late 1940s after a period in which it refrained from entering the political arena to focus mainly on the promotion of the youth and on social issues, away from the trivialities of post-mandate politics.

Kataeb struggled to preserve Lebanon's independence facing the growing appetite of its neighbors.{{Editorializing|date=March 2024}} The Party expanded considerably its presence throughout the territory and attracted thousands of new members, undoubtedly forming one of the largest parties in the Middle East. Kataeb adopted a modern organization which made its fame and became its trademark.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}} In 1958 the Kataeb was the key actor in confronting the coup influenced by pan-Arabists led by Gamal Abdel Nasser, President of the ephemeral United Arab Republic (Egypt, Syria, and Yemen), and succeeded in maintaining Lebanon's independence and liberal identity.<ref name="el-kataeb.org" />{{Failed verification|date=March 2024}}

===1958–1969===
{{unreferenced section|date=February 2025}}
After having succeeded in preserving the Lebanese formula, Kataeb Party ranks grew considerably and reached 70,000 members, out of a total population of 2.2 million.<ref name="el-kataeb.org" />{{Failed verification|date=March 2024}} The Party achieved many electoral successes and became the main Christian component of successive governments. During the ministerial mandates held by its members, it made elementary education mandatory, and improved the public school infrastructure. On a social level, the Kataeb Party introduced "labor laws" and contributed decisively to social security law. The party played a key role in promoting modern institutions that are still today the pillars of the Lebanese administrative system, including the Civil Service Council, the Central Inspection Board, and many others.<ref name="el-kataeb.org" />{{Failed verification|date=March 2024}}

[[Pierre Gemayel]], leader of the party and minister of public works, gave Lebanon a large part of its modern infrastructure by completing 440 development projects during his term.<ref name="el-kataeb.org" />{{Failed verification|date=March 2024}} Lebanon was at its peak and became a first-tier destination for world tourism. But what was labeled as the "Switzerland of the Middle East" was a shaky construction, with the influx of Palestinian refugees after 1949 setting the stage for an ominous future.<ref name="el-kataeb.org" />{{Failed verification|date=March 2024}}

=== 1970–1982 ===
[[File:Celebrating the anniversary of the Kataeb in 1971 (William Hawi and Pierre Gemayel).jpg|thumb|294x294px|[[Pierre Gemayel]] and [[William Hawi]] celebrating the anniversary of the Kataeb in 1971.]]

In the early 1970s, Christian leaders in Lebanon feared that the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] (PLO) was increasingly operating in Lebanon as a [[state within a state]]. While it is contested whether the Palestinian presence was a cause of the [[Lebanese Civil War]], Lebanon's political balance had been fragile since 1958 and political tensions were already running high among the Lebanese.<ref>Eugene Rogan. ''The Arabs: A History.'' New York: Basic Books, 2011. pp. 380–381.</ref>

The [[Lebanese Civil War]] erupted in 1975 following the Ain ar-Rummaneh [[1975 Beirut bus massacre|Bus Massacre]], which was carried out by Phalangist militants and regarded as the starting point of the Lebanese civil war.<ref name="Khalaf, Samir 2002">Khalaf, Samir (2002): Civil and Uncivil Violence in Lebanon: A History of the Internationalization of Human Contact; New York: Columbia University Press; p. 228f</ref> Following this development, and coupled with the disintegration of the state institutions and the army, the country became an open battlefield. Many foreign states were directly and militarily involved in the Lebanese conflict, especially Syria, which, under the banner of Arab solidarity, tried to impose its authority upon the country, and Israel, which invaded Lebanon [[1978 South Lebanon conflict|in 1978]]. The Kataeb Party, along with other political parties, formed the [[Lebanese Forces]] and battled to preserve Lebanon and its independence and integrity.<ref>[[Itamar Rabinovich]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=Af-tDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 The war for Lebanon, 1970–1985] (Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London 1989 (revised edition)), p.60, {{ISBN|978-0-8014-9313-3}}</ref> During the war, the Phalangists were responsible for several massacres, including the [[Tel al-Zaatar massacre]], the [[Black Saturday (Lebanon)|Black Saturday massacre]], the [[Karantina massacre]], and the [[Sabra and Shatila massacre|Sabra and Shatilla massacre.]]<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=O'Ballance |first=Edgar |title=Civil war in Lebanon, 1975-92 |date=1998 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=978-0-312-21593-4 |location=New York, N.Y}}</ref><ref name=":4" />

The Kataeb Party succeeded in getting two of its leaders elected to the presidency. President-elect [[Bachir Gemayel]], son of Pierre Gemayel and leader of the Lebanese Forces, was assassinated in 1982 when an explosion rocked the Party's headquarters in the Achrafieh area of Beirut. The architect of the blast was a member of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party. In the aftermath of the assassination, Amin Gemayel, the eldest son of Pierre Gemayel, was elected President of the Lebanese Republic. The Kataeb Party was heavily supported by Israel throughout the Civil War and, with the support of the IDF, committed the [[Sabra and Shatila massacre|Sabra and Shatilla massacre]] in 1982, during which Phalangist members murdered hundreds of Palestinian civilians and destroyed much of the Sabra and Shatilla refugee camp.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

The 1982 Israeli Judicial inquiry into the [[Sabra and Shatila massacre]] estimated that when fully mobilized, the Phalange had 5,000 fighters, of whom 2,000 were full-time.<ref name=":3">[[Yitzhak Kahan|Kahan, Yitzhak]], [[Aharon Barak|Barak, Aharon]], [[Yona Efrat|Efrat, Yona]] (1983) ''The Commission of Inquiry into events at the refugee camps in Beirut 1983 FINAL REPORT (Authorized translation)'' p. 108 has "This report was signed on 7 February 1982." p7</ref> From the start of [[1982 Lebanon War|the invasion]], Israeli Chief of Staff [[Rafael Eitan]] told the Phalange not to engage in any fighting.<ref>Kahan. p. 10</ref>

===1982–1988===
Despite the turmoil caused by the civil strife in Lebanon and the raging wars that devastated the country, President Gemayel was able to accomplish many achievements during his presidential mandate.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}} One of his first achievements was to rebuild the State's institutions and to reorganize and resupply the Army in preparation for the struggle to recover sovereignty and provide security for Lebanon.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}} The same efforts to liberate the country{{Editorializing|date=March 2024}} culminated in the Agreement on Security Arrangements of 17 May 1983, which was somewhat an affirmation of the Armistice Agreement of 1949 with Israel even though this agreement was never concluded because of the opposition of Syria and then Israel.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}

Amin Gemayel called for and chaired national dialogue conferences in Geneva and Lausanne and succeeded in creating a national accord and the formation of a fully representative government.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}} He rebuilt the [[Lebanese University]] and laid its modern foundation, introduced many economic reforms, and started to rebuild Beirut's central district.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}} The war was still raging and Lebanon's neighbors, mainly Syria and Israel, expanded their influence in Lebanon. On the other hand, the Kataeb Party suffered a great loss with the death of its founder, Cheikh Pierre Gemayel in 1984.

The [[Sabra and Shatila massacre]] was the slaughter of between 762 and 3,500 civilians, almost all Palestinians, by a Lebanese Christian militia in the Sabra and Shatila Palestinian refugee camps in Beirut, Lebanon from approximately 6:00 pm 16 September to 8:00 am 18 September 1982. The massacre was presented as retaliation for the assassination of the newly elected Lebanese president Bachir Gemayel, the leader of the Lebanese Kataeb Party. The Phalangist militia was led by the intelligence chief [[Elie Hobeika]]. Many of the victims were tortured before they were killed. Women were raped and some victims were skinned alive. Others had limbs chopped off with axes.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = LIT Verlag Münster| isbn = 978-3-643-80082-4| last1 = Austenfeld| first1 = Thomas| last2 = Daphinoff| first2 = Dimiter| last3 = Herlth| first3 = Jens| title = Terrorism and Narrative Practice| date = 2011 |pages=227–228}}</ref>

===1989–2000===
In 1990, the Lebanese War came to a close when Syrian forces maintained their grip over the entire country leading to fifteen years of occupation during which President Amin Gemayel was exiled to France and the Kataeb Party fell under Syrian influence. Organized institutions that could endanger Syrian rule in Lebanon were systematically muzzled. Christian parties paid the highest price for their resistance to Syrian hegemony and their leaders were either eliminated, exiled, or imprisoned. Kataeb's spirit was still strong between its members and sympathizers. This started to be visible in the late 1990s when Kataeb students participated actively in the student and intellectual resistance that started to be heard.

On September 15, 1992, at 9:15 AM, [[Boutros Khawand]] was heading to Kataeb headquarters in Beirut when his car, a red Opel, was intercepted by two BMW cars and one red van, 100m away from his home. Between eight and ten gunmen were in the attacking squad, they pulled him out of his car and forced him into the van.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/16/world/official-of-christian-party-is-kidnapped-in-east-beirut.html|title=Official of Christian Party Is Kidnapped in East Beirut|work=The New York Times |date=16 September 1992 }}</ref>

===2000–2010===
[[File:Protester at Pierre Amine Gemayel's funeral.jpg|thumb|252x252px|Protesters at Pierre Amine Gemayel's funeral]]
The revival of Lebanon and the Party: [[Amine Gemayel|Amin Gemayel]] returned to Lebanon in June 2000 and was welcomed by large crowds that filled the streets and squares of [[Bikfaya]]. Pierre Amin Gemayel was elected MP for Metn district, signalling the rebirth of the Kataeb Party. "Kataeb opposition" was structured and began its activities within the framework of the "[[Qornet Shehwan Gathering|Kornet Shahwan Coalition]]", and then through the Bristol Gathering, which formed a platform for the joint Christian-Muslim opposition.

Eventually, all this led to the Independence Uprising in February 2005 and on 14 March 2005 more than a million Lebanese filled the streets of central Beirut to demand Syrian withdrawal and the restoration of sovereignty. The Kataeb Party extensively participated in the [[Cedar Revolution]] and MP Pierre Gemayel played a significant role in shaping this uprising which led to Lebanon's second independence.

Syrian troops effectively left Lebanon on 26 April 2005. At the same time, the Kataeb Party reunited and retrieved its historical role. Pierre Amin Gemayel played a key role in reuniting the Party in 2006. Pierre Gemayel was assassinated on 21 November 2006, and in 2007, the Party was dealt another blow when MP [[Antoine Ghanem]] was assassinated as well. During the [[2009 Lebanese general election|2009 general elections]], under the leadership of [[Amine Gemayel]], they managed to receive 5 seats in parliament.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-06-16 |title=Lebanon news – NOW Lebanon -March14 – March 8 MPs |url=http://nowlebanon.com/NewsArticleDetails.aspx?ID=97943 |access-date=2022-04-08 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090616051352/http://nowlebanon.com/NewsArticleDetails.aspx?ID=97943 |archive-date=16 June 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== 2020–present ===
In 2020, Kataeb Secretary-General [[Nazar Najarian]] was killed in the 2020 Beirut explosions on 4 August 2020, after [[2020 Beirut explosions|a series of explosions]] had occurred at the [[Port of Beirut]], sending debris across the city. He suffered head trauma and succumbed to his injuries.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Liz Sly |title=Scores dead and more than 3,000 injured as explosions rock Beirut, Health Ministry says |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/major-explosion-rocks-beirut/2020/08/04/53ff4dd6-d666-11ea-a788-2ce86ce81129_story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806220359/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/major-explosion-rocks-beirut/2020/08/04/53ff4dd6-d666-11ea-a788-2ce86ce81129_story.html |archive-date=6 August 2020 |access-date=5 August 2020 |newspaper=Washington Post |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lebanese Kataeb Party's Secretary-General Nazar Najarian killed in Beirut blast |url=https://en.armradio.am/2020/08/04/lebanese-kataeb-party-leader-nizar-najarian-killed-in-beirut-blast/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806215822/https://en.armradio.am/2020/08/04/lebanese-kataeb-party-leader-nizar-najarian-killed-in-beirut-blast/ |archive-date=6 August 2020 |access-date=5 August 2020 |work=Public Radio of Armenia |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author1=Ben Hubbard |author2=Maria Abi-Habib |date=4 August 2020 |title=Deadly Explosions Shatter Beirut, Lebanon |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/04/world/middleeast/beirut-explosion-blast.html |url-status=live |access-date=5 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804193448/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/04/world/middleeast/beirut-explosion-blast.html |archive-date=4 August 2020 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Secretary-general of Lebanese Kataeb Party Najarian dies in Beirut blast |url=https://news.am/eng/news/595206.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004143459/https://news.am/eng/news/595206.html |archive-date=4 October 2020 |access-date=5 August 2020 |website=news.am |language=en}}</ref> He was buried on 8 August 2020.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 August 2020 |title=تشييع نزار نجاريان واستقالة نواب الكتائب من المجلس (صور) |url=https://www.annahar.com/article/1252625-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%A8-%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B9-%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%87-%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9-%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808133342/https://www.annahar.com/article/1252625-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%A8-%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B9-%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%87-%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9-%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1 |archive-date=8 August 2020 |access-date=8 August 2020 |language=Arabic}}</ref>

During the [[2022 Lebanese general election|Lebanese general elections]], candidates were announced on the 20 February 2022 under the campaign slogan ''Ma minsawim'' (ما منساوم ).<ref name="لقاء الماكينة الانتخابية الكتائبية">{{Citation |title=لقاء الماكينة الانتخابية الكتائبية | date=20 February 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3aQnv8i9L1w |language=en |access-date=2022-02-22}}</ref> Kataeb leader [[Samy Gemayel]] insisted that the Kataeb party was the only one that has "faced the fact of surrendering to [[Hezbollah]]'s will, electing [[Michel Aoun]] as president and isolating [[Lebanon]] from its surroundings.<ref name="kataeb.org">{{Cite web |title=الجميّل في اللقاء العام لإطلاق الماكينة الانتخابية: ليكن تقييمكم على الأفعال في 15 أيار كي نبني بلدًا جديدًا ولنذهب بإيمان إلى الانتخابات وبمعنويات عالية وما منساوم |url=https://kataeb.org/الجميل-في-اللقاء-العام-لإطلاق-الماكينة-الانتخابية-ليكن-تقييمكم/2022/02/20/محليات/أخبار |access-date=2022-02-22 |website=Kataeb.org}}</ref> Samy Gemayel emphasized:

{{Blockquote|text=We, as the Kataeb party, have alone faced surrender to Hezbollah's will, isolating Lebanon from its surroundings, electing Michel Aoun as president, the electoral law that gave the majority to Hezbollah, and quotas and fictitious budgets such as taxes, power ships, and seaports.}}

On 2 April [[Nadim Gemayel]], a cousin of Samy, promoted his candidacy in a speech during a small event.<ref name="youtube.com">{{Citation |title=كلمة للنائب السابق نديم الجميل من أمام بيت الكتائب في منطقة الرميل | date=2 April 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D9Gl0Yt3ozs |language=en |access-date=2022-04-02}}</ref> Kataeb secured 4 seats for [[Salim Sayegh]] (3,477 votes), [[Nadim Gemayel]] (4,425 votes), [[Samy Gemayel|Sami Gemayel]] (10,466 votes), and [[Elias Hankash]] (6,148 votes). A close ally of the party, [[Jean Talouzian|Jean Talozian]], also managed to wain a seat with 4,043 votes in [[Beirut I]] with Nadim.<ref name="Here's The Full List Of How Many Seats Each Party Won In The 2022 Lebanon Elections"/>

In February 2025, Lebanese Prime Minister [[Nawaf Salam]] announced his government, which consists of 24 ministers; the Kataeb Party controls one portfolio: the Justice Ministry, headed by Adel Amin Nassar.<ref>{{cite web |title=One Day After U.S. Draws 'Red Line' Over Hizbullah Participation In Lebanese Government, Triggering Threats Against It And Its Representative, Lebanon Announces New Government That Includes Hizbullah, And U.S. Gives In And Welcomes It |url=https://www.memri.org/reports/one-day-after-us-draws-red-line-over-hizbullah-participation-lebanese-government-triggering |website=MEMRI |language=en}}</ref>

==War era and decline==
[[File:William Hawi, Chief of the Kataeb Security Council, and Pierre Gemayel.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Pierre Gemayel]] and [[William Hawi]], Chief of the [[Kataeb]] Security Council]]

Throughout the 1975 Civil War, the Phalange Party was the most important force within the Christian camp, and its militia carried out most of the fighting as part of the Lebanese Front, the mostly Christian rightist coalition.<ref name="Abraham, 1996 p. 195"/>

In April 1975, four persons, among them two men close to the Gemayel family, were killed during an attack on a church inauguration ceremony by unknown attackers in the Beirut suburb of [[Ain El Remmaneh]]. In retaliation Phalangist militias killed 28 passengers of a bus later that day, most of them Palestinian with some that were deemed to be armed and were coming back from a rally at camp [[Tel el-Zaatar]], since they suspected Palestinians to be behind the church attack. The [[Bus Massacre]] is commonly considered as the spark that set off the [[Lebanese Civil War]].<ref name="Khalaf, Samir 2002"/>

In the following days, the 8,000-strong party militia, the [[Kataeb Regulatory Forces]], together with its allies, the [[Tigers Militia (Lebanon)|Tigers militia]], [[Al-Tanzim]], [[Marada Brigade]], [[Guardians of the Cedars]], [[Lebanese Youth Movement]], [[Tyous Team of Commandos]] and other formations, was heavily engaged in street fights against the Palestinian militias and their allies in the anti-government secular [[Lebanese National Movement]].<ref>El-Kazen, ''The Breakdown of the State in Lebanon'' (2000), p. 303.</ref>

During the Lebanese Civil War, many predominantly Christian militias were formed that gained support from the north of Lebanon. These militias were staunchly right-wing, nationalist, and anti-Palestinian with a majority of their members being Maronite. The Kataeb party was the most powerful of these militias at the time of the Lebanese Civil War. The party later went on to help found the right-wing [[Lebanese Forces (militia)|Lebanese Forces militia]] in 1977 which played a large role in the Lebanese Civil War.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kataeb.org/index.asp?stay%3D1 |access-date=28 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611231436/http://www.kataeb.org/index.asp?stay=1 |archive-date=11 June 2009 |title=Lebanese Kataeb Official Portal }}</ref>

In September 1982, [[Bachir Gemayel]] was elected [[List of Presidents of Lebanon|President of Lebanon]] by the [[Parliament of Lebanon|National Assembly]]. He was assassinated less than a month later in an operation thought to have been arranged by Syrian intelligence and was succeeded by his brother, [[Amine Gemayel]]. Bachir was thought to have been radical in his approach and hinted at possible peace agreements with Israel while trying to expel all Palestinian refugees from Lebanon.<ref>[[Amine Gemayel]]</ref> In contrast, Amine was thought to have been much more moderate.

On 16 September 1982, [[Elie Hobeika]] led the massacre of between 762 and 3,500 Palestinian refugees in the [[Sabra and Shatila Massacre|Sabra and Shatila]] refugee camps, while the periphery of the camps was under the control of the [[Israeli Defense Forces]].<ref>[[William B. Quandt]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=-rmCPnSghbcC&pg=PA256 ''Peace Process: American Diplomacy and the Arab-Israeli Conflict Since 1967,''] University of California Press p.266</ref><ref>[[Yossi Alpher]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=eCxyBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA48 ''Periphery: Israel's Search for Middle East Allies,''] Rowman & Littlefield, 2015 p.48</ref><ref>[[Nathan Gonzalez]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=HypnAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA113 ''The Sunni-Shia Conflict: Understanding Sectarian Violence in the Middle East,''] Nortia Media Ltd, 2013 p. 113.</ref>

After the death of Pierre Gemayel in 1984, his successors Elie Karamé and [[Amine Gemayel]] struggled to maintain influence over the actions of the [[Lebanese Army]], which became virtually independent as Muslim recruits deserted and rebelled against the mostly Christian officer ranks. The Kataeb party began to decline, not playing a major role for the remainder of the war.<ref name=":03"/>

==Syrian occupation==
The party, lacking direction, broke down into several rival factions. [[Georges Saadeh]] took control of the Party from 1986 until his death in 1998. He took a moderate position toward the Syrian presence. Mounir Hajj became the president of the party in 1999, followed by [[Karim Pakradouni]] in 2002. Amine Gemayel left Lebanon in 1988 after his mandate had ended, mainly to avoid a clash with [[Samir Geagea]]'s [[Lebanese Forces]] and avoid more intra-Christian bloodshed. He returned in 2000 to oppose the Syrian role in Lebanon and to back his son Pierre's parliamentary election campaign, which he won.

His sons Pierre and Samy, had returned in 1997 and had been working on reorganizing the popular base of the party. His return was not welcomed by the established leadership of the party who had become government puppets. To distinguish themselves from the official leadership, Gemayel's supporters started referring to themselves as "The Kataeb Base" or "The Kataeb Reform Movement". General consensus amongst Lebanese always recognized Gemayel as the legitimate Leader of the party, not because of lineage but because of most of the popular support.<ref>Gordon, ''The Gemayels'' (1988), pp. 52–55.</ref><ref>Menargues, ''Les Secrets de la guerre du Liban'' (2004), pp. 45–46.</ref>

==Cedar Revolution==
In March 2005 after the [[Rafik Hariri]] assassination, the Kataeb took part in an anti-Syrian presence demonstration, commonly known as the [[Cedar Revolution]]. It became a member of the [[March 14 Alliance]], along with the [[Future Movement]], [[Progressive Socialist Party]], [[Lebanese Forces]] and other minor parties. The Kataeb won 4 seats in the June 2005 elections, 3 representing the Gemayel Leadership (Pierre Gemayel, Solange Gemayel, and Antoine Ghanem) and 1 representing the official leadership of the Party. They formed one parliamentary bloc after a reconciliation that took place in 2005.

This reconciliation was marketed as a gesture of goodwill from [[Pierre Amine Gemayel]] who deemed it was time to turn the page and give those who were unfaithful to the party principles a second chance. Practically, it was a way for Pakradouni and his men to leave the Party with as little humiliation as possible since the reconciliation deal stipulated the resignation of the entire political bureau after 2 years. This reconciliation saw Amine come back to the Party as Supreme President of the Party while Pakradouni stayed on as President.

[[Samy Gemayel]], Amine's second son, had formed his own political ideas and identity at the time, much closer in principle and in a manner to those of his uncle Bachir. He was very opposed to Pakradouni and his Syrian ties and thus was not a fan of this reconciliation. This drew Samy away from the party and prompted him to create a Think-Tank/Research-Center on Federalism named Loubnanouna, "Our Lebanon".

==Siniora Government==
In July 2005, the party participated in the [[Lebanese government of July 2005|Fouad Siniora Government]], with [[Pierre Amine Gemayel]] as the minister of industry. Pierre played an important role in the reorganization and development of the party. His assassination in November 2006 was a major blow to the party. Syrian intelligence and "Fateh Al Islam" have been accused of the assassination. With 14 March Alliance forces, the party supports the Lebanese government against Hezbollah.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kataeb.org/|title=الكتائب اللبنانية – آخر الأخبار المحلية والعربية والدولية|website=Kataeb.org|access-date=28 March 2018}}</ref>

In September 2007 another Kataeb MP, [[Antoine Ghanem]] was assassinated in a car bombing. Solange Gemayel remained the party's only MP since Pierre Gemayel's seat was lost to the [[Free Patriotic Movement]] of [[Michel Aoun]] in a special election in August 2007.

In 2007, [[Samy Gemayel]] and most of his Loubnanouna companions rejoined the Kataeb, prompting a renaissance in the party.

==2009 elections==
In the 2009 [[2009 Lebanese general election|parliamentary elections]] the Kataeb Party managed to win 5 seats. 1 in the Metn Caza, 1 in the Beirut-1 Caza, 1 in Zahle, 1 in the Aley Caza and another in the Tripoli Caza.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Elections 09 – Lebanon Elections 2009 |url=http://www.elections.gov.lb/Parliamentary/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100625143740/http://www.elections.gov.lb/Parliamentary/ |archive-date=2010-06-25 |access-date=2010-06-04}}</ref> The victories in Beirut-1 and Zahle as well as not allowing the opposition's list to win fully in Metn were major upsets to the General Aoun's FPM who is an ally of Iranian-backed [[Hezbollah]], although the opposition's list was not 100% complete, leaving one Maronite seat vacant by purpose for the candidate of the Gemayel family.

These victories enabled Samy Gemayel, Nadim Gemayel (son of the assassinated President [[Bachir Gemayel]]), Elie Marouni, Fady el-Haber, and Samer Saade to join the Parliament.
In the first Government of PM [[Saad Hariri]], the Kataeb were assigned the Social Affairs portfolio.

==March 14 and the breakup==
Disagreements between Kataeb and March 14 deepened in 2016 when the Lebanese Forces endorsed March 8 candidate Michel Aoun for presidency.

Kataeb left the government and, thus, the March 14 alliance in June 2016.<ref name = "opposition">{{Cite web|date=2021-12-06| title= #2022: Reorganizing and Reforming|url=https://en.kataeb.org/articles/local-2021-12-06-2022-reorganizing-and-reforming|website=en.kataeb.org|language=en}}</ref>

==The Kataeb Party today==
Since the end of Syria's occupation of Lebanon in 2005, the Kataeb Party has been attracted once again to new generations and has regained its role as one of the major political actors in Lebanon.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}} The Party has a large network in Lebanon and abroad and one cannot find a major city or town without a Kataeb presence.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}

The Party has an active parliamentary group and has MPs elected in nearly all major Christian constituencies such as Beirut, Metn, Zahlé, Aley, and the North. Kataeb Ministers have been particularly active in governments led by the 14 March coalition, namely in the Ministries of Industry, Social Affairs, and Tourism.

The Kataeb Party calls for an objective assessment of the Lebanese political system's limitations in order to guarantee the required political stability, security, and economic prosperity. The series of political crises that Lebanon witnessed since its first independence in 1943 highlighted the shortcomings of the consensual and unitary system and its inadequacy with pluralistic countries such as Lebanon.

During the 2009 parliamentary elections that saw the victory of the Party and its allies, Kataeb presented a comprehensive program under the title of "Pact of Stability". The vision of the Party revolves around the following main ideas:

* Adopting decentralization in order to be closer to the citizens and guarantee basic rights and freedoms, in order to manage constructively Lebanon's cultural pluralism and to ensure development in all parts of the Lebanese territory.
* Proclaiming the [[Neutrality (international relations)|neutrality]] of Lebanon towards all armed conflicts in the region in order to protect Lebanon from external meddling in its affairs, except for the [[Arab–Israeli conflict|Arab-Israeli conflict]].
* Safeguarding the secular State in Lebanon and completing its legal framework to guarantee the freedom of the individual and the respect of his rights and integrity.
* Ending the military status of several Lebanese and non-Lebanese groups such as [[Hezbollah]], Palestinian armed militias, and other Islamist groups, and calling for their immediate disarmament.
* Committing to all relevant UN Security Council Resolutions, primarily [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1559|1559]] (2004), [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1680|1680]] (2006), [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1701|1701]] (2006) and [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1737|1757]] (2007).
* Rejecting any form of permanent settlement of Palestinian refugees in Lebanon at the expense of their right of return.
* Reforming the Lebanese Administration and adopting modern economic policies to stimulate the economy, ensure prosperity, and therefore stop emigration.

The Party is strongly concerned about the presence of Palestinian refugees with their regional and domestic ramifications. Notwithstanding that the Kataeb has recently attempted to improve the inhumane living conditions of refugees through Parliament, it remains concerned about latent or gradual attempts to force their permanent settlement in Lebanon.

On 11 March 2018, the Kataeb Party unveiled its 131-point platform, in which they expressed some progressive values such as decriminalizing [[homosexuality]], abolishing [[capital punishment]], removing [[Censorship|censorship laws]], and adopting a 30% [[Women in government#Quotas|female quota system]] in the parliament.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kataeb.org/local/2018/03/11/kataeb-party-unveils-131-point-platform|title=Kataeb Party Unveils 131-Point Platform|website=Kataeb.org|access-date=19 May 2018}}</ref>

The secretary-general of the party, [[Nazar Najarian]], was killed in the [[2020 Port of Beirut explosions]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/lebanon-beirut-explosion-live-updates-dle-intl/index.html|title=Beirut explosion rocks Lebanon's capital city: Live updates|first=Tara John, Melissa Macaya, Mike Hayes, Veronica Rocha, Meg Wagner, Joshua Berlinger, Adam Renton, Zamira Rahim, Ed|last=Upright|date=4 August 2020|website=CNN}}</ref>

== 2022 elections ==
Candidates were announced on 20 February 2022 under the campaign slogan ''Ma minsawim'' (ما منساوم).<ref name="لقاء الماكينة الانتخابية الكتائبية"/> Kataeb leader [[Samy Gemayel]] insisted that the Kataeb party was the only one that has faced the fact of surrendering to [[Hezbollah]]'s will, electing [[Michel Aoun]] as president and isolating [[Lebanon]] from its surroundings.<ref name="kataeb.org"/> Samy Gemayel emphasized:{{Blockquote|text=We, as the Kataeb party, have alone faced surrendering to Hezbollah's will, isolating Lebanon from its surroundings, electing Michel Aoun as president, the electoral law that gave the majority to Hezbollah, and quotas and fictitious budgets such as taxes, power ships, and seaports.}}On 2 April [[Nadim Gemayel]], cousin of Samy, promoted his candidacy in a speech during a small event.<ref name="youtube.com"/>

Kataeb secured 4 seats for [[Salim Sayegh]] (3,477 votes), [[Nadim Gemayel]] (4,425 votes), [[Sami Gemayel]] (10,466 votes), and [[Elias Hankash]] (6,148 votes).<ref name="Here's The Full List Of How Many Seats Each Party Won In The 2022 Lebanon Elections">{{cite news |date=17 May 2022 |title=Here's The Full List Of How Many Seats Each Party Won In The 2022 Lebanon Elections |work=961 |publisher=961 |agency=961News |url=https://www.the961.com/list-of-seats-each-party-won-2022-lebanon-elections}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" |Name
!District
!Sect
|-
|[[File:Saad & Trad Unveils the Jaguar F-TYPE in Lebanon (8891702463) (cropped Nadim Gemayel).jpg|frameless|125x125px]]
|[[Nadim Bachir Gemayel]]
|Beirut 1
|Maronite
|-
|[[File:Samy Gemayel SW.jpg|frameless|129x129px]]
|[[Sami Gemayel|Sami Amin Gemayel]]
|Mount Lebanon 2 – [[Metn]]
|Maronite
|-
|[[File:Elias Hankach, MTV Lebanon - Oct 3, 2019.jpg|frameless|121x121px]]
|[[Elias Hankash|Elias Rakif Hankash]]
|Mount Lebanon 2 – [[Metn]]
|Maronite
|-
|[[File:Political Assembly, 14-15 November 2016 (30913973431) (cropped).jpg|frameless|144x144px]]
|[[Salim Sayegh|Salim Boutros Sayegh]]
|Mount Lebanon 1 – [[Kesserwan]]
|Maronite
|}

== Presidents of the Party ==
* [[Pierre Gemayel]] (1936–1984)
* [[Elie Karameh]] (1984–1986)
* [[Georges Saadeh]] (1986–1998)
* [[Mounir El Hajj]] (1998–2001)
* [[Karim Pakradouni]] (2001–2007)
* [[Amine Gemayel]] (2007–2015)
* [[Samy Gemayel]] (2015–present)

==Electoral performance==
{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! Election
! Leader
! Vote %
! Seats
! Government
|-
|[[1947 Lebanese general election|1947]]
|[[Pierre Gemayel]]
|
|{{Composition bar|0|55|hex=#009A00}}
|
|-
|[[1951 Lebanese general election|1951]]
|[[Pierre Gemayel]]
|
|{{Composition bar|3|77|hex=#009A00}}
|
|-
|[[1953 Lebanese general election|1953]]
|[[Pierre Gemayel]]
|
|{{Composition bar|1|44|hex=#009A00}}
|
|-
|[[1957 Lebanese general election|1957]]
|[[Pierre Gemayel]]
|
|{{Composition bar|2|66|hex=#009A00}}
|
|-
|[[1960 Lebanese general election|1960]]
|[[Pierre Gemayel]]
|
|{{Composition bar|6|99|hex=#009A00}}
|
|-
|[[1964 Lebanese general election|1964]]
|[[Pierre Gemayel]]
|
|{{Composition bar|4|99|hex=#009A00}}
|
|-
|[[1968 Lebanese general election|1968]]
|[[Pierre Gemayel]]
|
|{{Composition bar|9|99|hex=#009A00}}
|
|-
|[[1972 Lebanese general election|1972]]
|[[Pierre Gemayel]]
|
|{{Composition bar|7|100|hex=#009A00}}
|{{yes2|Saeb Salam-led Government}}
|-
|[[1992 Lebanese general election|1992]]
|[[Georges Saadeh]]
|
|{{Composition bar|0|128|hex=#009A00}}
|{{yes2|Rafic Hariri-led Unity Government}}
|-
|[[1996 Lebanese general election|1996]]
|[[Georges Saadeh]]
|
|{{Composition bar|0|128|hex=#009A00}}
|{{yes2|Rafic Hariri-led Unity Government}}
|-
|[[2000 Lebanese general election|2000]]
|[[Mounir El Hajj]]
|
|{{Composition bar|3|128|hex=#009A00}}
|{{yes2|Rafic Hariri-led Unity Government}}
|-
|[[2005 Lebanese general election|2005]]
|[[Karim Pakradouni]]
|1.56%
|{{Composition bar|3|128|hex=#009A00}}
|{{yes2|[[Lebanese government of July 2005|March 14 Alliance-led Unity Government]]}}
|-
|[[2009 Lebanese general election|2009]]
|[[Amine Gemayel]] for [[Matn District|Metn]]
|
|{{Composition bar|5|128|hex=#009A00}}
|{{yes2|[[Lebanese government of November 2009|March 14 Alliance-led Unity Government]]}}
|-
|[[2018 Lebanese general election|2018]]
|[[Samy Gemayel]] for [[Matn District|Metn]]
|1.82%
|{{Composition bar|3|128|hex=#009A00}}
|{{no2|[[Lebanese government of January 2019|FPM-led Unity Government]]}}
|-
|[[2022 Lebanese general election|2022]]
|[[Samy Gemayel]] for [[Matn District|Metn]]
|1.86%
|{{Composition bar|4|128|hex=#009A00}}
|TBD
|}

==See also==
* [[Cedar Revolution]]
* [[Kataeb Regulatory Forces]]
* [[Lebanese Forces (militia)]]
* [[Najjadeh Party]]
* [[Political parties in Lebanon]]
* [[Qaa massacre]]
* [[Tyous Team of Commandos]]
* [[William Hawi]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=33em}}

== General references ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* Antoine J. Abraham, ''The Lebanon war'', Greenwood Publishing Group, 1996. {{ISBN|0275953890}}
* Alain Menargues, ''Les Secrets de la guerre du Liban: Du coup d'état de Béchir Gémayel aux massacres des camps palestiniens'', Albin Michel, Paris 2004. {{ISBN|978-2226121271}} (in [[French language|French]])
* Barry Rubin (editor), ''Lebanon: Liberation, Conflict, and Crisis'', Middle East in Focus, Palgrave Macmillan, London 2009. {{ISBN|978-1349373260}} – [https://books.google.com/books?id=9V_JAAAAQBAJ&dq=maronite+league&pg=PA40 Lebanon: Liberation, Conflict, and Crisis]
* Denise Ammoun, ''Histoire du Liban contemporain: Tome 2, 1943–1990'', Fayard, Paris 2005. {{ISBN|978-2-213-61521-9}} (in [[French language|French]])
* [[Edgar O'Ballance]], ''Civil War in Lebanon, 1975–92'', Palgrave Macmillan, London 1998. {{ISBN|0333729757}}
* Farid El-Khazen, ''The Breakdown of the State in Lebanon 1967–1976'', I.B. Tauris, London 2000. {{ISBN|0674081056}}
* Fawwaz Traboulsi, ''Identités et solidarités croisées dans les conflits du Liban contemporain'', Thèse de Doctorat d'Histoire – 1993, Université de Paris VIII, 2007. (in [[French language|French]])
* Hazem Saghieh, ''Ta'rib al-Kata'eb al-Lubnaniyya: al-Hizb, al-sulta, al-khawf'', Beirut: Dar al-Jadid, 1991. (in [[Arabic]])
* [[Itamar Rabinovich]], ''The war for Lebanon, 1970-1985'', Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London 1989 (revised edition). {{ISBN|978-0-8014-9313-3}}, 0-8014-9313-7 – [https://books.google.com/books?id=Af-tDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 The War for Lebanon, 1970-1983]
* Jean Sarkis, ''Histoire de la guerre du Liban'', Presses Universitaires de France – PUF, Paris 1993. {{ISBN|978-2-13-045801-2}} (in [[French language|French]]).
* Jonathan Randall, ''The Tragedy of Lebanon: Christian Warlords, Israeli Adventurers, and American Bunglers'', Just World Books, Charlottesville, Virginia 2012. {{ISBN|978-1935982166}}
* Matthew S. Gordon, ''The Gemayels'' (World Leaders Past & Present), Chelsea House Publishers, 1988. {{ISBN|978-1-55546-834-7}}
* Michael Johnson, ''All honourable men: the social origins of war in Lebanon'', Centre for Lebanese Studies, Oxford and London, Oxford University and I.B. Tauris, 2001. {{ISBN|978-1860647154}}, 1860647154
* Michael Maschek, ''Myrtom House Building – un Quartier de Beyrouth en Guerre Civile (Recit)'', Éditions L'Harmattan, Paris 2018. {{ISBN|978-2343160016}} (in [[French language|French]])
* Paul Jureidini, R. D. McLaurin, and James Price, ''Military operations in selected Lebanese built-up areas, 1975–1978'', Aberdeen, MD: U.S. Army Human Engineering Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Technical Memorandum 11-79, June 1979.
* Rex Brynen, ''Sanctuary and Survival: the PLO in Lebanon'', Boulder: Westview Press, Oxford 1990. {{ISBN|0861871235}} – [https://prrn.mcgill.ca/research/papers/brynen2.htm Sanctuary and Survival: The PLO in Lebanon]
* [[Robert Fisk]], ''Pity the Nation: Lebanon at War'', London: Oxford University Press (3rd ed. 2001). {{ISBN|0-19-280130-9}}
* Samir Kassir, ''La Guerre du Liban: De la dissension nationale au conflit régional'', Éditions Karthala/CERMOC, Paris 1994. {{ISBN|978-2865374991}} (in [[French language|French]])
* Thomas Collelo (ed.), ''Lebanon: a country study'', Library of Congress, Federal Research Division, Headquarters, Department of the Army (DA Pam 550-24), Washington D.C., December 1987 (Third edition 1989). – [https://cdn.loc.gov/master/frd/frdcstdy/le/lebanoncountryst00coll/lebanoncountryst00coll.pdf]
{{refend}}

===Further reading===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* Frank Stoakes, ''The Super Vigilantes: the Lebanese Kata'eb Party as Builder, Surrogate, and Defender of the State'', ''Middle East Studies'' 11, 3 (October 1975): 215236.
* John P. Entelis, ''Pluralism and party transformation in Lebanon: Al-Kata'ib, 1936–1970'', E. J. Brill, Leiden 1974. {{ISBN|978-9004039117}}
* Leila Haoui Zod, ''William Haoui, temoin et martyr'', Mémoire DEA, Faculté d'Histoire, Université Saint Esprit, Kaslik, Liban 2004. (in [[French language|French]])
* Marie-Christine Aulas, ''The Socio-Ideological Development of the Maronite Community: The Emergence of the Phalanges and Lebanese Forces'', ''Arab Studies Quarterly'' 7, 4 (Fall 1985): pp. 1–27.
{{refend}}

==External links==
* [http://www.kataeb.org/ Official website of the Kataeb party (in Arabic)]
* [http://www.kataebonline.org/ Official website of The Lebanese Phalanges – Kataeb]

{{Lebanese political parties}}
{{Portal bar|Conservatism|Lebanon|Politics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Kataeb Party| ]]
[[Category:1936 establishments in Mandatory Syria]]
[[Category:Anti-communist parties]]
[[Category:Centre-right parties in Asia]]
[[Category:Christian democratic parties in Asia]]
[[Category:Christian nationalism]]
[[Category:Christian political parties in Lebanon]]
[[Category:Conservative parties in Lebanon]]
[[Category:Factions in the Lebanese Civil War]]
[[Category:Falangist parties]]
[[Category:Far-right politics in Lebanon]]
[[Category:Lebanese Front]]
[[Category:Lebanese nationalist parties]]
[[Category:March 14 Alliance]]
[[Category:National conservative parties]]
[[Category:Phoenicianism]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1936]]
[[Category:Political parties in Lebanon]]
[[Category:Right-wing parties in Asia]]
[[Category:Socially conservative parties]]

Nazi songs

2025-11-03T22:18:40Z

2A02:8012:227B:0:698F:E30D:BFD1:CB08: Category:Nazi songs is a subcategory of Category:Fascist songs, itself a subcategory of Category:Fascist symbols

{{Short description|Songs created or used by the National Socialist German Workers' Party}}
{{Distinguish|Music in Nazi Germany}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2023}}
'''Nazi songs''' are songs and [[marching song|march]]es created by the [[Nazi Party]]. In modern Germany, the public singing or performing of songs exclusively associated with the Nazi Party is now illegal.

== Background ==
There is often confusion between songs written specifically for the [[Nazi Party]], and much older German patriotic songs (from before [[World War I]]) that were used extensively by the Nazis and have become associated with them. This observation applies above all to "[[Das Lied der Deutschen]]" ("The song of the Germans"), written in 1841. It became the [[national anthem]] of the [[Weimar Republic]] in 1922, but during the [[Nazism|Nazi]] era, only the first stanza was used, followed by the [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] song "[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]".<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Geisler |editor-first=y Michael E. |title=National Symbols, Fractured Identities: Contesting the National Narrative |publisher=Middlebury |date=2005|page=71 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CLVaSxt-sV0C&pg=PA71 |isbn=978-1584654377}}</ref>

In modern Germany, the public singing or performing of songs identified exclusively with [[Nazi Germany]] is illegal.<ref>[[Strafgesetzbuch section 86a]], German Criminal Code §86a</ref> It can be punished with up to three years of imprisonment.

== ''Sturmabteilung'' (SA) songs ==
Many pre-1933 [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] songs were based on older German folk melodies, but there were also instances in which SA combat songs copied the melodies of rival [[Roter Frontkämpferbund|Red Front Fighters]] songs, which were in turn based on Russian marches. An example of this is the fascist song ''Brüder in Zechen und Gruben'' ("Brothers in mines and pits"), which copied the melody of the communist ''[[Brüder, zur Sonne, zur Freiheit]]'' ("Brothers, to the sun, to freedom"), whose melody, in turn, belonged to the march Смело, товарищи, в ногу/''Smelo, tovarishchi, v nogu'' ("Comrades, let's bravely march"), which was written in 1895/6 by {{ill|Leonid Radin|ru|Радин, Леонид Петрович}} in Moscow's [[Taganka Prison]].

=== Horst Wessel Lied ===
{{main|Horst-Wessel-Lied}}
[[File:Песня Хорста Весселя.ogg|thumb|upright|A 1933 performance of the "[[Horst Wessel Lied]]" by the Grosses Blas-Orchester und Chor, conducted by {{ill|Carl Woitschach|de}}.]]
The "[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]" ({{Literal translation|Horst Wessel['s] Song}}), also known as {{Lang|de|"Die Fahne Hoch"|italic=no}} ({{Literal translation|The Flag High}}), was the official anthem of the [[NSDAP]]. The song was written by [[Horst Wessel]], a party activist and SA leader, who was killed by a member of the [[Communist Party of Germany]]. After his death, he was proclaimed a "martyr" by the NSDAP, and his song gained widespread popularity among Nazi Party followers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/horstwessel.html |title=Modern History Sourcebook: The Horst Wessel Song |last= Halsall|first= Paul|date=July 1998 |website=[[Fordham University]]|access-date=12 May 2018}}</ref>

Public performances of the song are currently forbidden in Germany ([[Strafgesetzbuch section 86a|StGB §86a]]) and Austria ([[Verbotsgesetz 1947]]), a ban that includes both the lyrics and the melody, which are only permitted for educational purposes.

=== ''Kampflied der Nationalsozialisten'' ===
''Kampflied der Nationalsozialisten'' ("Battle Song of the National Socialists"), also known by its opening line ''Wir Sind Das Heer Vom Hakenkreuz'' ("We Are the Army of the Swastika"), was an early Nazi hymn. Its lyrics were written by [[Kleo Pleyer]], while the melody was essentially based on that of the traditional German folk song ''Stimmt an mit hellem hohen klang'', which was composed in 1811 by [[Albert Methfessel]]. Later on, the verses of ''Das Berliner Jungarbeiterlied'' (with the opening line ''Herbei zum Kampf, ihr Knechte der Maschinen'') were added to the song. ''Das Berliner Jungarbeiterlied'' was set to the melody of the "[[Air March]]" (the official march of the [[Soviet Air Force]]), which was composed in 1921 by [[Yuliy Abramovich Khayt]]. During the Nazi era, the song was performed by {{ill|Carl Woitschach|de}}'s orchestra in its full version, incorporating both melodies, as ''Kampflied der Nationalsozialisten/Herbei zum Kampf''.

=== ''Die Hitlerleute'' (''Kameraden Laßt Erschallen'') ===
''Kameraden Laßt Erschallen'' ("Comrades Let it Resound") was a [[Sturmabteilung]] arrangement of the Kaiserjägerlied written by [[Karl Mühlberger]] in 1924. The author of the lyrics of Die Hitlerleute was Horst Wessel himself, and the song originated from his unit, the Sturm 67/5 (Sturm 67, Standarte 5) of the Berlin Sturmabteilung, also known as the Sturm "Horst Wessel", named in honor of Horst Wessel, also known by its old name before Horst Wessel's death, "The Hitlerleute". The first recording of the song was published by the company [[Electrola]] around the early 1930s.

=== ''Auf, Hitlerleute, schließt die Reihen'' (''Hitlernationale'') ===
The Nazis were not reticent in employing songs and melodies previously associated wholly with [[socialism|socialists]] and [[communism|communists]] in their quest to broaden their appeal to the working class, and the [[Internationale]] was a prime target. By 1930, a Nazi version of this working-class standard was in circulation, entitled the ''Hitlernationale'':<ref name="auto">{{Cite web | url=https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/367356/1/Mark%2520Rose%2520PhD.pdf | title=Striking a Discordant Note: Protest Song and Working-Class Political Culture in Germany, 1844-1933 | website=eprints.soton.ac.uk | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010171057/https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/367356/1/Mark%20Rose%20PhD.pdf | archive-date=2020-10-10}}</ref>

Appropriating working-class songs such as the Internationale for their own political ends had a direct effect on the streets, as the Nazi composer Hans Bajer noted when giving this account of a march by the SA into working-class district of north Berlin one Sunday afternoon in 1930:

<blockquote>When the storm troopers broke into song, singing the ''Hitlernationale'', residents threw open their windows, misled momentarily by the familiar tune. Realizing quickly that Nazis were trying to appropriate the melody of their revolutionary anthem, the socialist residents countered by singing the refrain from the original text ''Völker hört die Signale! Auf zum letzten Gefecht'' ("Comrades, listen to the Signal! Onward, to the final battle!"), while others pelted the storm troopers with bits of debris. Police promptly moved in to prevent serious trouble.<ref name="auto"/></blockquote>

{| class="wikitable"
|+
|Auf, Hitlerleute, schließt die Reihen,
Zum Rassenkampf sind wir bereit.

Mit unserem Blut wollen wir das

Banner weihen,

Zum Zeichen einer neuen Zeit.

Auf rotem Grund im weiβen Felde,

Weht unser schwarzes Hakenkreuz.

Schon jubeln Siegesignale,

Schon bricht der Morgen hell herein.

Der nationale Sozialismus

Wird Deutschlands Zukunft sein. <ref name="The Internationale (Third Reich version!)" />
|Arise Hitler men, close ranks,
We are ready for the racial struggle.

With our blood we consecrate the

banner,

The symbol of a new era.

On its red and white background,

Shines our black swastika bright.

Victory sounds are heard all over,

As the morning light breaks through;

National Socialism

Is the future of Germany. <ref name="The Internationale (Third Reich version!)" />
|}Bajer’s account proves once more that song played a central role in the battle for control of the streets. No recorded version of the song survives today, only the lyrics.<ref name="The Internationale (Third Reich version!)">{{cite web | url=https://newamericangovernment.org/the-internationale-third-reich-version/ | title=The Internationale (Third Reich version!) | date=27 November 2019 }}</ref>

=== ''Hitlerleute'' ("Hitler's people") ===
That song had the same tune of the Italian fascist anthem ''[[Giovinezza]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/youtube--d4buOk_o2Q|title=Hitlerleute (Lyrics)|date=May 10, 2017|via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

This is not to be confused with ''Die Hitlerleute'', more commonly referred to as ''Kameraden Laßt Erschallen'', which is a completely different song.

== ''SS marschiert in Feindesland '' ==
''SS marschiert in Feindesland'' ("SS marches in enemy territory") also known as ''Teufelslied'' ("The Devil's Song")<ref>One of many German military songs thus labelled, historically. {{cite journal | editor-last=Brockhaus|editor-first=Friedrich Arnold |editor-link=Friedrich Arnold Brockhaus|date=1814 |title=Über Deutsche Vaterländische Poesie Dieser Zeit|journal=Deutsche Blätter |volume=5 |issue=186 |page=181 }}</ref> was a marching song of the [[Waffen-SS]] during the [[German-Soviet War]]. The music for this song came from the ''Lied der Legion Condor'' ("Song of the [[Condor Legion]]"), whose lyrics and music were written by [[Wolfram Philipps]] and [[Christian Jährig]], two Condor Legion pilots with the rank of ''[[Oberleutnant]]''. The somber music has a [[Major_and_minor#Keys|minor]] character, and the song was "exposed to the accusation of being un-German, Russian or [[Bolshevik]]". In 1939, the ''Lied der Legion Condor'' was incorporated into a [[March (music)|march]] named ''Marsch/Parademarsch der Legion Condor'' after an instrumental intro was composed by ''Stabsmusikmeister'' [[Karl Bögelsack]]. This march has two parts: the first ([[Major_and_minor#Keys|major]]) part is the instrumental intro composed by Karl Bögelsack, and the second part ([[Trio (musical form)|trio]]) is the ''Lied der Legion Condor'', which was composed/written by Wolfram Philipps and Christian Jährig.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://forum.axishistory.com/viewtopic.php?t=13676 | title=Music of the Condor Legion - Axis History Forum }}</ref> A marching song with the same melody as the ''Lied der Legion Condor'' was adopted by the [[Charlemagne Division|Charlemagne French SS Division]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=12fgTpZoccM&bpctr=1536798084|title= YouTube|website=www.youtube.com}}{{cbignore}}{{Dead Youtube links|date=February 2022}}</ref> the [[20th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Estonian)|Estonian SS Division]], the [[Latvian Legion]] and the [[Norwegian Legion]] during the war.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Page Taylor |first1=Hugh|last2=Bender|first2=Roger James|title=Uniforms, Organization and History of the Waffen-SS|place=San Jose, California |publisher=R. James Bender Publisher|date=1969 |isbn=0-912138-25-4}}</ref> A song with a similar melody, ''Dragões do Ar'' ("Dragons of the Air"), was adopted by the [[Paratroopers Brigade (Brazil)]].{{cn|date=September 2025}}

In 2013, Stefan Gotschacher, press secretary of the [[right-wing populist]] and [[national-conservative]] [[Freedom Party of Austria|FPÖ]] political party in Austria, was fired after posting the lyrics of ''SS marschiert in Feindesland'' on his Facebook page.<ref>"[https://www.focus.de/politik/ausland/ss-marschiert-in-feindesland-fpoe-feuert-sprecher-wegen-zitat-von-waffen-ss-auf-facebook-_aid_958860.html FPÖ feuert Sprecher wegen Zitat von Waffen-SS auf Facebook] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027061236/https://www.focus.de/politik/ausland/ss-marschiert-in-feindesland-fpoe-feuert-sprecher-wegen-zitat-von-waffen-ss-auf-facebook-_aid_958860.html |date=2020-10-27 }}" ("FPÖ fires spokesman for quoting Waffen-SS on Facebook"), ''[[Focus (German magazine)|Focus]]'', 12 April 2013 (in German)</ref>

== ''Es zittern die morschen Knochen'' ==
''Es zittern die morschen Knochen'' ("The Rotten Bones Are Trembling") by [[Hans Baumann (writer)|Hans Baumann]] was, after the ''Horst-Wessel-Lied'', one of the most famous Nazi songs and the official song of the [[Hitler Youth]].<ref>{{cite journal |date=1935 |title=Lieder der Hitlerjugend|language=de |trans-title=Songs of the Hitler Youth|journal=Demokratische Blätter |volume=7 |issue=78 }}</ref>

The original song's refrain (1932) was ''Denn heute gehört uns Deutschland / und morgen die ganze Welt'' ("For today, Germany is ours / and tomorrow the whole world"). In a later version (1937) this was mitigated for the Hitler Youth to ''Denn heute da hört uns Deutschland...'' ("For today, Germany hears us...").<ref name="zittern_kgedaechtnis">{{cite web |last=Bengelsdorf|first= Reinhold|url=http://kollektives-gedaechtnis.de/texte/vor45/lieder.html |title=Lieder der SA und deren unterschiedliche|language=de |trans-title=Songs of the SS and their various lyrics|date=2002|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304132954/http://www.kollektives-gedaechtnis.de/texte/vor45/lieder.html |archive-date=4 March 2016|access-date=12 May 2018 }}</ref>

== ''Vorwärts! Vorwärts!'' ==
''Vorwärts! Vorwärts! Schmettern die hellen Fanfaren'' ("Forward! Forward! Blare the Bright Fanfares") was a [[Hitler Youth]] marching song. The text of the song, published in 1933, comes from [[Baldur von Schirach]] and is based on a melody by [[Universum Film AG|UFA]] composer [[Hans-Otto Borgmann]].

''Vorwärts! Vorwärts!'' was first performed in the 1933 propaganda film ''[[Hitlerjunge Quex (film)|Hitlerjunge Quex]]''. Motifs from the song are used throughout the film, underlying representations of the Hitler Youth, in contrast to [[The Internationale]] and jazz motifs in scenes from a socialist "commune".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.phil.uni-sb.de/projekte/imprimatur/2000/imp000209.html |title=Prümm, K: ''Hitlerjunge Quex: Psychopolitik der Nazipropaganda durch das Medium Film'' |language=de |access-date=2009-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081008005116/http://www.phil.uni-sb.de/projekte/imprimatur/2000/imp000209.html |archive-date=2008-10-08 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== ''Erika'' ==
{{main|Erika (song)}}
''Erika'' is a [[marching song]] used by the German military. The song was composed by [[Herms Niel]] in the 1930s, and it soon came into usage by the [[Wehrmacht]], especially the [[German Army (Wehrmacht)|Heer]]. No other marching song during [[World War II]] reached the popularity of ''Erika''.

== ''Panzerlied'' ==
''[[Panzerlied]]'' ("Tank song") was a German military [[March (music)|march]] of the [[Wehrmacht]] armored troops ([[Panzerwaffe]]), composed in 1933.<ref>The music came before the lyrics, and the first recording of the Panzerlied was an instrumental was published by Telefunken under the name ''Die Eiserne Schar'' [http://www.latimes.com/world/asia/la-fg-taiwan-nazi-displays-20161230-story.html Nazi imagery from Taiwan stems from ignorance, not hate, analysts say], ''[[Los Angeles Times]]''</ref> The [[National Socialist Motor Corps|NSKK]] (''Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrkorps'') also made their own take on the ''Panzerlied'', but with a different variation called the ''Panzerwagenlied'' ("Armored car song"). In 2017, the [[Bundeswehr]] was banned from publishing [[Song book|songbooks]] containing ''Panzerlied'' and other marching songs by the [[Federal Ministry of Defence (Germany)|Minister of Defence]] [[Ursula von der Leyen]] as part of new efforts at [[denazification]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/verteidigungsministerium-stoppt-bundeswehr-liederbuch-a-1147482.html|title="Schwarzbraun ist die Haselnuss": Ministerium stoppt Bundeswehr-Liederbuch |trans-title="Dark-brown is the hazelnut": Ministry withdraws Bundeswehr songbook |date=12 May 2017 |publisher=[[Der Spiegel]] }}</ref>

==See also==
* ''[[Erzherzog-Albrecht-Marsch]]''
* ''[[Es war ein Edelweiss]]''
* ''[[Herms Niel]], composer of military songs and marches''
* [[Hindutva pop]]
* ''[[Sturmlied]]''
* ''[[Volk ans Gewehr]]''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Frommann |first=Eberhard |date=1999 |title=Die Lieder des NS-Zeit: Untersuchungen zur nationalsozialistischen Liedpropaganda von den Anfängen bis zum Zweiten Weltkrieg |edition=1st |language=de |trans-title=The songs of the NS era: Investigations on the National Socialist propaganda songs from the beginning to the Second World War|publisher=PapyRossa|isbn=3-89438-177-9 }}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}

{{NSDAP}}
{{German patriotic songs|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nazi Songs}}
[[Category:Nazi songs| ]]
[[Category:German music history]]
[[Category:German patriotic songs]]
[[Category:Nazi culture]]
[[Category:Nazi symbolism]]
[[Category:Nazi works|Songs]]
[[Category:Political party songs| ]]

Horst-Wessel-Lied

2025-11-03T22:18:03Z

2A02:8012:227B:0:698F:E30D:BFD1:CB08: Category:Nazi songs is a subcategory of Category:Fascist songs, itself a subcategory of Category:Fascist symbols

{{short description|Anthem of the Nazi Party (1930-1945)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox anthem
| title = {{Lang|de|Horst-Wessel-Lied|italic=no}}
| english_title = 'Horst Wessel Song'
| image = Horst-Wessel-Lied postcard.jpg
| caption = "Horst-Wessel-Lied" postcard with lyrics
| prefix = Former co-national
| country = [[Nazi Germany]]
| author = [[Horst Wessel]]
| lyrics_date = 1929
| composer =
| music_date =
| alt_title = "{{lang|de|Die Fahne hoch|italic=no}}"
| en_alt_title = "The Flag High"
| adopted = {{Start date|1933}}
| until = {{End date|1945}}
| published = 1929
| predecessor = "{{lang|de|[[Deutschlandlied]]|italic=no}}" {{small|(as sole national anthem)}}
| successor = {{ubl|"{{lang|de|[[Ich hab' mich ergeben]]|italic=no}}" (by [[West Germany]])|"{{lang|de|[[Auferstanden aus Ruinen]]|italic=no}}" (by [[East Germany]])|"{{lang|de|[[Land der Berge, Land am Strome]]|italic=no}}" (by [[Allied-occupied Austria|Austria]])}}
| sound = Песня Хорста Весселя.ogg
| sound_title = 1933 vocal rendition by the Grosses Blas-Orchester und Chor, conducted by {{ill|Carl Woitschach|de}}
}}

The "'''{{Lang|de|Horst-Wessel-Lied|italic=no}}'''" ({{IPA|de|hɔʁst ˈvɛsl̩ liːt|lang|De-Horst-Wessel-Lied.ogg}}), also known by its [[incipit]] "'''{{Lang|de|Die Fahne hoch|italic=no}}'''" ({{IPA|de|diː ˈfaːnə hoːx|}}, {{Literal translation|The Flag [Raised] High}}), was the anthem of the [[Nazi Party]] (NSDAP) from 1930 to 1945. From 1933 to 1945, the Nazis made it the co-national anthem of [[Nazi Germany|Germany]], along with the first stanza of the "{{lang|de|[[Deutschlandlied]]|italic=no}}".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Geisler|first=Michael E.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CLVaSxt-sV0C&pg=PA71|chapter=In the Shadow of Exceptionalism|editor-last1=Geisler|editor-first1=Michael E.|title=National Symbols, Fractured Identities: Contesting the National Narrative|publisher=UPNE|year=2005|page=71}}</ref>

The "{{lang|de|Horst-Wessel-Lied|italic=no}}" has been [[Strafgesetzbuch section 86a|banned]] in Germany and Austria since the end of [[World War II]] unless for artistic or educational purposes.

==History==
{{Listen
| filename = Horst_Wessel-Lied_Instrumental.mp3
| title ="Horst Wessel Lied"
| description= Instrumental rendition of the "Horst Wessel Lied" in B-flat major.
}}
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1978-043-14, Horst Wessel.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Horst Wessel]], credited as writing the lyrics of the "Horst Wessel Song"]]

The lyrics to "Horst-Wessel-Lied" were written in 1929 by ''[[Sturmführer]]'' [[Horst Wessel]], the commander of the Nazi paramilitary "Brownshirts" ({{Lang|de|[[Sturmabteilung]]}} [SA]) in the [[Friedrichshain]] district of [[Berlin]], Germany. Wessel wrote songs for the SA in conscious imitation of the [[Communist Party of Germany|Communist]] [[Weimar paramilitary groups|paramilitary]], the [[Red Front Fighters' League]], to provoke them into attacking his troops, and to keep up the spirits of his men.{{sfn|Burleigh|2012|pp=116–120}}

===Horst Wessel===
[[Horst Wessel|Wessel]] was the son of a [[pastor]] and educated at degree level, but was employed as a [[construction worker]]. He became notorious among the Communists when he led a number of SA attacks into the [[Fischerinsel|Fischerkiez]], an extremely poor Berlin district, which he did on orders from [[Joseph Goebbels]], who was then the Nazi ''[[Gauleiter]]'' (regional party leader) of Berlin.{{sfn|Reuth|1993|pp=107–108}} Several of these incursions were only minor altercations, but one took place outside the tavern which the local [[Communist Party of Germany|German Communist Party]] (KPD) used as its headquarters. As a result of that melee, five Communists were injured, four of them seriously. Communist newspapers accused the police of letting the Nazis get away while arresting the injured Communists, while Nazi newspapers claimed that Wessel had been trying to give a speech when Communists emerged and started the fight.{{sfn|Reuth|1993|pp=107–108}} Wessel's face was printed together with his address on Communist street posters.{{sfn|Burleigh|2012|pp=116–120}} The slogan of the KPD and the Red Front Fighters' League became "strike the fascists wherever you find them".{{sfn|Reuth|1993|pp=107–108}}

Wessel moved with his partner Erna Jänicke into a room on [[Große Frankfurter Straße]].{{sfn|Reuth|1993|pp=111–113}} The landlady was the widowed Mrs. Salm, whose husband had been a Communist. After a few months, there was a dispute between Salm and Wessel over unpaid rent. Salm requested Wessel's partner to leave but Jänicke refused. Salm appealed to Communist friends of her late husband for help.{{sfn|Burleigh|2012|p=138}}{{sfn|Snyder|1997}}{{sfn|Siemens|2013|pp=4–7}} Shortly thereafter on 14 January 1930, Wessel was shot and seriously wounded by two Communist Party members, one of whom was [[Albrecht Höhler|Albrecht "Ali" Höhler]].{{sfn|Burleigh|2012|pp=116–120}}{{sfn|Siemens|2013|p=3}}{{sfn|Longerich|2015|p=123}} Wessel died in hospital on 23 February from [[blood poisoning]], which he contracted during his hospitalisation.{{sfn|Siemens|2013|p=3}}{{sfn|Longerich|2015|p=123}} Höhler was tried in court and sentenced to six years' imprisonment for the shooting.{{sfn|Siemens|2013|pp=15–16}} After the Nazi [[Machtergreifung|accession to national power]], he was taken out of prison under false pretenses by the SA in September 1933 and shot dead.{{sfn|Burleigh|2012|pp=116–120}}{{sfn|Reuth|1993|p=178}}

===Nazi Party anthem===
[[Joseph Goebbels]], the Nazi ''Gauleiter'' and owner and editor of the newspaper ''[[Der Angriff]]'' ('The Attack), had made several attempts to create Nazi martyrs for propaganda purposes, the first being an SA man named Hans-Georg Kütemeyer, whose body was pulled out of a canal the morning after he attended a speech by Hitler at the [[Berlin Sportpalast|Sportpalast]]. Goebbels attempted to spin this into an [[assassination]] by Communists, but the overwhelming evidence showed it to have been [[suicide]], and he had to drop the matter.{{sfn|Reuth|1993|p=103}} Thus, Goebbels put considerable effort into mythologizing Wessel's story, even as the man lay dying. He met with Wessel's mother, who told him her son's life story, his hope for a "better world", and his attempt to rescue a prostitute he had met on the street. Goebbels saw Wessel as an "idealistic dreamer".{{sfn|Reuth|1993|pp=111–113}}

Wessel himself had undergone an operation at St. Joseph's Hospital which stopped his [[internal bleeding]], but the surgeons had been unable to remove the bullet in his [[cerebellum]]. Wessel was brought to his mother's home to die. In his diary, Goebbels described Wessel's entire face as being shot up and his features distorted, and claimed that Wessel told him "One has to keep going! I'm happy!" After a period where his condition stabilized, Wessel died on 23 February.{{sfn|Reuth|1993|pp=111–113}}

Goebbels consulted [[Hermann Göring]] and others in the party on how to respond to Wessel's death. They declared a period of mourning until 12 March, during which party and SA members would avoid amusements and Wessel's name would be invoked at all party meetings. Wessel's unit was renamed the Horst Wessel Storm Unit 5.{{sfn|Reuth|1993|pp=111–113}}

From a mixture of fact and fiction, Goebbels' propaganda created what became one of the [[Nazi Party]]'s central [[martyr]]-figures of their movement. He officially declared Wessel's march, renamed as the "{{Lang|de|Horst-Wessel-Lied|italic=no}}" ("Horst Wessel Song"), to be the Nazi Party anthem,{{sfn|Longerich|2015|p=124}}{{sfn|Siemens|2013|pp=3, 14}} which aided in promoting Wessel as the first of many in the Nazi cult of martyrdom.{{sfn|Broszat|1987|p=13}} Wessel was buried on 1 March 1930. Contrary to Nazi claims, there were no attacks on the [[funeral procession]].{{sfn|Siemens|2013|p=17}} His [[funeral]] was filmed and turned into a major propaganda event by the NSDAP.{{sfn|Siemens|2013|p=17}} The "Horst Wessel Song" was sung by the SA at the funeral, and was thereafter extensively used at party functions, as well as sung by the SA during [[Street Parade|street parades]].

According to Austrian historian [[Oliver Rathkolb]], the song was created as a counterweight to the socialist song ''[[The Internationale]]''.<ref name="Rathkolb">{{cite book|first=Oliver|last=Rathkolb|year=2022|title=Baldur von Schirach: Nazi Leader and Head of the Hitler Youth|chapter=5|translator-first1=John|translator-last1=Heath|location=Barnsley, England|publisher=Frontline Books|isbn=9781399020961}}</ref>

===Co-national anthem===
When [[Adolf Hitler]] became the [[Chancellor of Germany]] in January 1933, the "Horst Wessel Song" became a [[national symbol]] by law on 19 May 1933. The following year, a regulation required the right arm be extended and raised in the "[[Nazi salute]]" when the (identical) first and fourth verses were sung. Nazi leaders can be seen singing the song at the finale of [[Leni Riefenstahl]]'s 1935 film ''[[Triumph of the Will]]''. Hitler also mandated the [[tempo]] at which the song had to be played.<ref>{{cite book|last=Spotts|first=Frederic|title=Hitler and the Power of Aesthetics|location=Woodstock, New York|publisher=Overkill Press|year=2002|page=272|isbn=1-58567-345-5}}</ref> After Hitler's public speeches, he would exit during the playing of both the national anthem and then the Horst Wessel Song.<ref>{{Cite web |title=United States National Archives and Records Administration - Record Group 263: Records of the Central Intelligence Agency - Series: Notorious Nazis Files - File Unit: Hitler, Adolf |url=https://catalog.archives.gov/id/16966402?objectPage=70 |page=67 See: "Exit Technique"}}</ref>

Some Nazis were extremely sensitive about the uses to which the "Horst Wessel Song" was put. For instance, a [[bandleader]]{{Who|date=August 2022}} who wrote a [[jazz]] version of the song was forced to leave Germany, and when [[Martha Dodd]], the daughter of [[William E. Dodd]], at the time the [[United States Ambassador to Germany|US ambassador to Germany]], played a recording of an unusual arrangement of the song at her birthday party at the Ambassador's residence in 1933, a young Nazi, who was a liaison between the [[German Foreign Ministry]] and [[Hitler's Chancellery]], turned off the [[Phonograph|record player]], announcing "This is not the sort of music to be played for mixed gatherings and in a flippant manner."<ref>[[Erik Larson (author)|Larson, Erik]] (2011) ''[[In the Garden of Beasts]]'' New York: Broadway Paperbacks pp. 146–47; 396 n.147 {{isbn|978-0-307-40885-3}} citing [[Martha Dodd|Dodd, Martha]] (1939) ''Through Embassy Eyes'' New York: Harcourt Brace, p. 67, and [[Michael Hans Kater|Kater, Michael H.]] (February 1989) "Forbidden Fruit? Jazz in the Third Reich", ''[[The American Historical Review]]'' v. 94 no. 1, p. 23.</ref> The song was played in some [[Protestantism|Protestant]] places of worship, because some elements of the [[Protestant Church in Germany]] had accepted the Horst Wessel cult, built as it was by Goebbels on the model of Christian martyrs of the past.{{sfn|Siemens|2013|pp=126–129}}

===Post-World War II===
With the end of the Nazi regime in May 1945, the "Horst Wessel Song" was banned. The lyrics and tune are [[Strafgesetzbuch section 86a|now illegal in Germany]], with some limited exceptions. In early 2011, this resulted in a [[Lower Saxony]] State Police investigation of [[Amazon.com]] and [[Apple Inc.]] for offering the song for sale on their websites. Both Apple and Amazon complied with the government's request and deleted the song from their offerings.<ref>[http://www.haz.de/Nachrichten/Medien/Uebersicht/Nazi-Musik-LKA-ermittelt-gegen-Apple-und-Amazon "LKA ermittelt gegen Apple und Amazon"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106173422/http://www.haz.de/Nachrichten/Medien/Uebersicht/Nazi-Musik-LKA-ermittelt-gegen-Apple-und-Amazon |date=6 January 2018 }}, ''[[Hannoversche Allgemeine Zeitung]]'', 3 February 2011</ref>

A special marine commando unit within the [[Chilean Navy]] uses the same melody as the Horst-Wessel-Lied with different lyrics called "Himno de la Agrupación de Comandos IM no. 51".<ref>{{YouTube|hw1j8v5P128|Himno de la Agrupación de Comandos IM no. 51}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=February 2025}}

== Lyrics ==
The words to the "Horst Wessel Song" were published in September 1929 in the Nazi Party's Berlin newspaper, ''Der Angriff'' ('The Attack') which Joseph Goebbels owned and ran.
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 147-0510, Berlin, Lustgarten, Kundgebung der HJ.jpg|thumb|upright=1.12|[[Hitler Youth]] giving the [[Nazi salute]]; Germans were required by law to make the salute during the singing of the "Horst Wessel Song"<ref>[[Ian Kershaw|Kershaw, Ian]]. ''The "Hitler Myth": Image and Reality in the Third Reich'' Oxford:Oxford University Press, 1987. p. 60 {{ISBN|0-19-282234-9}}</ref>]]

{|class="wikitable"
!German original!!IPA transcription!!English translation<ref>Lepage, Jean-Denis (2016) ''Hitler's Stormtroopers: The SA, The Nazis' Brownshirts, 1922–1945''. Frontline Books. [https://books.google.com/books?id=8UKqDQAAQBAJ&dq=Horst+Wessel+Song+English+lyrics&pg=PA57 pp. 57–58] {{isbn|9781848324282}}</ref>
|- style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"
|<poem lang="de">Die Fahne hoch! Die Reihen fest geschlossen!{{efn|Also: "dicht geschlossen" or "sind geschlossen"}}
[[Sturmabteilung|SA]] marschiert mit ruhig festem Schritt.{{efn|Also: "mutig festem"}}
𝄆 Kam'raden, die Rotfront und Reaktion erschossen,
Marschier'n im Geist in unser'n Reihen mit.𝄇

Die Straße frei den braunen Bataillonen.
Die Straße frei dem Sturmabteilungsmann!
𝄆Es schau'n aufs Hakenkreuz voll Hoffnung schon Millionen.
Der Tag für Freiheit und für Brot bricht an!𝄇{{efn|Also: "Tag der Freiheit"}}

Zum letzten Mal wird Sturmalarm geblasen!{{efn|Also: "Sturmappell"}}
Zum Kampfe steh'n wir alle schon bereit!
𝄆Schon flattern Hitlerfahnen über allen Straßen.{{efn|Also: "Schon bald flattern Hitlerfahnen über Barrikaden"}}
Die Knechtschaft dauert nur noch kurze Zeit!𝄇</poem>
|<poem lang="de">[diː ˈfaː.nə hoːx diː ˈʁaɪ.ən fɛst ɡə.ˈʃlɔ.sn̩ {{!}}]
[ɛs aː maʁ.ˈʃiːɐt mɪt ˈʁuː.ɪç ˈfɛ.stəm ʃʁɪt ‖]
[kam.ˈʁaː.dən {{!}} diː ˈʁɔt.ˌfʁɔnt ʊnt ʁe.ʔak.ˈt͡si̯oːn ɛɐ.ˈʃɔ.sn̩ {{!}}]
[maʁ.ˈʃiːɐn ɪm gaɪst ɪn ˈʊn.zɐn ˈʁaɪ.ən mɪt ‖]

[diː ˈʃtʁaː.sə fʁaɪ deːn ˈbʁaʊ.nən ˌba.ta.ˈli̯oː.nən {{!}}]
[diː ˈʃtʁaː.sə fʁaɪ deːm ˈʃtʊɐ.map.ˌtaɪ.lʊŋ.ˌman ‖]
[ɛs ʃaʊn aʊfs ˈhaː.kn̩.ˌkʁoʏt͡s fɔl ˈhɔf.nʊŋ ʃoːn mɪ.ˈli̯oː.nən ‖]
[dɛɐ taːk fyːɐ ˈfʁaɪ.ˌhaɪt ʊnt fyːɐ bʁoːt bʁɪçt an ‖]

[t͡sʊm ˈlɛt͡s.tn̩ maːl vɪɐ̯t ˈʃtʊɐ.ma.ˌlaʁm ɡə.ˈblaː.zən ‖]
[t͡sʊm ˈkam.pfə ʃteːn viːɐ̯ ˈa.lə ʃoːn bə.ˈʁaɪt ‖]
[ʃoːn ˈfla.tɐn ˈhɪt.lɐ.ˌfaː.nən ˈyː.bɐ ˈa.lən ˈʃtʁaː.sn̩ ‖]
[diː ˈknɛçt.ʃaft ˈdaʊ.ɐt nuːɐ nɔx ˈkʊɐ.t͡sə t͡saɪt ‖]</poem>
|<poem>Raise the flag! The ranks tightly closed!
The [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] marches with calm, steady step.
Comrades shot by the Red Front and reactionaries
March in spirit within our ranks.

Clear the streets for the brown battalions,
Clear the streets for the storm division man!
Millions are looking upon the swastika full of hope,
The day of freedom and of bread dawns!

For the last time, the call to arms is sounded!
For the fight, we all stand prepared!
Already Hitler's banners fly over all streets.
The time of bondage will last but a little while now!</poem>
|}
{{notelist|colwidth=22em}}

The ''Rotfront'', or "Red Front", was the ''[[Rotfrontkämpferbund]]'', the paramilitary organization of the Communist Party of Germany. The Nazi SA (also known as the "brown shirts" after their uniforms) and the Communist Red Front fought each other in violent [[Street fighting|street confrontations]], which grew into almost open warfare after 1930. The "reactionaries" were the [[Conservatism in Germany|conservative]] political parties and the [[Liberal democracy|liberal democratic]] [[Politics of Germany|German government]] of the [[Weimar Republic]] period, which made several unsuccessful attempts to suppress the SA. The "time of bondage" refers to the period after the 1919 [[Treaty of Versailles]], in which the victorious powers imposed huge [[World War I reparations|reparations]] on Germany, stripped it of its colonies in Africa, Asia, and the Pacific Ocean, some of which became [[League of Nations mandate]]s, gave parts of Germany to Belgium, Denmark, France, Poland, and Lithuania, and [[Occupation of the Rhineland|occupied the Rhineland]].

The line {{Lang|de|Kameraden, die Rotfront und Reaktion erschossen}} is technically ambiguous. It could either mean ''Kameraden, die von Rotfront und Reaktion erschossen wurden'' ("Our comrades who were shot dead by the Red Front and Reactionaries") or ''Kameraden, welche die Erschießung von Rotfront und Reaktion durchführten'' ("Our comrades who have shot the Red Front and Reactionaries dead"). Despite this obvious [[Syntax|syntactic]] problem, which was mentioned by [[Victor Klemperer]] in his ''[[LTI – Lingua Tertii Imperii]]'', the line was never changed. The following line {{Lang|de|Marschier'n im Geist in unser'n Reihen mit}} (March in spirit within our ranks), however, indicates that the aforementioned comrades are deceased, advocating the first interpretation.

Some changes were made to the lyrics after Wessel's death:

{|
|-
|<poem>'''Stanza 1, line 2'''
 </poem>
|<poem>SA marschiert mit mutig-festem Schritt
SA marschiert mit ruhig festem Schritt</poem>
|<poem style="margin-left: 1em;">The storm battalion march with bold, firm step.
The stormtroopers march with calm, firm step</poem>
|-
|<poem>'''Stanza 3, line 1'''
 </poem>
|<poem>Zum letzten Mal wird nun Appell geblasen!
Zum letzten Mal wird Sturmalarm geblasen!</poem>
|<poem style="margin-left: 1em;">The call is sounded for the last time!
The last sound to charge is blown!</poem>
|-
|<poem>'''Stanza 3, line 3'''
 </poem>
|<poem>Bald flattern Hitlerfahnen über Barrikaden
Schon/bald flattern Hitler-Fahnen über allen Straßen</poem>
|<poem style="margin-left: 1em;">Soon Hitler's banners will flutter above the barricades
Already/Soon Hitler's banners will flutter above all streets</poem>
|}

After Wessel's death, new stanzas were added, composed in his honour. These were frequently sung by the SA but did not become part of the official lyrics used on party or state occasions.

{|
|-
|<poem>{{Lang|de|Sei mir gegrüßt, Du starbst den Tod der Ehre!
Horst Wessel fiel, doch tausend neu erstehen
Es braust das Fahnenlied voran dem braunen Heere
SA bereit, den Weg ihm nachzugehen.

Die Fahnen senkt vor Toten, die noch leben
Es schwört SA, die Hand zur Faust geballt
Einst kommt der Tag, da gibts Vergeltung, kein Vergeben
wenn Heil und Sieg durchs Vaterland erschallt.|italic=no}}</poem>
|<poem style="margin-left: 1em;">Receive our salute; you died an honorable death!
Horst Wessel fell, but thousands newly arise
The anthem roars ahead of the brown army
The storm divisions are ready to follow his path.

The flags are lowered before the dead who still live
The storm division swears, with hand clenched in a fist,
That the day will come for revenge, no forgiveness,
When ''Heil'' and ''Sieg'' will ring through the fatherland.</poem>
|}

==Melody==
After Wessel's death, he was officially credited with having composed the music as well as having written the lyrics for the "Horst Wessel Song". Between 1930 and 1933, however, German critics disputed this, pointing out that the melody had a long history. "[[How Great Thou Art]]" is a well-known [[hymn]] of [[Sweden|Swedish origin]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.christian-community-chapel.com/how-great.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080401151542/http://www.christian-community-chapel.com/how-great.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 April 2008|title=Reverend Carl Boberg, Christian, How Great Thou Art |first=J |last=Lake |work= christian-community-chapel.com }}</ref> with a similar tune, for example.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}} Criticism of Horst Wessel as author became taboo after 1933, when the Nazi Party took control of Germany and criticism would likely be met with severe punishment.

The most likely immediate source for the melody was a song popular in the [[Imperial German Navy]] during [[World War I]], which Wessel would no doubt have heard being sung by World War I veterans in the Berlin of the 1920s.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}} The song was known either by its opening line as {{Lang|de|Vorbei, vorbei, sind all die schönen Stunden}} or as the "{{Lang|de|Königsberg-Lied|italic=no}}", after the German cruiser {{SMS|Königsberg|1915|2}}, which is mentioned in one version of the song's lyrics. The opening stanza of the song is
{|
|-
|<poem>{{Lang|de|Vorbei, vorbei sind all die schönen Stunden
die wir verlebt am schönen Ostseestrand.
Wir hatten uns, ja uns so schön zusamm'n gefunden
es war für uns der allerschönste Ort.|italic=no}}</poem>
|<poem style="margin-left: 1em;">Gone, gone are all the happy hours
that we spent on the beautiful Baltic shore.
Things were so beautiful between us all
and it was for us the finest place of all.</poem>
|}

In 1936, the German music critic Alfred Weidemann published an article in which he identified the melody of a song composed in 1865 by [[Peter Cornelius]] as the "Urmelodie" (source melody).<ref>[http://www.nmz.de/artikel/wer-hat-denn-eigentlich-wen-erschossen "Wer hat denn eigentlich wen erschossen?"] by Volker Mall, ''[[Neue Musikzeitung]]'', 11/98, Volume 47</ref> According to Weidemann, Cornelius described the tune as a "Viennese folk tune". This appeared to him to be the ultimate origin of the melody of the "Horst Wessel Song".<ref>Weidemann, Alfred. "Ein Vorläufer des Horst-Wessel-Liedes?" in ''Die Musik'' 28, 1936, pp. 911f. Cited by {{harvnb|Wulf|1989|p=270}}. ''Die Musik'' was published in Switzerland, as articles departing from the Nazi doctrine that Horst Wessel had originated both the lyrics and the tune could not be published in [[Nazi Germany]].</ref>

==Far-right use outside Germany==
During the 1930s and 1940s, the "Horst Wessel Song" was adapted by fascist groups in other European countries.<ref name="DieFahneHoch">{{cite web | url=http://ingeb.org/Lieder/diefahne.html | title=Die Fahne hoch | access-date=28 December 2015}}</ref>

===British Union of Fascists===

One of the marching songs of the [[British Union of Fascists]], known as ''The Marching Song'' or ''Comrades, the Voices'' was set to the same tune, and its lyrics were to some extent modelled on the song, though appealing to [[British Fascism]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Grundy |first=Trevor |date=1998 |title=Memoir of a Fascist Childhood: A Boy in Mosley's Britain |publisher=William Heinemann Ltd |pages=31–33 |isbn=0434004677}}</ref> Instead of referring to martyrs of the party, it identifies Britain's war dead as those marching in spirit against the "[[Communist Party of Great Britain|red front]] and [[National Government (United Kingdom)|massed ranks of reaction]]".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Salvador |first1=Alessandro |last2=Kjøstvedt |first2=Anders G. |date=2017 |title=New Political Ideas in the Aftermath of the Great War |location=London |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |pages=165–166 |isbn=978-3-319-38914-1}}</ref>

<poem>Comrades, the voices of the dead battalions,
Of those who fell, that [[United Kingdom|Britain]] might be great,
𝄆 Join in our song, for they still march in spirit with us,
And urge us on to gain the [[fascist dictatorship|fascist state]]!

We're of their blood and spirit of their spirit,
Sprung from that soil, for whose dear sake they bled,
𝄆 Against vested powers, Red Front, and massed ranks of reaction,
We lead the fight for freedom and for bread!

The streets are still, the final struggle's ended;
Flushed with the fight, we proudly hail the dawn!
𝄆 See, over all the streets, the fascist banners waving,
Triumphant standards of our race reborn!</poem>

=== Croatian Fascists ===
In modern [[Croatia]], members of various [[Nazism|far-right movements]] consider the adaptation written by [[Jan Zadravec]], called "[[Janovka|Hrvatski Stijeg]]" (The Croatian Banner), to be their unofficial anthem.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hrvatski Stijeg - Janovka|url=https://archivens.wordpress.com/|access-date=2022-02-07|website=Hrvatski Stijeg - Janovka|language=en}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=May 2025}}

{|
|-
|<poem>Vije se stijeg i legije predvodi.
Čuje se zvuk, zvuk naše pobjede.
𝄆 Junaci, koji za dom u boju sve su dali,
duhom su tu, koračaju uz nas!

Nek vidi se, nek cijeli svijet ga znade.
Nek čuje se, nek ori se za svagd.
𝄆 Kad brat uz brata opet svoje branit stade,
nek pamti se, da mi smo bili tu!

I sad ko tad, kad vrag nam opet prijeti;
I sad ko tad, budi se Hrvatska!
𝄆 I hrabro srce kada bije krv ne štedi,
jer za svoj rod i život vrijedi dat'! 𝄇</poem>

|<poem style="margin-left: 1em;">The flag flies high and guides the legions.
The sound is heard, the sound of our victory.
𝄆 Heroes, that gave everything fighting for our homeland,
are here in spirit, and march among us!

Let it be seen, may the whole world know it.
Let it be heard, may it echo for eternity.
𝄆 When brothers stood shoulder to shoulder to defend their own,
may it be remembered, that we were here!

So now as then, when the enemy threatens again;
So now as then, Croatia arises!
𝄆 When a brave heart fights, it doesn’t save blood,
because for one’s kin even dying is worth it!</poem>
|}

===Empire of Japan===
{|
|-
|<poem>
{{lang|ja|いざ行け！　旗押し立てて！
雄々しく進め、進め
我等の敵を破るところに、
希望(のぞみ)の道は拓く。
我等の敵を破るところに、
希望(のぞみ)の道は拓く。<ref>世界音楽全集第51</ref>}}</poem>
|<poem>Iza ike! Hata oshi tatete!
Ōshiku susume, susume
Warera no teki o yaburu tokoro ni,
Kibō (Nozomi) no michi wa hiraku.
Warera no teki o yaburu tokoro ni,
Kibō (Nozomi) no michi wa hiraku.</poem>
|<poem style="margin-left: 1em;">Let's go! Raise the flag!
Advance bravely, advance.
Wherever we defeat our enemies,
the path of hope will open up.
Wherever we defeat our enemies,
the path of hope will open up.</poem>
|}

===Falange fascist movement===
In [[Spain]], the [[Falangism|Falange]] fascist movement sang ''Camisa azul'' to the same tune:<ref>{{Cite book |last=IGNACIO |first=GÓNZALEZ ORTA, JUAN |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yUE4DAAAQBAJ&q=%2522la%2520muerte%2520del%2520cacique%2520y%2520del%2520bolchevique%2522&pg=PA22 |title=LA FALANGE Y SUS HOMBRES EN LA PROVINCIA DE HUELVA: Valverde del Camino 1936-1946 |date=2016-05-24 |publisher=Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Huelva |isbn=978-84-16621-43-9 |pages=22 |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Klein |first=Fernando |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8_Y5AQAAIAAJ&q=%2522la+muerte+del+cacique+y+del+bolchevique%2522 |title=Canciones para la memoria: la guerra civil española |date=2008 |publisher=Edicions Bellaterra |isbn=978-84-7290-406-4 |pages=183 |language=es}}</ref>

{|
|-
|<poem>
{{Lang|es|Camisa azul, el yugo y las flechas
vestía yo cuando aún dudabas tú.
Perseguido por izquierdas y por las derechas,
caía yo cuándo aún dudabas tú.

Despierta ya, burgués y socialista,
Falange trae: con la revolución,
la muerte del [[cacique]] y del bolchevique,
del holgazán y de la reacción.

Por el honor, la Patria y la justicia,
luchamos hoy en este amanecer.
Y si la muerte llega y nos acaricia,
¡Arriba España! Gritemos al caer.

La juventud está en nuestras filas,
y nuestro es también el porvenir.
España, te haremos Una, Grande y Libre,
aunque nosotros tengamos que morir.|italic=no}}</poem>
|<poem style="margin-left: 1em;">
Blue shirt, the yokes and arrows
I wore when you were still in doubt.
Chased by the left and the right,
I fell when you were still in doubt.

Wake up now, bourgeois and socialist,
Falange brings: with the revolution,
the death of the chieftain and the bolshevik,
of laziness and reaction.

For honor, Fatherland, and justice,
we fight today in this dawn.
And if death comes and caresses us,
Spain be raised! We shall say in falling.

The youth is in our ranks,
and ours is also the future.
Spain, we will make you One, Great and Free,
even if we have to die.
</poem>
|}

(Note that this was a traditional Falange march, not a march of the original Falange. It was sung by some of the volunteers of the 250th division, the [[División Azul]], after the death of [[José Antonio Primo de Rivera]].)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-12 |title=LA MÚSICA EN LA DIVISIÓN AZUL POR ANTONIO MENA CALVO |url=https://corosanfernando.com/musica-en-la-division-azul-i-parte/ |access-date=2022-07-02 |website=Coro San Fernando |language=es}}</ref>

===Legion of French Volunteers Against Bolshevism===
In [[Vichy France]] the members of the [[Légion des volontaires français]] sang:<ref name="DieFahneHoch" />

{|
|-
|<poem>{{Lang|fr|Nous châtierons les juifs et les marxistes,
Nous vengerons nos frères tués par eux,
Afin que l'idéal national-socialiste
Puisse être un jour fier et victorieux.|italic=no}}</poem>
|<poem style="margin-left: 1em;">We shall smite the [[Jews]] and the [[Marxism|Marxists]],
We shall avenge our brothers killed by them,
So that the National Socialist ideal
Should one day be proud and victorious.</poem>
|}

===Golden Dawn===
In modern Greece, [[Golden Dawn (political party)|Golden Dawn]], an [[Far-right politics|extreme right-wing party]], uses the "Horst Wessel Song" with Greek lyrics<ref>[http://www.enetenglish.gr/?i=news.en.home&id=1306 "Golden Dawn plays Nazi Anthem at food handout"], EnetEnglish.gr website, 25 July 2013</ref><ref>[http://dawnofthegreeks.wordpress.com/2013/07/25/golden-dawn-plays-nazi-anthem-at-food-handout/ "Golden Dawn plays Nazi anthem at food handout"], ''DawnOfTheGreeks'' website, 25 July 2013</ref> in its gatherings or events such as the occasional public distribution of food "to Greeks only",<ref>[http://www.enetenglish.gr/?i=news.en.article&id=1303 "Golden Dawn moves food handout following police ban"], ''[[Eleftherotypia]]'', 24 July 2013</ref> while its leader, [[Nikolaos Michaloliakos]], often uses the song's key stanzas (e.g. "The flags on high!") in his speeches.<ref>[http://jungle-report.blogspot.gr/2013/01/blog-post_31.html "Anniversary for Imia or for Hitler's ascent?"], ''Zougla.gr'', 31 January 2013 (in Greek)</ref>

The lyrics of their version are:

{|
|-
|<poem lang=el">Από του [[Mount Olympus|Ολύμπου]] τη γρανιτένια όψη
μέχρι της [[Κύπρος|Κύπρου]] τη σκλαβωμένη γη.
Απ' τη μεγάλη του ονείρου μας την [[Constantinople|Πόλη]]
ως τη [[Himara|Χειμάρρα]], που είναι Ελληνική! (2x)

Ορθό το λάβαρο κι η νίκη μας προσμένει.
Ψηλά το μέτωπο και η καρδιά σκληρή.
Στον κόσμο αυτό εμείς θα δείξουμε πώς μένει
το θάρρος άπαρτο και φρούριο η τιμή! (2x)

Χτυπάτε αλύπητα, με λύσσα, με φοβέρα
με θάρρος, σύντροφοι, τα τείχη των εχθρών.
Με την Χρυσή Αυγή θα γίνουμε μια μέρα
εκατομμύρια στρατός αγωνιστών! (2x)</poem>
|<poem style="margin-left: 1em;">From the granite face of [[Mount Olympus|Olympus]]
to the enslaved land of [[Cyprus]].
From the great [[Istanbul|City [Constantinople]]] of our dream
to [[Himara]], which is Greek!

The flag on high, victory awaits us.
The head held high and our heart remains tough.
To this world, we will show how well we carry on,
our courage is indomitable and our honor is tough like a fortress!

Beat mercilessly, with awesome fury,
with courage, comrades, the walls of the enemies.
One day, together with the Golden Dawn, we will form
an army of millions of warriors! </poem>
|}

===All-Russian Fascist Organisation===

The [[All-Russian Fascist Organisation]], founded in 1933, largely consisted of [[White émigré|émigrés of the White Movement]]. It was led by [[Anastasy Vonsiatsky]] and was based in [[Connecticut]], USA. The organisation dissolved after the United States entered World War II. Vonsyatsky was arrested for violating the [[Espionage Act of 1917|1917 Espionage Act]].

The lyrics of their version are:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stephan |first=John J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gN5oAAAAMAAJ&q=%2522%25D0%25A1%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582+%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D1%2585%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B7+%25D0%25B8+%25D0%25A1%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD+%25D1%2581+%25D0%2593%25D0%259F%25D0%25A3%2522 |title=Русские фашисты: трагедия и фарс в эмиграции, 1925-1945 |date=1992 |publisher=Изд-во Слово |isbn=978-5-85050-314-7 |pages=151 |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Окороков |first=А. В. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_s0UAQAAIAAJ&dq=%2522%25D0%25A1%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582+%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D1%2585%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B7+%25D0%25B8+%25D0%25A1%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD+%25D1%2581+%25D0%2593%25D0%259F%25D0%25A3%2522&pg=PA270 |title=Фашизм и русская эмиграция: 1920-1945 гг |date=2002 |publisher=Русаки |isbn=978-5-93347-063-2 |pages=270 |language=ru}}</ref><ref name="DieFahneHoch" />

{|
|-
|{{lang|ru|<poem>Заря близка, Знамёна выше, братья!
Смерть палачам свободы дорогой!
Звенящий меч фашистского врагам проклятья
Сметёт навеки их кровавый строй.

Соратники! Нас ждёт земля родная!
Все под знамёна! Родина зовёт…
Вонсяцкий-Вождь, измену, трусость презирая,
На подвиг нас, фашистов, поведёт.

Рубашки чёрные, готовьтесь к бою!
Железный фронт фашистов мы сомкнём
И на врага, вперёд, железною стеною
Бесстрашно, как один, мы все пойдём.

Победы день торжественный настанет,
Слетит колхоз и Сталин с ГПУ,
И свастика над Кремлём ярко засияет,
И чёрный строй пройдёт через Москву!</poem>}}

|<poem style="margin-left: 1em;">The dawn is close, Banners on high, brothers!
Death to the murderers of our dear liberty!
The fascists' sword is our enemy's damnation.
It will sweep away forever their bloody system.

Comrades, our Motherland awaits us!
Everyone under the banners, the Motherland is calling!
Vonsyatsky, our leader who scorns treason and cowardice,
With us, fascists, will lead the march!

Blackshirts, get ready for the battle!
The Iron Front of fascists unites us
And towards the enemy is an iron wall
Fearlessly, as one, we all go.

The victory day is coming gallantly,
Out with the [[Kolkhoz]]es, [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]] and his [[State Political Directorate|GPU]],
The [[swastika|hooked-cross]] over the [[Moscow Kremlin|Kremlin]] shall shine brightly
And our black ranks shall pass through [[Moscow]] </poem>
|}

===Patriotic People's Movement===
The fascist [[Lapua Movement]] and its successor [[Patriotic People's Movement]] of Finland sang a song to the tune of Horst Wessel Lied, translated by [[Otto Al’Antila]]:<ref name=lakeus>[https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/sanomalehti/binding/1810816?page=1 Otto Al'Antila, Ajan Suunta, 1933, 25.09.1933 no 221, s. 1, Kansalliskirjaston digitaaliset aineistot]</ref>
{|
|-
|<poem>Luo lippujen! Näin rinta rinnan kulkee
nyt mustapaidat tahtiin vakavaan.
Nyt, veljet rintamaan, mi valheen vuolteet sulkee
ja voittoon vie tai urhon kuolemaan!

Nyt tieltä pois, kun marssii joukko musta!
Se eestään kaataa kaikki estehet.
On katseet kirkkahat ja rinnas uskallusta,
ja toivoin katsoo meihin tuhannet.

Jo torvet soi nyt taistoon viime kerran,
oi kuulkaa uuden päivän pauhinaa!
Sa muista vannoneemme kautta Taivaan Herran:
Ei vaikertaa nyt Suomi enää saa!

Luo lippujen! Näin rinta rinnan kulkee
nyt mustapaidat tahtiin vakavaan.
Vain kurjat halveksia värejämme julkee,
kun synnyinmaamme riutuu tuskissaan.</poem>

|<poem style="margin-left: 1em;">Rally to the flags! So the blackshirts march
side by side, with a solemn step.
Now, brothers, to the front that closes the rivers of lies
and takes us to victory, or the hero to his death

Make way, as the black group marches!
It brings down all obstacles.
With bright gaze and chests full of daring
and thousands look up to us with hope.

The horns call us to the final battle,
O hear the roar of the new day!
Remember that we swore to the Lord:
No longer may Finland lament!

Rally to the flags! So the blackshirts march
side by side, with a solemn step.
Only the wretched scorn our colors
as our land of birth languishes in pain.</poem>
|}

==Parodies==
{{More citations needed section|date=May 2019}}

Before 1933, the German Communists and the [[Social Democratic Party (Germany)|Social Democrats]] sang parodies of the "Horst Wessel Song" during their street battles with the SA. Some versions simply changed the political character of the song:

{|
|-
|<poem>{{Lang|de|Die Fahne hoch, die Reihen fest geschlossen
Rotfront marschiert mit eisenfestem Schritt
Genossen, die vom Stahlhelm Hakenkreuz erschossen
Marschier'n im Geist in uns'ren Reihen mit.|italic=no}}</poem>
|<poem style="margin-left: 1em;">The flag high! The ranks tightly closed!
Red Front marches with iron-firm pace.
Comrades, shot dead by the [[Stahlhelm|Steel Helmet]] hooked-cross
March in spirit in our ranks.</poem>
|}

''[[Der Stahlhelm, Bund der Frontsoldaten|Der Stahlhelm]]'', or "The Steel Helmet", was a [[Nationalism|nationalist]] veterans' organisation closely aligned with the [[German National People's Party]].

The [[Communist Party of Germany]] substituted completely new lyrics:

{|
|-
|<poem>{{Lang|de|Ernst Thälmann ruft uns auf die Barrikaden!
Bauer, steh auf! Erheb dich, Arbeitsmann
Gewehre nehmt! Gewehre gut und scharf geladen!
Tragt rote Fahnen hoch im Kampf voran!|italic=no}}</poem>
|<poem style="margin-left: 1em;">[[Ernst Thälmann]] calls us to the barricades
Farmer arise, workman lift yourself up
To arms! Load the guns well with live ammunition
Carry high red flags onward into the fight!</poem>
|}
Ernst Thälmann was the KPD leader.

These versions were banned once the Nazis came to power and the Communist and Social Democratic parties prohibited. However, during the years of the Third Reich the song was parodied in underground versions, poking fun at the corruption of the Nazi elite. There are similarities between different texts as underground authors developed them with variations. Below are several versions.

{|
|-
|<poem>{{Lang|de|Die Preise hoch, die Läden dicht geschlossen
Die Not marschiert und wir marschieren mit
Frick, Joseph Goebbels, Schirach, Himmler und Genossen
Die hungern auch doch nur im Geiste mit.|italic=no}}</poem>
|<poem style="margin-left: 1em;">The [[inflation|prices high]], the shops tightly closed
Poverty marches and we march with it
[[Wilhelm Frick|Frick]], Joseph Goebbels, [[Baldur von Schirach|Schirach]], [[Heinrich Himmler|Himmler]] and their comrades
They go hungry too, but only in spirit.</poem>
|}

Wilhelm Frick was the Interior Minister, Baldur von Schirach was the [[Hitler Youth]] leader and Heinrich Himmler was head of the [[Schutzstaffel|SS]] and police.

Another version was:
{|
|-
|<poem lang="de">Die Preise hoch, die Schnauze fest geschlossen,
Hunger marschiert in ruhig festem Schritt.
Hitler und Göbbels, uns're beiden Volksgenossen,
Hungern im Geist mit uns Proleten mit.

Im Arbeitsamt wird SOS geblasen,
Zum Stempeln steh'n wir alle Mann bereit.
Statt Brot und Arbeit gibt der Führer uns nur Phrasen,
Und wer was sagt, lebt nur noch kurze Zeit.

Die Straße stinkt nach braunen Batallionen,
Ein Pöstchen winkt dem Sturmabteilungsmann.
Vielleicht verdient als Bonze morgen er Millionen,
Doch das geht uns 'nen braunen Scheißdreck an!</poem>
|<poem style="margin-left:1em;">The prices high, the snouts firmly closed,
Hunger marches with a quiet, steady step.
Hitler and Göbbels, our two comrades,
Starve in spirit along with us [[proletariat|proles]].

In the [[unemployment benefits]] office [[SOS]] is sounded,
All we men stand prepared to register as unemployed.
Instead of bread and work, the [[Führer]] gives us just phrases,
And whoever says anything lives but a little while.

The street stinks of the brown battalions,
A cushy job winks at the Stormtrooper.
Perhaps tomorrow he'll be a [[Fat cat (term)|fat cat]] and get millions,
But that means jack-shit to us.<ref>[http://www.musicanet.org/robokopp/Lieder/diefahne.html "Die Preise hoch"] ("The prices high") lyrics from the ''MusicaNet'' website</ref></poem>
|}

In the first year of Nazi rule [[Strasserism|radical elements of the SA]] sang their own parody of the song, reflecting their disappointment that the socialist element of National Socialism had not been realised:<ref>{{cite book |first=Adam |last=Tooze |title=The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy |location=London |publisher=Allen Lane |year=2006 |isbn=0-7139-9566-1 |page=71}}</ref>

{|
|-
|<poem>{{Lang|de|Die Preise hoch, Kartelle fest geschlossen
Das Kapital marschiert mit leisem Schritt.
Die Börsianer sind nun Parteigenossen
Und für das Kapital sorgt nun [[Kurt Schmitt|Herr Schmitt]].|italic=no}}</poem>
|<poem style="margin-left: 1em;">The prices high, the [[cartels]] are tightly closed
[[capital (economics)|Capital]] marches with a quiet step.
The [[stockbrokers]] are now party comrades
And capital is now protected by Herr Schmitt.</poem>
|}

[[Kurt Schmitt]] was Economics Minister between 1933 and 1935.

One of the best-known parodies was included in [[Bertolt Brecht]]'s play ''[[Schweik in the Second World War]]'' (1943). [[Hanns Eisler]] composed a score for the "Kälbermarsch" (Calves' March):<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Albrecht Dümling |first=Albrecht |last=Dümling |title=Laßt euch nicht verführen! Brecht und die Musik |location=München |publisher=Kindler |year=1985 |pages=503f}}</ref>

{|
|-
|<poem>{{Lang|de|Der Metzger ruft. Die Augen fest geschlossen
Das Kalb marschiert mit ruhig festem Tritt.
Die Kälber, deren Blut im Schlachthof schon geflossen
Sie ziehn im Geist in seinen Reihen mit.|italic=no}}</poem>
|<poem style="margin-left: 1em;">The [[butcher]] calls! The eyes tightly closed
The calf marches with quiet, steady step.
Calves whose blood has already been spilt at the [[slaughterhouse]]
They march in spirit within its ranks.</poem>
|}

The German post-punk and gothic rock band [[Xmal Deutschland]] released a version of the ''Kälbermarsch'' in 1981 on the compilation ''Lieber Zuviel Als Zuwenig (ZickZack Sommerhits 81)'' on the Hamburg label [[ZickZack|Zickzack Records]].<ref>[https://www.discogs.com/de/master/63808-Various-Lieber-Zuviel-Als-Zuwenig-ZickZack-Sommerhits-81 ''Lieber Zuviel Als Zuwenig (ZickZack Sommerhits 81)''] at [[Discogs]]. Retrieved 13 September 2024.</ref>

After Nazi Germany's capitulation on 8 May 1945, which ended [[World War II]], as well as Germany's occupation of Eastern Europe, Germany was divided into four occupation zones (British, French, US-American and Soviet). In the [[Soviet occupation zone|Soviet zone]], a version of 'Die Preise hoch' became popular, targeting Communist functionaries:<ref>{{cite book |last=Naimark |first=Norman M. |title=The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation 1945–1949 |location=Cambridge |publisher=Belknap Press |year=1995 |isbn=0-674-78405-7}}</ref>

{|
|-
|<poem>{{Lang|de|Die Preise hoch die Läden fest geschlossen
Die Not marschiert mit ruhig-festem Schritt.
Es hungern nur die kleinen Volksgenossen,
Die Großen hungern nur im Geiste mit.|italic=no}}</poem>
|<poem style="margin-left: 1em;">The prices high, the shops firmly closed
Poverty marches with a quiet, firm step.
Only the little folk are hungry
The bigwigs hunger only in spirit.</poem>
|}

A French parody was written by humorist [[Pierre Dac]], ''Chant des Waffen SS'' ''(Song of the Waffen SS)''. The lyrics are from the perspective of a French [[Vichy France#Collaborationnistes|collaborator]], singing about how proud he is to now serve Nazi Germany.<ref>Pierre Dac. Lyrics to "Chant de Waffen SS." ''LyricsTranslate''.{{cite web|url=https://lyricstranslate.com/en/chant-des-waffen-ss-waffen-ss-song.html|title=Chant des Waffen SS|access-date=May 17, 2024}}</ref>

{|
|-
|<poem>{{Lang|fr|Waffen SS, enfants de la milice,
C'est nous les durs, les mecs au cœur de fer,
Et nous n'avons pour utiliser nos services,
Qu'un seul patron, un seul Adolf Hitler.|italic=no}}</poem>
|<poem style="margin-left: 1em;">Waffen SS, children of the militia,
We are the tough guys, we guys with an iron heart,
And we do not have to use our services,
Only one boss, one Adolf Hitler.</poem>
|}

The most notable English-language parody<ref>Makamson, Collin (ndg) [http://www.nww2m.com/2012/09/der-fuehrers-face-released/ " 'Der Fuehrer's Face': 'The Great Psychological Song' of WWII"] [[National WWII Museum]]</ref> was written by [[Oliver Wallace]] to a similar melody and titled "[[Der Fuehrer's Face]]" for the 1942 [[Donald Duck]] cartoon of the same name. It was the first hit record for [[Spike Jones]]. The opening lyrics give the flavor of the song:

<poem>When der Fuehrer says we is de master race
We "Heil!" (pffft), "Heil!" (pffft) right in der Fuehrer's face
Not to love der Fuehrer is a great disgrace
So we "Heil!" (pffft), "Heil!" (pffft) right in der Fuehrer's face</poem>

Each "Heil!" is followed by a [[Bronx cheer]].

==In popular culture==
*In 2015, The [[New York Youth Symphony]] abruptly canceled a [[Carnegie Hall]] performance of ''Marsh u Nebuttya'' (Ukrainian: "March to Oblivion"), a 9-minute piece composed by [[Estonia]]n-born Jonas Tarm, a 21-year-old junior at the [[New England Conservatory of Music]], after it discovered that a piece it had commissioned included a 45-second musical quote of the "Horst Wessel Song".<ref name="jennifersmith">{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/youth-symphony-drops-commissioned-work-cites-nazi-element-1425495712|title=Youth Symphony Drops Commissioned Work, Cites Nazi Element|author=Smith, Jennifer|date=5 March 2015|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref><ref>Smith, Michael. [https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/05/arts/music/youth-symphony-cancels-program-that-quotes-horst-wessel-song.html "Youth Symphony Cancels Program That Quotes 'Horst Wessel' Song"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', 4 March 2015</ref> The composer would not explain his purpose in using the song in his piece, saying "[I]t can speak for itself", but the orchestra said that the usage was not appropriate.<ref name="jennifersmith" />
*German composer [[Karlheinz Stockhausen]]'s electronic and concrete work titled, ''[[Hymnen]]'' includes a sample recording of the "Horst Wessel Song".<ref>[[Robin Maconie|Maconie, Robin.]] "Stockhausen at 70. Through the Looking Glass", ''[[The Musical Times]]'' 139.1863 (1998): 4–11.</ref> It premiered in Cologne, Germany, on 30 November 1967. It was also performed in New York's Philharmonic Hall (now [[David Geffen Hall]]) and London's [[English Bach Festival]] among other international performances.
*The tune is used in [[Lukas Foss]]' ''Elegy for [[Anne Frank]]'' (1989) as a contorted march about three-quarters of the way through the work. This leads to an abrupt silence after which the earlier theme returns.<ref>[https://www.bmop.org/sites/default/files/1043-foss-bklt-web.pdf "Liner notes"], ''[[Lukas Foss]]: Complete Symphonies''</ref>{{cn|date=February 2022}}
*The [[neofolk]] band [[Death in June]] released a recording of the "Horst Wessel Song" under the name "Brown Book" on their 1987 [[Brown Book (album)|album of the same name]].<ref>[https://libcom.org/library/death-in-june-a-nazi-band "Death in June: a Nazi band? – Midwest Unrest"] by Steven, libcom.org, 19 November 2006</ref>
*The title theme for ''[[Wolfenstein 3D]]'' is a rendition of the "Horst-Wessel-Lied",<ref>{{cite web|url=https://v1.escapistmagazine.com/news/view/94909-Wolfenstein-Recalled-in-Germany-UPDATED|title=Wolfenstein Recalled in Germany – Updated|date=23 September 2009}}</ref> recomposed by [[Bobby Prince]] and released for [[MS-DOS]] on 5 May 1992.<ref>[[David Kushner (writer)|Kushner, David]] (2004) ''Masters of Doom: How Two Guys Created an Empire and Transformed Pop Culture''. New York: Random House. pp. 94–104 {{ISBN|9780812972153}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title=An Interview with ID Software |magazine=Game Bytes |issue=4 |url=https://archive.org/details/gb04-gra_zip |date=10 August 1992}}</ref>
*In ''[[Return to Castle Wolfenstein]]'', the song is played from radios in several locations in the game. The radios can be destroyed to stop the song playing.
*In 2003, a high school marching band from [[Paris, Texas]], played the "Horst-Wessel-Lied" while waving a [[Flag of Nazi Germany|Nazi flag]] at a football match at [[Hillcrest High School (Dallas)|Hillcrest High School]] in Dallas. The performance coincided with the [[Jewish holidays|Jewish holiday]] of [[Rosh Hashanah]]. The performance, which was meant to symbolize the history of World War II and also included musical selections and flags from Japan, France, the United Kingdom, and the United States, was greeted with boos from the audience which threw objects at the band. The school superintendent apologized to the Dallas school district and removed the flag from future performances of the composition.<ref>{{Cite web|website=[[CNN]]|title=School apologizes for Nazi display by band|date=1 October 2003|url=http://www.cnn.com/2003/EDUCATION/09/30/band.nazi.reut/index.html|access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref>
*The song was featured in a scene of the 1993 TV miniseries ''[[JFK: Reckless Youth]]'' during which the future president was in a bar in Nazi Germany.
*The song was briefly featured in the 13th episode of [[Time Trax]], originally aired on 5 May 1993, in which a Neo-Nazi group was singing modified English lyrics while a large [[Schutzstaffel|SS]] insignia was set aflame.

==See also==
{{Portal|Germany|Politics}}
* "[[Giovinezza]]", hymn of the Italian [[National Fascist Party]]
* "[[Cara al Sol]]", anthem of the fascist Spanish [[Falange Española de las JONS|Falange]]
* "[[Maréchal, nous voilà !]]", unofficial anthem of unoccupied [[Vichy France]]
* [[Music in Nazi Germany]]
* [[Nazi songs]]
* [[Strafgesetzbuch section 86a|German laws against modern use of Nazi songs]]
* "[[Sturmlied]]"
* "[[Vorwärts! Vorwärts!]]", anthem of the [[Hitler Youth]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book | last = Broszat | first = Martin | author-link = Martin Broszat |translator = Berghahn, V. R. | title = Hitler and the Collapse of Weimar Germany | year = 1987 | orig-year = 1984 | publisher = Berg Publishers | location = Providence, Rhode Island | isbn = 0-85496-517-3 }}
* {{cite book | last = Burleigh | first = Michael | author-link=Michael Burleigh |title = The Third Reich: A New History | year = 2012 | publisher = Pan Macmillan | isbn = 978-0330475501}}
* {{cite book | last = Longerich | first = Peter | year = 2015 | title = Goebbels: A Biography | publisher = Random House | location = New York | isbn = 978-1400067510}}
* {{cite book | last=Reuth|first=Ralf Georg|author-link=Ralf Georg Reuth|translator=Winston, Krishna| title = Goebbels | url = https://archive.org/details/goebbels0000reut| url-access = registration| year = 1993 | orig-year = 1990 | location = New York | publisher = Harcourt, Brace | isbn = 0-15-136076-6}}
* {{cite book | last = Siemens | first = Daniel | title = The Making of a Nazi Hero: The Murder and Myth of Horst Wessel | year = 2013 | publisher = [[I.B. Tauris]] | isbn = 978-0857733139}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|last=Snyder|first=Louis|title=Horst Wessel (1907–1930)|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/Wessel.html|access-date=13 February 2021|via=[[Jewish Virtual Library]]|encyclopedia=[[The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich]]|year=1997}}
* {{cite book | first = Joseph | last = Wulf | author-link = Joseph Wulf | title = Musik im Dritten Reich. Eine Dokumentation | publisher = Ullstein | location = Frankfurt | year = 1989 | isbn = 3-550-07059-4}}

==Further reading==
*Boderick, George. [https://web.archive.org/web/20041108042943/http://www.george-broderick.de/ns_docs/ns-horst_wessel_lied.doc "Das Horst-Wessel-Lied: A Reappraisal"], ''International Folklore Review'', vol. 10 (1995): 100–127.

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20000302002435/http://www.anesi.com/east/horstw.htm Text and melody] (MIDI format), [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232417/http://ingeb.org/refer/diefahne.MP3 song] (MP3 format), [https://web.archive.org/web/20150725141928/http://www.vgmpf.com/Wiki/images/c/c6/01_-_Wolfenstein_3D_-_DOS_-_Horst-Wessel-Lied.ogg song] (OGG format)
*[http://germanlawarchive.iuscomp.org/?s=Criminal+Code+86+and+86a&submit=#86 Text of the German Criminal Code – Section 86 and Section 86a] (in English)

{{NSDAP|state=collapsed}}
{{Former anthems of Europe}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:1930 songs]]
[[Category:Horst Wessel]]
[[Category:Nazi songs]]
[[Category:Symbols of Nazi Germany]]
[[Category:Nazi symbolism]]
[[Category:Historical national anthems]]
[[Category:Compositions in B-flat major]]

Ordnungspolizei

2025-11-03T20:49:31Z

2A02:8012:227B:0:698F:E30D:BFD1:CB08: Category:Ordnungspolizei is already a subcategory of Category:Police forces of Nazi Germany; Category:Allgemeine SS is already a subcategory of Category:Nazi SS

{{Short description|Uniformed police force of Nazi Germany (1936–1945)}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2019}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Infobox law enforcement agency
| agencyname = Order Police
| nativename = '''''Ordnungspolizei'''''
| commonname = ''Grüne Polizei''
| abbreviation = Orpo
| patch =
| logo = Ordnungspolizei flag.svg
| logocaption = Orpo flag
| badge =
| flag = [[File:Ordnungspolizei (1).jpg|300px]]
| flagcaption = {{flatlist |
* Clockwise from top left: [[Kurt Daluege]] (right), Chief of the Order Police, with [[Heinrich Himmler]], 1943
* Unit inspection at [[Strasbourg]], 1940: Daluege (centre), with Bomhard, and Winkler
* ''Ordnungspolizei'' in [[Minsk]], ''[[Reichskommissariat Ostland]]'', 1943
* [[Roundup (police action)|Police roundup]] in the [[Kraków Ghetto]], January 1941
* [[Biała Podlaska]] Ghetto liquidation action, 1942
}}
| imagesize =
| motto =
| mottotranslated =
| formedmonthday =
| formedyear = {{start date and age|26 June 1936}}
| preceding1 =

| dissolved = {{end date and age|1945}}
| superseding =
| employees = {{approx}} 401,300 (1944 {{estimation}}){{sfn|Müller-Hillebrand|1969|p=322}}
| legalpersonality = government agency
| country =
| national =
| federal =
| map =
| legaljuris = {{flagcountry|Nazi Germany}} [[German-occupied Europe|Occupied Europe]]
| governingbody =
| governingbodyscnd =
| constitution1 =

| police = yes
| local =
| military =
| paramilitary =
| gendarmerie =
| speciality1 =

| overviewtype =
| overviewbody =
| headquarters = {{nowrap|Berlin NW 7, Unter den Linden 72/74}} {{coord|52|30|26|N|13|22|57|E|type:landmark|display=inline}}
| sworn =
| multinational = 
| minister1name = [[Heinrich Himmler]] 1936–1943
| minister1pfo = ''[[Reichsführer-SS]]'' and Chief of German Police
| minister2name = [[Wilhelm Frick]] (nominally) 1936–1943
| minister2pfo = Interior Minister
| minister3name = [[Heinrich Himmler]] 1943–1945
| minister3pfo = Interior Minister

| chief1name = [[Kurt Daluege]]
| chief1position = Chief of Order Police, 1936–1943
| chief2name = [[Alfred Wünnenberg]]
| chief2position = Chief of Order Police, 1943–1945

| parentagency = [[Federal Ministry of the Interior (Germany)|Interior Ministry]]
| child1agency =

| unittype =
| unitname = 
| officetype =
| officename = 
| provideragency =
| uniformedas =
| stationtype =
| stations = 
| lockuptype =
| lockups = 
| vehicle1type =
| vehicles1 = 

| animal1type =
| animals1 = 

| person1name =
| person1reason =
| person1type =

| programme1 =

| activity1name =

| activitytype =
| anniversary1 =

| award1 =

}}

The '''''Ordnungspolizei''''' ('''''Orpo''''', {{IPA|de|ˈɔʁdnʊŋspoliˌtsaɪ|lang}}, meaning 'Order Police') were the uniformed [[police force]] in [[Nazi Germany]] from 1936 to 1945.{{sfn|Robertson|2008}} The Orpo was absorbed into the Nazi monopoly of power after regional police jurisdiction was removed in favour of the central Nazi government ("[[Reich]]-ification", ''Verreichlichung'', of the police). In 1936, [[Heinrich Himmler]], the commander (''[[Reichsführer-SS]]'') of the ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' (SS), was appointed Chief of the German Police in the [[Reichsministerium des Innern|Interior Ministry]]. The top and upper leadership positions of the Orpo were filled by police officers who belonged to or had joined the SS. Owing to their green uniforms, Orpo members were also referred to as '''''Grüne Polizei''''' (Green Police).{{efn|For ''Generaloberst'' of the Police and ''SS-Oberst-Gruppenführer'' [[Kurt Daluege]], the introduction of the green police uniform represented "an outward manifestation of the new relationship between the people and the police."{{sfn|Westermann|2006|p=132}} }} The force was established as a centralised organisation based in Berlin uniting the municipal, city, and rural uniformed police that had been previously organised on a state-by-state basis.{{sfn|Robertson|2008}}

The ''Ordnungspolizei'' encompassed virtually all of Nazi Germany's law-enforcement and emergency response organisations, including [[fire brigades]], [[coast guard]], and [[civil defence]]. Himmler and [[Kurt Daluege]], chief of the Orpo, worked to transform the police force into militarised formations ready to serve the regime's aims of conquest and racial annihilation. Police troops were first formed into battalion-sized formations for the [[invasion of Poland]], where they were deployed for security and policing purposes, also taking part in executions and mass deportations.{{sfn|Showalter|2005|p=xiii}} During World War II, the force was tasked with policing the civilian population of the occupied and colonised countries.{{sfn|Browning|2001|p=97}} In 1941, the Orpo's activities escalated to [[genocide]] after the [[Order Police battalions]] formed into independent regiments or were attached to [[Security Division (Wehrmacht)|''Wehrmacht'' security divisions]] and ''[[Einsatzgruppen]]''. Independently and in collaboration with those units, members of the Orpo perpetrated [[crimes against humanity]] and mass-murder during the [[Holocaust]].

==History==
Almost immediately after the Nazis seized power, they instituted measures to gain political control of German police and to use them against their perceived enemies.{{sfn|USHMM, "German Police, 1933–1939"}} The commander of the SS, ''[[Reichsführer-SS]]'' [[Heinrich Himmler]], had already been deputy chief of the Prussian secret police, when by decree of 17 June 1936, he was appointed Chief of the Police force; he performed both functions in parallel and was officially and publicly referred to as "Reichsführer-SS and Chief of the German Police in the Reich Ministry of the Interior".{{sfn|Longerich|2012|pp=200–201}} Although nominally subordinate to Interior Minister [[Wilhelm Frick]], Himmler could participate in meetings of the Reich Cabinet—when and if police agendas were discussed.{{sfn|Buchheim|1968|pp=158–162}} In 1943, Himmler himself was appointed Minister of the Interior.

Traditionally, law enforcement in Germany had been a state and local matter. When Himmler was given the lead over all of Germany's uniformed law enforcement agencies in 1936, he divided the police into two main areas: the ''Ordnungspolizei'' (Orpo or Order Police) under the command of Kurt Daluege and the ''[[Sicherheitspolizei]]'' (SiPo or security police) under [[Reinhard Heydrich]].{{sfn|Westermann|2005|p=9}} The Orpo assumed duties of regular uniformed law enforcement while the SiPo was made up by the combined forces of the ''Geheime Staatspolizei'' ([[Gestapo]]; secret state police) and the ''[[Kriminalpolizei (Nazi Germany)|Kriminalpolizei]]'' (Kripo; criminal investigation police). The Gestapo was a political police agency with additional legally guaranteed powers of arrest. On 27 September 1939, shortly after the start of [[World War II]], the SiPo and the ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' (SD; SS security service) were folded into the [[Reich Security Main Office]] (''Reichssicherheitshauptamt'' or RSHA).{{sfn|Buchheim|1968|p=172}} The RSHA symbolised the close connection between the SS (a party organisation) and the police (a state organisation).{{sfn|Weale|2012|pp=140–144}}{{sfn|Zentner|Bedürftig|1991|p=783}} The Order Police (uniformed police, enforcement police) remained in the Ministry of the Interior. Himmler's multiple attempts to increase the proportion of SS members in the Orpo failed.{{sfn|Buchheim|1968|pp=204–213}} Nonetheless, his reorganisation of the police under the RSHA enabled him to have "watchdogs" in multiple army districts and coordinated the power of the SS, SiPo, and Orpo, which historian Helmut Langerbein says "perverted normal police work".{{sfn|Langerbein|2003|p=18}}

Himmler pursued the amalgamation of SS and police into a form of "State Protection Corps" (''Staatsschutzkorps''), and used the expanded reach the police powers gave him to persecute ideological opponents of the Nazi regime and "undesirables" such as Jews, [[freemasons]], churches, homosexuals, [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], and other groups defined as "[[asocial]]".{{sfn|Longerich|2012|pp=249–251}} The Nazi conception of criminality was racial and biological, holding that criminal traits were hereditary, and had to be exterminated to purify German blood. As a result, even ordinary criminals were consigned to concentration camps to remove them from the German racial community (''[[Volksgemeinschaft]]'') and ultimately exterminate them.{{sfn|Longerich|2012|pp=210–240}}

The Order Police was one—among several—of the executing organisations that facilitated inhumane goals pursued by Himmler and the RSHA, transforming and reorienting police functions into part of the Nazi security apparatus as they prepared for war.{{sfn|Cesarani|2016|p=124}} Instructions for the Orpo came through the regional political administrative authorities and/or the Higher SS and Police Leaders ([[SS and police leader|HSSPF]])—the latter had authority to command both police branches and the SS-forces, because Himmler intended all along to establish harmony between the police and the SS.{{sfn|Longerich|2012|p=250}}{{efn|As early as 1937, the Order Police were already authorised to wear the [[SS runes]] on their uniforms.{{sfn|Longerich|2012|p=250}} }} Most of the battalions of the Order Police troops in the east were deployed for the expulsion and extermination of the Jewish population, since parts were assigned to the SS ''[[Einsatzgruppen]]''.{{sfn|Krausnick|1968|pp=50–53, 63–66}} Their personnel were used to guard [[Jewish ghettos established by Nazi Germany|ghetto]]s or to carry out mass shootings. Order police played an executive role in the [[Holocaust]] by providing men for the tasks involved, "both career professionals and reservists, in both battalion formations and precinct service" (''Einzeldienst'').{{sfn|Browning|2000|pp=143–144}}

===Indoctrination===
Before the Nazi seizure of power, there was already a penchant for nationalistic beliefs and militarism among police officers in Germany, since most of its members consisted of men who had fought in [[World War I]].{{sfn|Westermann|2006|p=130}} Many officers of the police forces in Weimar believed the causation of Germany's loss in that war was bound up in the [[Stab-in-the-back myth|myths of being stabbed in the back]] by profiteers and Jews, which certainly contributed to their willingness to believe the National Socialist message.{{sfn|Westermann|2006|pp=130–131}} Beginning in February 1933, Nazi minister [[Hermann Göring]] issued a decree that Nazi party members and those in related organisations "were to receive priority as applicants for the Order Police."{{sfn|Westermann|2006|p=131}} Just a few months later, Kurt Daluege issued a secret memorandum that emphasised eight to ten weeks worth of ideological indoctrination for SA and SS members transitioning into the Order Police at the rank of captain or higher, to ensure "close ties between the state instruments of power [the police] and the SA and SS."{{sfn|Westermann|2006|p=131}}

By 1935, there was an increased national political curricula and intensive ideological training by the "Comradeship of the German Police" (''Kameradschaftsbund der deutschen Polizei'').{{sfn|Harten|2018|p=171}} Monthly national political lectures were instituted, and all police officers were encouraged to attend courses in state and party training facilities.{{sfn|Harten|2018|p=171}} Historian Edward B. Westermann writes that the "transformation of the police into political soldiers and instruments of genocide occurred in large part due to the efforts of Heinrich Himmler and Kurt Daluege to create an organizational culture within the ''Ordnungspolizei'' that married a "martial attitude" with Nazi racial ideology."{{sfn|Westermann|2006|p=129}} In keeping with Nazi ideological programmatic lines, the Order Police, alongside the SS, played a key role in implementing Nazi racial policies. Unlike the SS, whose members voluntarily aligned with its ideology, the police required extensive ideological training to adopt and support the SS's goals, which was generally accepted due to a combination of Nazi propaganda, latent antisemitism, and a societal disposition towards obedience to authority.{{sfn|Harten|2018|p=11}}

Within the administrative organ (''Verwaltungspolizei'') for instance, the Order Police were required to read specific history books and essays on Nazi ideology, which were integrated into their practical police training and exams, ensuring alignment with Nazi goals.{{sfn|Harten|2018|pp=220–221}} Training for State Protection Police (''Schutzpolizei'') at the Berlin-Schöneberg School in 1937 included 44 weekly hours focused on police and criminal law, with two hours dedicated to national politics and ideological training by SS instructors. Similarly, the curriculum included history and National Socialist ideology.{{sfn|Harten|2018|p=204}}{{efn|In June 1938, Nazi Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels recorded in his personal diary how he spoke to a group of 300 policemen in Berlin, who he really "got going"; he added, "Against all sentimentality. Legality is not the motto, but harassment. The Jews must get out of Berlin. The police will help."{{sfn|Rees|2017|p=123}} }} From the end of 1942 to the end of 1944, the Mariaschein Police School (later moved to Heidenheim) conducted monthly ideological training sessions for the ''Schutzpolizei'' with corresponding training of like kind being held at other police and police weapons schools across Nazi-occupied Europe.{{sfn|Harten|2018|p=348}}

==Organization==
The German Order Police had grown to 244,500 men by mid-1940.{{sfn|Browning|2001|p=6}} In preparation for the war of aggression and conquest, a replacement police force was set up as early as 1937 to take over patrol and guard duties. This auxiliary police could be activated by decree for service in their home districts and had grown to over 90,000 by the beginning of the war. These older men were drafted and conscripted into the reserve police, and in the course of the war, veterans were also called up. The majority of them served in their home environment, some were deployed in police reserve battalions.{{sfn|Browning|2001|pp=6–7}}

In 1936, Himmler divided the Nazi police into two branches.{{sfn|Browning|2001|p=4}} The central command office known as the ''Ordnungspolizei Hauptamt'' was housed in the old office building of the Prussian Ministry of the Interior in [[Berlin]] at NW 7, Unter den Linden 72/74. From 1936 to 1941, it consisted of two offices: the Command Department (''Kommandoamt''), responsible for finance, personnel and medical; and the Office of Administration and Law (''Verwaltung''), responsible for handling all administrative police, legal and economic tasks of the entire Order Police. In 1941, the Colonial Office, the Office of Fire Brigades, and the Office of Technical Emergency Aid were added.{{sfn|EHRI, ''Hauptamt Ordnungspolizei''}}

While the Order Police was initially commanded by Kurt Daluege, in May 1943, he had a massive heart attack and was removed from duty.{{sfn|McKale|2011|p=104}} He was replaced by Police and [[Waffen-SS]] General [[Alfred Wünnenberg]], who had previously spent his career as a professional police officer.{{sfn|Weale|2012|p=149}}

===Branches of police===
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101III-Weiss-047-31, Russland, Minsk, Ordnungspolizei, Bach-Zelewski.jpg|thumb|right|''Ordnungspolizei'' in [[Minsk]], [[Reichskommissariat Ostland]], [[Weißruthenien]], 1943]]
The administration police (''[[Verwaltungspolizei]]'') was the branch with overall command authority for all Orpo [[police station]]s. The ''Verwaltungspolizei'' also was the central office for record keeping and was the command authority for civilian law enforcement groups, which included the ''Gesundheitspolizei'' (health police), ''Gewerbepolizei'' (commercial or trade police), and the ''Baupolizei'' (building police). In the main towns, ''Verwaltungspolizei'', ''Schutzpolizei'' and ''Kriminalpolizei'' would be organised into a police administration known as the ''Polizeipräsidium'' or ''Polizeidirektion'', which had authority over these police forces in the urban district. Generally speaking, there were three subtypes of uniformed police forces within the Order Police, arranged according to the population size and density of the community they served."{{sfn|USHMM, "The Order Police"}} These were:
* '''''Gendarmerie''''' (rural police), who were tasked with frontier law enforcement to include small communities, rural districts, and mountainous terrain.
* '''Municipal protection police''' ''([[Gemeindepolizei (Nazi Germany)|Gemeindepolizei]])'' municipal uniformed police in smaller and some large towns.
* '''State protection police''' ''([[Schutzpolizei (Nazi Germany)|Schutzpolizei]])'', state uniformed police in cities and most large towns, which included police-station duties (''Revierdienst'') and barracked police units for riots and public safety (''Kasernierte Polizei'').

Inspectors of the Order Police in various branches were established in September 1936, overseeing the entire Order Police within their jurisdictions. At the start of the war, they were gradually renamed "Commanders of the Order Police" (BdO) and given greater authority, directly reporting to Higher SS and Police Leaders.{{sfn|Harten|2018|p=587 fn}} Although fully integrated into the ''Ordnungspolizei''-system, its police officers were still considered municipal civil servants.{{sfn|Westermann|2005|p=70}} The civilian law enforcement in towns with a municipal protection police was not performed by the ''Verwaltungspolizei'', but by municipal civil servants. Until 1943, they also had municipal criminal investigation departments, but that year, all such departments with more than 10 detectives were integrated into the [[Kripo]].{{sfn|MIRS|1945|pp=73–75}}

====Other police forces====
Additional police units not entirely subordinate to the ''Hauptamt Ordnungspolizei'' or the Reich Security Main Office existed across Germany, which made them outside the regular Nazi police structure and were "staffed mainly by officials from the police and judiciary who had served under Weimar."{{sfn|Longerich|2012|pp=150, 162}}{{efn|Such elements in Nazi Germany included: the "Railway Criminal Investigative Service" (''Reichsbahnfahndungsdienst''), and the "Railway Protection Police" (''[[Bahnschutzpolizei]]'')—both subordinate to the ''[[Deutsche Reichsbahn]]''; the "Postal Protection" (''[[Postschutz]]'') element, comprised by roughly 45,000 members tasked with the security of Germany's mail and other communications' media such as the [[telephone]] and [[telegraph]] systems; the "[[Forest Protection Service]]", ''(Forstschutzkommando)''; the "Game Warden/Hunting Police" element (''Jagdpolizei''); the "Customs & Border Guards" (''[[Zollgrenzschutz]]'') under the Finance Ministry; the "Agricultural Field Police" (''Flurschutzpolizei''); the "Factory Protection Police" (''Werkschutzpolizei'')—its personnel were civilians employed by industrial enterprises, and typically were issued paramilitary uniforms; the "Dam and Dyke Police" (''Deichpolizei''), subordinated to the Ministry of Economy; and the "Harbor Police" (''Hafenpolizei'') under the Ministry of Transport.}} Despite the seeming independence of other functional policing and public safety organizations, they were still part of the Nazi state, which was monitored and controlled by the SS and its subordinated agencies, such as the [[Gestapo]].{{sfn|Gellately|1992|pp=58, 71–72}}

===Leadership===
{{Officeholder table start
| showorder = y
| showimage = y
| image_title = Portrait
| officeholder_title = Chief
| showtermlenght = y
| showelection = n
| showcabinet = n
| party_col = 1
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order2 = {{white|1}}
| image = Bundesarchiv Bild 183-2007-1010-502, Kurt Daluege.jpg
| military_rank = {{Lang|de|[[SS-Oberst-Gruppenführer]]}}
| officeholder = [[Kurt Daluege]]
| officeholder_sort = Daluege, Kurt
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1897
| died_year = 1946
| term_start = 26 June 1936
| term_end = 31 August 1943
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1936|06|26|1943|08|31}}
| alt_party = Nazi Party
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order2 = {{white|2}}
| image = Bundesarchiv Bild 121-1395, Alfred Wünnenberg.jpg
| military_rank = SS-{{Lang|de|[[Obergruppenführer]]}}
| officeholder = [[Alfred Wünnenberg]]
| officeholder_sort = Wünnenberg, Alfred
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1891
| died_year = 1963
| term_start = 31 August 1943
| term_end = 8 May 1945
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1943|08|31|1945|05|08}}
| alt_party = Nazi Party
}}
{{Officeholder table end}}

==Police battalions in the East and the Holocaust==
{{main|Order Police battalions}}
===Invasion of Poland===
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-030-0780-25, Krakau, Razzia von deutscher Ordnungspolizei.jpg|thumb|''Ordnungspolizei'' conducting a raid (''[[Razzia (military)|razzia]]'') in the [[Kraków Ghetto|Kraków ghetto]], 1941]]
By the time of the invasion of Poland in 1939, the Order Police had reached a strength of 131,000 men.{{sfn|Browning|2001|p=5}} Correspondingly, between 1939 and 1945, the ''Ordnungspolizei'' maintained military formations, who were trained and outfitted by the main police offices within Germany.{{sfn|Goldhagen|1997|p=204}} Specific duties varied widely from unit to unit and from one year to another.{{sfn|Goldhagen|1997|p=186}} Generally, the Order Police were not directly involved in frontline combat, except for [[Ardennes#World War II|Ardennes]] in May 1940, and the [[Siege of Leningrad]] in 1941.{{sfn|Browning|2001|p=5}} The first 17 battalion formations (from 1943 renamed ''SS-Polizei-Bataillone'') were deployed by the Orpo in September 1939 along with the ''[[Wehrmacht]]'' during the [[invasion of Poland]].{{sfn|Browning|2001|pp=38–39}} One unit was organised under the command of Udo von Woyrsch and its members were specifically tasked to "carry out executions".{{sfn|Cesarani|2016|p=241}}{{efn|Senior personnel in this unit were personally hand-selected by [[Werner Best]] under the guise that these men would "act ruthlessly and harshly to achieve National Socialist aims".{{sfn|Cesarani|2016|p=241}} }} Under Woyrsch, these Orpo men terrorised the Jews of Bedzin, Katowice, and Sosnowiec, where they wrecked Jewish-owned property, shot dozens, and in one case in the town of Dynow, forced a dozen Jews into a synagogue before setting it on fire.{{sfn|Cesarani|2016|p=244}}

The battalions also guarded [[Invasion of Poland#Aftermath|Polish prisoners of war]] behind the German lines, and carried out [[Expulsion of Poles by Nazi Germany|expulsion of Poles]] from ''[[Reichsgau Wartheland|Reichsgaue]]'' under the banner of ''[[Lebensraum]]''.{{sfn|Browning|2001|p=38}} They also committed atrocities against both the [[Catholic Church in Poland|Catholic]] and the [[History of the Jews in Poland|Jewish]] populations as part of those "resettlement actions".{{sfn|Rossino|2003|pp=69–72}} After hostilities had ceased, the battalions—such as [[Reserve Police Battalion 101]]—took up the role of [[security forces]], patrolling the perimeters of the [[Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland]] (the internal ghetto security issues were managed by the ''SS'', [[Sicherheitsdienst|''SD'']], and the Criminal Police, in conjunction with the Jewish [[Judenrat|ghetto administration]]).{{sfn|Hilberg|1985|p=81}}

Each battalion consisted of approximately 500 men armed with light infantry weapons.{{sfn|Browning|2001|p=6}} In the east, each company also had a [[Heavy machine gun|heavy machine-gun]] detachment.{{sfn|Browning|2001|p=45}} Administratively, the Police Battalions remained under the Chief of Police [[Kurt Daluege]], but operationally they were under the authority of regional [[SS and Police Leaders]] (''SS- und Polizeiführer''), who reported, in a separate [[chain of command]], directly to ''Reichsführer-SS'' [[Heinrich Himmler]].{{sfn|Hilberg|1985|pp=71–73}} The battalions were used for various auxiliary duties, including the so-called [[Anti-partisan operations in World War II|anti-partisan operations]], support of combat troops, and construction of defence works (i.e. the [[Atlantic Wall]]).{{sfn|U.S. War Dept.|1995|pp=202–203}}

Some of them were focused on traditional security roles as an occupying force, while others were directly involved in [[Pacification actions in German-occupied Poland|actions designed to inflict terror]] and in the ensuing [[Holocaust]].{{sfn|Browning|2001|pp=40–41}} While they were similar to ''[[Waffen-SS]]'', they were not part of the thirty-eight ''Waffen-SS'' divisions, and should not be confused with them, including the national [[4th SS Polizei Panzergrenadier Division]].{{sfn|U.S. War Dept.|1995|pp=202–203}} The battalions were originally numbered in series from 1 to 325, but in February 1943 were renamed and renumbered from 1 to about 37, to distinguish them from the ''[[Schutzmannschaft]]'' auxiliary battalions recruited from local population in German-occupied areas.{{sfn|U.S. War Dept.|1995|pp=202–203}}
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-H27928, Polen, Ghetto Lublin, Polizei-Einsatz.jpg|thumb|upright|Order Police descending to the cellars on a Jew-hunt in [[Lublin]], December 1940. The [[Lublin Ghetto]] was set up in March 1941.]]

===Invasion of the Soviet Union===
[[File:Einsatzgruppe shooting.jpg|thumb|Members of the ''Ordnungspolizei'' shooting naked women and children during the Holocaust]]
The [[Order Police battalions]], operating both independently and in conjunction with the ''[[Einsatzgruppen]]'', became an integral part of the [[Final Solution]] in the two years following the attack on the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, [[Operation Barbarossa]]. The first mass-murder of 3,000 Jews by [[Police Battalion 309]] occurred in occupied [[Białystok Ghetto#Invasion of Poland|Białystok]] on 12 July 1941.{{sfn|Browning|2001|pp=11–14}} Police battalions were part of the first and second wave of murders in 1941 and into 1942 throughout the [[territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union]] and also earlier, during the killing operations within the 1939 borders of the USSR—whether as part of Order Police regiments, or as separate units reporting directly to local ''SS'' and Police Leaders.{{sfn|Hilberg|1985|pp=175, 192–198}} Over 11,000 members of the Order Police entered the Soviet Union in the wake of the Nazi invasion.{{sfn|Rees|2017|p=204}} They included the [[Reserve Police Battalion 101]] from Hamburg, Battalion 133 of the Nürnberg Order Police, Police Battalions [[Police Battalion 45|45]], 309 from Köln, 91 and [[Police Battalion 316|316]] from [[Bottrop]]-[[Oberhausen]].{{sfn|Browning|2001|pp=11–14}} These units—among others—carried out extensive murder operations across the Eastern Front.{{sfn|Westermann|2005|pp=174–177, 195, 220–225}} In the immediate aftermath of World War II, this latter role was obscured both by the lack of court evidence and by deliberate obfuscation, while most of the focus was on the better-known ''Einsatzgruppen'' ("Operational groups") who reported to the ''Reichssicherheitshauptamt'' (RSHA) under [[Reinhard Heydrich]].{{sfn|Hilberg|1985|pp=100–106}}

[[Order Police battalions]] involved in direct killing operations were responsible for at least 1 million murders.{{sfn|Goldhagen|1997|pp=202, 271–273}} Starting in 1941, the regional Order Police units helped to transport Jews from ghettos in both Poland and the USSR (and elsewhere in [[German-occupied Europe|occupied Europe]]) to concentration and extermination camps; they also participated in operations to hunt down and murder Jews outside the ghettos.{{sfn|Goldhagen|1997|p=195}} The Order Police and the ''Waffen-SS'' were the two primary sources from which the ''Einsatzgruppen'' drew personnel.{{sfn|Hilberg|1985|pp=105–106}}

==Waffen-SS Police Division==
{{main|4th SS Polizei Panzergrenadier Division}}
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1979-107-10, Angetretene Volkssturmmänner.jpg|right|thumb|21 October 1944. An SS Propaganda Company photograph of armed ''Volkssturm''; a uniformed Orpo man is shown at the far right end of the line.]]

The militarization of the police during the war was reflected in the restructuring of police units, with companies replacing traditional formations.{{sfn|Harten|2018|p=307}} In October 1939, a Police Division of 15,800 militarily trained personnel was formed, initially part of the police but made available to the ''Wehrmacht'', participating in the 1940 Western Campaign and later restructured as the [[4th SS Polizei Panzergrenadier Division|''SS Polizei'' Division]] officially integrated into the Waffen-SS in 1942.{{sfn|Harten|2018|pp=307–308}}{{efn|Additional ideological training was introduced within the division, and approximately 8,000 members of the Orpo's Field Gendarmerie were assigned to the ''Wehrmacht'' as military police.{{sfn|Harten|2018|p=308}} }} Many members of the ''Ordnungspolizei'', along with other reservists and men from the ''[[Allgemeine SS]]'' were organised into the ''SS Totenkopfdivision''.{{sfn|Stein|1984|p=33}}
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-027-1476-21A, Marseille, Gare d'Arenc. Deportation von Juden.jpg|thumb|Troops from the SS Police Battalions load Jews into [[boxcars]] at [[Marseille]], [[France]], in January 1943.]]

In 1940, the ''SS Polizei'' Division was stationed along the [[Maginot Line]] to provide passive defense and in preparation for the [[Manstein plan|Nazi invasion of France]].{{sfn|Stein|1984|p=57}} Eventually the ''SS Polizei'' Division was called into offensive action, when on 9 June and 10 June, the 1st and 2nd Police Regiments participated in the assault across the Aisne River and the Ardennes Canal where they faced fierce French resistance before the 2nd Police Regiment broke through and took the town of Voncq.{{sfn|Stein|1984|p=87}} The unit was then ordered to advance through the Argonne Forest and again, despite fierce French fighting, managed to capture Les Islettes.{{sfn|Stein|1984|pp=87–88}} Nonetheless, the ''SS Polizei'' Division was taken out of front-line fighting and placed in reserve near Bar le Duc, but not before they had suffered some 704 casualties in two engagements.{{sfn|Stein|1984|p=88}}

Throughout the course of the war, Himmler established as many as thirty SS-Police regiments for regions occupied by German forces.{{sfn|Stein|1984|p=112}} These units were created to carry out "special tasks" behind the Russian front, and each SS-Police regiment was assigned two armored car and antitank platoons with this "police army" subordinated to HSSPF leaders under Himmler's authority.{{sfn|Stein|1984|p=111}} Between 5,500 and 6,000 additional members of the Order Police were dispatched across central and southern Russia, accompanied by the ''SS-Einsatzgruppen''.{{sfn|Kay|2021|p=77}} During periods of intense fighting and crisis, these SS-Police units were thrown into the front lines, but normally were used for [[Bandenbekämpfung|anti-partisan activities]] or the mass execution of political prisoners and Jews.{{sfn|Stein|1984|pp=111–112}}

During the spring of 1944—after a disastrous year on the Russian front—the 4th ''SS-Polizei'' Division fought Greek guerrilla forces near Klissura, after which, the division carried out "savage reprisals against the local inhabitants."{{sfn|Stein|1984|p=277}} The same thing happened at Distomo near Delphi, where members of this division slaughtered men, women, and children alike. Days after the massacre at Distomo, a Red Cross team from Athens "found bodies dangling from the trees that lined the road into the village."{{sfn|Kay|2021|p=187}}

Nearly 15 percent of all Waffen-SS general officers and colonels, as well as another 11 percent of its lieutenant-colonels and majors, began their careers as policemen.{{sfn|Westermann|2005|p=101}}

==See also==
* [[Bandenbekämpfung]]
* [[Executions in Warsaw's police district]]
* [[Glossary of Nazi Germany]]
* [[Police Long Service Award]]
* [[Police forces of Nazi Germany]]
* [[Ranks and insignia of the Ordnungspolizei]]
* ''[[Schutzmannschaft]]'', auxiliary policemen raised from local populations in occupied [[Eastern Europe]] during World War II

==References==
===Notes===
{{notelist}}

===Citations===
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite book | last=Browning | first=Christopher R. | title=Nazi Policy, Jewish Workers, German Killers | year=2000 | location=Cambridge and New York | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=978-0-52177-299-0}}
* {{cite book | last=Browning | first=Christopher R. | title=Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland | orig-year=1992 | year=2001 | location=New York | publisher=Penguin Books | isbn=978-0-14100-042-8}}
* {{cite book | last=Buchheim | first=Hans | chapter=The SS: Instrument of Domination | title=Anatomy of the SS State | editor1-last=Krausnick | editor1-first=Helmut | editor2-last=Buchheim | editor2-first=Hans | editor3-last=Broszat | editor3-first=Martin | editor4-last=Jacobsen | editor4-first=Hans-Adolf | year=1968 | publisher=Walker and Company | location=New York | pages=127–301 | isbn=978-0-00211-026-6}}
* {{cite book | last=Cesarani | first=David | year=2016 | title=Final Solution: The Fate of the Jews, 1933–1945 | place=New York | publisher=St. Martin's Press | isbn=978-1-25000-083-5}}
* {{cite web | author=EHRI - Bundesarchiv, Berlin-Lichterfelde | url=https://portal.ehri-project.eu/units/de-002429-r_19 | title=EHRI - Hauptamt Ordnungspolizei | access-date=4 April 2025 | ref={{sfnRef|EHRI, ''Hauptamt Ordnungspolizei''}} }}
* {{cite book| last=Gellately | first=Robert | year=1992 | title=The Gestapo and German Society: Enforcing Racial Policy, 1933–1945 | place=Oxford and New York | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=978-0-19820-297-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Goldhagen |first=Daniel |author-link=Daniel Goldhagen |title=Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust | location=New York | publisher=Vintage | year=1997 |isbn=0679772685 |url=https://archive.org/details/hitlerswillingex00gold_0 |url-access=registration }}
* {{cite book | last=Harten | first=Hans-Christian | year=2018 | title=Die weltanschauliche Schulung der Polizei im Nationalsozialismus | language=de | place=Paderborn | publisher=Ferdinand Schöningh | isbn=978-3-50678-836-8}}
* {{cite book | last=Hilberg | first=Raul | year=1985 | title=The Destruction of the European Jews | location=New York | publisher=Holmes & Meier | isbn=0-8419-0910-5}}
* {{cite book |last1=Kay |first1=Alex J.| authorlink=Alex J. Kay | title=[[Empire of Destruction|Empire of Destruction: A History of Nazi Mass Killing]] | year=2021 | location=New Haven and London | publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-26253-7}}
* {{cite book | last=Krausnick | first=Helmut | chapter=The Persecution of the Jews | title=Anatomy of the SS State | editor1-last=Krausnick | editor1-first=Helmut | editor2-last=Buchheim | editor2-first=Hans | editor3-last=Broszat | editor3-first=Martin | editor4-last=Jacobsen | editor4-first=Hans-Adolf | year=1968 | pages=3–124 | publisher=Walker and Company | location=New York | isbn=978-0-00211-026-6}}
* {{cite book | last=Langerbein | first=Helmut | title=Hitler's Death Squads: The Logic of Mass Murder | year=2003| place=College Station, TX | publisher=Texas A&M University Press | isbn=978-1-58544-285-0}}
* {{cite book | last=Longerich | first=Peter | title=Heinrich Himmler: A Life | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GBQchepZ-7EC | year=2012 | place=Oxford and New York | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=978-0-19959-232-6}}
* {{cite book | last = McKale | first = Donald M | title = Nazis after Hitler: How Perpetrators of the Holocaust Cheated Justice and Truth | year = 2011 | place = Lanham, MD | publisher = Rowman & Littlefield | isbn = 978-1-4422-1316-6 }}
* {{cite book | author=MIRS | chapter=The German Police | title=London Branch, and Allied Forces Supreme Headquarters Evaluation and Dissemination Section | year=1945 | place=London | publisher=Supreme Headquarters, Allied Expeditionary Force, Evaluation and Dissemination Section, G-2, Counter Intelligence Sub-Division | oclc=12969317}}
* {{cite book | last=Müller-Hillebrand | first=Burkhart | year=1969 | title=Der Zweifrontenkrieg: Das Heer vom Beginn des Feldzuges gegen die Sowjetunion bis zum Kriegsende | volume=3 | series=Das Heer (1933–1945) | location=Frankfurt am Main | publisher=Mittler | oclc=83882908}}
* {{cite book | last=Rees | first=Laurence | title=The Holocaust: A New History | place=New York | publisher=PublicAffairs | year=2017 | isbn=978-1-61039-844-2}}
* {{cite web | last=Robertson | first=Struan | year=2008 | title=Hamburg Police Battalions during the Second World War | url=http://www1.uni-hamburg.de/rz3a035//police101 | access-date=2009-09-24 |format=Internet Archive |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080222023331/http://www1.uni-hamburg.de/rz3a035//police101.html |archive-date=February 22, 2008 | website=University of Hamburg (via Wayback Machine)}}
* {{cite book | last=Rossino | first=Alexander B. | title=Hitler Strikes Poland: Blitzkrieg, Ideology, and Atrocity | year=2003 | place=Lawrence, KS | publisher=University of Kansas Press | isbn=978-0-70061-234-5}}
* {{cite contribution |last=Showalter |first=Dennis |author-link1=Dennis Showalter |chapter=Foreword |title=Hitler's Police Battalions: Enforcing Racial War in the East |date=2005|publisher=[[University Press of Kansas]]|location=Kansas City |isbn=978-0-7006-1724-1}}
* {{cite book | last = Stein | first = George | title = The Waffen-SS: Hitler's Elite Guard at War 1939–1945 | url = https://archive.org/details/waffensshitlers00stei | url-access = registration | publisher = Cornell University Press | year = 1984 | orig-year = 1966 | isbn = 0-8014-9275-0 }}
* {{cite web | author=USHMM | title=The Nazification of the German Police, 1933–1939 | website=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum {{!}} Holocaust Encyclopedia | url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/german-police-in-the-nazi-state | access-date=15 December 2024 | ref={{sfnRef|USHMM, "German Police, 1933–1939"}} }}
* {{cite web | author=USHMM | title=The Order Police | website=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum {{!}} Holocaust Encyclopedia | url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ordnungspolizei&action=edit&section=16 | access-date=22 December 2024 | ref={{sfnRef|USHMM, "The Order Police"}} }}
* {{cite book| author=U.S. War Dept. | title=Handbook on German Military Forces | editor=David I. Norwood | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b3W1tiuHzcoC&pg=PA202 | year=1995 |orig-year=March 1945 | location=Baton Rouge | publisher=Louisiana State University Press |isbn=0-8071-2011-1}}
* {{cite book | last=Weale | first=Adrian | author-link=Adrian Weale | title=Army of Evil: A History of the SS | year=2012 | publisher=NAL Caliber (Penguin Group) | location=New York; Toronto | isbn=978-0-451-23791-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Westermann|first=Edward B.|title=Hitler's Police Battalions: Enforcing Racial War in the East |date=2005|publisher=[[University Press of Kansas]]|location=Kansas City |isbn=978-0-7006-1724-1}}
* {{cite book | last=Westermann | first=Edward B. | year=2006 | chapter=Ideology and Organizational Culture: Creating the Police Soldier | title=Lessons and Legacies VII: The Holocaust in International Perspective | editor=Dagmar Herzog | location=Evanston, IL | publisher=Northwestern University Press | pages=129–141 |isbn=0-8101-2370-3}}
* {{cite book | last1=Zentner | first1=Christian | last2=Bedürftig | first2 = Friedemann | year=1991 | title= [[The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich]] | location= New York | publisher= MacMillan Publishing | isbn=0-02-897500-6 }}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Megargee|editor1-first= Geoffrey P. | editor-link1 = Geoffrey P. Megargee|title=Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945|volume= II |publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Bloomington |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-253-35328-3 |title-link= Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945 }}
* Nix Philip and Jerome Georges (2006). ''The Uniformed Police Forces of the Third Reich 1933-1945'', Leandoer & Ekholm. {{ISBN|91-975894-3-8}}
* {{cite book | last=Williams | first=Max | year=2001 | title=Reinhard Heydrich: The Biography, Volume 1—Road To War | publisher=Ulric Publishing | location=Church Stretton | isbn=978-0-9537577-5-6}}

{{commons category|Ordnungspolizei (Nazi Germany)}}

{{SS organizations}}
{{Einsatzgruppen}}
{{Army Group Rear Area (Wehrmacht)}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ordnungspolizei| ]]
[[Category:Allgemeine SS]]
[[Category:Holocaust terminology]]

Rogers' Rangers

2025-11-03T18:59:18Z

2A02:8012:227B:0:698F:E30D:BFD1:CB08: Removed Category:Regiments of the British Army as already in more appropriate subcategory Category:British American Army Rangers

{{short description|18th century British Army unit}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = Rogers' Rangers
| image = Rogers Rangers U.S. Army Center of Military History.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = ''To Range the Woods, New York, 1760'', Spc. 4 Manuel B. Ablaza
| country = {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Great Britain}}
| allegiance = {{army|Kingdom of Great Britain}} (1775-1796) [[New England Colonies]] (1755–1775)
| type = [[Special operations]] 
[[Auxiliaries]]
| branch = British provincial unit
| dates = 1755–1796
| specialization = [[Special operations]] [[Maneuver warfare]] [[Guerrilla warfare]] [[Skirmisher|Skirmishing]]
| size = Nine companies (in the regiment)
| garrison = [[Fort William Henry]] (1755–1757) [[Rogers Island (New York)|Rogers Island]] (1757–1763)
[[Fort Detroit]] (1763-1796)
| battles = '''[[French and Indian War]]'''
* [[Battle on Snowshoes (1757)]]
* [[Siege of Fort William Henry]] (1757)
* [[Battle on Snowshoes (1758)]]
* [[Siege of Louisbourg (1758)]]
* [[Battle of Carillon]] (1758)
* [[Ile Saint-Jean Campaign]] (1758)
* [[Petitcodiac River Campaign]] (1758)
* [[Cape Sable Campaign]] (1758)
* [[St. John River Campaign]] (1759)
* [[Battle of Ticonderoga (1759)]]
* [[St. Francis Raid]] (1759)
* [[Sainte-Thérèse Raid]] (1760)
* [[Montreal Campaign]] (1760)
'''[[Pontiac's War]]''' (1763–1766)
* [[Devil's Hole Massacre]] (1763)
| notable_commanders = Lieutenant Colonel [[Robert Rogers (soldier)|Robert Rogers]] Lieutenant Colonel [[James Rogers (soldier)|James Rogers]] Captain [[William Stark (loyalist)|William Stark]] Lieutenant [[John Stark]]
}}

'''Rogers' Rangers''' was a company of soldiers from the [[Province of New Hampshire]] raised by Major [[Robert Rogers (British Army officer)|Robert Rogers]] and attached to the British Army during the [[French and Indian War]]. The unit was quickly adopted into the [[New England Colonies]] army as an independent ranger company. Rogers was inspired by colonial [[Frontiersman]] Ranger groups across North America and the teachings of unconventional warfare from Rangers such as [[Benjamin Church (ranger)|Benjamin Church]].

Rogers trained and commanded his own rapidly deployable light infantry force, which was tasked mainly with reconnaissance and conducting special operations against distant targets. Their tactics were built on earlier Colonial precedents and were codified for the first time by Rogers as his [[Robert Rogers' 28 "Rules of Ranging"|28 "Rules of Ranging"]]. The tactics proved remarkably effective, and the initial company was expanded into a ranging corps of more than a dozen companies containing as many as 1,200–1,400 men at its peak. The ranger corps became the chief scouting arm of British [[Crown forces]] by the late 1750s. The British forces in America valued Rogers' Rangers for their ability to gather intelligence about the enemy. They were disbanded in 1761. {{clarify|It says here disbanded in 1761, which conflicts with our section about their participation in Pontiac's war|date=June 2024}}

Later, the company was revived as a [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|Loyalist]] force during the [[American Revolutionary War]]. Nonetheless, a number of former ranger officers fought for the [[Continental Army]] as [[Patriot (American Revolution)|Patriot]] commanders with some participating as [[Militia (United States)|militiamen]] at the [[Battles of Lexington and Concord|Battle of Concord Bridge]].<ref name=ArmyRangers /> The [[Queen's York Rangers (1st American Regiment)]] of the Canadian Army was formed by Rogers and Loyalist veterans of Rogers' Rangers and claims descent from Rogers' Rangers.

==French and Indian War==
{{further|Great Britain in the Seven Years' War}}
Rogers' Rangers began in 1755 as a [[New Hampshire Provincial Regiment|company in the provincial forces of the colony of New Hampshire]] in British North America. It was one of a long line of New England ranger companies dating back to the 1670s. The immediate precursor and model for the unit was [[Gorham's Rangers]], formed in 1744. Both ranger units were active throughout the French and Indian War, most notably at the [[Siege of Louisbourg (1758)|Siege of Louisburg]] in 1758 and the [[Siege of Quebec (1759)|Siege of Quebec]] in 1759.<ref>Brian D. Carroll, "'Savages' in the Service of Empire: Native American Soldiers in Gorham's Rangers," ''New England Quarterly'' 85, no. 3 (Sept. 2012): 383–429.</ref>

Rogers' company was formed to fight in the [[French and Indian War]] (part of the [[Seven Years' War]] in Europe) in the borderlands of the colonial Northeast. They were commanded by Captain [[Robert Rogers (soldier)|Robert Rogers]] and operated primarily in the [[Lake George (lake), New York|Lake George]] and [[Lake Champlain]] regions in the [[Province of New York]]. The unit was formed during the winter of 1755 from forces stationed at [[Fort William Henry]]. The Rangers sometimes undertook raids against French towns and military emplacements, traveling on foot, in whaleboats, and even on snowshoes during winter. [[Israel Putnam]] fought as a Connecticut militia captain in conjunction with Rogers, and saved his life on one occasion.<ref>Hubbard, Robert Ernest. ''Major General Israel Putnam: Hero of the American Revolution,'' pp. 77–78, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina, 2017. {{ISBN|978-1476664538}}.</ref>

[[Image:RobertRogers.jpeg|right|thumb|200px|[[Robert Rogers (soldier)|Robert Rogers]], the founding leader and namesake of Rogers' Rangers in a 1776 painting.]]

The usefulness of Rogers' company during 1756 and 1757 prompted the British to form a second ranger company, which was soon followed by more. By early 1758, the rangers had been expanded to a corps of 14 companies, each composed of 1,200 to 1,400 men. This included three all-Indian units, two of Stockbridge Mahicans, and one of Mohegan Indians from Connecticut. Rogers was then promoted to major and served as commandant of the Ranger Corps.

=== First Battle on Snowshoes ===
On January 21, 1757, during the First [[Battle on Snowshoes (1757)|Battle on Snowshoes]], Rogers led 74 rangers to ambush the French, capturing seven prisoners near [[Fort Carillon]] at the south end of [[Lake Champlain]]. They then were attacked by about 100 French and [[Canadien]] (French Canadian) militia and their [[Odawa|Ottawa]] allies from the [[Ohio Country]]. Rogers' men suffered casualties and retreated without further losses, since the French lacked snowshoes and were "floundering in snow up to their knees."<ref name="Bougainville">Louis Antoine de Bougainville, ''Adventures in the Wilderness''; Edward P. Hamilton, ed. and trans. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1964)</ref> Rogers' Rangers had maintained positions on the high ground and behind large trees.<ref name="Bougainville"/> According to [[Francis Parkman]], Ranger casualties were 14 killed, 6 captured, and 6 wounded, the wounded returning with 48 men who were unharmed. The French consisted of 89 Regulars and 90 Canadians and Indians; they had 37 killed and wounded.<ref name="Francis Parkman">[https://books.google.com/books?id=cWNIAAAAYAAJ&dq=Montcalm+and+Wolfe+Volume+1&pg=PP8 Francis Parkman, ''Montcalm and Wolfe, Vol. 1''], Little Brown & Co., 1922, pp. 458–459, available on Googlebooks</ref> The French and Indian casualties may have included one of the captured prisoners. One wounded and captured Ranger who was later exchanged claimed to have killed one of the captured Frenchmen by striking him on the head with a tomahawk after the Rangers were ambushed. It is unclear if this was the fate of the other captured French as well.

A company of the rangers led by Noah Johnson was stationed at Fort William Henry in 1757 during the siege. The siege ended with the surrender and massacre of the British forces in August. After this, the Rangers were stationed on [[Rogers Island (New York)|Rogers Island]] near [[Fort Edward (village), New York|Fort Edward]]. This allowed them to train and operate with more freedom than the regular forces.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}

=== Second Battle on Snowshoes ===
On March 13, 1758, at the Second [[Battle on Snowshoes]], Rogers' Rangers ambushed a French-Indian column and were then ambushed in turn by enemy forces. The Rangers lost 125 men in this encounter, as well as eight men wounded, with 52 surviving. One reference reports casualties of the Regulars, who had volunteered to accompany the Rangers, as 2 captured and 5 killed. Of Rogers' Rangers, 78 were captured and 47 killed and missing (of whom 19 were captured).<ref>[http://www.usgennet.org/usa/topic/colonial/rogers/snowshoes.html Mary Cochrane Rogers, "Battle of the Snowshoes"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060504005656/http://www.usgennet.org/usa/topic/colonial/rogers/snowshoes.html |date=2006-05-04 }}</ref> Rogers estimated 100 killed and nearly 100 wounded of the French-Indian forces. The French, however, reported their casualties as just 10 Indians killed and 17 wounded, and three Canadians wounded.<ref>[http://www.dmna.state.ny.us/historic/articles/snowshoe2.htm New York State, "The Battle on Snowshoes", March 1758]</ref>

The French originally reported killing Rogers in the second battle. This was based on their finding some of his belongings, including his regimental coat containing his military commission; however, he had escaped. This episode gave rise to the legend of Rogers' sliding {{convert|400|ft|m}} down the side of a mountain to the frozen surface of Lake George. There is no conclusive proof this actually happened, but the rock face is still known as "Rogers' Slide" or "Rogers Rock".<ref>[http://www.lakegeorgehistorical.org/rogers-slide.htm Lake George Historical Association – Roger's Slide]</ref>

=== Siege of Louisbourg ===
Four companies of Rogers Rangers (500 rangers) arrived on the provincial vessel ''King George'' and were at [[Dartmouth, Nova Scotia]] from April 8 until May 28, awaiting the [[Siege of Louisbourg (1758)]]. While there, they scoured the woods to stop raids on the capital. During the Siege, the rangers were the first to go ashore at Freshwater Cover and encountered 100 Mi'kmaq and French soldiers.  [[James Wolfe]] and Scott followed up the rangers. The Rangers killed and scalped the Chief Mi'kmaq. In their retreat, the rangers captured 70 defenders and killed more than 50. Historian Burt Loescher describes this as "one of the most admirable feats ever performed by a detachment of the Corps."<ref>{{cite book |last=Loescher |first=Burt Garfield |title=The History of Rogers' Rangers: The First Green Berets |date=1969 |location=San Mateo, California |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofrogersr02loes |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofrogersr02loes/page/29 29]–31}}</ref>

=== Carillon and Crown Point ===
On July 7–8, 1758, Rogers' Rangers took part in the [[Battle of Carillon]]. On July 27, 1758, 300 Indians and 200 French Canadians under Captain St. Luc ambushed a British convoy between Fort Edward and Half-Way Brook. The British lost 116 killed (including 16 Rangers) and 60 captured.<ref>[http://www.gbl.indiana.edu/archives/miamis11/M53-58_59a.html Indiana archives] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070918005119/http://www.gbl.indiana.edu//archives/miamis11/M53-58_59a.html |date=2007-09-18 }}</ref>

On August 8, 1758, a British force of Rangers, light infantry, and provincials was ambushed near [[Crown Point, New York]] by a French and Indian force of 450 under Captain Marin. Major [[Israel Putnam]] was captured, but he was reportedly saved from being burned at the stake by the Abenaki through the intervention of a French officer. Francis Parkman reported 49 British fatalities and "more than a hundred" killed of the enemy. Rogers claimed that the British lost 33 and the enemy lost 199. Another source<ref>[http://www.gbl.indiana.edu/archives/miamis11/M53-58_59a.html Indiana Archives, p. 122] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070918005119/http://www.gbl.indiana.edu//archives/miamis11/M53-58_59a.html |date=2007-09-18 }}</ref> reports that the French casualties were four Indians and six Canadians killed, and four Indians and six Canadians wounded, including an officer and a cadet.

=== Raid on Saint-Francis ===
During 1759, the Rangers were involved in one of their most famous operations, the [[St. Francis Raid]]. They had been ordered to destroy the [[Abenaki]] settlement of [[Saint-François-du-Lac, Quebec|Saint-Francis]] in [[Quebec]]. It was the base of the raids and attacks on British settlements. Rogers led a force of 200 Rangers from Crown Point deep into French territory. Following the October 3, 1759 attack and successful destruction of Saint-Francis, Rogers' force ran out of food on their retreat through the wilderness of northern [[New England]]. They reached a safe location along the [[Connecticut River]] at the abandoned [[Fort Wentworth]], where Rogers left them encamped. He returned a few days later with food and relief forces from [[Fort at Number 4]] (now [[Charlestown, New Hampshire]]), the nearest British outpost.

In the raid on Saint-Francis, Rogers claimed 200 enemies had been killed, leaving 20 women and children to be taken prisoner; he took five children as captives and released the rest.<ref>"Francis Parkman" [https://books.google.com/books?id=R19HAAAAYAAJ&dq=Montcalm+and+Wolfe+Volume+2&pg=PA273 p. 266]</ref> The French recorded 30 deaths, including 20 women and children.<ref>[http://www.avcnet.org/ne-do-ba/rrr_2.html Roger's Raid according to the research of Gordon Day]</ref> According to Francis Parkman, Ranger casualties in the attack were one killed and six wounded; in the retreat, five were captured from one band of Rangers, and nearly all in another party of about 20 Rangers were killed or captured.<ref>"Francis Parkman" [https://books.google.com/books?id=R19HAAAAYAAJ&dq=Montcalm+and+Wolfe+Volume+2&pg=PA273 pp. 266–267]</ref> One source alleges that only about 100 returned of about 204 Rangers, allies, and observers.<ref>[http://webpages.charter.net/leearbgm/long_trail_district/fall%20Camporee%202005.htm Spring Camporee 2005] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080214021730/http://webpages.charter.net/leearbgm/long_trail_district/fall%20Camporee%202005.htm |date=2008-02-14 }}</ref>

===Raid on Sainte-Thérèse===
{{further|Sainte-Thérèse Raid}}
In the Spring of 1760 the Rangers joined in Amherst's campaign on Montreal but before doing so conducted a successful preemptive raid on [[Fort Sainte Thérèse]] which was used to supply the French army as well as being a vital link in the communication and supply line between [[Fort Saint-Jean (Quebec)|Fort Saint-Jean]] and the French forces at [[Île aux Noix]]. The settlement and fort were then burned by Rogers following which French and Indian ambushes were repelled before their return to [[Fort Crown Point|Crown Point]] with only minor losses.<ref name="Loescher101">{{cite book |last1=Loescher |first1=Burt Garfield |title=The History of Rogers' Rangers Volume I |date=2009 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ijYUAwAAQBAJ |publisher=Heritage Books Inc |isbn=978-5882788345 |pages=101–102}}</ref>

===Montreal Campaign===
{{further|Montreal Campaign}}
Roger's Rangers were part of [[William Haviland]]'s force who marched from [[Lake Ontario]] in the west along the St Lawrence River and from upper New York via the [[Richelieu River]] in August. Along the way the Rangers fought to reduce the fortified French island of Île aux Noix. During the bombardment of the island Haviland sent Rogers' four ranger companies as well as light infantry and a force of Indians to drag three cannon through the forest and swamps further down to the rear of the French position. With much difficulty this was achieved and in a few days the guns were planted on the river-bank where a French naval force stood defending it.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nester |first1=William R |title=The First Global War: Britain, France, and the Fate of North America, 1756–1775 |date=2000 |page= 199| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YxFc_DoR0yIC |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0275967710}}</ref> Rogers' cannon opened up upon these vessels surprising them; the closest sloop cut her cable and a strong west wind then drove her ashore into the hands of the British. The other vessels and gunboats made all sail downstream but stranded in a bend of the river, where the rangers, swimming out with their tomahawks, boarded and took one of them, and the rest soon surrendered. With their communications cut the French evacuated the island which then fell to the British.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cubbison |first1=Douglas R |title=All Canada in the Hands of the British: General Jeffery Amherst and the 1760 Campaign to Conquer New France: Volume 43 of Campaigns and Commanders Series |date=2014 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pkw1AwAAQBAJ |pages= 129–131 |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |isbn=978-0806145310 }}</ref> Soon after the Forts of Saint Jean and Chambly were burned by the French; the Rangers then led the final advance on Montreal which surrendered without a fight the following month.

==Pontiac's War==
{{Main|Pontiac's War}}
At the end of the war, the Rangers were given the task of taking command of [[Fort Detroit]] from the French forces. After the war, most of the Rangers returned to civilian life.{{clarify|It says above the unit was disbanded. If that's correct, we should call it out here, and indicate that Rogers recruited for a new unit|date=June 2024}} In 1763, Rogers recruited several volunteers for the reinforcement of Detroit commanded by James Dalyell of the 1st Royal Regiment and formerly of the 80th Regiment of Light Armed Foot (Gage's Light Infantry). Upon arrival at Detroit, Dalyell talked post Commandant Henry Gladwin into allowing Dalyell to take his reinforcements to attack an Indian village near Parent's Creek. The force of 250–300 soldiers of the 55th and 60th regiments, Rogers' volunteers, and the Queen's Royal American Rangers under the command of Captain Joseph Hopkins was ambushed, as the advanced guard made up of men from the 55th regiment crossed the bridge at Parent's Creek. Rogers' men were responsible for effectively covering the retreat of the force back to Fort Detroit.

==American War of Independence==

[[Image:A Rifleman of the Queen's Ranger, ca. 1780.png|thumb|Roger's Rangers successor unit, the Queen's Rangers, {{circa|1780}}]]
The [[American Revolutionary War]] began with the [[Battles of Lexington and Concord]] in April 1775, and Robert Rogers offered his services to General [[George Washington]] soon after. However, Washington turned him down, fearing that he might be a spy, since Rogers had just returned from a long stay in England. Rogers was infuriated by the rejection, so he offered his services to the British. He formed the [[Queen's Rangers]] (1776) and later the [[King's Rangers]]. Rogers was instrumental in the capture of [[Nathan Hale]] in September 1776.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nathan Hale Revisited (July/August 2003) – Library of Congress Information Bulletin |url=https://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/0307-8/hale.html |access-date=2022-09-27 |website=www.loc.gov}}</ref>

Several of Rogers' former rangers served under General [[Benedict Arnold]] in the revolutionary forces around [[Lake Champlain]].<ref>[[Randall, Willard Sterne]] (1990). ''Benedict Arnold: Patriot and Traitor''. {{ISBN|1557100349}}{{page needed|date=June 2023}}</ref>

==Legacy==
After the conclusion of the American War of Independence, Rogers Rangers were granted tracts of land for farming in Pownal, [[Prince Edward Island]], [[British America|Canada]]{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}, The success of units like Rogers' Rangers prompted the British to integrate similar tactics into their regular army structure, creating light infantry units like Gage's Light Infantry ([[80th Regiment of Light-Armed Foot]]) formed in 1758 and a further evolution in the [[Rifle Brigade (The Prince Consort's Own)|Rifle Brigade (Experimental Corps of Riflemen)]] formed in 1800, The [[History of British light infantry|British light infantry]] can be seen as the British Army's attempt to formalize and integrate the proven tactics of units like Rogers' Rangers into the structure of a regular army, the adoption of Ranger and light infantry tactics by the British Army predates the formal adoption of these tactics by the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War.

The Rangers were reactivated as part of the U.S. Regular Army during the [[War of 1812]].<ref name=RangerHeritage>{{cite web|url=https://www.army.mil/ranger/heritage.html|title=U.S. Army Rangers History & Heritage|website=Army.mil}}</ref> The [[Queen's York Rangers (1st American Regiment)]] of the Canadian Army claim to be descended from Rogers' Rangers. Also claiming descent from Rogers' Rangers are the [[U.S. Army Rangers]]<ref name=ArmyRangers>{{cite web|url=https://www.army.mil/article/80795/rangers_among_first_leaders_of_americas_army|title=Rangers among first leaders of America's Army|website=Army.mil}}</ref> and the British Army's [[Ranger Regiment (United Kingdom)|Ranger Regiment]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 March 2024 |title=Ranger Regiment: What we know about the British Army's elite new fighting force |url=https://www.forcesnews.com/news/new-army-ranger-regiment-what-we-know-so-far |access-date=20 March 2024 |website=www.forcesnews.com/}}</ref>

Rogers' Rangers are featured on a [[New Hampshire historical marker]] ([[List of New Hampshire historical markers (51–75)#56|number 56]]) along [[New Hampshire Route 10]] in [[Haverhill, New Hampshire]].<ref name=ByNumber>{{cite web |url=https://www.nh.gov/nhdhr/markers/documents/markers_bynumber.pdf |title=List of Markers by Marker Number |website=nh.gov |publisher=New Hampshire Division of Historical Resources |date=November 2, 2018 |access-date=July 5, 2019}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
* [[Kenneth Roberts (author)|Kenneth Roberts]]' historical novel ''[[Northwest Passage (novel)|Northwest Passage]]'' (1937) portrays the events of Rogers' Rangers' raid on the [[Abenakis|Abenaki]] town of St. Francis. The first half of the novel was adapted as the film ''[[Northwest Passage (1940 film)|Northwest Passage]]'' (1940) starring [[Spencer Tracy]] as Rogers.
* The film ''[[Fort Ti]]'' (1953) stars [[George Montgomery (actor)|George Montgomery]] and [[Irving Bacon]] as Rangers rescuing hostages held in [[Fort Ticonderoga]] during the [[French and Indian War]].
* The film Mission of Danger portrays a Rogers' Rangers operation with actor Keith Larsen portraying Robert Rogers.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0147052/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1|title = Mission of Danger (1960) - IMDb| website=[[IMDb]] }}</ref>
* The [[Methuen High School]] in Massachusetts uses the nickname "Rangers".<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.merrimackvalleyconference.org/g5-bin/client.cgi?G5genie=264&school_id=9| title=Methuen High School Athletics|website=merrimackvalleyconference.org}}</ref> The town was the birthplace of Robert Rogers.
* AMC's 2014 TV series ''[[Turn: Washington's Spies]]'' portrays Rogers' Rangers as a Loyalist militia that uses intelligence gathered from an unidentified spy inside the Continental Army to ambush its patrols. Robert Rogers remarks early in the first episode that he offered his services first to [[George Washington]], but Washington was unwilling to pay what Rogers demanded.
* Rogers' Rangers appears in ''[[Empire: Total War]]'' as part of the ''Special Forces Units & Bonus Content'' that was released March 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://store.steampowered.com/app/10600/Empire_Total_War__Special_Forces_Units__Bonus_Content/|title=Empire: Total War™ - Special Forces Units & Bonus Content|publisher=[[SEGA]]|access-date=October 19, 2025|website=store.steampowered.com}}</ref>

==Notable rangers==
{{div col}}
* Major [[Robert Rogers (soldier)|Robert Rogers]]
* Captain [[James Rogers (soldier)|James Rogers]]
* Captain [[John Stark]]
* [[Joseph Cilley (state senator)|Joseph Cilley]]
* [[Moses Hazen]]
* [[Jonathan Moulton]]
* [[Israel Putnam]]
* [[William Stark (loyalist)|William Stark]]
* [[Simeon Thayer]]
* [[James Hackett (shipbuilder)|James Hackett]]
* [[Captain Nathaniel Hutchins]]
{{div col end}}

==See also==
* [[Robert Rogers' 28 "Rules of Ranging"]]
* [[New Hampshire Provincial Regiment]]
* [[Sir William Johnson, 1st Baronet]]
* [[Francis Marion]]

== Footnotes ==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.militaryheritage.com/rangers.htm "Gorham's and Roger's Rangers"], Military Heritage
* [http://www.rogersisland.org/ Rogers Island Visitor Center Home Page]

{{United States Army Rangers}}

[[Category:British American Army Rangers]]
[[Category:Military units and formations of the French and Indian War]]
[[Category:Army reconnaissance units and formations]]
[[Category:Military history of the Thirteen Colonies]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1755]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1796]]

List of British Regular Army regiments (1962)

2025-11-03T18:02:52Z

2A02:8012:227B:0:698F:E30D:BFD1:CB08:

{{short description|None}}

{{more citations needed|date=December 2020}}
{{British Army lists}}

This is a list of [[British Army|British Regular Army]] regiments after the Army restructuring caused by the [[1957 Defence White Paper]]. The paper set out the reduction in size of the Army to 165,000 following the end of [[Conscription in the United Kingdom#After 1945|National Service]] and the change to an entirely voluntary army; units were to be disbanded or [[Consolidation (business)|amalgamated]] over two phases, to be completed in 1959 and 1962.<ref>"Merged regiments and new brigading — many famous units to lose separate identity", ''The Times'', July 25, 1957.</ref>

Further cuts and amalgamations followed in the 1960s and early 1970s.

==Cavalry==
===Household Cavalry===
*[[Life Guards (British Army)|The Life Guards]]
*[[Royal Horse Guards|Royal Horse Guards (The Blues)]]{{efn|name=blues|group=note|The [[Royal Horse Guards|Royal Horse Guards (The Blues)]] and [[Royal Dragoons|1st The Royal Dragoons]] amalgamated in 1969 to form the [[Blues and Royals (Royal Horse Guards and 1st Dragoons)]]}}

===Royal Armoured Corps===
====Heavy Cavalry====
*[[1st The Queen's Dragoon Guards]]{{efn|group=note|Formed by the amalgamation of [[1st King's Dragoon Guards]] and [[The Queen's Bays (2nd Dragoon Guards)]] in 1959<ref name=history>{{cite web|url=https://www.army.mod.uk/who-we-are/corps-regiments-and-units/royal-armoured-corps/1st-the-queens-dragoon-guards/|title=1st The Queen's Dragoon Guards |publisher=Ministry of Defence |accessdate=4 December 2020}}</ref>}}
*[[3rd Carabiniers (Prince of Wales's Dragoon Guards)]]{{efn|name=scotsdg|group=note|The [[3rd Carabiniers (Prince of Wales's Dragoon Guards)]] and [[The Royal Scots Greys (2nd Dragoons)]] amalgamated in 1971 to form the [[Royal Scots Dragoon Guards|Royal Scots Dragoon Guards (Carabiniers and Greys)]]<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.army.mod.uk/who-we-are/corps-regiments-and-units/royal-armoured-corps/royal-scots-dragoon-guards/ |title=Royal Scots Dragoon Guards |publisher=Ministry of Defence |accessdate=4 December 2020}}</ref>}}
*[[4th/7th Royal Dragoon Guards]]
*[[5th Royal Inniskilling Dragoon Guards]]

====Light cavalry====
*[[Royal Dragoons|1st The Royal Dragoons]]{{efn|name=blues|group=note}}
*[[The Royal Scots Greys (2nd Dragoons)]]{{efn|name=scotsdg|group=note}}
*[[The Queen's Own Hussars]]{{efn|group=note|Formed by the amalgamation of [[3rd The King's Own Hussars]] and [[7th (Queen's Own) Hussars|7th Queen's Own Hussars]] in 1958}}
*[[The Queen's Royal Irish Hussars]]{{efn|group=note|Formed by the amalgamation of [[4th Queen's Own Hussars]] and [[8th King's Royal Irish Hussars]] in 1958}}
*[[9th/12th Royal Lancers (Prince of Wales's)]]{{efn|group=note|formed by the amalgamation of [[9th Queen's Royal Lancers]] and [[12th Royal Lancers|12th Royal Lancers (Prince of Wales's)]] in 1960}}
*[[10th Royal Hussars (Prince of Wales's Own)]]{{efn|name=royhus|group=note|The [[10th Royal Hussars (Prince of Wales's Own)]] and [[11th Hussars (Prince Albert's Own)]] amalgamated in 1969 to form the [[Royal Hussars (Prince of Wales's Own)]]}}
*[[11th Hussars (Prince Albert's Own)]]{{efn|name=royhus|group=note}}
*[[13th/18th Royal Hussars (Queen Mary's Own)]]
*[[14th/20th King's Hussars]]
*[[15th/19th The King's Royal Hussars]]
*[[16th/5th The Queen's Royal Lancers]]
*[[17th/21st Lancers]]

====The Royal Tank Regiment====
*[[1st Royal Tank Regiment]]
*[[2nd Royal Tank Regiment]]
*[[3rd Royal Tank Regiment]]{{efn|group=note|The [[6th Royal Tank Regiment]] amalgamated with 3RTR in 1958<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.regiments.org:80/deploy/uk/reg-cav/rtr3.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070220144229/http://www.regiments.org:80/deploy/uk/reg-cav/rtr3.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 February 2007|title=3rd Royal Tank Regiment|publisher=Regiments.org}}</ref>}}
*[[4th Royal Tank Regiment]]{{efn|group=note|The [[7th Royal Tank Regiment]] amalgamated with 4RTR in 1958}}
*[[5th Royal Tank Regiment]]{{efn|group=note|The [[8th Royal Tank Regiment]] amalgamated with 5RTR in 1958}}

==Combat Arms==
*[[Royal Regiment of Artillery]]
*[[Corps of Royal Engineers]]{{efn|group=note|The Transport and Movement Coastal Service of the RE formed part of the [[Royal Corps of Transport]] in 1965}}
*[[Royal Corps of Signals]]
*[[Army Air Corps (United Kingdom)|Army Air Corps]]

==Infantry==
The infantry in 1962 was divided into 15 separate brigades for administrative purposes:
*[[Brigade of Guards|Guards Brigade]]: Grenadier Guards, Coldstream Guards, Scots Guards, Irish Guards, Welsh Guards.
*[[Lowland Brigade]]: The Royal Scots, King's Own Scottish Borderers, Cameronians (Scottish Rifles) and Royal Highland Fusiliers.
*[[Highland Brigade (United Kingdom)|Highland Brigade]]: The Black Watch, Gordon Highlanders, Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders and Queen's Own Highlanders.
*[[Home Counties Brigade]]: The Royal Sussex Regiment, Middlesex Regiment, Queen's Royal Surrey Regiment and Queen's Own Buffs.
*[[Fusilier Brigade]]: Royal Northumberland Fusiliers, Royal Fusiliers (City of London Regt) and Lancashire Fusiliers.
*[[East Anglian Brigade]]: 1st, 2nd and 3rd East Anglian Regiments
*[[Forester Brigade]]: Royal Warwickshire Regiment (until November 1962), Royal Leicestershire Regiment, Sherwood Foresters.
*[[Mercian Brigade]]: Cheshire Regiment, Worcestershire Regiment, Staffordshire Regiment.
*[[Welsh Brigade]]: Royal Welsh Fusiliers, South Wales Borderers, Welsh Regiment.
*[[Wessex Brigade]]: Gloucestershire Regiment, Royal Hampshire Regiment, Devonshire and Dorset Regiment, Duke of Edinburgh's Royal Regiment.
*[[Lancastrian Brigade]]: The Loyal Regiment (North Lancashire), King's Own Royal Border Regiment, King's Regiment and Lancashire Regiment (Prince of Wales's Volunteers).
*[[Yorkshire Brigade]]: The Green Howards, Duke of Wellington's Regiment, Prince of Wales's Own Regiment of Yorkshire and York & Lancaster Regiment.
*[[North Irish Brigade]]: Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers, Royal Irish Fusiliers, Royal Ulster Rifles.
*[[Light Infantry Brigade]]: King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry, King's Shropshire Light Infantry, Durham Light Infantry, Somerset and Cornwall Light Infantry.
*[[Green Jackets Brigade]]: 1st Green Jackets (43rd and 52nd), 2nd Green Jackets (King's Royal Rifle Corps), 3rd Green Jackets (Rifle Brigade).



===Foot Guards===
*[[Grenadier Guards]]
*[[Coldstream Guards]]
*[[Scots Guards]]
*[[Irish Guards]]
*[[Welsh Guards]]

===Line Infantry and Rifles===
*[[The Royal Scots (The Royal Regiment)]]
*[[The Queen's Royal Surrey Regiment]]{{efn|name=Queen|group=note|The [[Queen's Royal Surrey Regiment]], [[Queen's Own Buffs, The Royal Kent Regiment]], [[Royal Sussex Regiment]] and [[Middlesex Regiment|Middlesex Regiment (Duke of Cambridge's Own)]] were amalgamated into the [[Queen's Regiment]] in 1966<ref>[http://www.queensroyalsurreys.org.uk/1661to1966/amalgamation/amalgamation.shtml "Post-War Amalgamation 1946-1966 The Queen's Royal Surrey Regiment"]</ref>}}
*[[The Queen's Own Buffs, The Royal Kent Regiment]]{{efn|name=Queen|group=note}}
*[[The King's Own Royal Border Regiment]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/volmil-england/vinf-no/cu-KORBR4.htm|title=4th Battalion, The King's Own Royal Border Regiment|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070816153341/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/volmil-england/vinf-no/cu-KORBR4.htm|archive-date=16 August 2007|accessdate=24 August 2020}}</ref>
*[[The Royal Northumberland Fusiliers]]{{efn|name=Fusil|group=note|The [[Royal Northumberland Fusiliers]], [[Royal Warwickshire Fusiliers]], [[Royal Fusiliers|Royal Fusiliers (City of London Regiment)]] and [[Lancashire Fusiliers]] were amalgamated into the [[Royal Regiment of Fusiliers]] in 1968.}}
*[[The Royal Warwickshire Fusiliers|The Royal Warwickshire Regiment]]{{efn|group=note|Renamed Royal Warwickshire Fusiliers in 1963}}{{efn|name=Fusil|group=note}}
*[[The Royal Fusiliers (City of London Regiment)]]{{efn|name=Fusil|group=note}}
*[[The King's Regiment (Manchester and Liverpool)]]
*[[1st East Anglian Regiment (Royal Norfolk and Suffolk)]]{{efn|name=Anglian|group=note|[[1st East Anglian Regiment (Royal Norfolk and Suffolk)]], [[2nd East Anglian Regiment|2nd East Anglian Regiment (Duchess of Gloucester's Own Lincoln and Northamptonshire)]], [[3rd East Anglian Regiment (16th/44th Foot)]] and [[Royal Leicestershire Regiment]] were amalgamated into the [[Royal Anglian Regiment]] in 1964<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eafa.org.uk/catalogue/204865|title=Birth of a regiment|publisher=East Anglian Film Archive|date=19 September 1959|accessdate=24 January 2016}}</ref>}}
*[[2nd East Anglian Regiment|2nd East Anglian Regiment (Duchess of Gloucester's Own Lincoln and Northamptonshire)]]{{efn|name=Anglian|group=note}}
*[[The Devonshire and Dorset Regiment]]
*[[Somerset and Cornwall Light Infantry|The Somerset and Cornwall Light Infantry]]{{efn|name=Light|group=note|The [[Somerset and Cornwall Light Infantry]], [[King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry]], [[King's Shropshire Light Infantry]] and [[Durham Light Infantry]] were amalgamated into [[The Light Infantry]] in 1968}}
*[[The Prince of Wales's Own Regiment of Yorkshire]]
*[[3rd East Anglian Regiment (16th/44th Foot)]]{{efn|name=Anglian|group=note}}
*[[The Royal Leicestershire Regiment]]{{efn|name=Anglian|group=note}}
*[[The Green Howards (Alexandra, Princess of Wales's Own Yorkshire Regiment)]]
*[[The Lancashire Fusiliers]]{{efn|name=Fusil|group=note}}
*[[The Royal Highland Fusiliers (Princess Margaret's Own Glasgow and Ayrshire Regiment)]]
*[[The Cheshire Regiment]]
*[[The Royal Welch Fusiliers]]
*[[The South Wales Borderers]]{{efn|name=Wales|group=note|The [[South Wales Borderers]] and [[Welch Regiment]] were amalgamated into the [[Royal Regiment of Wales]] in 1969}}
*[[The King's Own Scottish Borderers]]
*[[The Cameronians (Scottish Rifles)]]{{efn|name=disband|group=note|The [[Cameronians (Scottish Rifles)]] and the [[York and Lancaster Regiment]] were disbanded in 1968}}
*[[The Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers]]{{efn|name=Irish|group=note|The [[Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers]], [[Royal Ulster Rifles]] and [[Royal Irish Fusiliers|Royal Irish Fusiliers (Princess Victoria's)]] were amalgamated into the [[Royal Irish Rangers (27th (Inniskilling), 83rd and 87th)]] in 1968}}
*[[The Gloucestershire Regiment]]
*[[The Worcestershire Regiment]]{{efn|name=sherwood|group=note|The [[Worcestershire Regiment]] and the [[Sherwood Foresters|Sherwood Foresters (Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Regiment)]] were amalgamated into the [[Worcestershire and Sherwood Foresters Regiment|Worcestershire and Sherwood Foresters Regiment (29th/45th Foot)]] in 1970}}
*[[The Lancashire Regiment (Prince of Wales's Volunteers)]]{{efn|name=Lancs|group=note|The [[Lancashire Regiment|Lancashire Regiment (Prince of Wales's Volunteers)]] and the [[Loyal Regiment (North Lancashire)]] were amalgamated into the [[Queen's Lancashire Regiment]] in 1970}}
*[[The Duke of Wellington's Regiment (West Riding)]]
*[[The Royal Sussex Regiment]]{{efn|name=Queen|group=note}}
*[[The Royal Hampshire Regiment]]
*[[The Staffordshire Regiment (The Prince of Wales's)]]
*[[The Welch Regiment]]{{efn|name=Wales|group=note}}
*[[The Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment)]]
*[[1st Green Jackets (43rd and 52nd)]]{{efn|name=Green|group=note|[[1st Green Jackets (43rd and 52nd)]], [[2nd Green Jackets, The King's Royal Rifle Corps]] and [[3rd Green Jackets, The Rifle Brigade]] were amalgamated into the [[Royal Green Jackets]] in 1966}}
*[[The Sherwood Foresters (Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Regiment)]]{{efn|name=sherwood|group=note}}
*[[The Loyal Regiment (North Lancashire)]]{{efn|name=Lancs|group=note}}
*[[The Duke of Edinburgh's Royal Regiment (Berkshire and Wiltshire)]]
*[[The King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry]]{{efn|name=Light|group=note}}
*[[The King's Shropshire Light Infantry]]{{efn|name=Light|group=note}}
*[[The Middlesex Regiment (Duke of Cambridge's Own)]]{{efn|name=Queen|group=note}}
*[[2nd Green Jackets, The King's Royal Rifle Corps]]{{efn|name=Green|group=note}}
*[[York and Lancaster Regiment|The York and Lancaster Regiment]]{{efn|name=disband|group=note}}
*[[The Durham Light Infantry]]{{efn|name=Light|group=note}}
*[[The Queen's Own Highlanders (Seaforth and Camerons)]]
*[[The Gordon Highlanders]]
*[[The Royal Ulster Rifles]]{{efn|name=Irish|group=note}}
*[[The Royal Irish Fusiliers (Princess Victoria's)]]{{efn|name=Irish|group=note}}
*[[The Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders (Princess Louise's)]]
*[[Parachute Regiment (United Kingdom)|The Parachute Regiment]]
*[[2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Sirmoor Rifles)]]
*[[6th Queen Elizabeth's Own Gurkha Rifles]]
*[[7th Duke of Edinburgh's Own Gurkha Rifles]]
*[[10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles]]
*[[3rd Green Jackets, The Rifle Brigade]]{{efn|name=Green|group=note}}
*[[Special Air Service|22nd Special Air Service Regiment]]
*[[Royal Malta Artillery]]

==Services==
*[[Royal Army Chaplains' Department]]
*[[Royal Army Service Corps]]{{efn|group=note|Formed part of the Royal Corps of Transport in 1965}}
*[[Royal Army Medical Corps]]
*[[Royal Army Ordnance Corps]]
*[[Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers]]
*[[Corps of Royal Military Police]]
*[[Royal Army Pay Corps]]
*[[Royal Army Veterinary Corps]]
*[[Small Arms School Corps]]
*[[Military Provost Staff Corps]]
*[[Royal Army Educational Corps]]
*[[Royal Army Dental Corps]]
*[[Royal Pioneer Corps]]
*[[Intelligence Corps (United Kingdom)|Intelligence Corps]]
*[[Army Physical Training Corps]]
*[[Army Catering Corps]]
*[[General Service Corps]]
*[[Queen Alexandra's Royal Army Nursing Corps]]
*[[Women's Royal Army Corps]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
*{{citation |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03071846909420809 |title=Amalgamations and Disbandments in the British Army |journal=Journal of the Royal United Service Institution |location= London |volume=114 | issue=656 |pages= 82–84 |date= 1 December 1969|doi=10.1080/03071846909420809 |url-access=subscription }}
*The actual plan is found in TNA CAB 129/87/M(57)144 "The Future Organisation of the Army", 18 June 1957.

[[Category:Lists of British Army units and formations|Regiments (1962)]]
[[Category:Regiments of the British Army|*]]
[[Category:20th-century history of the British Army]]

List of regiments of foot

2025-11-03T17:56:35Z

2A02:8012:227B:0:698F:E30D:BFD1:CB08:

{{Short description|British Army infantry regiments (1700s–1881)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{British Army lists}}
{{for|cavalry regiments|List of Regiments of Cavalry of the British Army}}
This is a list of numbered '''regiments of foot''' of the [[British Army]] from the mid-18th century until 1881, when numbering was abandoned. ''Foot'' was the contemporary term for ''[[infantry]]''.

==Introduction==

===Rank and numbering===

====Establishment of precedence====
The rank of regiments of the [[English Army]] was first fixed during the [[Nine Years' War]]. Doubts as to the respective rank of regiments fighting in the [[Spanish Netherlands]] led [[William III of England|William III]] to command a Board of General Officers meeting on 10 June 1694 to establish the order of precedence of the various units.<ref>{{cite journal |last=White|first=A. S. |title=The order of precedence of regiments |journal=Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research |volume=5 |issue=19 |pages=17-23 |date=January–March 1926 |jstor=44219259}}</ref>

With the union of the kingdoms of England and Scotland to form the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]] in 1707 the [[British Army]] came into existence (see [[History of the British Army#Creation of British Army|Creation of British Army]]). The order of seniority for the most senior line regiments in the British Army is based on the order of seniority in the English army. Scottish and Irish regiments were only allowed to take a rank in the English army from the date of their arrival in England or the date when they were first placed on the English establishment.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Royal Scots Greys |year=1840 |title=Historical record of the Royal regiment of Scots dragoons: now the Second, or Royal North British dragoons, commonly called the Scots greys, to 1839 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8UEIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA56 56]-57}}</ref>

The rank or precedence of regiments was fixed by the following criteria:
*English regiments, raised in England, should rank from their date of raising
*English, Scots and Irish regiments, raised for service of a foreign power, should rank from the date that they came onto the English establishment<ref name=18foot/>

This led to anomalies, such as the [[Royal Irish Regiment (1684–1922)|Royal Irish Regiment]], raised in 1684, being ranked as the 18th of the line, junior to eleven regiments raised between 1685 and 1688.<ref name=18foot>{{Cite book|title=Historical Record of the Eighteenth or Royal Irish Regiment of Foot |last=Cannon |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Cannon |year=1848 |publisher=[[HMSO]] |location=London |pages=14–15 }}</ref> Similarly, the [[Coldstream Guards]] is the oldest continuously serving regular [[regiment]] in the [[British Army]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Coldstream Guards|url=https://www.army.mod.uk/who-we-are/corps-regiments-and-units/infantry/coldstream-guards/|access-date=2021-03-10|website=www.army.mod.uk|language=en-GB}}</ref> However, this regiment was placed as the second senior regiment as it entered the service of the Crown after the [[Grenadier Guards|1st Regiment of Foot Guards]]. (The Coldstream answered by adopting the motto ''Nulli Secundus''—''Second to None''.)

====Numbering====
While regiments were known by the name of their colonel, or by their royal title, the number of their rank was increasingly used. Thus, in the ''Cloathing Book'' of 1742, which illustrated the patterns of uniforms worn by the King's forces, the regiments of foot are designated simply by numbers.<ref name="1742book">{{Cite book|title= Representation of the Cloathing of His Majesty's Household and of all the forces upon the Establishments of Great Britain and Ireland |year=1742 }}</ref>

The substitution of numbers for names was completed by a clothing regulation of 1747 and a [[Warrant (law)|royal warrant]] of 1751. The 1747 document, which used numbers for the regiments throughout, decreed that no colonel was "to put his Arms, Crest, Device or Livery on any part of the Appointments of the Regiment under his command." Furthermore, in the centre of the regiment's colours was to be "painted or embroidered in gold Roman characters the number of the Rank of the Regiment".<ref name=1747regulation>''Regulation for the Cloathing of the Marching Regiments of Foot'', 1747, reprinted in Edwards (1953) pp.191-193</ref> The warrant, dated 1 July 1751, repeated the instructions of the 1747 regulation and provided that regiments should in future be known by their numbers only.<ref name=1751warrant>Royal Warrant 1 July 1751 (PRO/WO/26/21) reprinted in Edwards (1953) pp. 194-200</ref>

As the size of the army expanded and contracted during the various conflicts of the 18th and 19th centuries, junior regiments were raised and disbanded. Accordingly, there were often a number of different regiments that bore the same number at different periods. Additionally, there were occasional partial renumberings. For instance, in 1816 the 95th (Rifle) Regiment of Foot was renamed the "[[Rifle Brigade]]", without a number. The existing 96th–103rd regiments were redesignated as the 95th–102nd.<ref>Swinson (1972) pp.197–205</ref>

====Childers reforms====
With modifications the numbers existed until 1881, when the [[Childers Reforms]] introduced "territorialisation". From 1 July 1881 the United Kingdom was divided into regimental districts, each allocated a two-battalion regiment, usually bearing a "county" title. Regimental numbers were abandoned: the 1st to 25th foot, which already had two battalions adopted new titles. The remaining regiments were paired to become the 1st or 2nd battalions of the new regiments.<ref name=lg1881>{{London Gazette|issue=24992|pages=3300–3301|date=1 July 1881}}</ref> Two rifle regiments: the [[King's Royal Rifle Corps]] (ex 60th Foot) and the Rifle Brigade, who had four battalions each, recruited nationally.

Although the numbers were officially abolished in 1881, in some cases they continued to be used informally within the regiments. The regimental system introduced in 1881 was to last for more than seventy years. When new regiments were formed by amalgamation [[1957 Defence White Paper|from 1958 onwards]], the old regimental numbers were sometimes reintroduced into their titles. Examples are the [[3rd East Anglian Regiment (16th/44th Foot)]], [[Worcestershire and Sherwood Foresters Regiment|Worcestershire and Sherwood Foresters Regiment (29th/45th Foot)]].

===Royal and subsidiary titles===
The 1751 warrant confirmed the royal titles or other special designations of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 7th, 8th, 18th, 21st, 23rd, 27th and 41st regiments.<ref name=1751warrant/> In later years, other regiments were allowed to bear the names of the monarch or other members of the [[British Royal Family|Royal family]]. Only one regiment, the 33rd Foot, was allowed to bear the name of a person other than Royalty when it became the "Duke of Wellington's" in 1853, the year after the death of the [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|First Duke]], who had served as a [[Subaltern (military)|subaltern]] in the regiment.<ref name=lg33rd/>

====County affiliations====
On 21 August 1782, the [[Commander-in-Chief of the Forces]], [[Henry Seymour Conway]], issued a regulation giving an English county designation to each regiment of foot other than those with a royal title or [[Scottish Highlands|highland]] regiments. The intention was to improve recruitment during the unpopular [[American War of Independence]], and the [[Home Secretary]], [[Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney|Thomas Townshend]] issued a circular letter to the [[lord-lieutenant|lieutenants]] of [[historic counties of England|each county in England]] in the following terms:
<blockquote>My Lord, The very great deficiency of men in the regiments of infantry being so very detrimental to the public service, the king has thought proper to give the names of the different counties to the old corps, in hopes that, by the zeal and activity of the principal nobility and gentry in the several counties, some considerable assistance may be given towards recruiting these regiments".<ref>Examples of the circular issued to the Lieutenants for the Counties of Oxford and Warwick {{Cite book|title=The New Annual register or General Repository of History, Politics and Literature for the Year 1782 |last=Kippis |first=Andrew |year=1783 |publisher=G Robinson |location=London |pages=166–168 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4SY9AAAAYAAJ|access-date=12 March 2010}}</ref>
</blockquote>

The names of the counties were added to the regimental titles in parentheses, ranging from the [[The Buffs|3rd (Buffs – East Kent) Regiment of Foot]] to the [[70th (Surrey) Regiment of Foot]]. In some cases more than one regiment was allocated to a county, for example, the [[38th (1st Staffordshire) Regiment of Foot]] and [[64th (2nd Staffordshire) Regiment of Foot]].<ref>Swinson (1972) pp.77-170</ref> The attempt to link regimental areas to specific counties was found to be impractical, with regiments preferring to recruit from major centres of population.<ref>Wickes (1974), p.v</ref> By June 1783 each regiment was again recruiting throughout the country, although the county names were to remain.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Discovering English County Regiments |last=Beekett|first=Ian F W |year=2003 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |location=Oxford |isbn=0-7478-0506-7 |page=7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h4_uB0qSuOwC&q=7th+foot+Derbyshire&pg=PA7 |access-date=12 March 2010}}</ref> In a few cases, affiliations were altered: for example the 14th and 16th Foot "exchanged" counties in 1809.<ref name=lg1809/>

====Fusiliers, light infantry and rifles====
*'''Fusiliers''': The 7th, 21st and 23rd foot had borne the title of [[fusilier]]s for some time before 1751. These regiments had originally been armed with [[flintlock]]s (or ''fusils'', from the French), rather than [[matchlock]]s. Later, the "fusilier" title was granted as a purely honorary distinction to the 87th Foot in 1827 and to the 5th Foot in 1836.<ref name=swin87th/><ref name=lg1836/> The 101st to 104th Fusiliers joined the British Army from the [[Honourable East India Company]] (HEIC) in 1861.<ref name=lgheic/>
*'''Light infantry''': During the [[Napoleonic Wars]] it was decided to convert a number of line regiments to [[light infantry]], and in 1803 the 43rd and 52nd foot were accordingly redesignated as the [[43rd (Monmouthshire) Regiment of Foot|43rd (Monmouthshire Light Infantry) Regiment of Foot]] and [[52nd (Oxfordshire) Regiment of Foot|52nd (Oxfordshire Light Infantry) Regiment of Foot]].<ref name=swin43rd/><ref name=swin52nd/> In the next few years the 13th, 51st, 68th, 85th and 90th foot were converted to light infantry. By the middle of the 19th century, the title of "light infantry" was largely an honorary one, reflected by the "elevation" of the 32nd Foot to light infantry in 1858 to recognise their gallantry in the [[Siege of Lucknow]].<ref name=lg32nd/> Two more light infantry regiments subsequently joined the British Army, as the 105th and 106th regiments, transferred from the HEIC in 1861.<ref name=lgheic/>
*'''Rifle regiments''': An experimental corps of riflemen, equipped with [[Baker rifle]]s and clothed in [[rifle green]] uniforms, was formed in 1800, and numbered as the 95th foot in 1802.<ref name=swinsonrb>Swinson (1972) pp. 262-263</ref> The 60th Foot, which had some rifle battalions, was converted to rifles in 1824.<ref>Swinson (1972) p.159</ref>

==List of regiments of foot==

===1st–10th foot===

{| class="wikitable"
!Number
!Titles
!Date of raising or coming onto establishment
!Fate
!Successor 2023
|-
|align=center valign=middle|'''1'''
| '''[[1st Regiment of Foot|1st (Royal) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1751–1812 
'''1st Regiment of Foot (Royal Scots)''' 1812–1821
 '''1st or the Royal Regiment of Foot''' 1821–1871
 '''1st or the Royal Scots Regiment''' 1871–1881<ref name=swin1st>Swinson (1972), p.73</ref>
| '''1661''' Raised 28 March 1633, in Scotland for French service. Was on English establishment in 1661 and in 1666–67; permanently from 1678.<ref name=swin1st/>
| 1881: [[Royal Scots|Lothian Regiment (Royal Scots)]]
| [[Royal Regiment of Scotland]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle|'''2'''
| '''[[2nd Regiment of Foot|2nd (Queen's Royal) Regiment of Foot]]'''<ref name=swin2nd>Swinson (1972), p.75</ref>
| '''1661''' Raised 1 October 1661, as the [[Queen's Royal Regiment (West Surrey)|Tangier Regiment]]<ref name=swin2nd/>
| 1881: The [[Queen's Royal Regiment (West Surrey)|Queen's (Royal West Surrey Regiment)]]
| rowspan=2|[[Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle|'''3'''
| '''[[3rd Regiment of Foot|3rd (or the Buffs) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1751–1782 
'''3rd (East Kent – the Buffs) Regiment of Foot''' 1782–1881<ref name=swin3rd>Swinson (1972), p.77</ref>
| '''1665''' Raised 1572 for service in Holland. 
Came onto the English establishment in 1665 as the Holland Regiment.<ref name=swin3rd/>
| 1881: The [[Buffs (Royal East Kent Regiment)|Buffs (East Kent Regiment)]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle|'''4'''
| '''[[4th Regiment of Foot|4th (The King's Own) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1751–1867 
'''4th (The King's Own Royal) Regiment of Foot''' 1867–1881<ref name=swin4th>Swinson (1972), p.79</ref>
| '''1680''' Raised 13 July 1680, as the 2nd Tangier Regiment.<ref name=swin3rd/>
| 1881: The [[King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster)]]
| [[Duke of Lancaster's Regiment]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle|'''5'''
| '''[[5th Regiment of Foot]]''' 1751–1782 
'''5th (Northumberland) Regiment of Foot''' 1782–1836 
'''5th (Northumberland) (Fusiliers) Regiment of Foot''' 1836–1881<ref name=lg1836>{{London Gazette|issue=19382 |date=13 May 1836 |page=844 }}</ref><ref name=swin5th>Swinson (1972), p.81</ref>
| '''1685''' Raised 8 August 1674, as the Irish Regiment for Dutch service. 
Came onto the English establishment in 1685.<ref name=swin5th/>
| 1881: The [[Royal Northumberland Fusiliers|Northumberland Fusiliers]]
| rowspan=3|[[Royal Regiment of Fusiliers]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle|'''6'''
| '''[[6th Regiment of Foot]]''' 1751–1782 
'''6th (1st Warwickshire) Regiment of Foot''' 1782–1832 
'''6th (Royal 1st Warwickshire) Regiment of Foot''' 1832–1881<ref name=lg1832>{{London Gazette|issue=18945 |date=15 June 1832 |page=1380}}</ref><ref name=swin6th>Swinson (1972), p.83</ref>
| '''1685''' Raised 12 December 1673, in Ireland for Dutch service. 
Came onto the English establishment temporarily in 1685 and permanently in 1688.<ref name=swin6th/>
| 1881: The [[Royal Warwickshire Fusiliers|Royal Warwickshire Regiment]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle|'''7'''
| '''[[7th Regiment of Foot|7th (Royal Fusiliers) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1751–1881<ref name=swin7th>Swinson (1972), p.85</ref>
| '''1685''' Raised 11 June 1685, as the Ordnance Regiment, an escort to the artillery train. Became the Royal Regiment of Fuzileers in 1689.<ref name=swin7th/>
| 1881: The [[Royal Fusiliers (City of London Regiment)]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle|'''8'''
| '''[[8th Regiment of Foot|8th (The King's) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1751–1881<ref name=swin8th>Swinson (1972), p.87</ref>
| '''1685''' Raised 19 June 1685, as Princess Anne of Denmark's Regiment of Foot.<ref name=swin8th/>
| 1881: The [[King's Regiment (Liverpool)|King's (Liverpool Regiment)]]
| [[Duke of Lancaster's Regiment]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle|'''9'''
| '''[[9th Regiment of Foot]]''' 1751–1782 
'''9th (East Norfolk) Regiment of Foot''' 1782–1881<ref name=swin9th>Swinson (1972), p.89</ref>
| '''1685''' Raised 19 June 1685, as Henry Cornewall's Regiment of Foot.<ref name=swin9th/>
| 1881: The [[Royal Norfolk Regiment|Norfolk Regiment]]
| rowspan=2|[[Royal Anglian Regiment]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle|'''10'''
| '''[[10th Regiment of Foot]]''' 1751–1782 
'''10th (North Lincolnshire) Regiment of Foot''' 1782–1881<ref name=swin10th>Swinson (1972), p.91</ref>
| '''1685''' Raised 20 June 1685, as the [[John Granville, 1st Earl of Bath|Earl of Bath]]'s Regiment of Foot.<ref name=swin10th/>
| 1881: The [[Royal Lincolnshire Regiment|Lincolnshire Regiment]]
|}

===11th–20th foot===
{| class="wikitable"
!Number
!Titles
!Date of raising or coming onto establishment
!Fate
!Successor 2012
|-
|align=center valign=middle|'''11'''
| '''[[11th Regiment of Foot]]''' 1751–1782 
'''11th (North Devonshire) Regiment of Foot''' 1782–1881<ref name=swin11th>Swinson (1972), p.93</ref>
| '''1685''' Raised 20 June 1685 as the [[Henry Somerset, 1st Duke of Beaufort|Duke of Beaufort]]'s Musketeers.<ref name=swin11th/>
| 1881: The [[Devonshire Regiment]]
| [[The Rifles]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle|'''12'''
| '''[[12th Regiment of Foot]]''' 1751–1782 
'''12th (East Suffolk) Regiment of Foot''' 1782–1881<ref name=swin12th>Swinson (1972), p.95</ref>
| '''1685''' Raised 20 June 1685 as the [[Henry Howard, 7th Duke of Norfolk|Duke of Norfolk]]'s Regiment of Foot.<ref name=swin12th/>
| 1881: The [[Suffolk Regiment]]
| [[Royal Anglian Regiment]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle|'''13'''
| '''[[13th Regiment of Foot]]''' 1751–1782 
'''13th (1st Somersetshire) Regiment of Foot''' 1782–1822<ref name=swin13th>Swinson (1972), p.97</ref> 
'''13th (1st Somersetshire Light Infantry) Regiment of Foot''' 1822–1842<ref name=swin13th/> 
'''13th (1st Somersetshire) (Prince Albert's Light Infantry) Regiment of Foot''' 1842–1881<ref name=swin13th/><ref name=lg1842>{{London Gazette|issue=20134 |date=30 August 1842 |page=2331 }}</ref>
| '''1685''' Raised 20 June 1685 as the [[Theophilus Hastings, 7th Earl of Huntingdon|Earl of Huntingdon]]'s Regiment of Foot.<ref name=swin13th/>
| 1881: [[Somerset Light Infantry|Prince Albert's Light Infantry (Somersetshire Regiment)]]
| [[The Rifles]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle|'''14'''
| '''[[14th Regiment of Foot]]''' 1751–1782 
'''14th (Bedfordshire) Regiment of Foot''' 1782–1809<ref name=swin14th>Swinson (1972), p.99</ref> 
'''14th (Buckinghamshire) Regiment of Foot''' 1809–1876<ref name=lg1809>{{London Gazette|issue=16263 |date=3 June 1809 |page=808 }}</ref><ref name=swin14th/> 
'''14th (Buckinghamshire – The Prince of Wales's Own) Regiment of Foot''' 1876–1881<ref name=swin14th/><ref name=lg1876>{{London Gazette|issue=24333 |date=6 June 1876 |page=3357 }}</ref>
| '''1685''' Raised 22 June 1685 as Sir Edward Hales's Regiment of Foot.<ref name=swin14th/>
| 1881: The [[West Yorkshire Regiment (The Prince of Wales's Own)|Prince of Wales's Own (West Yorkshire Regiment)]]
| [[Royal Yorkshire Regiment]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle|'''15'''
| '''[[15th Regiment of Foot]]''' 1751–1782 
'''15th (Yorkshire, East Riding) Regiment of Foot''' 1782–1881<ref name=swin15th>Swinson (1972), p.101</ref>
| '''1685''' Raised 22 June 1685 as Sir William Clifton's Regiment of Foot.<ref name=swin15th/>
| 1881: The [[East Yorkshire Regiment]]
| [[Royal Yorkshire Regiment]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle|'''16'''
| '''[[16th Regiment of Foot]]''' 1751–1782 
'''16th (Buckinghamshire) Regiment of Foot''' 1782–1809<ref name=swin16th/> 
'''16th (Bedfordshire) Regiment of Foot''' 1809–1881<ref name=lg1809/><ref name=swin16th>Swinson (1972), p.103</ref>
| '''1688''' Raised 10 September 1688 as Archibald Douglas's Regiment of Foot.<ref name=swin16th/>
| 1881: The [[Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment|Bedfordshire Regiment]]
| rowspan=2|[[Royal Anglian Regiment]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle|'''17'''
| '''[[17th Regiment of Foot]]''' 1751–1782 
'''17th (Leicestershire) Regiment of Foot''' 1782–1881<ref name=swin17th>Swinson (1972), p.105</ref>
| '''1688''' Raised 27 September 1688 as Solomon Richard's Regiment of Foot.<ref name=swin17th/>
| 1881: The [[Royal Leicestershire Regiment|Leicestershire Regiment]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle|'''18'''
| '''[[18th Regiment of Foot|18th (The Royal Irish) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1751–1881<ref name=swin18th>Swinson (1972), p.107</ref>
| '''1688''' Raised in Ireland on 1 April 1684 as the [[Arthur Forbes, 1st Earl of Granard|Earl of Granard]]'s Regiment of Foot. Placed on the English establishment in 1688.<ref name=18foot/><ref name=swin18th/>
|colspan="2"| 1881: The [[Royal Irish Regiment (1684–1922)|Royal Irish Regiment]]
 ''(disbanded 1922)''<ref name=swin18th/>
|-
|align=center valign=middle|'''19'''
| '''[[19th Regiment of Foot]]''' 1751–1782 
'''19th (1st Yorkshire, North Riding) Regiment of Foot''' 1782–1875 
'''19th (1st Yorkshire, North Riding – Princess of Wales's Own) Regiment of Foot''' 1875–1881<ref name=lg1875>{{London Gazette|issue=24260 |date=29 October 1875 |page=5115 }}</ref><ref name=swin19th>Swinson (1972), p.108</ref>
| '''1688''' Raised 20 November 1688 as Francis Lutterell's Regiment of Foot.<ref name=swin19th/>
| 1881: The [[Green Howards|Princess of Wales's Own (Yorkshire Regiment)]]
| [[Royal Yorkshire Regiment]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle|'''20'''
| '''[[20th Regiment of Foot]]''' 1751–1782 
'''20th (East Devonshire) Regiment of Foot''' 1782–1881<ref name=swin20th>Swinson (1972), p.110</ref>
| '''1688''' Raised 20 November 1688 as Sir Richard Peyton's Regiment of Foot.<ref name=swin20th/>
| 1881: The [[Lancashire Fusiliers]]
| [[Royal Regiment of Fusiliers]]
|}

===21st–30th foot===
{| class="wikitable"
!Number
!Titles
!Date of raising or coming onto establishment
!Fate
!Successor 2012
|-
|align=center valign=middle|'''21'''
| '''[[21st Regiment of Foot|21st (Royal North British Fusiliers) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1751–1877 
'''21st (Royal Scots Fusiliers) Regiment of Foot''' 1877–1881<ref name=lg1877>{{London Gazette|issue=24440 |date=3 April 1877 |page=2396 }}</ref><ref name=swin21st>Swinson (1972), p.112</ref>
| '''1688''' Raised 23 September 1678 as the [[Charles Erskine, Earl of Mar|Earl of Mar]]'s Regiment.<ref name=rhf/> Placed on English establishment in 1688.<ref name=swin21st/>
| 1881: The [[Royal Scots Fusiliers]]
| [[Royal Regiment of Scotland]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle|'''22'''
| '''[[22nd Regiment of Foot]]''' 1751–1782 
'''22nd (Cheshire) Regiment of Foot''' 1782–1881<ref name=swin22nd>Swinson (1972), p.114</ref>
| '''1689''' Raised 8 March 1689 as the [[Henry Howard, 7th Duke of Norfolk|Duke of Norfolk]]'s Regiment of Foot.<ref name=swin22nd/>
| 1881: The [[Cheshire Regiment]]
| [[Mercian Regiment]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle|'''23'''
|'''[[23rd Regiment of Foot|23rd (Royal Welch Fusiliers) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1751–1881<ref name=swin23rd>Swinson (1972), p.115</ref>
| '''1689''' Raised 16 March 1689 as [[Henry Somerset, 2nd Duke of Beaufort|Lord Herbert]]'s Regiment of Foot.<ref name=swin23rd/>
| 1881: [[Royal Welch Fusiliers|Royal Welsh Fusiliers]]
| rowspan=2|[[Royal Welsh]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle|'''24'''
| '''[[24th Regiment of Foot]]''' 1751–1782 
'''24th (2nd Warwickshire) Regiment of Foot''' 1782–1881<ref name=swin24th>Swinson (1972), p.117</ref>
| '''1689''' Raised 8 March 1689 as Sir Edward Dering's Regiment of Foot.<ref name=swin24th/>
| 1881: The [[South Wales Borderers]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle|'''25'''
| '''[[25th Regiment of Foot]]''' 1751–1782 
'''25th (Sussex) Regiment of Foot''' 1782–1805<ref name=swin25th>Swinson (1972), p.119</ref> 
'''25th (King's Own Borderers) Regiment of Foot''' 1805–1881<ref name=swin25th/>
| '''1689''' Raised 19 March 1689 as The [[David Melville, 3rd Earl of Leven|Earl of Leven]]'s or Edinburgh, Regiment of Foot.<ref name=swin25th/>
| 1881: The [[King's Own Scottish Borderers|King's Own Borderers]]
| [[Royal Regiment of Scotland]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle|'''26'''
| '''[[26th Regiment of Foot]]''' 1751–1786<ref name=swin26th/> 
'''[[26th (Cameronian) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1809–1881<ref name=swin26th>Swinson (1972), p.123</ref>
| '''1689''' Raised 14 May 1689 as The [[James Douglas, Earl of Angus|Earl of Angus]]'s Regiment of Foot.<ref name=swin26th/>
|colspan=2| 1881: 1st Battalion, The [[Cameronians (Scottish Rifles)]] ''(disbanded 1968)''<ref name=swin26th/>
|-
|align=center valign=middle|'''27'''
| '''[[27th (Inniskilling) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1751–1881<ref name=swin27th>Swinson (1972), p.124</ref>
| '''1689''' Raised 26 June 1689 as Zacharaiah Tiffin's Regiment of Foot.<ref name=swin27th/>
| 1881: 1st Battalion, The [[Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers]]
| [[Royal Irish Regiment (1992)|Royal Irish Regiment]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle|'''28'''
| '''[[28th Regiment of Foot]]''' 1751–1782 '''[[28th (North Gloucestershire) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1782–1881<ref name=swin28th>Swinson (1972), p.125</ref>
| '''1694''' Raised as Sir John Gibson's Regiment of Foot 16 February 1694, disbanded 1697. Reraised 12 February 1702<ref name=swin28th/>
| 1881: 1st Battalion, The [[Gloucestershire Regiment]]<ref name=swin28th/>
| [[The Rifles]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle|'''29'''
| '''[[29th Regiment of Foot]]''' 1751–1782 
'''[[29th (Worcestershire) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1782–1881<ref name=swin29th>Swinson (1972), p.126</ref>
| '''1694''' Raised as Thomas Farrington's Regiment of Foot 16 February 1694, disbanded 1698. Reraised 12 February 1702<ref name=swin29th/>
| 1881: 1st Battalion, The [[Worcestershire Regiment]]<ref name=swin29th/>
| [[Mercian Regiment]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle|'''30'''
| '''[[30th Regiment of Foot]]''' 1751–1782 
'''[[30th (Cambridgeshire) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1782–1881<ref name=swin30th>Swinson (1972), p.127</ref>
| '''1689''' Raised 8 March 1689 as [[George Saunderson, 5th Viscount Castleton|Viscount Castleton]]'s Regiment of Foot, later (1694) Thomas Saunderson's Regiment of Foot. Disbanded 1698. Reraised 12 February 1702 as Thomas Saunderson's Regiment of Marines<ref name=swin30th/>
| 1881: 1st Battalion, The [[East Lancashire Regiment]]
| [[Duke of Lancaster's Regiment]]
|}

===31st–40th foot===
{| class="wikitable"
!Number
!Titles
!Date of raising or coming onto establishment
!Fate
!Successor 2012
|-
|align=center valign=middle|'''31'''
| '''[[31st Regiment of Foot]]''' 1751–1782 
'''[[31st (Huntingdonshire) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1782–1881<ref name=swin31st>Swinson (1972), p.128</ref>
| '''1696'''
Reraised 14 April 1702 as George Villiers's Regiment of Marines.<ref>Regarded as a reraising of a regiment that existed from 1694–1698. Sir Richard Atkins's Regiment of Foot, raised on the Irish Establishment 23 April 1694, transferred to English Establishment as George Villiers's Regiment of Foot 6 December 1696; disbanded 1698.</ref> Converted to line infantry in 1714.<ref name=swin31st/>
| 1881: 1st Battalion, The [[East Surrey Regiment]]<ref name=swin31st/>
| [[Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle|'''32'''
| '''[[32nd Regiment of Foot]]''' 1751–1782<ref name=swin32nd/> 
'''32nd (Cornwall) Regiment of Foot''' 1782–1858<ref name=swin32nd>Swinson (1972), p.129</ref> 
'''[[32nd (Cornwall) Regiment of Foot|32nd (Cornwall) Light Infantry]]''' 1858–1881<ref name=lg32nd>"Her Majesty, in consideration of the enduring fortitude and perservering {{sic}} gallantry displayed in the Defence of the Residency of Lucknow, has been graciously pleased to command that the 32nd Regiment be clothed, equipped and trained as a Light Infantry Regiment from the 26th of February last"{{London Gazette|issue=22139 |date=14 May 1858 |page=2407 }}</ref>
| '''1702''' Raised 12 February 1702 as Edward Fox's Regiment of Marines. Converted to line infantry in 1715.<ref name=swin32nd/>
| 1881: 1st Battalion, The [[Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry]]
| [[The Rifles]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle|'''33'''
|'''[[33rd Regiment of Foot]]''' 1751–1782<ref name=swin33rd>Swinson (1972), p.130</ref> 
'''33rd (1st Yorkshire, West Riding) Regiment of Foot''' 1782–1853 
'''[[33rd (The Duke of Wellington's) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1853–1881<ref name=lg33rd>"Her Majesty has been graciously pleased to command that Her Majesty's 33rd Regiment of Foot shall henceforth bear the name of 'The 33rd (or the Duke of Wellington's Regiment)', which honourable distinction will be inscribed on the Colours of the Regiment." {{London Gazette|issue=21452 |date=28 June 1853 |page=1818 }}</ref>
| '''1702''' Raised 12 February 1702 as [[George Hastings, 8th Earl of Huntingdon|The Earl of Huntingdon]]'s Regiment of Foot.<ref name=swin33rd/>
| 1881: 1st Battalion, The [[The Duke of Wellington's Regiment|Duke of Wellington's (West Riding Regiment)]]
| [[Royal Yorkshire Regiment]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle|'''34'''
| '''[[34th Regiment of Foot]]''' 1751–1782 
'''[[34th (Cumberland) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1782–1881<ref name=swin34th>Swinson (1972), p.131</ref>
| '''1702''' Raised 12 February 1702 as [[Robert Lucas, 3rd Baron Lucas of Shenfield|Lord Lucas]]'s Regiment of Foot.<ref name=swin34th/>
| 1881: 1st Battalion, The [[Border Regiment]]
| [[Duke of Lancaster's Regiment]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle|'''35'''
| '''[[35th Regiment of Foot]]''' 1751–1782 
'''35th (Dorsetshire) Regiment of Foot''' 1782–1805<ref name=swin35th>Swinson (1972), p.132</ref> 
'''35th (Sussex) Regiment of Foot''' 1805–1832<ref name=swin35th/> 
'''[[35th (Royal Sussex) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1832–1881<ref name=lg1832/><ref name=swin35th/>
| '''1702''' Raised 28 June 1701 on the Irish Establishment as [[Arthur Chichester, 3rd Earl of Donegall|The Earl of Donegall]]'s Regiment of Foot, on English Establishment in following year.<ref name=swin35th/>
| 1881: 1st Battalion, The [[Royal Sussex Regiment]]
| [[Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle|'''36'''
| '''[[36th Regiment of Foot]]''' 1751–1782<ref name=swin36th/> 
'''[[36th (Herefordshire) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1782–1881<ref name=swin36th>Swinson (1972), p.133</ref>
| '''1702''' Raised 10 May 1701 on the Irish Establishment as [[William Caulfeild, 2nd Viscount Charlemont|Viscount Charlemont]]'s Regiment of Foot, on English Establishment in following year.<ref name=swin36th/>
| 1881: 2nd Battalion, The [[Worcestershire Regiment]]
| [[Mercian Regiment]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle|'''37'''
| '''[[37th Regiment of Foot]]''' 1751–1782<ref name=swin37th>Swinson (1972), p.134</ref> 
'''[[37th (North Hampshire) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1782–1881<ref name=swin37th/>
| '''1702''' Raised 13 February 1702 as [[Thomas Meredyth (died 1719)|Thomas Meredyth]]'s Regiment of Foot.<ref name=swin37th/>
| 1881: 1st Battalion, The [[Royal Hampshire Regiment|Hampshire Regiment]]
| [[Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle|'''38'''
| '''[[38th Regiment of Foot]]''' 1751–1782 '''[[38th (1st Staffordshire) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1782–1881<ref name=swin38th>Swinson (1972), p.135</ref>
| '''1702''' Raised 13 February 1702 as [[Luke Lillingston]]'s Regiment of Foot<ref name=swin38th/>
| 1881: 1st Battalion, The [[South Staffordshire Regiment]]<ref name=swin38th/>
| [[Mercian Regiment]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle|'''39'''
| '''[[39th Regiment of Foot]]''' 1751–1782 
'''39th (East Middlesex) Regiment of Foot''' 1782–1807 
'''[[39th (Dorsetshire) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1807–1881<ref name=swin39th>Swinson (1972), p.136</ref>
| '''1702''' Raised 29 February 1702 as Richard Coote's Regiment of Foot<ref name=swin39th/>
| 1881: 1st Battalion, The [[Dorset Regiment|Dorsetshire Regiment]]<ref name=swin39th/>
| [[The Rifles]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle|'''40'''
| '''[[40th Regiment of Foot]]''' 1751–1782 
'''[[40th (2nd Somersetshire) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1782–1881<ref name=swin40th>Swinson (1972), p.137</ref>
| '''1717''' Raised 25 August 1717 as Richard Philipps's Regiment of Foot<ref name=swin40th/>
| 1881: 1st Battalion, The [[South Lancashire Regiment|Prince of Wales's Volunteers (South Lancashire Regiment)]]
| [[Duke of Lancaster's Regiment]]
|}

===41st–50th foot===
{| class="wikitable"
!Number
!Titles
!Date of raising or coming onto establishment
!Fate
!Successor 2012
|-
|align=center valign=middle|'''41'''
| '''[[41st Regiment of Foot|41st Regiment of Foot or Invalids]]''' 1751–1787 <ref name=swin41st>Swinson (1972), p.138</ref> 
'''[[41st Regiment of Foot]]''' 1787–1831 
'''[[41st (The Welsh) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1831–1881<ref name=lg41st>"Her Majesty has been graciously pleased to approve of the 41st Regiment of Foot being in future styled the 41st, or The Welsh Regiment of Foot "{{London Gazette|issue=18782 |date=8 March 1831 |page=442 }}</ref><ref name=rrw41/> 
| '''1719'''
Formed 11 March 1719 as Edmund Fielding's Regiment of Foot from companies of outpatients or "invalids" from [[Chelsea Hospital]]. Also known as the "1st Invalids" or "Regiment of Invalids".<ref name=swin41st/><ref name=rrw41>{{Cite book|title=A Short History of the Royal Regiment of Wales (24th/41st Foot) |last1=Margesson |first1=John |last2=Evans |first2=Lionel |year=1977 |publisher=[[Royal Regiment of Wales]] |location=Cardiff |pages=24–25}}</ref>
| 1881: 1st Battalion, The [[Welch Regiment|Welsh Regiment]]<ref name=swin41st/>
| [[Royal Welsh]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan=2|'''42'''
| '''[[Oglethorpe's Regiment (42nd)]]'''<ref name=swin42nd/>
|colspan=3| '''1737''' James Oglethorpe's Regiment of Foot was formed 25 August 1737 in [[Gibraltar]].<ref name=swin42nd/> Ranked as 42nd Foot in 1747, disbanded 29 May 1749 in [[Georgia (US State)|Georgia]].<ref name=swin42nd/>
|-
| '''[[42nd Regiment of Foot]]''' 1751–1758<ref name=swin42nd/> 
'''42nd (The Royal Highland) Regiment of Foot''' 1758–1861<ref name=swin42nd>Swinson (1972), p.139</ref><ref name=blackwatch>Fergusson (1968) p.19</ref> 
'''[[42nd Regiment of Foot|42nd (The Royal Highland) Regiment of Foot (The Black Watch)]]''' 1861–1881<ref>Fergusson (1968) p.61</ref>
| '''1739'''
 Six Independent Highland Companies raised 24 April 1725. The Earl of Craufurd's Regiment was formed 25 October 1739 by the regimentation of the independent companies.<ref name=swin42nd/> Ranked as 43rd Foot in 1747, renumbered to 42nd in 1749 on disbanding of existing 42nd Regiment. Known as the "Highland Regiment".<ref name=swin42nd/><ref>Fergusson (1968) pp.13-15</ref>
| 1881: 1st Battalion, The [[Black Watch|Black Watch (Royal Highlanders)]]
| [[Royal Regiment of Scotland]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan="3"|'''43'''
|'''Alexander Spotswood's Regiment (43rd)''', later '''[[Gooch's American Regiment]]'''
|colspan="3"| '''1739''' Raised by [[Alexander Spotswood]] in North America: on Spotswood's death in April 1740 [[Sir William Gooch, 1st Baronet|William Gooch]] became colonel. After [[War of Jenkins' Ear]] was disbanded in 1742.<ref name=swin43rd/>
|-
|colspan="5"|'''The Highland Regiment (43rd)''': renumbered to 42nd in 1749: see above
|-
|'''[[43rd Regiment of Foot]]''' 1751–1782<ref name=swin43rd>Swinson (1972), p.141</ref> 
'''43rd (Monmouthshire) Regiment of Foot''' 1782–1803 
'''[[43rd (Monmouthshire) Regiment of Foot|43rd (Monmouthshire Light Infantry) Regiment of Foot]]'''
| '''1741''' Raised 1 March 1741 as Thomas Fowke's Regiment of Foot, ranked as 54th foot in 1747. Renumbered as 43rd in 1748/49 on disbandment of a number of regiments.<ref name=swin43rd/>
| 1881: 1st Battalion, The [[Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry|Oxfordshire Light Infantry]]
| [[The Rifles]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan="2"|'''44'''
| '''44th Regiment of Foot (1st Marines)'''1739–1748<ref name=swin44th/>
|colspan="3"|'''1739''' Raised 17 November 1739 as Edward Wolfe's Regiment of Marines, ranked as 44th Foot or 1st Marines by 1741. Disbanded 11 November 1748.<ref name=swin44th/>
|-
| '''[[44th Regiment of Foot]]''' 1751–1782 
'''[[44th (East Essex) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1782–1881<ref name=swin44th>Swinson (1972), p.142</ref>
| '''1741''' Raised 7 January 1741 as James Long's Regiment of Foot. Ranked 55th, renumbered 44th in 1748 on disbandment of ten regiments of marines.<ref name=swin44th/>
| 1881: 1st Battalion, The [[Essex Regiment]]
| [[Royal Anglian Regiment]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan="2"|'''45'''
| '''45th Regiment of Foot (2nd Marines)'''1739–1748<ref name=swin45th/>
|colspan="3"|'''1739''' Raised 18 November 1739 as William Robinson's Regiment of Marines, ranked as 45th Foot or 2nd Marines by 1741. Disbanded 9 November 1748.<ref name=swin45th/>
|-
| '''[[45th Regiment of Foot]]''' 1751–1782 
'''45th (1st Nottinghamshire) Regiment of Foot''' 1782–1866<ref name=swin45th>Swinson (1972), p.143</ref> 
'''[[45th (Nottinghamshire) Regiment of Foot|45th (Nottinghamshire Sherwood Foresters) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1866–1881<ref name=lg45th>"The Queen has been graciously pleased to command that the 45th or Nottinghamshire Regiment may in future bear the title of 'Sherwood Foresters', with reference to the traditions of the County of Nottingham, and in consideration of the Regiment's distinguished services." {{London Gazette|issue=23203 |date=28 December 1866 |page=7173 }}</ref>
| '''1741''' Raised 11 January 1741 as Daniel Houghton's Regiment of Foot. Ranked 56th, renumbered 45th in 1748 on disbandment of ten regiments of marines.<ref name=swin45th/>
| 1881: 1st Battalion, The [[Sherwood Foresters|Sherwood Foresters (Derbyshire Regiment)]]
| [[Mercian Regiment]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan="2"|'''46'''
| '''46th Regiment of Foot (3rd Marines)'''1739–1748<ref name=swin46th/>
|colspan="3"|'''1739''' Raised 19 November 1739 as Anthony Lowther's Regiment of Marines, ranked as 46th Foot or 3rd Marines by 1741. Disbanded 7 November 1748.<ref name=swin46th/>
|-
| '''[[46th Regiment of Foot]]''' 1751–1782 
'''[[46th (South Devonshire) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1782–1881<ref name=swin46th>Swinson (1972), p.145</ref>
| '''1741''' Raised 13 January 1741 as John Price's Regiment of Foot. Ranked 57th, renumbered 46th in 1748 on disbandment of ten regiments of marines.<ref name=swin46th/>
| 1881: 2nd Battalion, The [[Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry]]
| [[The Rifles]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan="2"|'''47'''
| '''[[47th Regiment of Foot (4th Marines)]]'''1739–1748<ref name=swin47th/>
|colspan="3"|'''1739''' Raised 20 November 1739 as John Wynyard's Regiment of Marines, ranked as 47th Foot or 4th Marines by 1741. Disbanded 8 November 1748.<ref name=swin47th/>
|-
| '''[[47th Regiment of Foot]]''' 1751–1782 
'''[[47th (Lancashire) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1782–1881<ref name=swin47th>Swinson (1972), p.146</ref>
| '''1741''' Raised 15 January 1741 as Sir John Mordaunt's Regiment of Foot. Ranked 58th, renumbered 47th in 1748 on disbandment of ten regiments of marines.<ref name=swin47th/>
| 1881: 1st Battalion, The [[Loyal Regiment (North Lancashire)|Loyal North Lancashire Regiment]]
| [[Duke of Lancaster's Regiment]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan="2"|'''48'''
| '''48th Regiment of Foot (5th Marines)'''1739–1748<ref name=swin48th/>
|colspan="3"|'''1739''' Raised 20 November 1739 as Charles Douglass's Regiment of Marines, from 1740 Jame's Cochrane's Regiment: ranked as 48th Foot or 5th Marines by 1741. Disbanded 4 November 1748.<ref name=swin48th/>
|-
| '''[[48th Regiment of Foot]]''' 1751–1782 
'''[[48th (Northamptonshire) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1782–1881<ref name=swin48th>Swinson (1972), p.147</ref>
| '''1741''' Raised 31 January 1741 as James Cholmondeley's Regiment of Foot. Ranked 59th, renumbered 48th in 1748 on disbandment of ten regiments of marines.<ref name=swin48th/>
| 1881: 1st Battalion, The [[Northamptonshire Regiment]]
| [[Royal Anglian Regiment]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan="2"|'''49'''
| '''49th Regiment of Foot (6th Marines)'''1739–1748<ref name=swin49th/>
|colspan="3"|'''1739''' Raised 20 November 1739 as Lewis Moreton's Regiment of Marines, later known as Cotterell's Regiment: ranked as 49th Foot or 6th Marines by 1741. Disbanded 4 November 1748.<ref name=swin49th/>
|-
| '''[[49th Regiment of Foot]]''' 1751–1782 
'''49th (Hertfordshire) Regiment of Foot''' 1782–1816<ref name=swin49th>Swinson (1972), p.148</ref> 
'''[[49th (Princess Charlotte of Wales's) (Hertfordshire) Regiment of Foot|49th (Hertfordshire - Princess Charlotte of Wales's) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1816–1881<ref name=lg49th>"His Royal Highness the Prince Regent has been pleased, in the name and on behalf of his Majesty, to approve of the 49th (or the Hertfordshire) Regiment being in future styled the 49th (or Princess Charlotte of Wales's) Regiment, retaining its County Title." {{London Gazette|issue=17111 |date=17 February 1816 |page=308 }}</ref>
| '''1743''' Raised 1743 as Edward Trelawney's Regiment of Foot. Ranked 63rd, renumbered 49th in 1748 on disbandment of ten regiments of marines.<ref name=swin49th/>
| 1881: 1st Battalion, The [[Royal Berkshire Regiment|Princess Charlotte of Wales's (Berkshire Regiment)]]
| [[The Rifles]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan="3"|'''50'''
| '''50th Regiment of Foot (7th Marines)'''1739–1748<ref name=swin50th/>
|colspan="3"|'''1740''' Raised 1740 as [[Henry Cornewall (1685–1756)|Henry Cornewall]]'s Regiment of Marines: ranked as 50th Foot or 7th Marines by 1741. Disbanded 3 November 1748.<ref name=swin50th/>
|-
| '''[[Shirley's Regiment|50th Regiment of Foot (American Provincials)]]'''1754–1756<ref name=swin50th/>
|colspan="3"|'''1754''' Raised 1754 in New England, as a reforming of William Shirley's Regiment of 1745–1749. Disbanded 1756.<ref name=swin50th/>
|-
| '''[[50th Regiment of Foot]]''' 1757–1782 
'''50th (West Kent) Regiment of Foot''' 1782–1827 
'''50th (The Duke of Clarence's) Regiment of Foot''' 1827–1831 
'''[[50th (Queen's Own) Regiment of Foot|50th (The Queen's Own) Regiment of Foot]]'''<ref name=swin50th>Swinson (1972), p.149</ref><ref name=lg50th>"His Majesty has been pleased to command that the 50th Regiment of foot shall in future be styled 'the 50th or Queen's Own' instead of 'the Duke of Clarence's Regiment;' and that the facings of the Regiment be accordingly changed from black to blue." {{London Gazette|issue=18776 |date=15 February 1831 |page=291 }}</ref>
| '''1755''' Raised 1755 as the 52nd Regiment of Foot. Renumbered as 50th Foot in 1757 following disbandment of existing 50th and 51st Foot.<ref name=swin50th/>
| 1881: 1st Battalion, The [[Queen's Own (Royal West Kent Regiment)]]
| [[Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment]]
|}

===51st–60th foot===
{| class="wikitable"
!Number
!Titles
!Date of raising or coming onto establishment
!Fate
!Successor 2012
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan="3"|'''51'''
| '''51st Regiment of Foot (8th Marines)''' 1739–1748<ref name=swin51st/>
|colspan="3"|'''1740''' Raised 1740 as William Hanmer's Regiment of Marines, ranked as 51st Foot or 8th Marines by 1741. Disbanded 8 November 1748.<ref name=swin51st/>
|-
| '''[[51st Regiment of Foot (Cape Breton Regiment)]]''' 1754–1756<ref name=swin51st/>
|colspan="3"|'''1754''' Raised 1754 in New England as a reforming of [[William Pepperell]]'s Regiment of 1745–1749. Disbanded 1756.<ref name=swin51st/>
|-
| '''51st Regiment of Foot''' 1757–1782 
'''51st (2nd Yorkshire, West Riding) Regiment of Foot''' 1782–1809<ref name=swin51st>Swinson (1972), p.150</ref> 
'''51st (2nd Yorkshire, West Riding, Light Infantry) Regiment of Foot''' 1809–1821<ref name=swin51st/> 
'''[[51st (2nd Yorkshire West Riding) Regiment of Foot|51st (2nd Yorkshire, West Riding, The King's Own Light Infantry) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1821–1881<ref name=swin51st/><ref name=lg1821>"His Majesty has been graciously pleased to command that the 51st Light Infantry Regiment shall bear, in addition to the present county title, the title of 'the 51st (or King's Own) Light Infantry Regiment'; and that the uniform of the Regiment shall be faced with blue... that the 85th Light Infantry Regiment shall bear, in addition to the present county title, the title of 'the 85th (or The King's) Light Infantry Regiment' instead of the 'Duke of York's Own Regiment of Light Infantry'; and that the uniform of the Regiment shall be faced with blue... ." {{London Gazette|issue=17699 |date=21 April 1821 |page=895 }}</ref>
| '''1755''' Raised as 53rd Regiment of Foot 1755, renumbered 51st in 1757 on disbandment of existing 50th and 51st Foot.<ref name=swin51st/>
| 1881: 1st Battalion, The [[King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry|King's Own Light Infantry (South Yorkshire Regiment)]]
| [[The Rifles]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan="3"|'''52'''
| '''52nd Regiment of Foot (9th Marines)'''1740–1748<ref name=swin52nd/>
|colspan="3"|'''1740''' Raised 1740 as [[Charles Armand Powlett|Sir Charles Powlett]]'s Regiment of Marines, ranked as 52nd Foot or 9th Marines by 1741. Disbanded 7 November 1748.<ref name=swin52nd/>
|-
| '''52nd Regiment of Foot''' 1755–1757<ref name=swin52nd/>
|colspan="3"|'''1755''' Raised 1755, Renumbered as 50th Foot (see above) 1757.<ref name=swin52nd/>
|-
| '''52nd Regiment of Foot''' 1757–1782 
'''52nd (Oxfordshire) Regiment of Foot''' 1782–1803<ref name=swin52nd>Swinson (1972), p.151</ref> 
'''[[52nd (Oxfordshire) Regiment of Foot|52nd (Oxfordshire Light Infantry) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1803–1821<ref name=swin52nd/>
| '''1755''' Raised as 54th Regiment of Foot 1755, renumbered 52nd in 1757 on disbandment of existing 50th and 51st Foot.<ref name=swin52nd/>
| 1881: 2nd Battalion, The [[Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry|Oxfordshire Light Infantry]]
| [[The Rifles]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan="3"|'''53'''
| '''53rd Regiment of Foot (10th Marines)'''1740–1748<ref name=swin53rd/>
|colspan="3"|'''1740''' Raised 31 November 1740 as Jefferie's Regiment of Marines, ranked as 53rd Foot or 10th Marines by 1741. Disbanded 11 November 1748.<ref name=swin53rd/>
|-
| '''53rd Regiment of Foot''' 1755–1757<ref name=swin52nd/>
|colspan="3"|'''1755''' Raised 1755, Renumbered as 51st Foot (see above) 1757.<ref name=swin52nd/>
|-
| '''53rd Regiment of Foot''' 1757–1782 
'''[[53rd (Shropshire) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1782–1881<ref name=swin53rd>Swinson (1972), p.152</ref> 
| '''1755''' Raised as 55th Regiment of Foot 1755, renumbered 53rd in 1757 on disbandment of existing 50th and 51st Foot.<ref name=swin53rd/>
| 1881: 1st Battalion, The [[King's Shropshire Light Infantry|King's Light Infantry (Shropshire Regiment)]]
| [[The Rifles]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan="3"|'''54'''
| '''54th Regiment of Foot''' 1741–1748<ref name=swin54th/>
|colspan="3"|'''1741''' Raised 1 March 1741 as Thomas Fowke's Regiment of Foot, ranked as 54th foot in 1747. Renumbered as 43rd in 1748/49 (see above) on disbandment of a number of regiments.<ref name=swin43rd/>
|-
| '''54th Regiment of Foot''' 1755–1757<ref name=swin54th/>
|colspan="3"|'''1755''' Raised 1755, renumbered 52nd in 1757 (see above) on disbandment of existing 50th and 51st Foot.<ref name=swin52nd/>
|-
| '''54th Regiment of Foot''' 1757–1782 
'''[[54th (West Norfolk) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1782–1881<ref name=swin54th>Swinson (1972), p.153</ref>
| '''1755''' Raised 1755 as 56th Regiment of Foot, renumbered as 54th in 1757 on disbandment of existing 50th and 51st Foot.<ref name=swin54th/>
| 1881: 2nd Battalion, The [[Dorset Regiment|Dorsetshire Regiment]]
| [[The Rifles]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan="3"|'''55'''
| '''55th Regiment of Foot '''1741–1748<ref name=swin55th/>
|colspan="3"|'''1741''' Raised 7 January 1741 as James Long's Regiment of Foot, Renumbered as 44th in 1748 (see above) on disbandment of a number of regiments.<ref name=swin44th/>
|-
| '''55th Regiment of Foot '''1755–1757<ref name=swin55th/>
|colspan="3"|'''1755''' Raised as 55th Regiment of Foot 1755, renumbered 53rd (see above) in 1757 on disbandment of existing 50th and 51st Foot.<ref name=swin53rd/>
|-
| '''55th Regiment of Foot''' 1757–1782 
'''[[55th (Westmorland) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1782–1881<ref name=swin55th/>
| '''1755''' Raised 1755 as 57th Regiment of Foot, renumbered as 55th in 1757 on disbandment of existing 50th and 51st Foot.<ref name=swin55th>Swinson (1972), p.154</ref>
| 1881: 2nd Battalion, The [[Border Regiment]]
| [[Duke of Lancaster's Regiment]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan="3"|'''56'''
| '''56th Regiment of Foot''' 1741–1748<ref name=swin45th/>
|colspan="3"| '''1741''' Raised 11 January 1741 as Daniel Houghton's Regiment of Foot. Ranked 56th, renumbered 45th (see above) in 1748 on disbandment of ten regiments of marines.<ref name=swin45th/>
|-
| '''56th Regiment of Foot''' 1755–1757 
| colspan="3"|'''1755''' Raised 1755 as 56th Regiment of Foot, renumbered as 54th (see above) in 1757 on disbandment of existing 50th and 51st Foot.<ref name=swin54th/>
|-
| '''56th Regiment of Foot''' 1757–1782 
'''[[56th (West Essex) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1782–1881<ref name=swin56th>Swinson (1972), p.155</ref>
| '''1755''' Raised 1755 as 58th Regiment of Foot, renumbered as 56th in 1757 on disbandment of existing 50th and 51st Foot.<ref name=swin56th/>
| 1881: 2nd Battalion, The [[Essex Regiment]]
| [[Royal Anglian Regiment]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan="3"|'''57'''
| '''57th Regiment of Foot''' 1741–1748<ref name=swin57th/>
|colspan="3"|'''1741''' Raised 13 January 1741 as John Price's Regiment of Foot, ranked as 57th, renumbered 46th (see above) in 1748 on disbandment of ten regiments of marines.<ref name=swin57th/>
|-
| '''57th Regiment of Foot''' 1755–1757 
| colspan="3"|'''1755''' Raised 1755 as 57th Regiment of Foot, renumbered as 55th in 1757 on disbandment of existing 50th and 51st Foot.<ref name=swin55th/>
|-
| '''57th Regiment of Foot''' 1757–1782 
'''[[57th (West Middlesex) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1782–1881<ref name=swin57th>Swinson (1972), p.156</ref>
| '''1755''' Raised 1755 as 59th Regiment of Foot, renumbered as 57th in 1757 on disbandment of existing 50th and 51st Foot.<ref name=swin57th/>
| 1881: 1st Battalion, The [[Middlesex Regiment|Duke of Cambridge's Own (Middlesex Regiment)]]
| [[Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan="3"|'''58'''
| '''58th Regiment of Foot''' 1741–1748<ref name=swin58th/>
|colspan="3"|'''1741''' Raised 15 January 1741 as Sir John Mordaunt's Regiment of Foot, ranked as 58th, renumbered 47th (see above) in 1748 on disbandment of ten regiments of marines.<ref name=swin58th/>
|-
| '''58th Regiment of Foot''' 1755–1757 
| colspan="3"|'''1755''' Raised 1755 as 58th Regiment of Foot, renumbered as 56th in 1757 on disbandment of existing 50th and 51st Foot.<ref name=swin56th/>
|-
| '''58th Regiment of Foot''' 1757–1782 
'''[[58th (Rutlandshire) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1782–1881<ref name=swin58th>Swinson (1972), p.157</ref>
| '''1755''' Raised 1755 as 60th Regiment of Foot, renumbered as 58th in 1757 on disbandment of existing 50th and 51st Foot.<ref name=swin58th/>
| 1881: 2nd Battalion, The [[Northamptonshire Regiment]]
| [[Royal Anglian Regiment]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan="3"|'''59'''
| '''59th Regiment of Foot''' 1741–1748<ref name=swin59th/>
|colspan="3"|'''1741''' Raised 31 January 1741 as James Cholmondeley's Regiment of Foot, ranked as 59th, renumbered 48th (see above) in 1748 on disbandment of ten regiments of marines.<ref name=swin59th/>
|-
| '''59th Regiment of Foot''' 1755–1757 
| colspan="3"|'''1755''' Raised 1755 as 59th Regiment of Foot, renumbered as 57th (see above) in 1757 on disbandment of existing 50th and 51st Foot.<ref name=swin57th/>
|-
| '''59th Regiment of Foot''' 1757–1782 
'''[[59th (2nd Nottinghamshire) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1782–1881<ref name=swin59th>Swinson (1972), p.158</ref>
| '''1755''' Raised 1755 as 61st Regiment of Foot, renumbered as 59th in 1757 on disbandment of existing 50th and 51st Foot.<ref name=swin59th/>
| 1881: 2nd Battalion, The [[East Lancashire Regiment]]
| [[Duke of Lancaster's Regiment]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan="3"|'''60'''
| '''[[60th Regiment of Foot (1739–1748)|60th Regiment of Foot]]''' 1741–1748<ref name=swin60th/>
|colspan="3"|'''1741''' Raised 1741, disbanded 1748.<ref name=swin60th/>
|-
| '''60th Regiment of Foot '''1755–1757<ref name=swin60th/>
|colspan="3"|'''1755''' Raised 1755 as the 60th Regiment of Foot. Renumbered as 58th (see above) in 1757 following disbandment of existing 50th and 51st Foot.<ref name=swin60th>Swinson (1972), p.159</ref>
|-
| '''60th (Royal American) Regiment of Foot''' 1757–1824 
'''60th (The Duke of York's Own Rifle Corps) Regiment of Foot''' 1824–1830<ref name=lg60tha>"His Majesty has been pleased to direct that the 60th Regiment of Foot shall cease to bear the appellation of the 'Royal American' Regiment, and that it shall be termed the 60th Regiment, or 'the Duke of York's Own Rifle Corps and Light Infantry'." {{London Gazette|issue=18039 |date=26 June 1824 |page=1037 }}</ref> 
'''60th (The King's Royal Rifle Corps) Regiment of Foot''' 1830–1881<ref name=lg60thb>"His Majesty has been graciously pleased to approve of the 60th Regiment of Foot being in future styled the 60th, or 'the King's Royal Rifle Corps', instead of the Duke of York's Own Rifle Corps."{{London Gazette|issue=18747 |date=19 November 1830 |page=2420}}</ref>
|Raised as 62nd (Royal American) Regiment of Foot in 1755, renumbered as 60th in 1757 on disbandment of existing 50th and 51st Foot.<ref name=swin60th/>
| 1881: The [[King's Royal Rifle Corps]]
| [[The Rifles]]
|}

===61st–70th foot===
{| class="wikitable"
!Number
!Titles
!Date of raising or coming onto establishment
!Fate
!Successor 2012
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan="4"|'''61'''
| '''61st Regiment of Foot''' 1742–1748<ref name=swin61st/>
|colspan="3"|'''1742''' Formed from disbanded Gooch's Marines (see 43rd foot above), disbanded 1748.<ref name=swin61st/>
|-
| '''61st Regiment of Foot''' 1755–1757<ref name=swin61st/>
|colspan="3"|'''1755''' Raised 1755, Renumbered as 59th Foot (see above) 1757.<ref name=swin61st/>
|-
| '''61st Regiment of Foot''' 1757–1758<ref name=swin61st/>
|colspan="3"|'''1756''' Raised late 1756, Renumbered as 76th Foot in 1758 when second battalions of several regiments raised in 1756 were constituted as 61st to 75th Regiments of Foot.<ref name=swin61st/> The second battalion of the 61st Foot was redesignated as the 86th Regiment of Foot at the same time.<ref name=swin61st/>
|-
| '''61st Regiment of Foot''' 1758–1782 
'''[[61st (South Gloucestershire) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1782–1881<ref name=swin61st/>
| '''1758''' Raised as 2nd Battalion, 3rd Regiment of Foot 1756, reconstituted as 61st Regiment of Foot 1758.<ref name=swin61st>Swinson (1972), p.161</ref>
| 1881: 2nd Battalion, The [[Gloucestershire Regiment]]
| [[The Rifles]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan="4"|'''62'''
| '''62nd Regiment of Foot''' 1742–1748<ref name=swin62nd/>
|colspan="3"|'''1742''' Raised 1742 as John Batereau's Regiment of Marines, ranked as 62nd Foot. Disbanded 1748.<ref name=swin62nd/>
|-
| '''62nd (Royal American) Regiment of Foot''' 1755–1757<ref name=swin62nd/>
|colspan="3"|'''1755''' Raised 1755, Renumbered as 60th Foot (see above) 1757.<ref name=swin62nd/>
|-
| '''62nd Regiment of Foot (1st Highland Battalion)'''1757–1758 (Montgomerie's Highlanders)<ref name=swin62nd/>
|colspan="3"|'''1756''' Raised late 1756, Renumbered as 77th Foot in 1758 when second battalions of several regiments raised in 1756 were constituted as 61st to 75th Regiments of Foot.<ref name=swin62nd/>
|-
| '''62nd Regiment of Foot''' 1758–1782 
'''[[62nd (Wiltshire) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1782–1881<ref name=swin62nd>Swinson (1972), p.162</ref>
| '''1756''' Raised as 2nd Battalion, 4th Regiment of Foot 1756, reconstituted as 62nd Regiment of Foot 1758.<ref name=swin62nd/>
| 1881: 1st Battalion, The [[Wiltshire Regiment|Duke of Edinburgh's (Wiltshire Regiment)]]
| [[The Rifles]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan="3"|'''63'''
| '''63rd (American) Regiment of Foot''' 1744–1748<ref name=swin63rd/>
|colspan="3"|'''1743''' Raised 1743 as Edward Trelawney's Regiment of Foot. Ranked 63rd, renumbered 49th in 1748 on disbandment of ten regiments of marines.<ref name=swin49th/>
|-
| '''63rd Regiment of Foot (2nd Highland Battalion)'''1757–1758 (Fraser's Highlanders)<ref name=swin63rd/>
|colspan="3"|'''1756''' Raised late 1756, Renumbered as 78th Foot in 1758 when second battalions of several regiments raised in 1756 were constituted as 61st to 75th Regiments of Foot.<ref name=swin63rd/>
|-
| '''63rd Regiment of Foot''' 1758–1782 
'''[[63rd (West Suffolk) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1782–1881<ref name=swin63rd>Swinson (1972), p.163</ref> 
| '''1757''' Raised as 2nd Battalion, 8th Regiment of Foot 1756, reconstituted as 63rd Regiment of Foot 1758.<ref name=swin63rd/>
| 1881: 1st Battalion, The [[Manchester Regiment]]
| [[Duke of Lancaster's Regiment]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan="3"|'''64'''
| '''[[Loudon's Highlanders|64th Regiment of Foot]]''' 1745–1748<ref name=swin64th/>
|colspan="3"|'''1745''' Raised 28 August 1745 as [[John Campbell, 4th Earl of Loudoun|Earl of Loudoun]]'s Regiment, ranked as 64th, disbanded 1748.<ref name=swin64th/>
|-
| '''64th Regiment of Foot''' 1757–1758<ref name=swin64th/>
|colspan="3"|'''1757''' Raised 1757, Renumbered as 79th Foot in 1758 when second battalions of several regiments raised in 1756 were constituted as 61st to 75th Regiments of Foot.<ref name=swin64th/>
|-
| '''64th Regiment of Foot''' 1758–1782 
'''[[64th (2nd Staffordshire) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1782–1881<ref name=swin64th/>
| '''1756''' Raised as 2nd Battalion, 11th Regiment of Foot 1756, reconstituted as 64th Regiment of Foot 1758.<ref name=swin64th>Swinson (1972), p.164</ref>
| 1881: 1st Battalion, The [[North Staffordshire Regiment|Prince of Wales's (North Staffordshire Regiment)]]
| [[Mercian Regiment]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan="2"|'''65'''
| '''[[65th Regiment of Foot (Shirley's)]]''' 1745–1749<ref name=chartrand>{{Cite book|title=Colonial American troops, 1610-1774, Volume 1 |last1=Chartrand |first1=René |last2=Rickman |first2=David |year=2002 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |location=Oxford |isbn=978-1-84176-324-8 |page=20 }}</ref><ref name=swin65th/>
|colspan="3"|'''1745''' Raised September 1745 in New England. Disbanded 1749.<ref name=chartrand/><ref name=swin65th/>
|-
| '''65th Regiment of Foot '''1758–1782<ref name=swin65th>Swinson (1972), p.165</ref> 
'''[[65th (2nd Yorkshire, North Riding) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1782–1881<ref name=swin65th/>
|'''1758''' Raised as 2nd Battalion, 12th Regiment of Foot 1756, reconstituted as 65th Regiment of Foot 1758.<ref name=swin65th/>
| 1881: 1st Battalion, The [[York and Lancaster Regiment]]
| Disbanded 1968.
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan="2"|'''66'''
| '''[[66th Regiment of Foot (Pepperell's)]]''' 1745–1749<ref name=chartrand/><ref name=swin66th/>
|colspan="3"|'''1745''' Raised September 1745 in New England. Disbanded 1749.<ref name=chartrand/><ref name=swin66th/>
|-
| '''66th Regiment of Foot '''1758–1782<ref name=swin66th>Swinson (1972), p.166</ref> 
'''[[66th (Berkshire) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1782–1881<ref name=swin66th/>
|'''1758''' Raised as 2nd Battalion, 19th Regiment of Foot 1756, reconstituted as 66th Regiment of Foot 1758.<ref name=swin66th/>
| 1881: 2nd Battalion, The [[Royal Berkshire Regiment|Princess Charlotte of Wales's (Berkshire Regiment)]]
| [[The Rifles]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan="2"|'''67'''
| '''67th Regiment of Foot''' 1745–1746<ref name=swin67th/>
|colspan="3"|'''1745''' Raised 1745 as the [[Charles Powlett, 3rd Duke of Bolton|Duke of Bolton]]'s Regiment, ranked as 67th Foot. Disbanded 1746.<ref name=swin67th/>
|-
| '''67th Regiment of Foot '''1758–1782<ref name=swin67th>Swinson (1972), p.167</ref> 
'''[[67th (South Hampshire) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1782–1881<ref name=swin67th/>
|'''1758''' Raised as 2nd Battalion, 20th Regiment of Foot 1756, reconstituted as 67th Regiment of Foot 1758.<ref name=swin67th/>
| 1881: 2nd Battalion, The [[Royal Hampshire Regiment|Hampshire Regiment]]
| [[Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan="2"|'''68'''
| '''68th Regiment of Foot''' 1745–1746<ref name=swin68th/>
|colspan="3"|'''1745''' Raised 1745 as the [[John Russell, 4th Duke of Bedford|Duke of Bedford]]'s Regiment, ranked as 68th Foot. Disbanded 1746.<ref name=swin67th/>
|-
| '''68th Regiment of Foot '''1758–1782<ref name=swin68th>Swinson (1972), p.168</ref> 
'''68th (Durham) Regiment of Foot''' 1782–1812 
'''[[68th (Durham) Regiment of Foot (Light Infantry)|68th (Durham - Light Infantry) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1812–1881<ref name=swin68th/>
|'''1758''' Raised as 2nd Battalion, 23rd Regiment of Foot 1756, reconstituted as 68th Regiment of Foot 1758.<ref name=swin68th/>
| 1881: 1st Battalion, The [[Durham Light Infantry]]
| [[The Rifles]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan=2|'''69'''
| '''69th Regiment of Foot''' 1745–1746||colspan=3|'''1745''' Raised 1745 as the [[John Montagu, 2nd Duke of Montagu|Duke of Montagu]]'s Regiment, ranked as 69th Foot. Disbanded 1746.
|-
| '''69th Regiment of Foot''' 1758–1782 
'''[[69th (South Lincolnshire) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1782–1881<ref name=swin69th>Swinson (1972), p.169</ref>
| '''1756''' Raised as 2nd Battalion, 24th Regiment of Foot 1756, reconstituted as 69th Regiment of Foot 1758.<ref name=swin69th/>
| 1881: 2nd Battalion, The [[Welch Regiment|Welsh Regiment]]
| [[The Royal Welsh]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan=2|'''70'''
| '''70th Regiment of Foot''' 1745–1746||colspan=3|'''1745''' Raised 1745 as the [[Peregrine Bertie, 3rd Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven|Duke of Ancaster]]'s Regiment, ranked as 70th Foot. Disbanded 1746.
|-
| '''70th Regiment of Foot''' 1758–1782 
'''70th (Surrey) Regiment of Foot''' 1782–1812 
'''70th (Glasgow Lowland) Regiment of Foot''' 1812–1825 
'''[[70th (Surrey) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1825–1881<ref name=swin70th>Swinson (1972), p.170</ref><ref name=lg1825a>
"His Majesty has been pleased to approve of the 70th Regiment of Foot discontinuing the appellation of the 'Glasgow Lowland Regiment' and of its being permitted to resume its former title, of the 70th, or 'Surrey' Regiment of Foot." {{London Gazette|issue=18199 |date=3 December 1825 |page=2213 }}</ref>
| '''1756''' Raised as 2nd Battalion, 31st Regiment of Foot 1756, reconstituted as 70th Regiment of Foot 1758.<ref name=swin70th/>
| 1881: 2nd Battalion, The [[East Surrey Regiment]]
| [[The Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment]]
|}

===71st–80th foot===
{| class="wikitable"
!Number
!Titles
!Date of raising or coming onto establishment
!Fate
!Successor 2012
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan="5"|'''71'''
| '''71st Regiment of Foot''' 1745–1746||colspan=3|'''1745''' Raised 1745 as the [[John Manners, 3rd Duke of Rutland|Duke of Rutland]]'s Regiment, ranked as 71st Foot. Disbanded 1746.
|-
| '''71st Regiment of Foot''' 1758–1763<ref name=swin71st/>
|colspan="3"| '''1758''' Raised as 2nd Battalion, 32nd Regiment of Foot 1756, reconstituted as 71st Regiment of Foot 1758. Disbanded 1763.<ref name=swin71st>Swinson (1972), p.171</ref>
|-
| '''71st (Invalids) Regiment of Foot''' 1764–1769<ref name=swin71st/>
|colspan="3"|'''1757''' Raised 1757 as 81st (Invalids) Regiment of Foot, renumbered 71st in 1764 following disbandment of a number of senior regiments. Dispersed to independent garrison companies in 1768/69.<ref name=swin71st/>
|-
| '''71st (Highland) Regiment of Foot''' 1775–1786 (Fraser's Highlanders)<ref name=swin71st/>
|colspan="3"|'''1775''' Raised October 1775 in Scottish Highlands for service in North America. Disbanded 1786.<ref name=swin71st/>
|-
| '''71st (Highland) Regiment of Foot''' 1786–1808 
'''71st (Glasgow Highland) Regiment of Foot''' 1808–1809 
'''71st (Glasgow Highland Light Infantry) Regiment of Foot''' 1809–1810 
'''[[71st (Highland) Regiment of Foot|71st (Highland Light Infantry) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1810–1881 <ref name=swin71st/>
| '''1777''' Formed as 73rd (Highland) Regiment of Foot 1777 by regimentation of independent companies raised in 1771, renumbered as 71st in 1786 on disbandment of existing 71st and 72nd Foot.<ref name=rhf>{{Cite book|title=A Soldier's History |year=1979 |publisher=[[Royal Highland Fusiliers]] |location=Glasgow |page=8 }}</ref><ref name=swin71st/>
| 1881: 1st Battalion, The [[Highland Light Infantry]]
| [[Royal Regiment of Scotland]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan="5"|'''72'''
| '''72nd Regiment of Foot''' 1745–1746||colspan=3|'''1745''' Raised 1745 as [[Augustus Berkeley, 4th Earl of Berkeley|Lord Berkeley]]'s Regiment, ranked as 72nd Foot. Disbanded 1746.
|-
| '''72nd Regiment of Foot''' 1758–1763<ref name=swin72nd/>
|colspan="3"| '''1758''' Raised as 2nd Battalion, 33rd Regiment of Foot 1756, reconstituted as 72nd Regiment of Foot 1758. Disbanded 1763.<ref name=swin72nd>Swinson (1972), p.172</ref>
|-
| '''72nd (Invalids) Regiment of Foot''' 1764–1769<ref name=swin72nd/>
|colspan="3"|'''1757''' Raised 1757 as 82nd (Invalids) Regiment of Foot, renumbered 72nd in 1764 following disbandment of a number of senior regiments. Dispersed to independent garrison companies in 1768/69.<ref name=swin72nd/>
|-
| '''72nd (Royal Manchester Volunteers) Regiment of Foot''' 1777–1784<ref name=swin72nd/>
|colspan="3"|'''1777''' Raised December 1777. Disbanded 1784.<ref name=swin72nd/>
|-
| '''72nd (Highland) Regiment of Foot''' 1786–1809 
'''72nd Regiment of Foot''' 1809–1823 
'''[[72nd (Duke of Albany's Own Highlanders) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1823–1881<ref name=swin72nd/><ref name=lg72nd>"His Majesty has been pleased to approve of the 72d Regiment of Foot again becoming a Highland Regiment and of its bearing the title of 'The 72d, or the Duke of Albany's Own Highlanders'." {{London Gazette|issue=17987 |date=27 December 1823 |page=2159 }}</ref>
| '''1778''' Formed as 78th (Highland) Regiment of Foot 1778 (or Seaforth's Highlanders), renumbered as 72nd 12 September 1786 on disbandment of a number of senior regiments.<ref name=swin72nd/><ref name=qoh>{{Cite book|title=Queen's Own Highlanders (Seaforth and Camerons), A Short History |year=1973 |publisher=[[Queen's Own Highlanders]] |location=Inverness |pages=8–9 }}</ref>
| 1881: 1st Battalion, The [[Seaforth Highlanders|Seaforth Highlanders (Ross-shire Buffs, The Duke of Albany's)]]
| [[Royal Regiment of Scotland]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan="5"|'''73'''
| '''73rd Regiment of Foot''' 1745–1746||colspan=3|'''1745''' Raised 1745 as [[George Cholmondeley, 3rd Earl of Cholmondeley|Lord Cholmondeley]]'s Regiment, ranked as 73rd Foot. Disbanded 1746.
|-
| '''73rd Regiment of Foot''' 1758–1763<ref name=swin73rd/>
|colspan="3"| '''1758''' Raised as 2nd Battalion, 34th Regiment of Foot 1756, reconstituted as 73rd Regiment of Foot 1758. Disbanded 1763.<ref name=swin73rd>Swinson (1972), p.173</ref>
|-
| '''73rd (Invalids) Regiment of Foot''' 1764–1769<ref name=swin73rd/>
|colspan="3"|'''1762''' Raised 1762 as 116th (Invalids) Regiment of Foot, renumbered 73rd in 1764 following disbandment of a number of senior regiments. Dispersed to independent garrison companies in 1769.<ref name=swin73rd/>
|-
| '''73rd (Highland) Regiment of Foot '''1777–1786<ref name=swin73rd/>
|colspan="3"| '''1777''' Formed 1777 by regimentation of independent companies raised in 1771, renumbered as 71st (see above) in 1786 on disbandment of existing 71st and 72nd Foot.<ref name=rhf/><ref name=swin71st/>
|-
| '''73rd (Highland) Regiment of Foot''' 1786–1809 
'''73rd Regiment of Foot''' 1809–1862 
'''[[73rd (Perthshire) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1862–1881<ref name=swin73rd/>
| '''1780''' Raised as 2nd Battalion, 42nd (Highland) Regiment of Foot 1780, reconstituted as 73rd Regiment of Foot 1786.<ref name=swin73rd/><ref name=bw73>Fergusson (1968), pp.58-62</ref>
| 1881: 2nd Battalion, The [[Black Watch]]
| [[Royal Regiment of Scotland]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan="5"|'''74'''
| '''74th Regiment of Foot''' 1745–1746||colspan=3|'''1745''' Raised 1745 as [[George Montagu-Dunk, 2nd Earl of Halifax|Lord Halifax]]'s Regiment, ranked as 74th Foot. Disbanded 1746.
|-
| '''74th Regiment of Foot''' 1758–1763<ref name=swin74th/>
|colspan="3"| '''1758''' Raised as 2nd Battalion, 36th Regiment of Foot 1756, reconstituted as 74th Regiment of Foot 1758. Disbanded 1763.<ref name=swin74th>Swinson (1972), p.174</ref>
|-
| '''74th (Invalids) Regiment of Foot''' 1764–1769<ref name=swin74th/>
|colspan="3"|'''1762''' Raised 1762 as 117th (Invalids) Regiment of Foot, renumbered 74th in 1764 following disbandment of a number of senior regiments. Dispersed to independent garrison companies in 1769.<ref name=swin74th/>
|-
| '''74th Regiment of Foot''' 1777–1784 (Argyleshire Highlanders)<ref name=swin74th/>
|colspan="3"| '''1777''' Raised 1777, disbanded 1784.<ref name=swin74th/>
|-
| '''74th (Highland) Regiment of Foot''' 1787–1816 
'''74th Regiment of Foot''' 1816–1845 
'''[[74th (Highland) Regiment of Foot|74th (Highlanders) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1845–1881<ref name=swin74th/>
| '''1787''' Raised by [[Honourable East India Company]] for service in India<ref name=rhf/><ref name=swin74th/>
| 1881: 2nd Battalion, The [[Highland Light Infantry]]
| [[Royal Regiment of Scotland]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan="5"|'''75'''
| '''75th Regiment of Foot''' 1745–1746||colspan=3|'''1745''' Raised 1745 as [[Hugh Boscawen, 2nd Viscount Falmouth|Lord Falmouth]]'s Regiment, ranked as 75th Foot. Disbanded 1746.
|-
| '''75th Regiment of Foot''' 1758–1763<ref name=swin75th/>
|colspan="3"| '''1758''' Raised as 2nd Battalion, 37th Regiment of Foot 1756, reconstituted as 75th Regiment of Foot 1758. Disbanded 1763.<ref name=swin75th>Swinson (1972), p.175</ref>
|-
| '''75th (Invalids) Regiment of Foot''' 1764–1769<ref name=swin75th/>
|colspan="3"|'''1762''' Raised 1760 as 118th (Invalids) Regiment of Foot, renumbered 75th in 1764 following disbandment of a number of senior regiments. Dispersed to independent garrison companies in 1769.<ref name=swin75th/>
|-
| '''75th Regiment of Foot (Prince of Wales's Regiment)'''1778–1783<ref name=swin75th/>
|colspan="3"| '''1778''' Raised in Wales 1778, disbanded 1783.<ref name=swin75th/>
|-
| '''75th (Highland) Regiment of Foot''' 1787–1809 
'''75th Regiment of Foot''' 1809–1862 
'''[[75th (Stirlingshire) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1862–1881<ref name=swin75th/>
| '''1787''' Raised by [[Honourable East India Company]] for service in India<ref name=swin75th/>
| 1881: 1st Battalion, The [[Gordon Highlanders]]
| [[Royal Regiment of Scotland]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan="4"|'''76'''
| '''76th Regiment of Foot''' 1745–1746||colspan=3|'''1745''' Raised 1745 as [[Simon Harcourt, 1st Earl Harcourt|Lord Harcourt]]'s Regiment, ranked as 76th Foot. Disbanded 1746.
|-
| '''76th Regiment of Foot''' 1758–1763<ref name="swin77th"/>
|colspan="3"|'''1756''' Raised late 1756 as 61st Regiment of Foot, renumbered as 76th in 1758 when second battalions of several regiments raised in 1756 were constituted as 61st to 75th Regiments of Foot. Disbanded 1763.<ref name=swin61st/>
|-
| '''76th Regiment of Foot''' (MacDonald's Highlanders) 1777–1784<ref name="swin77th"/>
|colspan="3"|'''1756''' Raised 1777, disbanded 1784.<ref name="swin77th"/>
|-
| '''76th (Hindoostan) Regiment of Foot '''1787–1812<ref name="swin77th">Swinson (1972), p.176-177</ref> 
'''[[76th Regiment of Foot]]''' 1812–1881<ref name="swin77th"/>
|'''1787''' Raised by [[Honourable East India Company]] for service in India.<ref name="swin77th"/>
| 1881: 2nd Battalion, The [[The Duke of Wellington's Regiment|Duke of Wellington's (West Riding Regiment)]]
| [[Royal Yorkshire Regiment]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan="4"|'''77'''
| '''77th Regiment of Foot''' 1745–1746||colspan=3|'''1745''' Raised 1745 as [[John Leveson-Gower, 1st Earl Gower|Lord Gower]]'s Regiment, ranked as 77th Foot. Disbanded 1746.
|-
| '''77th Regiment of Foot''' 1758–1763 (Montgomery's Highlanders)<ref name=swin77th/>
|colspan="3"|'''1756''' Raised late 1756 as 62nd Foot, renumbered as 77th Foot in 1758 when second battalions of several regiments raised in 1756 were constituted as 61st to 75th Regiments of Foot.<ref name=swin77th/>
|-
| '''77th Regiment of Foot '''1777–1783 (Atholl Highlanders)<ref name=swin77th/> 
|colspan="3"|'''1777''' Raised 1777, disbanded 1783.<ref name=swin77th/>
|-
| '''77th (Hindoostan) Regiment of Foot '''1787–1807<ref name=swin77th/> 
'''[[77th (East Middlesex) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1807–1876<ref name="swin77th"/> 
'''77th (East Middlesex) Regiment of Foot (Duke of Cambridge's Own)''' 1876–1881<ref name=lg77th>{{London Gazette|issue=24338 |date=20 June 1876 |page=3563 }}</ref>
|'''1787''' Raised by [[Honourable East India Company]] for service in India.<ref name=swin77th/>
| 1881: 2nd Battalion, The [[Middlesex Regiment|Duke of Cambridge's Own (Middlesex Regiment)]]
| [[Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan="4"|'''78'''
| '''78th Regiment of Foot''' 1745–1746||colspan=3|'''1745''' Raised 1745 as [[Henry Herbert, 1st Earl of Powis|Lord Herbert]]'s Regiment, ranked as 78th Foot. Disbanded 1746.
|-
| '''78th Regiment of Foot''' 1758–1763 (Fraser's Highlanders)<ref name=swin78th/>
|colspan="3"|'''1756''' Raised late 1756 as 63rd Foot, renumbered as 78th Foot in 1758 when second battalions of several regiments raised in 1756 were constituted as 61st to 75th Regiments of Foot.<ref name=swin78th/>
|-
| '''78th (Highland) Regiment of Foot''' 1777–1783<ref name=swin78th>Swinson (1972), p.178</ref> 
|colspan="3"|'''1778''' Raised 1778, renumbered 72nd in 1786.<ref name=qoh/><ref name=swin78th/>
|-
| '''[[78th (Highlanders) Regiment of Foot|78th (Highland) Regiment of Foot (The Ross-shire Buffs)]]''' 1793–1881<ref name=swin78th/> 
|'''1793''' Raised 17 August 1793.<ref name=qoh/><ref name=swin78th/>
| 1881: 2nd Battalion, The [[Seaforth Highlanders]]
| [[Royal Regiment of Scotland]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan="4"|'''79'''
| '''79th Regiment of Foot''' 1745–1746||colspan=3|'''1745''' Raised 1745 as [[Richard Edgcumbe, 1st Baron Edgcumbe|Lord Edgcumbe]]'s Regiment, ranked as 79th Foot. Disbanded 1746.
|-
| '''[[79th Regiment of Foot (1757)|79th Regiment of Foot]]''' 1758–1763 
|colspan="3"|'''1757''' Raised 1757 as 64th Foot, Renumbered as 79th Foot in 1758 when second battalions of several regiments raised in 1756 were constituted as 61st to 75th Regiments of Foot. Disbanded 1763.<ref name=swin79th>Swinson (1972), p.179</ref>
|-
| '''79th (Royal Liverpool Volunteers) Regiment of Foot''' 1778–1784 
|colspan="3"|'''1757''' Raised 1778, disbanded 1784.<ref name=swin79th>Swinson (1972), p.179</ref>
|-
| '''79th (Cameronian Volunteers) Regiment of Foot''' 1793–1804 
'''79th (Cameronian Highlanders) Regiment of Foot''' 1804–1866 
'''79th (Cameron Highlanders) Regiment of Foot''' 1866–1873 
'''[[Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders|79th (Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1873–1881<ref name=lg79th>{{London Gazette|issue=24003 |date=1 August 1873 |page=3590 }}</ref>
|'''1793''' Raised 16 August 1793.<ref name=qoh/><ref name=swin79th>Swinson (1972), p.179</ref>
|1881: [[Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders]]
|[[Royal Regiment of Scotland]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan="3"|'''80'''
| '''[[80th Regiment of Light-Armed Foot|80th (Light Armed) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1758–1764<ref name=swin80th>Swinson (1972), p.181</ref>
|colspan="3"| '''1758''' Raised 1758, disbanded 1764.<ref name=swin80th/>
|-
|'''80th (Royal Edinburgh Volunteers) Regiment of Foot''' 1778–1784
|colspan="3"| '''1758''' Raised 1778, disbanded 1784.<ref name=swin80th/>
|-
|'''[[80th Regiment of Foot (Staffordshire Volunteers)|80th (Staffordshire Volunteers) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1793–1881
|'''1793''' Raised 1793 from the Staffordshire Militia.<ref name=swin80th/><ref name=staffs>{{Cite book|title=A Short History of The Staffordshire Regiment |year=1972 |publisher=[[Staffordshire Regiment]] |location=Lichfield |pages=8–9 }}</ref>
|1881: 2nd Battalion, The [[South Staffordshire Regiment]]
|[[Mercian Regiment]]
|}

===81st–90th foot===
{| class="wikitable"
!Number
!Titles
!Date of raising or coming onto establishment
!Fate
!Successor 2012
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan="4"|'''81'''
| '''81st (Invalids) Regiment of Foot''' 1757–1764<ref name=swin81st>Swinson (1972), p.182</ref>
|colspan="3"|'''1757''' Raised 1757 as 81st (Invalids) Regiment of Foot, renumbered 71st (see above) in 1764 following disbandment of a number of senior regiments.<ref name=swin71st/>
|-
| '''81st Regiment of Foot''' 1778–1783 (Aberdeenshire Highland Regiment)<ref name=swin81st/>
|colspan="3"|'''1778''' Raised 1777 as Aberdeenshire Highland Regiment, numbered 81st in 1778. Disbanded 1783.<ref name=swin81st/>
|-
| '''81st Regiment of Foot''' 1793
| colspan="3"|'''1793''' Raised and disbanded in 1793<ref name=Usher />
|-
| '''81st (Loyal Lincoln Volunteers) Regiment of Foot''' 1793–1794<ref name=swin81st/> 
'''81st Regiment of Foot''' 1794–1832 
'''[[81st (Loyal Lincoln Volunteers) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1832–1881<ref name=lg81st>"His Majesty has been graciously pleased to approve of the 81st Regiment resuming the appellation of 'The Loyal Lincoln Volunteers', in addition to its present numerical title." {{London Gazette|issue=18928 |date=20 April 1832 |page=887 }}</ref>
| '''1793''' Raised as 83rd Foot in 1793, renumbered in 1794 on disbandment of existing 81st and 82nd Regiments.<ref name=Usher>{{cite book|last=Usher|first=George|title=Dictionary of British Military History|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofbrit0000ushe|url-access=registration|year=2006|publisher=A & C Black|location=London|isbn=978-1-4081-0223-7|pages=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofbrit0000ushe/page/149 149–150]}}</ref>
| 1881:2nd Battalion, The [[Loyal Regiment (North Lancashire)|Loyal North Lancashire Regiment]]
|[[Duke of Lancaster's Regiment]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan="4"|'''82'''
| '''82nd (Invalids) Regiment of Foot''' 1757–1764<ref name=swin82nd>Swinson (1972), p.183</ref>
|colspan="3"|'''1757''' Raised 1757 as 82nd (Invalids) Regiment of Foot, renumbered 72nd (see above) in 1764 following disbandment of a number of senior regiments.<ref name=swin72nd/>
|-
| '''[[82nd Regiment of Foot (1777)|82nd Regiment of Foot]]''' 1778–1783<ref name=swin82nd/>
|colspan="3"|'''1777''' Raised 1777 for service in North America. Numbered 1778. Disbanded 1783.<ref name=swin81st/>
|-
| '''82nd Regiment of Foot''' 1793
| colspan="3"|'''1793''' Raised and disbanded in 1793<ref name=Usher />
|-
| '''82nd Regiment of Foot''' 1793–1802 
'''[[82nd (The Prince of Wales's Volunteers) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1802–1881<ref>The subsidiary title was confirmed on 20 December 1831 by [[William IV of the United Kingdom|William IV]]</ref><ref name=82ndhist/>
| '''1793''' Raised as 84th Foot on 27 September 1793, renumbered in same year of disbandment of existing 81st and 82nd Regiments.<ref name=82ndhist>{{Cite book|title=Historical Record of the Eighty-Second Regiment, or Prince of Wales's Volunteers |last=Jarvis |first=Brevet-Major |year=1866 |publisher=W O Mitchell |location=London |pages=1–2 }}</ref>
| 1881:2nd Battalion, The [[South Lancashire Regiment|Prince of Wales's Volunteers (South Lancashire Regiment)]]
|[[Duke of Lancaster's Regiment]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan="4"|'''83'''
| '''83rd Regiment of Foot''' 1758–1763<ref name=swin83rd/><ref name=rangers>{{Cite book|title=Outline History of the Royal Irish Rangers |year=1879 |publisher=[[Royal Irish Rangers]] |location=Armagh|pages=10–12 }}</ref>
|colspan="3"| '''1758''' Raised 1758. Disbanded 1763.<ref name=swin83rd>Swinson (1972), p.184</ref>
|-
| '''[[83rd Regiment of Foot (Royal Glasgow Volunteers)|83rd (Royal Glasgow Volunteers) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1778–1783<ref name=swin83rd/><ref name=rangers/>
|colspan="3"|'''1778''' Raised 1778, disbanded 1783.<ref name=swin83rd/>
|-
| '''83rd (Loyal Lincoln Volunteers) Regiment of Foot''' 1793–1794<ref name=swin81st/>
|colspan="3"| '''1793''' Raised as 83rd Foot in 1793, renumbered 81st (see above) in same year of disbandment of existing 81st and 82nd Regiments.<ref name=Usher />
|-
| '''83rd Regiment of Foot''' 1794–1859 
'''[[83rd (County of Dublin) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1859–1881<ref name=swin83rd/>
| '''1793''' Raised as Colonel Commandant William Fitch's Corps in Dublin, September 1793.<ref name=rangers/> Numbered 83rd in 1794.<ref name=swin83rd/>
| 1881: 1st Battalion, The [[Royal Ulster Rifles|Royal Irish Rifles]]
| [[Royal Irish Regiment (1992)|Royal Irish Regiment]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan="3"|'''84'''
| '''[[84th Regiment of Foot (1759)|84th Regiment of Foot]]'''1758–1764<ref name=swin84th/><ref name=farmer84th>Farmer (1901), p.188</ref>
|colspan="3"| '''1758''' Raised 1758 by [[Eyre Coote (East India Company officer)|Eyre Coote]] for service in India. Disbanded 1764.<ref name=swin84th>Swinson (1972), p.185</ref><ref name=farmer84th/>
|-
| '''[[84th Regiment of Foot (Royal Highland Emigrants)|84th (Royal Highland Emigrants) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1778–1783<ref name=swin84th/><ref name=farmer84th/>
|colspan="3"|'''1775''' Raised 1775 in North America from veterans of Highland regiments, placed on British establishment in 1778 as 84th Foot, disbanded 1783.<ref name=swin84th/><ref name=farmer84th/>
|-
| '''84th Regiment of Foot''' 1793–1809 
'''[[84th (York and Lancaster) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1809–1881<ref name=swin84th/><ref>Letter dated 21 January 1809 from [[Sir James Pulteney, 7th Baronet|Sir James Pulteney]], [[Secretary at War]], stating that "His Majesty has been pleased to order that the 84th Regiment of Foot... shall in future assume and bear the name of 'York and Lancaster' in addition to its present numerical title." The 1st battalion of the regiment was raised in York in 1793, and a second battalion in Lancashire in 1808. {{cite book|last=Raikes|first=George Alfred|title=Roll of the officers of the York and Lancaster regiment. The Second Battalion.|url=https://archive.org/stream/rollofficersyor03raikgoog#page/n11/mode/2up|year=1885|publisher=Richard Bentley and Son|location=London|page=viii}}</ref>
|'''1793''' Raised 1793.
| 1881: 2nd Battalion, [[York and Lancaster Regiment]]
| Disbanded 1968<ref>Swinson (1972), p.242</ref>
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan="3"|'''85'''
| '''85th (Royal Volunteers Light Infantry) Regiment of Foot''' 1759–1763<ref name=swin85th/><ref name=farmer85th>Farmer (1901), p.176</ref>
|colspan="3"| '''1759''' Raised 1759. Disbanded 1763.<ref name=farmer84th/><ref name=swin85th>Swinson (1972), p.186</ref>
|-
| '''85th (Westminster Volunteers) Regiment of Foot''' 1778–1783<ref name=swin85th/><ref name=farmer85th/>
|colspan="3"|'''1778''' Raised 1778, disbanded 1783.<ref name=swin85th/><ref name=farmer85th/>
|-
| '''85th (Bucks Volunteers) Regiment of Foot''' 1794–1808 
'''85th (Bucks Volunteers) (Light Infantry) Regiment of Foot''' 1808–1815 
'''85th (Bucks Volunteers) (Duke of York's Light Infantry) Regiment of Foot''' 1815–1821<ref name=lg85th>"His Royal Highness the Prince Regent has been pleased, in the name and on the behalf of His Majesty, to approve of the 85th Regiment being in future styled the 85th (or Duke of York's Own) Regiment of Light Infantry..."{{London Gazette|issue=17054 |date=22 August 1815 |page=1718 }}</ref> 
'''[[85th Regiment of Foot (Bucks Volunteers)|85th (Bucks Volunteers) (The King's Light Infantry) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1821–1881<ref name=lg1821/><ref name=swin85th/>
|'''1794''' Raised 1794.
| 1881: 2nd Battalion, The [[King's Shropshire Light Infantry|King's (Shropshire Light Infantry)]]
| [[The Rifles]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan="3"|'''86'''
| '''86th Regiment of Foot''' 1759–1763<ref name=swin86th/><ref name=farmer86th>Farmer (1901), p.200</ref>
|colspan="3"| '''1759''' Formed 1759 by redesignation of the 2nd Battalion, 76th Foot. Disbanded 1763.<ref name=swin86th>Swinson (1972), p.188</ref><ref name=farmer86th/>
|-
| '''[[86th Regiment of Foot (Rutland Regiment)|86th Regiment of Foot]]''' 1779–1783<ref name=swin86th/><ref name=farmer86th/>
|colspan="3"|'''1779''' Raised 1779, disbanded 1783.<ref name=swin86th/><ref name=farmer86th/>
|-
| '''86th (Shropshire Volunteers) Regiment of Foot''' 1794–1809 
'''86th (The Leinster) Regiment of Foot''' 1809–1812<ref name=lg86tha>"His Majesty has been pleased to order that the 86th Regiment of Foot shall in future be styled the 86th (or Leinster) Regiment."{{London Gazette|issue=16309 |date=24 October 1809 |page=1690 }}</ref> 
'''[[86th (Royal County Down) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1812–1881<ref name=lg86thb>"His Royal Highness the Prince Regent, in the name and on the behalf of His Majesty, has been pleased to approve of the 86th Regiment being in future styled the 86th (or Royal County Down) Regiment..."{{London Gazette|issue=16604 |date=26 May 1812 |page=929 }}</ref>
|'''1794''' Raised 1793 as Sir Cornelius Cuyler's Shropshire Volunteers, placed on regular establishment as 86th Foot in 1794.
| 1881: 2nd Battalion, The [[Royal Ulster Rifles|Royal Irish Rifles]]
| [[Royal Irish Regiment (1992)|Royal Irish Regiment]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan="3"|'''87'''
| '''[[87th Regiment of Foot (Keith's Highlanders)|87th Regiment of Foot]]''' 1759–1763 (Keith's Highlanders)<ref name=swin87th/>
|colspan="3"|'''1759''' Raised late 1759 from companies of 2nd Battalion, 42nd Highlanders. Disbanded 1763.<ref name=swin87th/>
|-
| '''87th Regiment of Foot '''1779–1783<ref name=swin87th>Swinson (1972), p.189</ref> 
|colspan="3"|'''1779''' Raised 1779, disbanded 1783.<ref name=swin87th/>
|-
| '''87th (The Prince of Wales's Irish) Regiment of Foot''' 1787–1811<ref name=swin87th/><ref name=rangers/> 
'''87th (The Prince of Wales's Own Irish) Regiment of Foot''' 1811–1827<ref name=swin87th/> 
'''87th (The Prince of Wales's Own Irish Fusiliers) Regiment of Foot''' 1827 
'''[[87th (Royal Irish Fusiliers) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1827–1881<ref name=lg87th>"His Majesty has been pleased to approve of the 87th Regiment of Foot assuming the title of 'Royal', and of its being in future styled, 'The 87th, or Royal Irish Fusiliers', instead of 'The Prince of Wales's own Irish Fusiliers'."{{London Gazette|issue=18416 |date=20 November 1827 |page=2387 }}</ref>
|'''1793''' Raised 1793.<ref name=swin87th/>
| 1881: 1st Battalion, The [[Royal Irish Fusiliers (Princess Victoria's)|Princess Victoria's (Royal Irish Fusiliers)]]
| [[Royal Irish Regiment (1992)|Royal Irish Regiment]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan="3"|'''88'''
| '''[[88th Regiment of Foot (Highland Volunteers)|88th (Highland Volunteers) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1760–1763<ref name=swin88th/>
|colspan="3"|'''1760''' Raised 1760, also known as Campbell's Highlanders. Disbanded 1763<ref name=swin88th/>
|-
| '''[[88th Regiment of Foot (1779)|88th Regiment of Foot]]''' 1779–1783<ref name=swin88th>Swinson (1972), p.190</ref> 
|colspan="3"|'''1779''' Raised 1779, disbanded 1783.<ref name=swin88th/>
|-
| '''[[88th Regiment of Foot (Connaught Rangers)|88th (Connaught Rangers) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1793–1881<ref name=swin88th/> 
|'''1793''' Raised 1793.<ref name=swin88th/>
| 1881: 1st Battalion, The [[Connaught Rangers]]
| Disbanded 1922
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan="3"|'''89'''
| '''89th (Highland) Regiment of Foot''' 1759–1763 
|colspan="3"|'''1759''' Raised 1759, also known as Morris's Highlanders. Disbanded 1765.<ref name=swin89th>Swinson (1972), p.191</ref>
|-
| '''89th Regiment of Foot''' 1779–1783 
|colspan="3"|'''1779''' Raised 1779, disbanded 1783.<ref name=swin89th/>
|-
| '''89th Regiment of Foot''' 1793–1866 
'''[[89th (Princess Victoria's) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1866–1881<ref name=lg89th>"The Queen has been graciously pleased to command that the 89th Regiment of Foot may henceforth bear the title of 'Princess Victoria's' Regiment, in commemoration of the recent presentation of new colours, to replace those presented by Her Majesty when Princess Victoria."{{London Gazette|issue=23118 |date=22 May 1866 |page=3068 }}</ref>
|'''1793''' Raised 1793.<ref name=swin89th>Swinson (1972), p.191</ref>
| 1881: 1st Battalion, The [[Royal Irish Fusiliers (Princess Victoria's)|Princess Victoria's (Royal Irish Fusiliers)]]
| [[Royal Irish Regiment (1992)|Royal Irish Regiment]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan="3"|'''90'''
| '''90th (Irish Light Infantry) Regiment of Foot''' 1759–1763<ref name=swin90th>Swinson (1972), p.192</ref>
|colspan="3"| '''1759''' Raised 1759, disbanded 1763.<ref name=swin90th/>
|-
|'''90th (Yorkshire Volunteers) Regiment of Foot''' 1779–1783
|colspan="3"| '''1779''' Raised 1779, disbanded 1783.<ref name=swin90th/>
|-
|'''90th (Perthshire Volunteers) Regiment of Foot''' 1794–1815 
'''[[90th Regiment of Foot (Perthshire Volunteers)|90th (Perthshire Light Infantry) Regiment of Foot]]'''
|'''1794''' Raised 1794.<ref name=swin90th/>
|1881: 2nd Battalion, The [[Cameronians (Scottish Rifles)]]
|Disbanded 1968
|}

===91st–100th foot===
{| class="wikitable"
!Number
!Titles
!Date of raising or coming onto establishment
!Fate
!Successor 2012
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan="4"|'''91'''
| '''91st Regiment of Foot''' 1759–1763<ref name=swin91st>Swinson (1972), p.193</ref>
|colspan="3"|'''1759''' Raised 1759, disbanded 1763.<ref name=swin91st/>
|-
| '''91st (Shropshire Volunteers) Regiment of Foot''' 1779–1783<ref name=swin91st/>
|colspan="3"|'''1779''' Raised 1779. Disbanded 1783.<ref name=swin91st/>
|-
| '''91st Regiment of Foot''' 1794–1795
| colspan="3"|'''1793''' Raised as John Fletcher Campbell's Regiment of Foot in 1793, numbered 91st in 1794. Disbanded 1795.<ref name=swin91st/>
|-
| '''91st (Argyllshire Highlanders) Regiment of Foot''' 1796–1809<ref name=swin91st/> 
'''91st Regiment of Foot''' 1809–1821 
'''91st (Argyllshire) Regiment of Foot''' 1821–1864 
'''91st (Argyllshire Highlanders) Regiment of Foot''' 1864–1872 
'''[[91st (Princess Louise's Argyllshire Highlanders) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1872–1881<ref name=lg91st>"Her Majesty has been graciously pleased to approve of the 91st Regiment (Argyllshire Highlanders) being in future styled the '91st Princess Louise's Argyllshire Highlanders,' and of its being permitted to bear on its Regimental Colour, the Boar's Head (the Campbell Crest) as a device surrounded with the motto ''Ne Obliviscaris'', with the Princess Louise's Coronet and Cypher in the three corners."{{London Gazette|issue=23845 |date=2 April 1872 |page=1278 }}</ref>
| '''1794''' Raised as 98th Foot in 1794, renumbered in 1796 on disbandment of a number of regiments.
| 1881:1st Battalion, The [[Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders (Princess Louise's)|Princess Louise's (Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders)]]
|[[Royal Regiment of Scotland]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan="4"|'''92'''
| '''92nd (Donegal Light Infantry) Regiment of Foot''' 1760–1763<ref name=swin92nd>Swinson (1972), p.194</ref>
|colspan="3"|'''1760''' Raised 1760, disbanded 1763.<ref name=swin92nd/>
|-
| '''92nd Regiment of Foot''' 1779–1783<ref name=swin92nd/>
|colspan="3"|'''1779''' Raised 1779. Disbanded 1783.<ref name=swin92nd/>
|-
| '''92nd Regiment of Foot''' 1794–1795
| colspan="3"|'''1793''' Raised as George Hewett's Regiment of Foot 1793, numbered as 92nd in 1794, disbanded 1795.<ref name=swin92nd/>
|-
| '''92nd (Highland) Regiment of Foot''' 1798–1861 
'''[[92nd (Gordon Highlanders) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1861–1881<ref name=swin92nd/>
| '''1793''' Raised as 100th Foot in 1794, renumbered in 1798 on disbandment of a number of regiments.<ref name=swin92nd/>
| 1881:2nd Battalion, The [[Gordon Highlanders]]
|[[Royal Regiment of Scotland]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan="4"|'''93'''
| '''93rd Regiment of Foot''' 1760–1763<ref name=swin93rd/>
|colspan="3"| '''1760''' Raised 1760. Disbanded 1763.<ref name=swin93rd>Swinson (1972), p.195</ref>
|-
| '''93rd Regiment of Foot''' 1779–1783<ref name=swin93rd/>
|colspan="3"|'''1779''' Raised 1779, disbanded 1783.<ref name=swin93rd/>
|-
| '''93rd (Highland) Regiment of Foot''' 1794–1796<ref name=swin93rd/>
|colspan="3"| '''1793''' Raised 1793 as Nesbitt Balfour's Regiment of Foot, numbered 93rd in 1794. Served in West Indies, drafted into 39th Foot on return to England 1796.<ref name=swin93rd/>
|-
| '''93rd (Highland) Regiment of Foot''' 1799–1861 
'''[[93rd (Sutherland Highlanders) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1861–1881<ref name=swin93rd/>
| '''1799''' Raised 1799.<ref name=swin93rd/>
| 1881:2nd Battalion, The [[Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders (Princess Louise's)|Princess Louise's (Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders)]]
|[[Royal Regiment of Scotland]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan="5"|'''94'''
| '''[[94th Regiment of Foot (1760)|94th Regiment of Foot (Royal Welsh Volunteers)]]''' 1760–1763<ref name=swin94th/>
|colspan="3"| '''1760''' Raised 1760 for service in North America. Disbanded 1763.<ref name=swin94th>Swinson (1972), p.196</ref>
|-
| '''[[94th Regiment of Foot (1780)|94th Regiment of Foot]]''' 1780–1783<ref name=swin94th/>
|colspan="3"|'''1780''' Raised 1780, disbanded 1783.<ref name=swin94th/>
|-
| '''94th (Irish) Regiment of Foot''' 1794–1796<ref name=swin94th/>
|colspan="3"| '''1793''' Raised 1794, disbanded 1796.
|-
| '''94th (Scots Brigade) Regiment of Foot''' 1802–1818<ref name=swin94th/>
|colspan="3"| '''1794''' [[Scots Brigade]], raised for Dutch service in 1568, placed on the British Establishment in 1794. Numbered in 1802. Disbanded in 1818.
|-
| '''[[94th Regiment of Foot]]''' 1823–1881
| '''1823''' Raised 1823. In 1875 was deemed to be the successor of the 94th Foot of 1802–1818.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.waterfordcountymuseum.org/exhibit/web/Display/article/31/3/ |title=The Connaught Rangers |author=Iain Kerr |date=26 July 2001 |work=Irish Regiments in World War I |publisher=Waterford County Museum |access-date=25 March 2010}}</ref>
| 1881: 2nd Battalion, The [[Connaught Rangers]]
|Disbanded 1922
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan="6"|'''95'''
| '''95th Regiment of Foot''' 1760–1763<ref name=swin85th/>
|colspan="3"| '''1760''' Raised in [[North Carolina]] in 1760. Disbanded 1763.<ref name=swin95th>Swinson (1972), p.197</ref>
|-
| '''95th Regiment of Foot''' 1780–1783<ref name=swin95th/>
|colspan="3"| '''1780''' Raised 1780, disbanded 1784.<ref name=swin95th/>
|-
| '''95th Regiment of Foot''' 1794–1796
|colspan="3"|'''1793''' William Edmeston's Regiment of Foot raised 1793, numbered 1794. Disbanded 1796.
|-
| '''[[Rifle Brigade (Prince Consort's Own)|95th Regiment of Foot]]''' 1802–1812 
'''[[Rifle Brigade (Prince Consort's Own)|95th Regiment of Foot (Riflemen)]]''' 1812–1816
|colspan="2"|'''1800''' Corps of Riflemen raised 1800, numbered 95th Foot in 1802. Redesignated as the '''Rifle Brigade''' without a number in 1816.<ref name=lg1816numbers>"The Prince Regent, in the name and on the behalf of His Majesty, has been pleased to direct, that the Battalions of the 95th Regiment shall in future be styled the Rifle Brigade, and that it shall be taken out of the numbered Regiments of the Line. 
His Royal Highness has also been pleased to direct, that the numbers of the following Corps shall accordingly be altered, viz.
*The 96th Regiment to be numbered the 95th Regiment.
*The 97th (or Queen's Own) to be numbered the 96th (or Queen's Own).
*The 98th Regiment to be numbered the 97th Regiment.
*The 99th Regiment to be numbered the 98th, retaining the title of the Prince of Wales's Tipperary Regiment.
*The 100th Regiment to be numbered the 99th, retaining the title of the Prince Regent's County of Dublin Regiment.
*The 102d Regiment to be numbered the 100th Regiment." {{London Gazette|issue=17115 |date=2 March 1816 |page=405 }}</ref>
|[[The Rifles]]
|-
| '''[[96th Regiment of Foot (1803)|95th Regiment of Foot]]''' 1816–1818
|colspan="3"|'''1803''' 
Raised as 96th Regiment of Foot in 1803. Renumbered as 95th in 1816 when existing 95th Foot became Rifle Brigade without a number.<ref name=lg1816numbers/> Disbanded 1818.<ref name=swin95th/>
|-
| '''95th Regiment of Foot''' 1823–1825 
'''[[95th (Derbyshire) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1825–1881<ref name=lg1825b>
"His Majesty has also been pleased to approve of the 95th Regiment being styled, the 95th or 'Derbyshire' Regiment of Foot." {{London Gazette|issue=18199 |date=3 December 1825 |page=2213 }}</ref>
| '''1823''' Raised 1823
| 1881: 2nd Battalion, The [[Sherwood Foresters|Sherwood Foresters (Derbyshire Regiment)]]
|[[Mercian Regiment]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan="6"|'''96'''
| '''96th Regiment of Foot''' 1760–1763<ref name=swin96th/>
|colspan="3"| '''1760''' Formed 1760 for service in India. Disbanded 1763.<ref name=swin96th>Swinson (1972), p.198</ref>
|-
| '''96th Regiment of Foot (British Musketeers)''' 1780–1784<ref name=swin96th/>
|colspan="3"|'''1779''' Raised 1780, disbanded 1784.<ref name=swin96th/>
|-
| '''96th (Queen's Royal Irish) Regiment of Foot''' 1794–1796
|colspan="3"| '''1794''' Raised as John Murray's Regiment of Foot 1793, numbered 96th in 1794, disbanded 1796.<ref name=swin96th/>
|-
| '''[[96th Regiment of Foot (1803)|96th Regiment of Foot]]''' 1803–1816
|colspan="3"| '''1803''' Raised as 2nd Battalion, 52nd Foot in 1799, constituted as 96th Foot in 1803, renumbered as 95th in 1816 when existing 95th Foot became Rifle Brigade without a number.<ref name=lg1816numbers/>
|-
| '''96th (Queen's Own Germans) Regiment of Foot''' 1816–1818
|colspan="3"| '''1816''' 97th Foot (see below), renumbered as 96th in 1816 when existing 95th Foot became Rifle Brigade without a number.<ref name=lg1816numbers/> Disbanded 1818.<ref name=swin96th/>
|-
| '''[[96th Regiment of Foot]]''' 1824–1881
| '''1824''' Raised 1824. Deemed in 1874 to be the successor to the 96th Foot of 1816–1818.<ref name=lg1874>
"96th Foot. The Queen has been graciously pleased to approve of this Regiment being permitted to bear upon its Second or Regimental Colour the honours and distinctions formerly borne by the old 96th Foot, which was disbanded in the year 1818" {{London Gazette|issue=24109 |date=30 June 1874 |page=3258 }}</ref>
| 1881: 2nd Battalion, The [[Manchester Regiment]]
|[[Duke of Lancaster's Regiment]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan="6"|'''97'''
| '''97th Regiment of Foot''' 1760–1763<ref name=swin97th/>
|colspan="3"|'''1760''' Raised 1760. Disbanded 1763.<ref name=swin97th/>
|-
| '''97th Regiment of Foot '''1780–1784<ref name=swin97th>Swinson (1972), p.199</ref> 
|colspan="3"|'''1780''' Raised 1780, disbanded 1784.<ref name=swin97th/>
|-
| '''97th Regiment of Foot (Inverness-shire Highlanders)''' 1794–1795<ref name=swin97th/>
|colspan="3"|'''1794''' Raised 1794 as Strathspey Highland Regiment, numbered in same year. Disbanded 1795.<ref name=swin97th/>
|-
| '''97th (Queen's Own Germans) Regiment of Foot '''1805–1816<ref name=swin97th>Swinson (1972), p.199</ref> 
|colspan="3"|'''1798''' Raised 1798 as The Minorca Regiment, redesignated the Queen's own German Regiment in 1802, numbered in 1805.<ref name=swin97th/> renumbered as 96th (see above) in 1816 when existing 95th Foot became Rifle Brigade without a number.<ref name=lg1816numbers/>
|-
| '''97th Regiment of Foot''' 1816–1818
|colspan="3"|'''1804''' Raised 1760 as 98th Foot, renumbered as 97th (see above) in 1816 when existing 95th Foot became Rifle Brigade without a number.<ref name=lg1816numbers/> Disbanded 1818.<ref name=swin97th/>
|-
| '''[[97th (The Earl of Ulster's) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1824–1881<ref name=swin97th>Swinson (1972), p.199</ref> 
|'''1824''' Raised 1824.<ref name=swin97th/>
| 1881: 2nd Battalion, The [[Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment|Queen's Own (Royal West Kent Regiment)]]
| [[Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan="6"|'''98'''
| '''98th Regiment of Foot''' 1760–1763<ref name=swin98th/>
|colspan="3"|'''1760''' Raised 1760. Disbanded 1763.<ref name=swin97th/>
|-
| '''98th Regiment of Foot '''1779–1784<ref name=swin98th>Swinson (1972), p.200</ref> 
|colspan="3"|'''1779''' Raised 1779, disbanded 1784.<ref name=swin98th/>
|-
| '''98th Regiment of Foot (Argyllshire Highlanders)''' 1794–1795<ref name=swin98th/>
|colspan="3"|'''1794''' Raised 1794, renumbered 91st (see above) in 1796 on disbandment of a number of regiments.<ref name=swin98th/>
|-
| '''98th Regiment of Foot '''1805–1816
|colspan="3"|'''1805''' Raised 1805, renumbered as 97th (see above) in 1816 when existing 95th Foot became Rifle Brigade without a number.<ref name=lg1816numbers/>
|-
| '''98th (Prince of Wales's Tipperary) Regiment of Foot''' 1816–1818
|colspan="3"|'''1804''' Raised 1804 as 99th Foot, renumbered as 98th in 1816 when existing 95th Foot became Rifle Brigade without a number.<ref name=lg1816numbers/> Disbanded 1818.<ref name=swin98th/>
|-
| '''98th Regiment of Foot''' 1824–1876 
'''[[98th (The Prince of Wales's) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1876–1881<ref name=lg98th>
"The Queen has been graciously pleased to approve of the 98th Foot being in future styled 'The 98th, or the Prince of Wales's, Regiment of Foot', and of it bearing His Royal Highness' Plume on its Regimental Colour." {{London Gazette|issue=24376 |date=27 October 1876 |page=5720 }}</ref>
|'''1824''' Raised 1824.<ref name=swin97th/>
| 1881: 2nd Battalion, The [[North Staffordshire Regiment|Prince of Wales's (North Staffordshire Regiment)]]
| [[Mercian Regiment]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan="6"|'''99'''
| '''99th Regiment of Foot''' 1760–1763<ref name=swin99th/>
|colspan="3"|'''1760''' Raised 1760. Disbanded 1763.<ref name=swin99th/>
|-
| '''99th Regiment of Foot (Jamaica Regiment)''' 1780–1783<ref name=swin99th>Swinson (1972), p.201</ref> 
|colspan="3"|'''1779''' Raised 1780, disbanded 1783.<ref name=swin98th/>
|-
| '''99th Regiment of Foot''' 1794–1798<ref name=swin99th/>
|colspan="3"|'''1794''' Raised 1794, disbanded 1798.<ref name=swin98th/>
|-
| '''[[99th (Prince of Wales's Tipperary) Regiment of Foot]] '''1804–1816
|colspan="3"|'''1804''' Raised 1804 as 99th Foot, renumbered as 98th in 1816 when existing 95th Foot became Rifle Brigade without a number.<ref name=lg1816numbers/>
|-
| '''99th (Prince Regent's County of Dublin) Regiment of Foot''' 1816–1818
|colspan="3"|'''1805''' Raised 1804 as 100th Foot, renumbered as 99th in 1816 when existing 95th Foot became Rifle Brigade without a number.<ref name=lg1816numbers/> Disbanded 1818.<ref name=swin99th/>
|-
| '''99th (Lanarkshire) Regiment of Foot''' 1824–1874 
'''[[99th (Lanarkshire) Regiment of Foot|99th (Duke of Edinburgh's) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1874–1881<ref name=lg99th>
"99th Foot, The Queen has been graciously pleased to approve of this Regiment being in future styled The 99th (Duke of Edinburgh's) Regiment; and of it being permitted to bear, on its second or Regimental Colour, His Royal Highness's Coronet and Cypher." {{London Gazette|issue=24094 |date=12 May 1874 |page=2508 }}</ref>
|'''1824''' Raised 1824.<ref name=swin99th/>
| 1881: 2nd Battalion, The [[Wiltshire Regiment|Duke of Edinburgh's (Wiltshire Regiment)]]
| [[The Rifles]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan="6"|'''100'''
| '''100th (Highland) Regiment of Foot''' 1761–1763<ref name=swin100th/>
|colspan="3"|'''1761''' Raised 1761. Disbanded 1763.<ref name=swin100th/>
|-
| '''100th Regiment of Foot''' 1780–1784<ref name=swin100th>Swinson (1972), p.202</ref> 
|colspan="3"|'''1780''' Raised 1780, disbanded 1784. Also known as "Loyal Lincolnshire Regiment".<ref name=swin100th/>
|-
| '''100th (Gordon Highlanders) Regiment of Foot''' 1794–1798<ref name=swin100th/>
|colspan="3"|'''1794''' Raised 1794, renumbered as 92nd (see above) in 1798.<ref name=swin100th/>
|-
| '''[[100th Regiment of Foot (Prince Regent's County of Dublin Regiment)|100th (Prince Regent's County of Dublin) Regiment of Foot]] '''1805–1816
|colspan="3"|'''1804''' Raised 1804 as 100th Foot, renumbered as 99th in 1816 when existing 95th Foot became Rifle Brigade without a number.<ref name=lg1816numbers/>
|-
| '''[[New South Wales Corps|100th Regiment of Foot]]''' 1816–1818
|colspan="3"| '''1789''' Raised 1798 as New South Wales Corps. Numbered 1809 as 102nd Foot, renumbered as 100th in 1816 when existing 95th Foot became Rifle Brigade without a number.<ref name=lg1816numbers/> Disbanded 1818.<ref name=swin102nd/>
|-
| '''[[100th (Prince of Wales's Royal Canadian) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1858–1881
|'''1824''' Raised 1858 in Canada.<ref name=swin100th/> In 1875 was deemed successor to the 100th Foot of 1805–1816.<ref name=lg100th>
"The Queen has been graciously pleased to approve of the 100th (or Prince of Wales' Royal Canadian) Regiment of Foot having inscribed on its Regimental Colour the word "Niagara" as formerly granted to the old 100th, The Prince Regent's County, of Dublin Regiment, in commemoration of its distinguished conduct at the capture of Fort Niagara by assault on 13th December, 1813." {{London Gazette|issue=24198 |date=9 April 1875 |page=2030 }}</ref>
| 1881: 1st Battalion, The [[Prince of Wales's Leinster Regiment|Prince of Wales's Leinster Regiment (Royal Canadians)]]
| Disbanded 1922.
|}

===101st–110th foot===
{| class="wikitable"
!Number
!Titles
!Date of raising or coming onto establishment
!Fate
!Successor 2012
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan="5"|'''101'''
| '''101st (Highland) Regiment of Foot''' 1760–1763<ref name=swin101st>Swinson (1972), p.203</ref>
|colspan="3"|'''1760''' Raised 1760, disbanded 1763. Also known as "Johnstone's Highlanders".<ref name=swin101st/>
|-
| '''101st Regiment of Foot''' 1780–1783<ref name=swin101st/>
|colspan="3"|'''1780''' Raised 1780. Disbanded 1783.<ref name=swin101st/>
|-
| '''101st (Irish) Regiment of Foot''' 1794–1795
| colspan="3"|'''1794''' Raised 1794. Disbanded 1795.<ref name=swin101st/>
|-
| '''[[101st Regiment of Foot (Duke of York's Irish)|101st (Duke of York's Irish) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1806–1816<ref name=swin101st/> 
|colspan="3"| '''1806''' Raised 1806, disbanded 1816.
|-
| '''[[101st Regiment of Foot (Royal Bengal Fusiliers)]]''' 1861–1881<ref name=swin101st/>
| '''1756''' Raised 1756 by the Honorable East India Company as the Bengal European Regiment. Came under Crown control in 1858 as 1st Bengal Fusiliers. Made a "royal" regiment and integrated into the British Army as the 101st Foot in 1861.<ref name=lgheic>"Her Majesty's Government have expressed an anxious desire to preserve the proud recollections of distinguished service which belong especially to the older Regiments of each Presidency, and to incorporate with Her Majesty's Army, Corps which have so greatly contributed to the acquisition and maintenance of Her Majesty's Dominions in the East.
 
Her Majesty having graciously determined to mark Her estimation of the services of Her Indian Armies, by conferring the designation of "Royal" upon three of the European Regiments, and by selecting for this honour one Regiment from each Presidency – the selection of which has been left by Her Majesty to the judgment and discretion of the Government of India – the Viceroy and Governor-General in Council has much gratification in announcing that the following Regiments will henceforward bear the honourable designation of "Royal" Regiments:—
*The 1st Bengal Fusiliers.
*The 1st Madras Fusiliers.
*The 1st Bombay Fusiliers.
 
The three older Regiments in the several Presidencies will thus be converted into Regiments of Her Majesty's General Army, and will be numbered and designated as follows :—
*The 101st Regiment of Foot (Royal Bengal Fusiliers).
*The 102nd Regiment of Foot (Royal Madras Fusiliers).
*The 103rd Regiment of Foot (Royal Bombay Fusiliers).
*The 104th Regiment of Foot (Bengal Fusiliers).
*The 105th Regiment of Foot (Madras Light Infantry).
*The 106th Regiment of Foot (Bombay Light Infantry).
*The 107th Regiment of Foot (Bengal Infantry).
*The 108th Regiment of Foot (Madras Infantry).
*The 109th Regiment of Foot (Bombay Infantry).
 
The Corps transferred to Her Majesty's Service will retain all honorary distinctions which they have won. These will be borne on appointments and colours, or in the Army List, in such manner as Her Majesty's Government may think best suited to the Arm of the Service to which the Corps belongs. {{London Gazette|issue=22514 |date=28 May 1861 |pages=2252–2253 }}</ref><ref name=swin101st/>
| 1881:1st Battalion, The [[Royal Munster Fusiliers]]
|Disbanded 1922
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan="5"|'''102'''
| '''102nd (Queen's Royal Volunteers) Regiment of Foot''' 1760–1763<ref name=swin102nd>Swinson (1972), p.204</ref>
|colspan="3"|'''1760''' Raised 1760, disbanded 1763.<ref name=swin102nd/>
|-
| '''102nd Regiment of Foot''' 1780–1783<ref name=swin102nd/>
|colspan="3"|'''1780''' Raised 1780. Disbanded 1783.<ref name=swin102nd/>
|-
| '''102nd (Irish) Regiment of Foot''' 1794–1795
| colspan="3"|'''1793''' Raised 1793 as Trench's Regiment. Numbered 1794, disbanded 1795. Also known as "Irish Rangers".<ref name=swin102nd/>
|-
| '''102nd Regiment of Foot''' 1809–1816<ref name=swin102nd/> 
|colspan="3"| '''1789''' Raised 1789 as [[New South Wales Corps]]. Numbered 1809 as 102nd Foot, renumbered as 100th (see above) in 1816 when existing 95th Foot became Rifle Brigade without a number.<ref name=lg1816numbers/>
|-
| '''[[102nd Regiment of Foot (Royal Madras Fusiliers)]]''' 1861–1881<ref name=swin102nd/>
| '''1756''' Raised 1742 by the Honorable East India Company as the Madras European Regiment. Came under Crown control in 1858 as 1st Madras Fusiliers. Made a "royal" regiment and integrated into the British Army as the 102nd Foot in 1861.<ref name=lgheic/><ref name=swin102nd/>
| 1881:1st Battalion, The [[Royal Dublin Fusiliers]]
|Disbanded 1922
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan="5"|'''103'''
| '''103rd (Volunteer Hunters) Regiment of Foot''' 1761–1763<ref name=swin103rd>Swinson (1972), p.205</ref>
|colspan="3"|'''1761''' Raised 1761, disbanded 1763.<ref name=swin103rd/>
|-
| '''103rd (King's Irish Infantry) Regiment of Foot''' 1781–1783<ref name=swin103rd/>
|colspan="3"|'''1781''' Raised 1780. Disbanded 1783.<ref name=swin103rd/>
|-
| '''103rd (Loyal Bristol Volunteers) Regiment of Foot''' 1794–1795
| colspan="3"|'''1794''' Raised 1794 as Loyal Bristol Regiment. Numbered 1794, disbanded 1795.<ref name=swin103rd/>
|-
| [[103rd Regiment of Foot (1806)|'''103rd Regiment of Foot''' 1809–1816]]<ref name=swin103rd/> 
|colspan="3"| '''1809''' Formed from the 9th Garrison Battalion (raised 1806). Disbanded 1816.<ref name=swin103rd/>
|-
| '''[[103rd Regiment of Foot (Royal Bombay Fusiliers)]]''' 1861–1881<ref name=swin103rd/>
| '''1661''' Raised 1661 as the Bombay Regiment. Under the control of the Honorable East India Company from 1668. Came under Crown control in 1858 as 1st Bombay Fusiliers. Made a "royal" regiment and integrated into the British Army as the 103rd Foot in 1861.<ref name=lgheic/><ref name=swin103rd/>
| 1881:2nd Battalion, The [[Royal Dublin Fusiliers]]
|Disbanded 1922
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan="5"|'''104'''
| '''104th (King's Volunteers) Regiment of Foot''' 1761–1763<ref name=swin104th>Swinson (1972), p.206</ref>
|colspan="3"|'''1761''' Raised 1761, disbanded 1763.<ref name=swin104th/>
|-
| '''[[104th Regiment of Foot (1782)]]''' 1782–1783<ref name=swin104th/>
|colspan="3"|'''1780''' Formed from 10 independent companies raised earlier. Disbanded 1783,<ref name=swin104th/> after a mutiny.
|-
| '''104th (Royal Manchester Volunteers) Regiment of Foot''' 1794–1795
| colspan="3"|'''1794''' Raised 1794, disbanded 1795.<ref name=swin104th/>
|-
| '''104th Regiment of Foot (New Brunswick Regiment)''' 1809–1816<ref name=swin104th/> 
|colspan="3"| '''1811''' Created from New Brunswick Fencible Infantry (raised 1803). Disbanded 1817.<ref name=swin104th/>
|-
| '''[[104th Regiment of Foot (Bengal Fusiliers)]]''' 1861–1881<ref name=swin104th/>
| '''1839''' Raised 1839 as the 2nd Bengal (European) Light Infantry. Came under Crown control in 1858 as 2nd Bengal Fusiliers. Integrated into the British Army as the 104th Foot in 1861.<ref name=lgheic/><ref name=swin104th/>
| 1881:2nd Battalion, The [[Royal Munster Fusiliers]]
|Disbanded 1922
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan="4"|'''105'''
| '''[[105th Regiment of Foot (Queen's Own Royal Regiment of Highlanders)|105th (Queen's Own Royal Highlanders) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1761–1763<ref name=swin105th>Swinson (1972), p.207</ref>
|colspan="3"|'''1761''' Raised 1761, disbanded 1763.<ref name=swin105th/>
|-
| '''[[Volunteers of Ireland|105th (Volunteers of Ireland) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1781–1783<ref name=swin105th/>
|colspan="3"|'''1781''' Raised 1777 in North America. Brought onto British Establishment as 105th Foot in 1781/2. Disbanded 1783.<ref name=swin105th/>
|-
| '''105th Regiment of Foot''' 1794–1796
| colspan="3"|'''1794''' Raised 1794, disbanded 1796.<ref name=swin105th/>
|-
| '''[[105th Regiment of Foot (Madras Light Infantry)]]''' 1861–1881<ref name=swin105th/>
| '''1839''' Raised 1839 as the 2nd Madras (European) Light Infantry. Came under Crown control in 1858 as 2nd Madras Light Infantry. Integrated into the British Army as the 105th Foot in 1861.<ref name=lgheic/><ref name=swin105th/>
| 1881:2nd Battalion, The [[King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry|King's Own (Yorkshire Light Infantry)]]
|[[The Rifles]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan="3"|'''106'''
| '''[[106th Regiment of Foot (Black Musqueteers)|106th Regiment of Foot]]''' 1761–1763<ref name=swin106th>Swinson (1972), p.208</ref>
|colspan="3"|'''1761''' Raised 1761, disbanded 1763. Known as "Black Musketeers".<ref name=swin106th/>
|-
| '''106th Regiment of Foot''' 1794–1795
| colspan="3"|'''1794''' Raised 1794, disbanded 1795.<ref name=swin106th/>
|-
| '''[[106th Regiment of Foot (Bombay Light Infantry)]]''' 1861–1881<ref name=swin106th/>
| '''1839''' Raised 1839 as the 2nd Bombay (European) Regiment. Came under Crown control in 1858 as 2nd Bombay Light Infantry. Integrated into the British Army as the 106th Foot in 1861.<ref name=lgheic/><ref name=swin105th/>
| 1881:2nd Battalion, The [[Durham Light Infantry]]
|[[The Rifles]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan="3"|'''107'''
| '''[[107th Regiment of Foot (Queen's Own Royal Regiment of British Volunteers)]]''' 1761–1763<ref name=swin107th>Swinson (1972), p.209</ref>
|colspan="3"|'''1761''' Raised 1761. Disbanded 1763.<ref name=swin107th/>
|-
| '''[[107th Regiment of Foot (1794)|107th Regiment of Foot]]''' 1794–1795<ref name=swin107th/>
|colspan="3"|'''1794''' Raised 1794. Disbanded 1795.<ref name=swin97th/>
|-
| '''[[107th Regiment of Foot (Bengal Light Infantry)]]''' 1861–1881<ref name=swin107th/>
| '''1854''' Raised 1854 as the 3rd Bengal (European) Light Infantry. Came under Crown control in 1858 as 3rd Bengal Light Infantry. Integrated into the British Army as the 107th Foot in 1861.<ref name=lgheic/><ref name=swin107th/>
| 1881:2nd Battalion, The [[Royal Sussex Regiment]]
|[[Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan="3"|'''108'''
| '''108th Regiment of Foot''' 1760–1763<ref name=swin108th>Swinson (1972), p.210</ref>
|colspan="3"|'''1760''' Raised 1760. Disbanded 1763.<ref name=swin108th/>
|-
| '''108th Regiment of Foot''' 1794–1796<ref name=swin108th/>
|colspan="3"|'''1794''' Raised 1794. Disbanded 1796.<ref name=swin108th/>
|-
| '''[[108th Regiment of Foot (Madras Infantry)]]''' 1861–1881<ref name=swin108th/>
| '''1854''' Raised 1854 as the 3rd Madras (European) Infantry. Came under Crown control in 1858 as 3rd Madras Infantry. Integrated into the British Army as the 108th Foot in 1861.<ref name=lgheic/><ref name=swin108th/>
| 1881:2nd Battalion, The [[Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers]]
|[[Royal Irish Regiment (1992)|Royal Irish Regiment]]
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan="3"|'''109'''
| '''[[109th Regiment of Foot (1761)]]''' 1761–1763<ref name=swin109th>Swinson (1972), p.211</ref>
|colspan="3"|'''1761''' Raised 1761. Disbanded 1763.<ref name=swin109th/>
|-
| '''[[109th (Aberdeenshire) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1794–1795<ref name=swin109th/>
|colspan="3"|'''1794''' Raised 1794. Disbanded 1795.<ref name=swin109th/>
|-
| '''[[109th Regiment of Foot (Bombay Infantry)]]''' 1861–1881<ref name=swin109th/>
| '''1853''' Raised 1853 as the 3rd Bombay (European) Regiment. Came under Crown control in 1858 as 3rd Bombay Regiment. Integrated into the British Army as the 109th Foot in 1861.<ref name=lgheic/><ref name=swin109th/>
| 1881:2nd Battalion, The [[Prince of Wales's Leinster Regiment|Prince of Wales's Leinster Regiment (Royal Canadians)]]
|Disbanded 1922
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan="2"|'''110'''
| '''[[110th Regiment of Foot (Queen's Royal Musqueteers)|110th Regiment of Foot (Queen's Own Musketeers)]]''' 1761–1763<ref name=regts110>{{Cite web|title=110th Regiment of Foot |url=http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/110.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219004434/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/110.htm |archive-date=19 December 2007 |work=Regiments.org |access-date=7 September 2009}}</ref>
|colspan="3"|'''1761''' Raised 1761. Disbanded 1763.<ref name=regts110/>
|-
| '''[[110th Regiment of Foot (1794)|110th Regiment of Foot]]''' 1794–1795<ref name=regts110/>
|colspan="3"|'''1794''' Raised 1794, disbanded 1795.<ref name=regts110/>
|}

===111th–120th foot===
{| class="wikitable"
!Number
!Titles
!Date of raising or coming onto establishment
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan="2"|'''111'''
| '''[[111th Regiment of Foot (1761)|111th Regiment of Foot]]''' 1761–1763<ref name=regts111>{{Cite web|title=111th Regiment of Foot |url=http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/111.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219004434/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/111.htm |archive-date=19 December 2007 |work=Regiments.org |access-date=7 September 2009}}</ref>
|'''1761''' Raised 1761. Disbanded 1763.<ref name=regts111/>
|-
| '''[[111th Regiment of Foot (Loyal Birmingham Volunteers)]]''' 1794–1795<ref name=regts111/>
|'''1794''' Raised 1794. Disbanded 1795.<ref name=regts111/>
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan="2"|'''112'''
| '''[[112th Regiment of Foot (King's Royal Musqueteers)|112th Regiment of Foot (King's Royal Musketeers)]]''' 1761–1763<ref name=regts112>{{Cite web|title=112th Regiment of Foot |url=http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/112-761.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219004434/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/112-761.htm |archive-date=19 December 2007 |work=Regiments.org |access-date=7 September 2009}}</ref>
|'''1761''' Raised 1761. Disbanded 1763.<ref name=regts112/>
|-
| '''[[112th Regiment of Foot (1794)|112th Regiment of Foot]]''' 1794–1795<ref name=regts112/>
|'''1794''' Raised 1794. Disbanded 1795.<ref name=regts112/>
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan="2"|'''113'''
| '''[[113th Regiment of Foot (Royal Highlanders)]]''' 1761–1763<ref name=regts113a>{{Cite web|title=113th Regiment of Foot |url=http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/113-761.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016175238/http://regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/113-761.htm |archive-date=16 October 2007 |work=Regiments.org |access-date=7 September 2009}}</ref>
|'''1761''' Raised 1761. Disbanded 1763.<ref name=regts113a/>
|-
| '''[[113th Regiment of Foot (1794)|113th Regiment of Foot]]''' 1794–1795<ref name=regts113b>{{Cite web|title=113th Regiment of Foot |url=http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/113-794.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219004434/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/113-794.htm |archive-date=19 December 2007 |work=Regiments.org |access-date=7 September 2009}}</ref>
|'''1794''' Raised 1794. Disbanded 1795.<ref name=regts113b/>
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan="2"|'''114'''
| '''[[114th Regiment of Foot (1761)|114th Regiment of Foot (Royal Highland Volunteers)]]''' 1761–1763<ref name=regts114a>{{Cite web|title=114th Regiment of Foot |url=http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/114-761h.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219004434/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/114-761h.htm |archive-date=19 December 2007 |work=Regiments.org |access-date=7 September 2009}}</ref>
|'''1761''' Raised 1761. Disbanded 1763.<ref name=regts114a/>
|-
| '''[[114th Regiment of Foot (1794)|114th Regiment of Foot]]''' 1794–1795<ref name=regts114b>{{Cite web|title=114th Regiment of Foot |url=http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/114-794.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219004434/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/114-794.htm |archive-date=19 December 2007 |work=Regiments.org |access-date=7 September 2009}}</ref>
|'''1794''' Raised 1794. Disbanded 1795.<ref name=regts114b/>
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan="2"|'''115'''
| '''[[115th Regiment of Foot (1761)|115th Regiment of Foot (Royal Scotch Lowlanders)]]''' 1761–1763<ref name=regts115a>{{Cite web|title=115th Regiment of Foot |url=http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/115-761.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219004434/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/115-761.htm |archive-date=19 December 2007 |work=Regiments.org |access-date=7 September 2009}}</ref>
|'''1761''' Raised 1761. Disbanded 1763.<ref name=regts115a/>
|-
| '''[[115th Regiment of Foot (1794)|115th Regiment of Foot (Prince William's)]]''' 1794–1795<ref name=regts115b>{{Cite web|title=115th Regiment of Foot |url=http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/115-794.htm |work=Regiments.org |access-date=7 September 2009}}{{dead link|date=August 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
|'''1794''' Raised 1794. Disbanded 1795.<ref name=regts115b/>
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan="2"|'''116'''
| '''[[73rd Regiment of Foot (Invalids)|116th (Invalids) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1762–1763<ref name=swin73rd/><ref name=invalids>Invalid regiments were formed by outpatients from the [[Royal Hospital Chelsea]] to man garrisons and to provide guards at royal palaces, and thus release regular troops for active service. Lawson (1961), pp.133-135</ref>
|'''1762''' Raised 1762. Renumbered as 73rd foot (see above) 1763<ref name=swin73rd/>
|-
| '''[[116th (Perthshire Highlanders) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1793–1795<ref name=regts116>{{Cite web|title=116th (Invalids) Regiment of Foot |url=http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/116-793.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219004434/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/116-793.htm |archive-date=19 December 2007 |work=Regiments.org |access-date=7 September 2009}}</ref>
|'''1793''' Raised 1793. Disbanded 1795.<ref name=regts116/>
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan="2"|'''117'''
| '''[[74th Regiment of Foot (Invalids)|117th (Invalids) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1762–1763<ref name=swin74th/><ref name="invalids"/>
|'''1762''' Raised 1762. Renumbered as 74th foot (see above) 1763<ref name=swin73rd/>
|-
| '''[[117th Regiment of Foot (1794)|117th Regiment of Foot]]''' 1793–1795<ref name=regts117>{{Cite web|title=117th Regiment of Foot |url=http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/117.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219004434/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/117.htm |archive-date=19 December 2007 |work=Regiments.org |access-date=7 September 2009}}</ref>
|'''1793''' Raised 1794. Disbanded 1796.<ref name=regts117/>
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan="2"|'''118'''
| '''[[75th Regiment of Foot (Invalids)|118th (Invalids) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1762–1763<ref name=swin75th/><ref name=invalids/>
|'''1762''' Raised 1762. Renumbered as 75th foot (see above) 1763<ref name=swin75th/>
|-
| '''[[118th Regiment of Foot (1794)|118th Regiment of Foot]]''' 1794–1795<ref name=regts118>{{Cite web|title=118th Regiment of Foot |url=http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/118.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219004434/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/118.htm |archive-date=19 December 2007 |work=Regiments.org |access-date=7 September 2009}}</ref>
|'''1794''' Raised 1794. Disbanded 1795.<ref name=regts118/>
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan="2"|'''119'''
| '''[[119th (The Prince's Own) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1761–1763
|'''1761''' Raised 1762. Disbanded 1763.<ref name=regts119/>
|-
| '''[[119th Regiment of Foot (1794)|119th Regiment of Foot]]''' 1794–1796<ref name=regts119>{{Cite web|title=119th Regiment of Foot |url=http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/119.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012140427/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/119.htm |archive-date=12 October 2007 |work=Regiments.org |access-date=7 September 2009}}</ref>
|'''1794''' Raised 1794 as John Rochfort's Regiment of Foot. Disbanded 1795.<ref name=regts119/>
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan="2"|'''120'''
| '''[[120th Regiment of Foot (1763)|120th Regiment of Foot]]''' 1762–1763
|'''1762''' Raised 1762. Disbanded 1763.<ref name=regts120/>
|-
| '''[[120th Regiment of Foot (1794)|120th Regiment of Foot]]''' 1794–1795<ref name=regts120>{{Cite web|title=120th Regiment of Foot |url=http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/120.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219004434/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/120.htm |archive-date=19 December 2007 |work=Regiments.org |access-date=7 September 2009}}</ref>
|'''1794''' Raised 1794. Disbanded 1795.<ref name=regts120/>
|}

===121st–130th Foot===
{| class="wikitable"
!Number
!Titles
!Date of raising or coming onto establishment
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan="2"|'''121'''
| '''[[121st Regiment of Foot (1762)|121st Regiment of Foot]]''' 1761–1763<ref name=regts121>{{Cite web|title=121st Regiment of Foot |url=http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/121.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014173217/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/121.htm |archive-date=14 October 2007 |work=Regiments.org |access-date=7 September 2009}}</ref>
|'''1761''' Raised 1761. Disbanded 1763.<ref name=regts111/>
|-
| '''[[121st Regiment of Foot (1794)|121st Regiment of Foot]]''' 1794–1795<ref name=regts121/>
|'''1794''' Raised 1794. Disbanded 1795.<ref name=regts111/>
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan="2"|'''122'''
| '''[[122nd Regiment of Foot (1762)|122nd Regiment of Foot]]''' 1762–1764<ref name=regts122>{{Cite web|title=122nd Regiment of Foot |url=http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/122.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010045951/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/122.htm |archive-date=10 October 2007 |work=Regiments.org |access-date=7 September 2009}}</ref>
|'''1762''' Raised 1762. Disbanded 1764.<ref name=regts122/>
|-
| '''[[122nd Regiment of Foot (1794)|122nd Regiment of Foot]]''' 1794–1796<ref name=regts122/>
|'''1794''' Raised 1794. Disbanded 1796.<ref name=regts122/>
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan="2"|'''123'''
| '''[[123rd Regiment of Foot (1762)|123rd Regiment of Foot]]''' 1762–1764<ref name=regts123a>{{Cite web|title=100th Regiment of Foot and 123rd Regiment of Foot |url=http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/123-762.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016175303/http://regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/123-762.htm |archive-date=16 October 2007 |work=Regiments.org |access-date=7 September 2009}}</ref>
|'''1762''' Raised 1762. Disbanded 1764.<ref name=regts123a/>
|-
| '''[[123rd Regiment of Foot (1794)|123rd Regiment of Foot]]''' 1794–1796<ref name=regts123a/>
|'''1794''' Raised 1794. Disbanded 1796.<ref name=regts123a/>
|-
|align=center valign=middle rowspan="2"|'''124'''
| '''[[124th Regiment of Foot (1762)|124th Regiment of Foot]]''' 1762–1763<ref name=regts124>{{Cite web|title=124th Regiment of Foot |url=http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/124.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219004434/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/124.htm |archive-date=19 December 2007 |work=Regiments.org |access-date=7 September 2009}}</ref>
|'''1762''' Raised 1762. Disbanded 1763.<ref name=regts124/>
|-
| '''[[124th (Waterford) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1794–1795<ref name=regts124/>
|'''1794''' Raised 1794. Disbanded 1795.<ref name=regts124/>
|-
|align=center valign=middle |'''125'''
| '''[[125th Regiment of Foot]]''' 1794–1795<ref name=regts125>{{Cite web|title=125th Regiment of Foot |url=http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/125.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219004434/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/125.htm |archive-date=19 December 2007 |work=Regiments.org |access-date=7 September 2009}}</ref>
|'''1794''' Raised 1794. Disbanded 1795.<ref name=regts125/>
|-
|align=center valign=middle |'''126'''
| '''[[126th Regiment of Foot]]''' 1794–1796<ref name=regts126>{{Cite web|title=126th Regiment of Foot |url=http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/126.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219004434/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/126.htm |archive-date=19 December 2007 |work=Regiments.org |access-date=7 September 2009}}</ref>
|'''1794''' Raised 1794. Disbanded 1796.<ref name=regts126/>
|-
|align=center valign=middle |'''127'''
| '''[[127th Regiment of Foot]]''' 1794–1796<ref name=regts127>{{Cite web|title=127th Regiment of Foot |url=http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/127.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016175319/http://regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/127.htm |archive-date=16 October 2007 |work=Regiments.org |access-date=7 September 2009}}</ref>
|'''1794''' Raised 1794. Disbanded 1796.<ref name=regts127/>
|-
|align=center valign=middle |'''128'''
| '''[[128th Regiment of Foot]]''' 1794–1796<ref name=regts128>{{Cite web|title=128th Regiment of Foot |url=http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/128.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219004434/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/128.htm |archive-date=19 December 2007 |work=Regiments.org |access-date=7 September 2009}}</ref>
|'''1794''' Raised 1794. Disbanded 1796.<ref name=regts128/>
|-
|align=center valign=middle |'''129'''
| '''[[129th Regiment of Foot]]''' 1794–1796<ref name=regts129>{{Cite web|title=129th Regiment of Foot |url=http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/129.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016203842/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/129.htm |archive-date=16 October 2007 |work=Regiments.org |access-date=7 September 2009}}</ref>
|'''1794''' Raised 1794 as the Gentlemen of Coventry's Regiment of Foot. Disbanded 1796.<ref name=regts129/>
|-
|align=center valign=middle |'''130'''
| '''[[130th Regiment of Foot]]''' 1794–1796<ref name=regts130>{{Cite web|title=130th Regiment of Foot |url=http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/130.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016175334/http://regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/130.htm |archive-date=16 October 2007 |work=Regiments.org |access-date=7 September 2009}}</ref>
|'''1794''' Raised 1794. Disbanded 1796.<ref name=regts130/>
|}

===131st–135th foot===
{| class="wikitable"
!Number
!Titles
!Date of raising or coming onto establishment
|-
|align=center valign=middle |'''131'''
| '''[[131st Regiment of Foot]]''' 1794–1796<ref name=regts131>{{Cite web|title=131st Regiment of Foot |url=http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/131.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219004434/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/131.htm |archive-date=19 December 2007 |work=Regiments.org |access-date=7 September 2009}}</ref>
|'''1794''' Raised 1794. Disbanded 1796.<ref name=regts131/>
|-
|align=center valign=middle |'''132'''
| '''[[132nd (Highland) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1794–1796<ref name=regts132>{{Cite web|title=132nd Regiment of Foot |url=http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/132.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219004434/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/132.htm |archive-date=19 December 2007 |work=Regiments.org |access-date=7 September 2009}}</ref>
|'''1794''' Raised 1794. Disbanded 1796.<ref name=regts132/>
|-
|align=center valign=middle |'''133'''
| '''[[133rd (Highland) Regiment of Foot]] (Inverness Volunteers)''' 1794–1796<ref name=regts133>{{Cite web|title=133rd Regiment of Foot |url=http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/133.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219004434/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/133.htm |archive-date=19 December 2007 |work=Regiments.org |access-date=7 September 2009}}</ref>
|'''1794''' Raised 1794. Disbanded 1796.<ref name=regts133/>
|-
|align=center valign=middle |'''134'''
| '''[[134th (Loyal Limerick) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1794–1796<ref name=regts134>{{Cite web|title=134th Regiment of Foot |url=http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/134.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219004434/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/134.htm |archive-date=19 December 2007 |work=Regiments.org |access-date=7 September 2009}}</ref>
|'''1794''' Raised 1794 as the 2nd Battalion of the 83rd Regiment of Foot. Disbanded 1796.<ref name=regts134/>
|-
|align=center valign=middle |'''135'''
| '''[[135th (Limerick) Regiment of Foot]]''' 1796<ref name=regts135>{{Cite web|title=135th Regiment of Foot |url=http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/135.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219004434/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/135.htm |archive-date=19 December 2007 |work=Regiments.org |access-date=7 September 2009}}</ref>
|'''1794''' Raised and disbanded 1796.<ref name=regts135/>
|}

==See also==
*[[British Army order of precedence]]

==References==
===Sources===
*{{Cite book|title=Standards, Guidons and Colours of the Commonwealth Forces |last=Edwards |first=T J |year=1953 |publisher=[[Gale & Polden]] |location=Aldershot }}
*{{Cite book|title=The Regimental Records of the British Army: a historical résumé chronologically arranged of titles, campaigns, honours, uniforms, facings, badges, nicknames, etc. |url=https://archive.org/details/regimentalrecord00farm |last=Farmer |first=John S |year=1901 |publisher=Grant Richards |location=London }}
*{{Cite book|title=The Black Watch. A Short History |last=Fergusson |first=Bernard |year=1968 |publisher=Printed for the Regiment by [[HarperCollins|Collins]] |location=Glasgow }}
*{{Cite book|title=A History of the Uniforms of The British Army, Volume III |last=Lawson |first=Cecil C P |year=1961 |publisher=Norman Military Publications |location=London }}
*{{Cite book|title=A Register of the Regiments and Corps of the British Army |last=Swinson |first=Arthur |year=1972 |publisher=The Archive Press |location=London |isbn=0-85591-000-3 }}
*{{Cite book|title=Regiments of Foot: A History of the Foot Regiments of the British Army |last=Wickes |first=H L |year=1974 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |location=Reading, Berkshire |isbn=0-85045-220-1 }}

===Footnotes===
{{Refbegin}}{{reflist|30em}}{{Refend}}

{{Regiments of Foot}}
{{British infantry regiments World War I}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List of Regiments of Foot}}
[[Category:Lists of British Army units and formations|British Army regiments of foot]]
[[Category:Infantry regiments of the British Army|*]]

Royal Rifle Volunteers

2025-11-03T17:36:55Z

2A02:8012:227B:0:698F:E30D:BFD1:CB08: - Category:Regiments of the British Army + Category:The Rifles

#REDIRECT [[7th Battalion, The Rifles]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1999]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 2007]]
[[Category:The Rifles]]

Ontario Police College

2025-11-03T16:08:59Z

2A02:8012:227B:0:698F:E30D:BFD1:CB08: Removed Category:Law enforcement in Canada as already in subcategory of Category:Police academies in Canada

{{Short description|Police academy in Ontario, Canada}}
{{Coord|42|48|11|N|80|57|09|W|display=title}}

{{Infobox university
|image = Ontario Police College logo.gif
|name = Ontario Police College
|motto =
|established = 1962
|type = [[Police academy]]
|president=
|address =
|city = [[Malahide, Ontario|Malahide Township]], [[Elgin County, Ontario|Elgin County]] in [[Southwestern Ontario]].
|state = [[Ontario, Canada|Ontario]]
|country = [[Canada]]
|undergrad =
|postgrad =
|administrative_staff= 165 - 45 permanent instructors
|campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
|mascot =
|free_label =
|free =
|affiliations =
|website= [http://www.ontario.ca/opc Ontario Police College (OPC)]
|footnotes=
}}

The '''Ontario Police College''' ('''OPC''') is a [[police academy]] located in [[Malahide, Ontario|Malahide Township]], just east of [[Aylmer, Ontario|Aylmer]], in [[Elgin County, Ontario|Elgin County]] in [[Southwestern Ontario]], Canada.

==History==
The Ontario Association of Chiefs of Police (OACP) proposed the idea of a central provincial [[police academy]] in the early 1950s.{{cn|date=November 2022}}

The Attorney General appointed an advisory committee on police training in 1959. The college was established in 1962 and offered its first classes beginning January 7, 1963. The college is built on the grounds of the former [[RCAF Station Aylmer|Royal Canadian Air Force Station Aylmer]], which was constructed as part of the [[British Commonwealth Air Training Plan]] during [[World War II]]. The college moved to its present facilities in 1976. The Ministry of the Solicitor General became responsible for the operations of the OPC in 1972.{{cn|date=November 2022}}

In May 1984, a War memorial wind tee was dedicated to the personnel who served at Royal Canadian Air Force Station Aylmer; many of the graduates of the aircrew and ground support personnel training programs between 1941 and 1961 died in armed military service during the Second World War and the Korean War.<ref>{{cite web |title=War Memorial |url=http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/nic-inm/sm-rm/mdsr-rdr-eng.asp?PID=509 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104214413/http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/nic-inm/sm-rm/mdsr-rdr-eng.asp?PID=509 |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 4, 2013 |website=Chief Military Personnel |publisher=Government of Canada}}</ref>

The Ministry of the Solicitor General is currently responsible for the operations of the OPC.

==Programs ==
With very rare exceptions, all [[police officer]]s in [[Ontario]] attend the OPC for their 13-week initial program in order to receive their Basic Constable diploma. Once they have received the Diploma and after they have been sworn in as peace officers, they can then work in Ontario as police officers. The College also offers advanced courses to experienced officers in many areas, such as forensics, fraud, motorcycle riding, and certifying police as instructors for in service training.

==See also==
*[[Charles O. Bick College]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.ontario.ca/opc Ontario Police College (OPC)]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Police academies in Canada]]
[[Category:Colleges in Ontario|Police College]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Ontario]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1962]]

{{Canada-university-stub}}