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Hartland Molson

2025-10-10T15:12:35Z

2A02:8012:227B:0:C052:B091:25D5:45E7:

{{Short description|Canadian politician (1907–2002)}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[The Honourable]]
| name = Hartland de Montarville Molson
| honorific-suffix = {{postnominals|country=CAN|size=100|sep=,|OC|OBE|OQ}}
| image = Hartland de Montarville Molson.jpg
| imagesize = 220px
| caption =
| office = [[Senate of Canada|Senator]] for [[List of Quebec senators#Alma|Alma, Quebec]]
| appointed = [[Louis St. Laurent]]
| predecessor = [[Charles Ballantyne]]
| successor = [[W. David Angus]]
| term_start = July 28, 1955
| term_end = May 31, 1993
| birth_date = {{birth date|1907|5|29}}
| birth_place = [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]], Canada
| death_date = {{death date and age|2002|9|28|1907|5|29}}
| death_place = Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| nationality =
| spouse =
| party = Independent
| relations = [[Michael Meighen]], stepson
| children =
| residence =
| alma_mater = [[Royal Military College of Canada]]
| occupation =
| profession =
| religion =
| committees = Chairman, Special Committee on the Rules of the Senate Chairman, Committee on Standing Rules and Orders
|awards = [[Officer of the Order of Canada]] [[National Order of Quebec|Officer of the National Order of Quebec]]

|nickname =
|allegiance = Canada
|branch = [[Militia#Canada|Militia]] (1928–33) [[Royal Canadian Air Force]] (1939–45)
|serviceyears = 1928–1933 1939–1945
|rank = [[Group Captain]]
|unit = 27th Field Battery [[No. 115 Squadron RCAF]] [[No. 1 Squadron RCAF]] RCAF HQ Ottawa
|commands = [[No. 118 Squadron RCAF]] No. 126 Squadron RCAF [[No. 8 Service Flying Training School RCAF]] [[CFB St. Hubert|RCAF Station St-Hubert]]
|battles = [[Second World War]]
* [[Battle of Britain]]
* [[Battle of the Atlantic]]
|mawards = [[Officer of the Order of the British Empire]]
}}
'''Hartland de Montarville Molson''', {{postnominals|country=CAN|size=100|sep=,|OC|OBE|OQ}} (May 29, 1907 – September 28, 2002) was an [[Anglo-Quebecer]] statesman, [[Senate of Canada|Canadian senator]], military aviator, and a member of the [[Molson family]] of [[brewing|brewers]].<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/10/03/business/hartland-molson-hockey-owner-95-dies.html |title = Hartland Molson, Hockey Owner, 95, Dies|newspaper = The New York Times|date = 3 October 2002|last1 = Simon|first1 = Bernard}}</ref>

==Education==
Born in [[Montreal, Quebec]], Canada to a wealthy brewing family (father was Colonel [[Herbert Molson]]), Hartland Molson was educated at [[Selwyn House School]] in Montreal, [[Bishop's College School]] in [[Lennoxville, Quebec]] and [[Charterhouse School]] in England before attending the [[Royal Military College of Canada]] at [[Kingston, Ontario]] arriving in 1924,<ref>[https://www.ordre-national.gouv.qc.ca/membres/membre.asp?id=1075 Hartland de Montarville Molson – Ordre national du Québec]</ref><ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1408742/Hartland-Molson.html Hartland Molson – Telegraph]</ref> there he played [[ice hockey]] for the Kingston Juniors team that made it to 1926 [[Memorial Cup]] finals. An all-around athlete, Molson also played first string [[Canadian football|football]], made it to the college's [[boxing]] finals twice, and was a member of the [[track and field]] team. After graduating in 1928, the bilingual Molson was then sent for training in finance as an employee at a bank in [[Paris, France]]. On his return home, he earned his [[Chartered Accountant]] designation and in his spare time took flying lessons. In accord with his arrangement with the service following military college, Molson served as a reserve officer in the [[Militia#Canada|Militia]] for five years. He reached the rank of [[Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)|Lieutenant]] while with the 27th Field Battery between 1928 and 1933.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://lop.parl.ca/sites/ParlInfo/default/en_CA/People/Profile?personId=5144 |title = Profile}}</ref>
[[file:Hartland Molson, Royal Military College of Canada cadet.jpg|thumb|right|Hartland Molson as an RMC cadet in the mid 1920s]]

==Family==
In 1931, he married Helen Hogg but divorced in 1938. They had a daughter, Zoe. She married Henry Nicholas Paul Hardinge, 5th [[Viscount Hardinge]], and moved to live in [[Jersey]].

His second wife, Magdalena Posner, died in 1982. In 1990 Molson married Peggy deLancey Robinson, the widow of former Senator [[Theodore Meighen]]. He remained married to Peggy until her death on 18 December 2000. Through his marriage to Peggy, he was also a stepfather to Senator [[Michael Meighen]].

==Wartime military service==
Molson enlisted in [[Montreal, Quebec]] on 21 September 1939 within weeks of the onset of [[World War II]] becoming a member of the [[Royal Canadian Air Force]]. He earned his wings on 11 April 1940 and was assigned to [[No. 115 Squadron RCAF]] in Montreal. He was one of a handful of No. 115 Squadron pilots transferred to [[No. 1 Squadron RCAF]] in the spring of 1940 to bolster its numbers in preparation for shipment to the United Kingdom.<ref name="438-book02">{{cite book| last1 = Fielden | first1 = Jerry | first2 = Michel | last2 = Pratt | title = Le 438e Escadron tactique d'hélicoptères "Cité de Montréal"" | location = Longueuil | publisher = Éditions Histoire Québec | year= 2010 | pages = 158| isbn = 978-2-89586-050-1 }}</ref> Arriving in England in June 1940, the squadron underwent rapid training in [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF) procedures before being thrown into the desperate battles in the skies over the UK.<ref name="438-book01">{{cite book| last1 = Kostenuk | first1 = Samuel | first2 = John | last2 = Griffin | title = RCAF Squadron Histories and Aircraft 1924–1968 | location = Toronto | publisher = National Museum of Man Canada | year= 1977 | pages = 255| isbn = 0-88866-577-6 }}</ref> During the [[Battle of Britain]], he damaged a [[Dornier Do 17|Do 17]] on 26 August, damaged two [[Messerschmitt Bf 110]]s on 4 September and claimed a [[Heinkel He 111]] destroyed on 11 September. Molson was shot down during combat with enemy fighters over Canterbury on 5 October, bailed out, wounded, and was admitted to Chartham Hospital. His Hurricane, P3873, crashed at Deering Farm, Smarden. It was his last operational flight. Molson had flown 62 combat missions.

Molson was repatriated to Canada for convalescence. Upon being declared once again fit for flying duties, he was promoted to [[squadron leader]] and given command of [[No. 118 Squadron RCAF]] flying Grumman Goblins and later Curtiss Kittyhawks at [[CFB Shearwater|RCAF Dartmouth, Nova Scotia]].<ref name="438-book01"/> A command he held from 23 July 1941 to 14 June 1942.<ref name="438-book01"/> When No. 118 Squadron was transferred to the Pacific coast, Molson remained in Dartmouth taking command of 126 Squadron flying Hurricanes. He commanded No. 126 Squadron until 6 September 1942. He took command of [[No. 8 Service Flying Training School RCAF|No. 8 Service Flying Training School]] at [[RCAF Station Moncton]] in October and oversaw its move to [[RCAF Station Weyburn]] [[Saskatchewan]] in January 1944. In March 1944 Molson, now a [[Group Captain]], was given command of [[CFB St. Hubert|RCAF Station St-Hubert]] after a very short stay back in Moncton. On 7 June 1945, Molson was transferred to RCAF Headquarters in Ottawa where he would work at the Directorate of Personnel for the remainder of his time in uniform. He was discharged from the service in September 1945 following the German surrender. For his leadership and wartime service, he was made an [[Officer of the Order of the British Empire]] in 1946.

{| align="center" border="1" cellpadding="2"
! style="background:#efefef;" | '''Flying officer Hartland Molson [[No. 115 Squadron RCAF|115 Sqn RCAF]], April 1940'''
! style="background:#efefef;" | '''Squadron leader Hartland Molson CO [[438 Sqn RCAF|118 Sqn RCAF]] in his Kittyhawk fighter at [[CFB Shearwater|RCAF Dartmouth, Nova Scotia]] 1942'''
|-
| align="center" | [[File:AdMMolson 1939 115 Sqn RCAF.jpg|200px]]
| align="center" | [[File:HdMM 118 Sqn RCAF 1942.jpg|360px]]
|}

==Business==
[[Image:Molson Edmonton.JPG|thumb|right|Molson Brewery]]

At home in Montreal, in 1948 Hartland Molson was named Governor of [[McGill University]], a position he held for the next twenty years. In 1953, he was appointed President of the family's brewing empire, [[Molson|Molson Breweries]]. He served as president between 1953 and 1966, then Chairman until 1974 and Chairman emeritus until 1983, retiring completely in 1988. During his tenure, the company experienced substantial growth, expanding operations across Canada. Outside of the Molson family businesses, Hartland Molson served on the Board of Directors of a number of major Canadian companies including the [[Bank of Montreal]] and [[Sun Life Assurance]].

==Senate==
In 1955, Prime Minister [[Louis St. Laurent]] appointed Molson to the [[Senate of Canada]]. Hartland Molson retired from the Senate in 1993 at the age of 86—one of the last Senators to serve past the mandatory retirement age of 75 as he was appointed before the institution of the limit in 1965 and thus exempt. [[John Michael Macdonald]] was the last senator to serve past the age of 75 (he died in office in 1997).

==Hockey==
In 1957, in partnership with his brother [[Thomas Henry Pentland Molson]] (1901–1978), Molson purchased the [[Montreal Canadiens]] [[ice hockey]] team. As a member of the Board of Governors of the [[National Hockey League]], Molson was instrumental in raising the profile of both the league and his brewing company through sponsorship of the [[Hockey Night in Canada]] television broadcasts. As head of the Montreal Canadiens team, he helped develop the personnel to end the [[Detroit Red Wings]] dominance, building one of the greatest dynasties in all of sport. After winning the 1968 Stanley Cup Hartland retired, and David, Peter, and William Molson took over control of the Canadiens. The team was sold in 1972 to Edward and Peter Bronfman. Senator Hartland Molson's name was engraved on the Stanley Cup 6 times 1958-59-60-65-66-68. In 1973, he was inducted into the builders category of the [[Hockey Hall of Fame]].

==FLQ threat==
Molson's high-profile image made him a prime target for the [[Front de libération du Québec]] (FLQ), a [[terrorism|terrorist]] organization dedicated to [[Quebec sovereignty]]. During the 1970 [[October Crisis]], when [[Great Britain|British]] diplomat [[James Cross]] was kidnapped and [[Pierre Laporte]], the Vice-Premier of Quebec, was kidnapped and [[murder]]ed, Hartland Molson's name was found on a terrorists' list of future victims.

==Philanthropy==
Molson was involved with a number of philanthropic causes. He co-initiated the Molson Foundation in 1958, with his brother [[Thomas Henry Pentland Molson]], which has contributed to a broad spectrum of areas, including the arts, sports, infrastructure projects, the Molson nature reserve, and several faculties. Renamed the Molson Family Foundation in 1981, it has dispersed over $120 million in grants. It has also made major gifts to the Montreal Neurological Institute and Montreal General Hospital, the Canadian Paraplegic Association, the Douglas Hospital Corporation, and the [[Scouts Canada|Boy Scouts of Canada]].

==Awards and recognition==
[[File:Wall of Honour, Royal Military College of Canada.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Wall of Honour, Royal Military College of Canada]]
In 1995, Molson was made an [[Officer of the Order of Canada]] and in 2000, the [[Ordre national du Québec]], the highest civilian honor of his country and his native [[Provinces of Canada|province]]. Hartland Molson Hall at [[Bishop's College School]] is named for him. 438th Tactical Helicopter Squadron in Saint-Hubert named their hangar and a [[cenotaph]] after him on August 28, 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/nic-inm/sm-rm/mdsr-rdr-eng.asp?PID=6011 |title=DHH - Memorials Details Search Results |accessdate=2011-02-23 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706181701/http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/nic-inm/sm-rm/mdsr-rdr-eng.asp?PID=6011 |archivedate=2011-07-06 }} Hartland Molson cenotaph</ref> In 2009, 1800 Honourable Hartland de Montaville Molson, OC, OBE, OQ, DCL, FCA (1907–2002) was added to the wall of honour at the [[Royal Military College of Canada]] in [[Kingston, Ontario]].

==Fishing==
Molson was a well-known salmon fisherman on the [[Bonaventure River]]; in [[Gaspesie]].

==Archives==
The Molson [[fonds]] at [[Library and Archives Canada]] include a Hartland Molson sub-series.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=25 November 2016|title=Hartland Molson records, Library and Archives Canada.|url=http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=127841&lang=eng|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-08-17|website=}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
*{{icehockeystats|legendsm=B197301}}
*{{Canadian Parliament links|ID=5144}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061010043656/http://www.airforce.ca/wwii/ALPHA-M.MO.html Hartland Molson]

==See also==
*[[List of Bishop's College School alumni]]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Molson, Hartland}}
[[Category:1907 births]]
[[Category:2002 deaths]]
[[Category:Molson family|Hartland Molson]]
[[Category:Anglophone Quebec people]]
[[Category:Canadian people of English descent]]
[[Category:Bishop's College School alumni]]
[[Category:Selwyn House School alumni]]
[[Category:Royal Military College of Canada alumni]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Montreal]]
[[Category:Canadian accountants]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Montreal]]
[[Category:Royal Canadian Air Force personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Canadian World War II pilots]]
[[Category:Montreal Canadiens executives]]
[[Category:National Hockey League executives]]
[[Category:National Hockey League owners]]
[[Category:Stanley Cup champions]]
[[Category:Hockey Hall of Fame inductees]]
[[Category:Canadian senators from Quebec]]
[[Category:Independent Canadian senators]]
[[Category:20th-century members of the Senate of Canada]]
[[Category:Officers of the National Order of Quebec]]
[[Category:Officers of the Order of Canada]]
[[Category:Canadian Officers of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Burials at Mount Royal Cemetery]]

Paul Martineau

2025-10-10T14:47:47Z

2A02:8012:227B:0:C052:B091:25D5:45E7:

{{Short description|Canadian politician (1921–2010)}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = The Hon.
| name = Paul Raymond Martineau
| honorific-suffix =
| image =
| imagesize =
| constituency_MP = [[Pontiac–Témiscamingue (federal electoral district)|Pontiac—Témiscamingue]]
| parliament = Canadian
| predecessor = [[Hugh Proudfoot]]
| successor = [[Tom Lefebvre]]
| term_start = 1958
| term_end = 1965
| birth_date = {{birth date|1921|04|10}}
| birth_place = Bryson, Quebec, Canada
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2010|03|19|1921|04|10}}
| death_place =
| nationality =
| spouse =
| party = [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Progressive Conservative]]
| cabinet = [[Minister of Mines and Technical Surveys]] (1962–1963)
| relations =
| children =
| residence =
| alma_mater = [[University of Ottawa]] [[Université de Montréal]]
| occupation =
| profession =
| committees =
| portfolio = Parliamentary Secretary to the Prime Minister (1959–1961)
| religion =
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Paul Raymond Martineau''' [[Queen's Privy Council for Canada|PC]] [[Queen's Counsel|QC]] [[Order of St. Gregory the Great|KCSG]] (April 10, 1921 – March 19, 2010) was a [[Canadians|Canadian]] politician, lawyer, [[crown attorney]], and judge.

The son of Alphonse Martineau and Lucienne Lemieux,<ref name="johnson">{{cite book |title=The Canadian Directory of Parliament 1867-1967 |last=Johnson |first=J.K. |year=1968 |publisher=Public Archives of Canada}}</ref> Martineau grew up in the [[Quebec]] portion of the [[Ottawa Valley]]. He received a [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree in 1941 from the [[University of Ottawa]]. He served for four years in the [[Royal Canadian Air Force]] during [[World War II]] and was subsequently president of the Quebec branch of the [[Royal Canadian Legion]]. After the war, he received a [[Bachelor of Civil Law]] degree from the [[Université de Montréal]]. He was called to the [[Bar of Quebec]] in 1949. A private practice lawyer from 1950 to 1980, he was a crown attorney from 1950 to 1958.

In 1946, he married Helene Neclaw.<ref name="johnson"/>

He was defeated in the [[1957 Canadian federal election|1957 federal election]] in his first attempt to win a [[parliamentary seat|seat]] in the [[House of Commons of Canada]] but was elected in the [[1958 Canadian federal election|1958 election]] as the [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Progressive Conservative]] [[Member of Parliament (Canada)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Pontiac–Témiscamingue (federal electoral district)|Pontiac—Témiscamingue]]. Martineau served as [[parliamentary secretary]] to [[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]] [[John Diefenbaker]] from 1959 to 1961. He was then Deputy [[Speaker (politics)|Speaker]] of the House until 1962 when he joined the [[Canadian Cabinet]] as [[Minister of Mines and Technical Surveys]].

Martineau kept his seat in the [[1963 Canadian federal election|1963 election]] that defeated the Diefenbaker government. This contest was the only one in Andre Blais' analysis of 4,626 constituency races in Canada's post-[[World War II]] history to have an exact tie, with both Martineau and his challenger, Paul Oliva Goulet, receiving 6,448 votes.<ref>Blais, Andre (2000). ''To Vote or Not to Vote''. Pittsburgh, PA: [[University of Pittsburgh Press]], p. 63.</ref> The tie was settled by the casting vote of the [[Returning Officer#Canada|Returning Officer]]. In [[parliamentary opposition|Opposition]], he played a significant role in the [[Great Canadian Flag Debate|Great Flag Debate]] of 1964, when he broke with Diefenbaker in order to support the adoption of the [[Maple Leaf flag]].

:The new flag is the symbol of the future because it expresses unity, that unity to which so many of us have paid lip service during the course of this debate. I believe that in the maple leaf flag Canadians of whatever origin or background may find something in common. I believe this maple leaf flag will express for Canadians, in their own undemonstrative and taciturn way, the firm conviction that Canadians want to live together, work together, and build a worthwhile nation. If this distinctive flag can be accepted by the country without lasting bitterness and acrimony, then Canadians will have gone a long way to prove to the world that a nation such as ours, born in strife, diverse in its origins, speaking two languages and being the embodiment of two great cultures, can survive and prosper....<ref name="isc">{{cite web |url=http://collections.ic.gc.ca/flag/html/ch7p.htm |title=Chapter7p |accessdate=2005-01-18 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050105084017/http://collections.ic.gc.ca/flag/html/ch7p.htm |archivedate=2005-01-05 }}</ref>

Journalist [[Peter C. Newman]] described Martineau's intervention as "the best speech of the entire debate."<ref name="isc" />

Matineau lost his seat in the [[1965 Canadian federal election|1965 election]] and was also defeated in his attempt to regain his seat in [[1968 Canadian federal election|1968]].

From 1980 to 1996, he was a Justice of the [[Quebec Superior Court]].

== Electoral record==
{{1958 Canadian federal election/Pontiac–Témiscamingue}}
{{1962 Canadian federal election/Pontiac–Témiscamingue}}
{{1963 Canadian federal election/Pontiac–Témiscamingue}}
{{1965 Canadian federal election/Pontiac–Témiscamingue}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.utpress.utoronto.ca/cgi-bin/cw2w3.cgi?p=marples&t=92575&d=1776|title=Canadian Who's Who 1997 entry|accessdate=May 4, 2006}}

==External links==
*{{Canadian Parliament links|ID=15559}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Hugh John Flemming]] (acting)}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Minister of Mines and Technical Surveys]]
|years=1962–1963}}
{{s-aft|after=[[William Moore Benidickson]]}}
{{end}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Martineau, Paul}}
[[Category:1921 births]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:University of Ottawa alumni]]
[[Category:Royal Canadian Air Force personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Lawyers in Quebec]]
[[Category:Judges in Quebec]]
[[Category:Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Quebec]]
[[Category:Progressive Conservative Party of Canada MPs]]
[[Category:20th-century members of the House of Commons of Canada]]
[[Category:Members of the King's Privy Council for Canada]]

Donald C. MacDonald

2025-10-10T14:32:00Z

2A02:8012:227B:0:C052:B091:25D5:45E7:

{{Short description|Canadian politician}}
{{For|other people named Donald MacDonald |Donald MacDonald (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Donald C. MacDonald
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=CAN|CM|OOnt|size=100%}}
| image = Donald c. macdonald speaking.jpg
| caption = MacDonald at [[Paul Ferreira]]'s [[York South—Weston (federal electoral district)|York South—Weston]] victory party, [[2007 Ontario provincial by-elections|February 8, 2007]]
| office = Leader of the Ontario [[Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (Ontario Section)|CCF]] and [[Ontario New Democratic Party|NDP]]
| term_start = 1953
| term_end = 1970
| predecessor = [[Ted Jolliffe]]
| successor = [[Stephen Lewis]]
| office1 = President of the [[New Democratic Party of Canada]]
| term_start1 = 1971
| term_end1 = 1975
| predecessor1 = [[Allan Blakeney]]
| successor1 = Joyce Nash
| majority =
| office2 = [[Member of Provincial Parliament (Ontario)|Member of Provincial Parliament]]
| term_start2 = June 9, 1955
| term_end2 =November 4, 1982
| predecessor2 =[[William George Beech|William Beech]] ([[Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario|Progressive Conservative]])
| successor2 =[[Bob Rae]] ([[Ontario New Democratic Party|NDP]])
| constituency2 = [[York South (Ontario provincial electoral district)|York South]]
| office3 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| predecessor3 =
| successor3 =
| constituency3 =
| majority3 =
| birth_name=Donald Cameron MacDonald
| birth_date = December 7, 1913
| birth_place = [[Cranbrook, British Columbia]] , Canada
| death_date = {{death date and age|2008|3|08|1913|12|7}}
| death_place = [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]], Canada
| party = [[Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (Ontario Section)|Co-operative Commonwealth Federation]]/[[New Democratic Party|New Democratic]]
| relatives =
| spouse = Simone MacDonald
| children = 3
| residence = [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]]
| occupation = Teacher and Journalist
| signature =
| website =
}}

'''Donald Cameron MacDonald''' {{post-nominals|country=CAN|CM|OOnt}} (December 7, 1913 – March 8, 2008) was a [[Canadians|Canadian]] [[politician]]. Referred to in the media as the "best [[Premier of Ontario|premier]] Ontario never had,"<ref name=martin/> he represented the provincial riding of [[York South (Ontario provincial electoral district)|York South]] in the [[Legislative Assembly of Ontario]] from 1955 to 1982. From 1953 to 1970 he was the leader of the [[social democratic]] [[Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (Ontario Section)|Ontario section]] of the [[Co-operative Commonwealth Federation]] and its successor, the [[Ontario New Democratic Party]].<ref name="happy">{{cite book
| last = MacDonald
| first = Donald C.
| title = The Happy Warrior: Political Memoirs
| edition = 2
| publisher = Dundurn Press
| year = 1998
| location = Toronto
| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=pj1Ddn4HJM8C
|isbn=1-55002-307-1 }}</ref>

== Early life and career ==

MacDonald was born in [[Cranbrook, British Columbia|Cranbrook]], [[British Columbia]], and moved with his family to [[Ormstown, Quebec|Tullochgorum]], [[Quebec]] in 1923 and then earned a bachelor's and master's degree from [[Queen's University at Kingston|Queen's University]].<ref name=martin>{{Cite news
|last = Martin
|first = Sandra
|title = DONALD C. MACDONALD: 1913-2008: 'Best premier Ontario never had,' Donald C. MacDonald dies at 94
|newspaper = [[The Globe and Mail]]
|location = Toronto
|pages = A10
|publisher = [[CTVglobemedia]]
|date = 2008-03-10
|url = https://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/LAC.20080310.MACDONALD10/TPStory/TPNational/Ontario/
|access-date = 2009-12-20
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080313234336/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/LAC.20080310.MACDONALD10/TPStory/TPNational/Ontario/
|archive-date = 2008-03-13
}}</ref>
He supported the [[Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942)|Conservative Party of Canada]] in his youth, but became a [[democratic socialist]] after witnessing the social problems of the [[Great Depression]]. He worked for several years as a teacher and journalist, and was employed by the ''[[Montreal Gazette]]'' in the mid-1930s.<ref name="happy"/>

== Armed forces service ==

MacDonald joined the [[Royal Canadian Navy]] in 1942, and served in Canada during [[World War II]] as secretary of a top-secret intelligence committee, the main responsibility of which was to transmit enemy submarine positions to the [[Royal Canadian Air Force]]. He later became editor of ''Canadian Digest'', a magazine published by the military that provided a cross section of articles from Canadian periodicals and newspapers, and was the host of ''Serviceman's Forum'', a regular series of broadcasts on the [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] that were also aired by the [[BBC|British Broadcasting Corporation]]. Members of the military and civilian experts discussed issues of concern in these broadcasts.<ref name="happy"/>

== Political life ==

===CCF involvement===

MacDonald joined the [[Co-operative Commonwealth Federation]] (CCF) while serving in [[Ottawa]], [[Ontario]] in 1942. In 1946, he joined the national CCF staff and travelled the country as a [[party organizer]]. He was a candidate in the August [[1953 Canadian federal election|1953 federal election]] for the British Columbia [[Electoral district (Canada)|riding]] of [[Kootenay East]], and finished a strong third against [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]] [[James Allen Byrne|Jim Byrne]] with 28% of the vote. He was persuaded to run for the [[Ontario CCF/NDP leadership elections#Ontario CCF leadership convention, 1953|Ontario CCF leadership]] later in the same year, and defeated [[Fred Young (Ontario politician)|Fred Young]] and [[Andrew Brewin]] for the position.<ref name="secular">{{Cite book
| last =Morley
| first =John Terence
| title =Secular Socialists the CCF/NDP in Ontario, a Biography
| place =Kingston-Montreal
| publisher =McGill-Queen's University
| year =1984
| edition =1st
| url =https://archive.org/details/secularsocialist00morl
| isbn =0-7735-0390-0
| url-access =registration
}}</ref>

===Leading the party===
MacDonald took over the party in the middle of the [[Cold War]] and at the height of [[McCarthyism]], when [[socialism]] was viewed with suspicion.<ref name="secular"/> The CCF had almost won power in Ontario ten years earlier, winning 34 seats in the [[1943 Ontario general election|1943 provincial election]], but by the time MacDonald became leader it held only two seats in the legislature. MacDonald was himself without a seat until the [[1955 Ontario general election|1955 provincial election]], when he defeated [[Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario|Progressive Conservative]] incumbent [[William George Beech|William Beech]] by 1,426 votes in [[York South (Ontario provincial electoral district)|York South]].<ref name="secular"/> His victory increased the CCF's legislative standing to three seats, and MacDonald quickly became known as one of the most vocal members of the legislature. He fought for issues such as [[prison reform]] and [[universal public healthcare]], and emphasised pragmatism over doctrinaire [[socialism]] as he tried to appeal to voters as a moderate reformer. Some [[Toronto]] newspapers described him as the ''de facto'' opposition leader against [[Leslie Frost]]'s Progressive Conservative government.<ref name="secular"/> His pursuit of the [[Northern Ontario Natural Gas]] scandal led to the resignation of three members of Frost's cabinet.<ref name="secular"/>

MacDonald slowly rebuilt the party during his tenure as leader, and provided it with a benevolent public face. The CCF grew to five seats in the [[1959 Ontario general election|1959 provincial election]]. Following the founding of the federal [[New Democratic Party]] in 1961, he was acclaimed as the first leader of the Ontario NDP in October 1961.<ref name="secular"/> The new party won seven seats in the [[1963 Ontario general election|1963 election]], and MacDonald later expressed disappointment that a larger breakthrough did not occur.<ref name="secular"/>

As the province's population became more urban and as social issues came to the forefront of political discussion, the NDP had a major breakthrough in the [[1967 Ontario general election|1967 election]] rising from seven seats to 20.<ref name="secular"/> This new success led to increasing pressure for new leadership, as the party was seen as a potential victor and many activists felt a younger leader was needed to catch the mood of the times. [[Jim Renwick (Canadian politician)|Jim Renwick]] challenged MacDonald for the party leadership in 1968, but lost.<ref name="secular"/> In 1970, [[Stephen Lewis]] was able to marshall support among the Steelworkers union with which his family had strong links.<ref name="secular"/> (His father, [[David Lewis (Canadian politician)|David Lewis]], had represented the [[United Steelworkers|steelworkers]] as a labour lawyer for many years.) MacDonald decided not to seek re-election as leader in order to avoid a divisive fight. At the [[leadership convention]] that fall, Stephen Lewis defeated [[Walter Pitman]] and succeeded MacDonald as Ontario NDP leader.<ref name="secular"/>

===1970 stepping away from leadership===
MacDonald was officially neutral in the 1970 leadership contest, but tacitly favoured Pitman.<ref name="secular"/> In his autobiography, MacDonald notes that he was initially skeptical about the younger Lewis's leadership abilities, and believed that his election "fitted conveniently into the Tory plans" for the next election.<ref name="happy"/> The Progressive Conservative government was able to rally business support by depicting Lewis as dangerously left-wing, and the NDP did not gain seats in the [[1971 Ontario general election|1971 election]]. MacDonald has also argued that the party's breakthrough under Lewis in the [[1975 Ontario general election|1975 election]] was made possible by Lewis's decision to moderate his more strident views.<ref name="happy"/>

At the federal level, MacDonald attended the [[1971 New Democratic Party leadership election|1971 NDP Federal Leadership Convention]] and ran for party president.<ref name="Goldblatt">{{Cite news
| last = Goldblatt
| first = Murray
| title = Bloc of union delegates aids establishment to fend off Waffle drive for party offices
| newspaper = [[The Globe and Mail]]
| location = Toronto
| pages = 10
| publisher = [[CTVglobemedia]]
| date = 1971-04-24
}}</ref> The 1960s youth-quake was moving into federal politics, and a group of [[New Left]] academics and activists called [[The Waffle]] presented the fiercest opposition to MacDonald and other "establishment" members.<ref name="Goldblatt"/> He was up against Carol Gudmundson — of the [[Saskatoon]], [[Saskatchewan]] Waffle — in the battle for the party presidency.<ref name="Goldblatt"/> With the help of the union delegations, and the party's establishment, MacDonald was victorious on April 23, 1971 and became the president during the same convention that saw [[Tommy Douglas]] pass the leadership torch on to David Lewis.<ref name="Goldblatt"/> He got 885 votes to Gudmundson's 565, and started the trend that day that saw Waffle candidates getting defeated at almost every federal council and executive position.<ref name="Goldblatt"/>

===Retiring from York South and beyond===
MacDonald supported [[Ian Deans]]'s unsuccessful bid to replace Lewis as party leader in 1978, and helped to draft [[Bob Rae]] for the leadership in 1982. He then resigned as an MPP in 1982, to give Rae an opportunity to enter the legislature. MacDonald served as chair of the NDP caucus from 1982 to 1985, and was chair of the Ontario Election Finances Commission from 1986 to 1994.<ref name="happy"/>

MacDonald's autobiography, ''Happy Warrior: Political Memoirs'', was published in 1988 and the second edition in 1998, to add the Rae years as the first NDP Ontario government.<ref name="happy"/>

He became a [[Member of the Order of Canada]] in 2003 and also holds an [[Order of Ontario]].<ref name="gg">{{cite web
| title = Donald C. MacDonald, C.M., O.Ont., M.A., LL.D.
| work = Honours, Order of Canada
| publisher = [[Governor General of Canada]]
| date = 2003-10-24
| url = http://archive.gg.ca/honours/search-recherche/honours-desc.asp?lang=e&TypeID=orc&id=9060
| access-date = 2009-09-08}}</ref>

===Paul Ferreira===
By the early 2000s, the NDP was near the bottom of their decline in MacDonald's home riding. Rae had held the riding for 14 years before it fell to the Liberals in 1996. The riding's name was changed to [[York South—Weston (federal electoral district)|York South—Weston]] for the 1999 provincial election and it became a much larger riding than it was when he represented it.

In 2004, MacDonald supported a young NDP Provincial Executive member named [[Paul Ferreira]] in his campaign to be the area's MPP. Ferreira would raise the NDP's vote substantially from 3.7% to over 21%. While not good enough for a win, it allowed him to eventually, after four elections in two and half years, win the seat [[Ontario provincial by-elections, 2007|February 8, 2007]]. Donald MacDonald supported him through all these campaigns and was there to publicly congratulate Ferreira and pass on the generational torch at the victory party.

==Death==
MacDonald died in 2008 of heart failure at [[Mount Sinai Hospital (Toronto)|Mount Sinai Hospital]] in Toronto. He was 94.<ref name=martin/>

==References==

===Notes===
{{reflist|}}

===Bibliography===

*{{Cite book
| first = Dan
| last = Azoulay
| editor-last = Azoulay
| editor-first = Dan
| title = A Desperate Holding Action: The Survival of the Ontario CCF/NDP, 1948-1964
| series = Canadian political parties:historical readings
| year = 1999
| pages = 342–363
| place = Toronto
| publisher = Irwin Publishing
|isbn = 0-7725-2703-2
}}
* {{cite book
| last = MacDonald
| first = Donald C.
| title = The Happy Warrior: Political Memoirs, 2nd Ed.
| publisher = Dundurn Press
| year = 1998
| location = Toronto, ON, Canada
|isbn=1-55002-307-1 }} Forewords by [[Desmond Morton (historian)|Desmond Morton]], [[Howard Hampton]].
* {{Cite book
| last =Morley
| first =John Terence
| title =Secular Socialists the CCF/NDP in Ontario, a Biography
| place =Kingston-Montreal
| publisher =McGill-Queen's University
| year =1984
| edition =1st
| url =https://archive.org/details/secularsocialist00morl
| isbn =0-7735-0390-0
| url-access =registration
}}

== External links ==
*[http://db.archives.queensu.ca/dbtw-wpd/exec/dbtwpub.dll?AC=MENU_QUERY&XC=/dbtw-wpd/exec/dbtwpub.dll&BU=http://archives.queensu.ca/dbtw-wpd/fondsdb/wiki.htm&TN=fonds&SN=DCMacdonald&RF=HTML+-+Fonds+Display&EF=&DF=HTML+-+Fonds+Display&MR=20&RL=1&EL=1&DL=1&NP=0 Donald Cameron MacDonald fonds]{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} at [http://archives.queensu.ca/ Queen’s University Archives]
*{{Ontario MPP biography|id=donald-cameron-macdonald}}

{{Ontario NDP Leaders}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Macdonald, Donald C.}}
[[Category:1913 births]]
[[Category:2008 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Cranbrook, British Columbia]]
[[Category:Canadian people of Scottish descent]]
[[Category:Canadian Unitarians]]
[[Category:Royal Canadian Navy personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Canadian socialists]]
[[Category:Ontario Co-operative Commonwealth Federation MPPs]]
[[Category:Leaders of the Ontario Co-operative Commonwealth Federation]]
[[Category:Ontario New Democratic Party MPPs]]
[[Category:Leaders of the Ontario New Democratic Party]]
[[Category:Presidents of the New Democratic Party of Canada]]
[[Category:Co-operative Commonwealth Federation candidates for the Canadian House of Commons]]
[[Category:20th-century members of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of Canada]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of Ontario]]

Bud Poile

2025-10-10T10:26:36Z

2A02:8012:227B:0:C052:B091:25D5:45E7:

{{Short description|Canadian ice hockey player, coach and executive}}
{{no footnotes|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox ice hockey player
| image = Bud Poile crop.jpg
| caption = Poile with the [[Toronto Maple Leafs]] in the 1940s
| position = [[Winger (ice hockey)|Right wing]]
| played_for = [[Toronto Maple Leafs]] [[Chicago Blackhawks|Chicago Black Hawks]] [[Detroit Red Wings]] [[New York Rangers]] [[Boston Bruins]]
| shoots = Right
| height_ft = 6
| height_in = 0
| weight_lb = 185
| birth_date = {{birth date|1924|2|10|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Fort William, Ontario]], Canada
| death_date = {{death date and age|2005|1|4|1924|2|10|mf=y}}
| death_place = [[Vancouver]], British Columbia, Canada
| career_start = 1942
| career_end = 1954
| halloffame = 1990 (Builder)
}}

'''Norman Robert''' "'''Bud'''" '''Poile''' (February 10, 1924 – January 4, 2005) was a professional [[ice hockey]] player, coach, general manager, and league executive. Bud was the brother of [[Don Poile]], and the father of [[David Poile]].

==Overview==
Poile was born in [[Fort William, Ontario|Fort William]], [[Ontario]], and played junior hockey for the Fort William Rangers. He began his professional career in 1942 as an 18-year-old right winger for the [[Toronto Maple Leafs]] and—after a break in his career to serve in the [[Second World War]]—was a member of the Leafs' [[Stanley Cup]]-winning team of 1947. The next season, he was traded to the [[Chicago Blackhawks|Chicago Black Hawks]] in a multi-player deal for [[Max Bentley]]. A year later he was dealt to the [[Detroit Red Wings]]. Before the 1949–50 season he was acquired by the [[New York Rangers]] and was traded mid-season to the [[Boston Bruins]], which would be his final stop in the NHL.

Poile would spend five more years playing in minor professional leagues as a player-coach, first for the [[Tulsa Oilers]] of the [[United States Hockey League]] in 1950–51. He then rejoined the Red Wings organization in 1951–52 as player coach of the Red Wings' [[Maritime Major Hockey League]] affiliate, the [[Glace Bay Miners]]. He moved up to the Wings' [[Western Hockey League]] affiliate, the [[Edmonton Flyers]], in 1952–53. He retired as a player in 1954, but would continue to coach the Flyers until 1962. Poile then became head coach of the [[San Francisco Seals (hockey)|San Francisco Seals]] from 1962 to 1966.

With the NHL expansion in 1967, Poile became general manager of the [[Philadelphia Flyers]], acquiring key members of the team that would win the Stanley Cup in the 1970s. In 1970, Poile became general manager of another NHL expansion team, the [[Vancouver Canucks]], building that club until leaving in 1973 to join the [[World Hockey Association]] as executive vice-president. He left the WHA in May 1976 in the fallout from a brawl in the playoffs between Quebec and Calgary.<ref name="Willes167">{{Citation|surname=Willes|given=Ed|year=2004|title=The Rebel League|publisher=McClelland & Stewart|isbn=0-7710-8947-3|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/rebelleagueshort0000will |page=167}}</ref>

In August 1976, Poile became president of the [[Central Professional Hockey League|Central Hockey League]]. During the 1983–84 season he also became commissioner of the [[International Hockey League (1945–2001)|International Hockey League]]. The CHL wound down its operations at the end of that season, and Poile continued in his role with the IHL until retiring in 1989.

Poile was inducted into the [[Hockey Hall of Fame]] as a builder in 1990 after a hockey career that spanned six decades. He died in Vancouver on January 4, 2005, of [[Parkinson's disease]]. His son, [[David Poile]], has also had a long management career in the [[NHL|National Hockey League]] and was the first general manager of the [[Nashville Predators]].

Poile has had two professional hockey trophies named after him. The first was the N.R. "Bud" Poile Trophy of the International Hockey League, awarded from 1989 to 2001 to the most valuable player of the Turner Cup Playoffs. The second is the Norman R. "Bud" Poile Trophy of the American Hockey League, awarded to the team that finishes the regular season with the best record in the Western Conference.

==Awards==
* 2nd team NHL All-Star in [[1947–48 NHL season|1948]].
* Awarded the [[Lester Patrick Trophy]] in [[1988–89 NHL season|1989]].
* Inducted into the [[Hockey Hall of Fame]] in 1990.

==Career statistics==
===Regular season and playoffs===
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="text-align:center; width:60em"
|- bgcolor="#e0e0e0"
! colspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff"|
! rowspan="100" bgcolor="#ffffff"|
! colspan="5"|[[Regular season]]
! rowspan="100" bgcolor="#ffffff"|
! colspan="5"|[[Playoffs]]
|- bgcolor="#e0e0e0"
! [[Season (sports)|Season]]
! Team
! League
! GP !! [[Goal (ice hockey)|G]] !! [[Assist (ice hockey)|A]] !! [[Point (ice hockey)|Pts]] !! [[Penalty (ice hockey)|PIM]]
! GP !! G !! A !! Pts !! PIM
|-
| 1940–41
| Fort William Rangers
| [[Thunder Bay Junior A Hockey League|TBJHL]]
| 17 || 25 || 10 || 35 || 14
| 2 || 3 || 2 || 5 || 4
|- bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| 1941–42
| Fort William Rangers
| TBJHL
| 18 || 36 || 29 || 65 || 55
| 3 || 5 || 7 || 12 || 11
|-
| 1941–42
| Fort William Forts
| TBSHL
| 1 || 0 || 2 || 2 || 0
| — || — || — || — || —
|- bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| [[1942 Allan Cup|1941–42]]
| [[Port Arthur Bearcats]]
| [[Allan Cup|Al-Cup]]
| — || — || — || — || —
| 6 || 1 || 2|| 3 || 2
|-
| [[1942–43 NHL season|1942–43]]
| [[Toronto Maple Leafs]]
| [[National Hockey League|NHL]]
| 48 || 16 || 19 || 35 || 24
| 6 || 2 || 4 || 6 || 4
|- bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| [[1943–44 NHL season|1943–44]]
| Toronto Maple Leafs
| NHL
| 11 || 6 || 8 || 14 || 9
| — || — || — || — || —
|-
| 1943–44
| Toronto RCAF
| [[OHA Senior A League (1890–1979)|OHA-Sr.]]
| 8 || 5 || 9 || 14 || 8
| — || — || — || — || —
|- bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| 1943–44
| Toronto Bowsers
| TMHL
| 3 || 5 || 2 || 7 || 0
| 4 || 16 || 5 || 21 || 2
|-
| [[1945–46 NHL season|1945–46]]
| Toronto Maple Leafs
| NHL
| 9
| 1
| 8
| 9
| 0
| — || — || — || — || —
|- bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| [[1946–47 NHL season|1946–47]]
| Toronto Maple Leafs
| NHL
| 59 || 19 || 17 || 36 || 19
| 7 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 2
|-
| [[1947–48 NHL season|1947–48]]
| Toronto Maple Leafs
| NHL
| 4 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 3
| — || — || — || — || —
|- bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| 1947–48
| [[Chicago Black Hawks]]
| NHL
| 54 || 23 || 29 || 52 || 17
| — || — || — || — || —
|-
| [[1948–49 NHL season|1948–49]]
| Chicago Black Hawks
| NHL
| 4 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 2
| — || — || — || — || —
|- bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| 1948–49
| [[Detroit Red Wings]]
| NHL
| 56 || 21 || 21 || 42 || 6
| 10 || 0 || 1 || 1 || 2
|-
| [[1949–50 NHL season|1949–50]]
| [[New York Rangers]]
| NHL
| 28 || 3 || 6 || 9 || 8
| — || — || — || — || —
|- bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| 1949–50
| [[Boston Bruins]]
| NHL
| 38 || 16 || 14 || 30 || 6
| — || — || — || — || —
|-
| [[1950–51 USHL season|1950–51]]
| [[Tulsa Oilers (1928–51)|Tulsa Oilers]]
| [[United States Hockey League (1945–1951)|USHL]]
| 60 || 15 || 38 || 53 || 48
| 9 || 5 || 6 || 11 || 4
|- bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| 1951–52
| Glace-Bay Miners
| [[Maritime Major Hockey League|MMHL]]
| 84 || 33 || 60 || 93 || 69
| 2 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| [[1952–53 WHL season|1952–53]]
| [[Edmonton Flyers]]
| [[Western Hockey League (1952–1974)|WHL]]
| 70 || 20 || 29 || 49 || 62
| 15 || 0 || 7 || 7 || 12
|- bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| [[1953–54 WHL season|1953–54]]
| Edmonton Flyers
| WHL
| 49 || 12 || 39 || 51 || 34
| 13 || 3 || 9 || 12 || 0
|-
| [[1954–55 WHL season|1954–55]]
| Edmonton Flyers
| WHL
| 3 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 0
| — || — || — || — || —
|- bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| 1954–55
| Edmonton Flyers
| [[Edinburgh Trophy|Ed-Cup]]
| — || — || — || — || —
| 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0
|- bgcolor="#e0e0e0"
! colspan="3" | NHL totals
! 311 !! 107 !! 122 !! 229 !! 91
! 23 !! 4 !! 5 !! 9 !! 8
|}

==Coaching statistics==
{| cellSpacing="0" cellPadding="3" border="0"
|- align="center" bgColor="#e0e0e0"
! align="center" | Season
! align="center" | Team
! align="center" | League
! align="center" | Type
! align="center" | G
! align="center" | W
! align="center" | L
! align="center" | T
! align="center" | OTL
! align="center" | Pct
|- align="center"
| class="left" | 1952–53
| class="left" | [[Edmonton Flyers]]
| class="left" | WHL
| class="left" | Head Coach
| align="center" | 60
| align="center" | 21
| align="center" | 28
| align="center" | 11
| align="center" | 0
| align="center" | .442
|- align="center" bgColor="#f0f0f0"
| class="left" | 1953–54
| class="left" | Edmonton Flyers
| class="left" | WHL
| class="left" | Head Coach
| align="center" | 70
| align="center" | 29
| align="center" | 30
| align="center" | 11
| align="center" | 0
| align="center" | .493
|- align="center"
| class="left" | 1954–55
| class="left" | Edmonton Flyers
| class="left" | WHL
| class="left" | Head Coach
| align="center" | 70
| align="center" | 39
| align="center" | 20
| align="center" | 11
| align="center" | 0
| align="center" | .636
|- align="center" bgColor="#f0f0f0"
| class="left" | 1955–56
| class="left" | Edmonton Flyers
| class="left" | WHL
| class="left" | Head Coach
| align="center" | 70
| align="center" | 33
| align="center" | 34
| align="center" | 3
| align="center" | 0
| align="center" | .493
|- align="center"
| class="left" | 1956–57
| class="left" | Edmonton Flyers
| class="left" | WHL
| class="left" | Head Coach
| align="center" | 70
| align="center" | 39
| align="center" | 27
| align="center" | 4
| align="center" | 0
| align="center" | .586
|- align="center" bgColor="#f0f0f0"
| class="left" | 1957–58
| class="left" | Edmonton Flyers
| class="left" | WHL
| class="left" | Head Coach1
| align="center" | —
| align="center" | —
| align="center" | —
| align="center" | —
| align="center" | —
| align="center" | —
|- align="center"
| class="left" | 1959–60
| class="left" | Edmonton Flyers
| class="left" | WHL
| class="left" | Head Coach
| align="center" | 70
| align="center" | 37
| align="center" | 29
| align="center" | 4
| align="center" | 0
| align="center" | .557
|- align="center" bgColor="#f0f0f0"
| class="left" | 1960–61
| class="left" | Edmonton Flyers
| class="left" | WHL
| class="left" | Head Coach
| align="center" | 70
| align="center" | 27
| align="center" | 43
| align="center" | 0
| align="center" | 0
| align="center" | .386
|- align="center"
| class="left" | 1961–62
| class="left" | Edmonton Flyers
| class="left" | WHL
| class="left" | Head Coach
| align="center" | 70
| align="center" | 39
| align="center" | 27
| align="center" | 4
| align="center" | 0
| align="center" | .586
|- align="center" bgColor="#f0f0f0"
| class="left" | 1962–63
| class="left" | [[San Francisco Seals (hockey)|San Francisco Seals]]
| class="left" | WHL
| class="left" | Head Coach
| align="center" | 70
| align="center" | 44
| align="center" | 25
| align="center" | 1
| align="center" | 0
| align="center" | .636
|- align="center"
| class="left" | 1963–64
| class="left" | San Francisco Seals
| class="left" | WHL
| class="left" | Head Coach2
| align="center" | —
| align="center" | —
| align="center" | —
| align="center" | —
| align="center" | —
| align="center" | —
|- align="center" bgColor="#f0f0f0"
| class="left" | 1964–65
| class="left" | San Francisco Seals
| class="left" | WHL
| class="left" | Head Coach
| align="center" | 70
| align="center" | 31
| align="center" | 37
| align="center" | 2
| align="center" | 0
| align="center" | .457
|- align="center"
| class="left" | 1965–66
| class="left" | San Francisco Seals
| class="left" | WHL
| class="left" | Head Coach²
| align="center" | —
| align="center" | —
| align="center" | —
| align="center" | —
| align="center" | —
| align="center" | —
|}
1 Midseason replacement

² Replaced midseason

==See also==
{{Portal|Biography}}
*[[Norman R. "Bud" Poile Trophy]] (AHL)
*[[Norman R. "Bud" Poile Trophy (IHL)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Bud Poile}}
* {{Ice hockey stats|legendsm=B199001|legendstype=Builder|hockeydb=12094}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box | before = Position created | title = [[List of Philadelphia Flyers general managers|General Manager of the Philadelphia Flyers]] | years = [[1967–68 NHL season|1967]]–[[1969–70 NHL season|69]] | after = [[Keith Allen (ice hockey)|Keith Allen]]}}
{{succession box | before = Position created | title = [[List of Vancouver Canucks general managers|General Manager of the Vancouver Canucks]] | years = [[1970–71 NHL season|1970]]–[[1972–73 NHL season|73]] | after = [[Hal Laycoe]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{IHL Commissioner}}
{{Central Professional Hockey League President}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Poile, Bud}}
[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:2005 deaths]]
[[Category:Boston Bruins players]]
[[Category:Chicago Blackhawks players]]
[[Category:Detroit Red Wings players]]
[[Category:Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in the United States]]
[[Category:Edmonton Flyers (WHL) players]]
[[Category:Hockey Hall of Fame inductees]]
[[Category:Ice hockey people from Thunder Bay]]
[[Category:Lester Patrick Trophy recipients]]
[[Category:National Hockey League executives]]
[[Category:New York Rangers players]]
[[Category:Philadelphia Flyers executives]]
[[Category:Stanley Cup champions]]
[[Category:Toronto Maple Leafs players]]
[[Category:Vancouver Canucks general managers]]
[[Category:Canadian ice hockey right wingers]]
[[Category:International Hockey League (1945–2001) executives]]
[[Category:20th-century Canadian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Royal Canadian Air Force personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Neurological disease deaths in British Columbia]]
[[Category:Deaths from Parkinson's disease in Canada]]

Robert Leckie (RCAF officer)

2025-10-10T10:24:29Z

2A02:8012:227B:0:C052:B091:25D5:45E7:

{{short description|Canadian air officer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox military person
| name = Robert Leckie
| image = Robert Leckie, DSO, DSC.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Leckie in 1919
| nickname =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1890|04|16}}
| birth_place = [[Glasgow]], Scotland
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1975|03|31|1890|04|16}}
| death_place = [[Ottawa]], Canada
| placeofburial =
| allegiance = United Kingdom Canada
| branch = [[Royal Navy]] (1915–18) [[Royal Air Force]] (1918–42) [[Royal Canadian Air Force]] (1942–47)
| serviceyears = 1915–1947
| rank = [[Air marshal]]
| unit =
| commands = [[Commander of the Royal Canadian Air Force|Chief of the Air Staff, RCAF]] (1944–47) [[RAF Mediterranean]] (1938–40) [[RAF Hendon]] (1933–35) [[No. 210 Squadron RAF]] (1931–33) [[RAF Bircham Newton]] (1929–31) [[Canadian Air Force (1918–20)|No. 1 Wing CAF]] (1919) [[No. 228 Squadron RAF]] (1918–19)
| battles = [[First World War]] [[Second World War]]
| awards = Companion of the [[Order of the Bath]] [[Distinguished Service Order]] [[Distinguished Service Cross (United Kingdom)|Distinguished Service Cross]] [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)|Distinguished Flying Cross]] [[Canadian Forces' Decoration]] [[Order of the Crown (Belgium)|Grand Officer of the Order of the Crown]] (Belgium) [[Order of the White Lion|Grand Officer of the Order of the White Lion]] (Czechoslovakia) [[King Haakon VII Freedom Cross]] (Norway) [[Order of Polonia Restituta|Grand Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta]] (Poland) [[Commander of the Legion of Merit]] (United States)
| relations =
| laterwork =
}}
[[Air Marshal]] '''Robert Leckie''', {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100|sep=,|CB|DSO|DSC|DFC|CD}} (16 April 1890 – 31 March 1975) was an [[air officer]] in the [[Royal Air Force]] and later in the [[Royal Canadian Air Force]], and served as [[Commander of the Royal Canadian Air Force|Chief of the Air Staff]] of the Royal Canadian Air Force from 1944 to 1947. He initially served in the [[Royal Naval Air Service]] during the First World War, where he became known as one of "the [[Zeppelin]] killers from Canada", after shooting down two airships. During the [[inter-war period]] he served as a Royal Air Force squadron and station commander, eventually becoming the RAF's Director of Training in 1935, and was Air Officer Commanding RAF Mediterranean from 1938 until after the beginning of the Second World War. In 1940 he returned to Canada where he was primarily responsible for the [[British Commonwealth Air Training Plan]], transferring to the Royal Canadian Air Force in 1942.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1975/1975%20-%200749.html |title=Obituary: Air Marshal Robert Leckie |issue=3449 |volume=107 |page=669 |journal=[[Flight International|Flight]] |date=17 April 1975 |accessdate=8 March 2017}}</ref><ref name="rafweb">{{cite web |url=http://www.rafweb.org/Biographies/Leckie.htm |title=Air Marshal Robert Leckie |first=M. B. |last=Barrass |work=Air of Authority – A History of RAF Organisation |accessdate=8 March 2017}}</ref>

==Early life and background==
Leckie was born in [[Glasgow]], Scotland, where his father and grandfather were [[weaving|weavers]].<ref name="thememoryproject">{{cite web |url=http://www.thememoryproject.com/stories/3119:interview-with-robert-leckie/ |title=Veteran Stories: Robert Leckie |work=2017 The Memory Project |accessdate=8 March 2017}}</ref> In 1909 his family emigrated to Canada,<ref name="LaAC">{{cite web |url=http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/military-heritage/first-world-war/100-stories/Pages/leckie.aspx |title=Robert Leckie |work=[[Library and Archives Canada]] |accessdate=8 March 2017}}</ref> where he worked for his uncle John Leckie<ref name="thememoryproject"/> while living in [[West Toronto]].<ref name="LaAC"/>{{refn|group=fn|The [[Canada 1911 Census|1911 Census]] lists Leckie as living with his sisters, Mary (24) and Annette (15), and his mother, Annie (50), who is described as "head" of the family, suggesting that his father was dead (or had otherwise left the family) by this time.}}

==First World War==
Leckie was initially commissioned into the [[1st Central Ontario Regiment]],<ref name="rafweb"/> and in late 1915 paid [[Canadian dollar|Can$]]600 to begin flying training at the [[Curtiss Flying School]] on [[Toronto Island]].<ref name="thememoryproject"/><ref name="rcafassociation">{{cite web |url=http://rcafassociation.ca/advocacy/airpower-advocacy-committee/commanders-canadas-air-force/air-marshal-robert-leckie/ |title=Air Marshal Robert Leckie |work=RCAF Association |accessdate=8 March 2017}}</ref> However, he had completed only three hours of training<ref name="thememoryproject"/> in the [[Curtiss Model F]] [[flying boat]] at Hanlan's Point, when the school was forced to close for the winter.<ref name="heritagemississauga">{{cite web |url=http://www.heritagemississauga.com/assets/Curtiss%20Aviation%20School%20-%20Final%20Report%20-%20by%20Liwen%20Chen.pdf |title=Canada's First Aerodrome: Long Branch Curtiss Aviation School |first=Liwen |last=Chen |work=Heritage Mississauga |accessdate=8 March 2017 |archive-date=13 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913182935/http://www.heritagemississauga.com/assets/Curtiss%20Aviation%20School%20-%20Final%20Report%20-%20by%20Liwen%20Chen.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> At the urging of Sir [[Charles Kingsmill]], the Chief of the Naval Staff of the Royal Canadian Navy, the Royal Navy agreed to accept half of the class,<ref name="thememoryproject"/> and Leckie was sent to England.<ref name="heritagemississauga"/> On 6 December 1915, he was commissioned as a probationary temporary flight sub-lieutenant in the [[Royal Naval Air Service]], and posted to Royal Navy Air Station [[Chingford]], for training. On 10 May 1916, having accumulated 33 hours and 3 minutes flying time, he was granted [[Royal Aero Club]] Aviator's Certificate No. 2923, and was then sent to [[RNAS Felixstowe]] for further training in flying boats.<ref name="thememoryproject"/> He was confirmed in his rank of [[Sub-lieutenant|flight sub-lieutenant]] in June,<ref>{{London Gazette |date=27 June 1916 |issue=29641 |page=6343}}</ref> and in August was posted to RNAS [[Great Yarmouth]] to fly patrols over the [[North Sea]].<ref name="thememoryproject"/>

[[File:Curtiss America 001.jpg|thumb|Curtiss H-12 'Large America' in RNAS service, c.1917.]]
Leckie's first success came on 14 May 1917, as pilot of [[Curtiss Model H|Curtiss Model H-12 'Large America']] No. 8666, under the command of Flight Lieutenant Christopher John Galpin. The aircraft left Great Yarmouth on patrol at 03.30 a.m. in poor weather with heavy rain and low cloud. The weather cleared as she approached the [[Texel]], and at 4:45 a.m. she spotted the [[Terschelling]] Light Vessel, and a few minutes later [[Zeppelin LZ 64|Zeppelin ''L 22'']] about 10–15 miles away. The Curtiss increased speed and gained height, and Leckie took over the controls as Galpin manned the twin [[Lewis gun]]s mounted in the bow. The Curtiss managed to approach to within half a mile before she was spotted, and the Zeppelin attempted to evade, but by then it was too late. The aircraft dived down alongside and Galpin fired an entire drum of incendiary bullets at a range of about 50 yards. The ''L 22'' rapidly caught fire, and crashed into the sea. The Curtiss returned to Great Yarmouth by 7:50 a.m., and they found only two bullet holes, in the left upper wing and the hull amidships, where the Germans had returned fire.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://fleetairarmoa.org/news/on-this-day-14-may-1917 |title=On this day 14 May 1917: Destruction of Zeppelin L.22 by Flying Boat |date=14 May 2013 |work=Fleet Air Arm Officers Association |accessdate=8 March 2017}}</ref> On 22 June, for his part in downing the ''L 22'', Leckie was awarded the [[Distinguished Service Cross (United Kingdom)|Distinguished Service Cross]], while Galpin received the [[Distinguished Service Order]].<ref>{{London Gazette |date=22 June 1917 |supp=y |issue=30147 |pages=6255–6256 |nolink=yes}}</ref> On 30 June Leckie was promoted to [[flight lieutenant]].<ref>{{London Gazette |date=29 June 1917 |issue=30156 |page=6414 |nolink=yes}}</ref>

Another memorable patrol began for Leckie at 10.35 a.m. on 5 September 1917, again flying Curtiss H-12 No. 8666 from Great Yarmouth, under Squadron Commander Vincent Nicholl. They were accompanied by a [[Airco DH.4|de Havilland DH.4]] biplane, and were again heading for Terschelling. However, they were only part-way to their destination when they unexpectedly encountered the Zeppelins ''L 44'' and ''L 46'' accompanied by support ships. The British aircraft were hit by enemy fire, but pressed their attack on the ''L 44''. Nicholl noted several hits on the Zeppelin from his guns, but it did not catch fire. Leckie then turned the aircraft to attack the ''L 46'', but it had turned rapidly away and was out of range, as was the ''L 44'' by the time he turned back. Both British aircraft had been hit, and the DH.4's engine soon failed. The Curtiss had also been hit in one engine and one wing was badly damaged. The DH.4 was forced to [[Water landing|ditch into the sea]], and Nicholl ordered Leckie to put the aircraft down to rescue the two crew. However, now with six men aboard, damaged, and in heavy seas Leckie was unable to take off again. Some 75 miles from the English coast, the aircraft began to taxi towards home. Their radio was waterlogged, but they did have four [[homing pigeon]]s. Nicholl attached messages to the birds giving their position and course and sent them off at intervals. After four hours the aircraft ran out of fuel, and began to drift, so they improvised a [[sea anchor]] from empty fuel cans to steady it. That night the damaged wing tip broke off, and each man then had to spend two hours at a time outside balanced on the opposite wing to keep the broken wing from filling with water and dragging the aircraft under. After three days at sea, the six men were suffering badly. They had no food and only two gallons of drinking water, gained from draining the radiators of their water-cooled engines. Finally, at dawn on 8 September, as search operations were about to be called off, one of the pigeons was found, dead from exhaustion, by the coastguard station at [[Walcott, Norfolk|Walcot]], and shortly after midday they were rescued by the [[torpedo gunboat]] {{HMS|Halcyon|1894|6}}. Pigeon No. N.U.R.P./17/F.16331 was [[Taxidermy|preserved]], and originally kept in the officers' [[mess]] at RNAS Yarmouth, but is now on display at the [[RAF Museum Hendon]]. A brass plate on the display case bears the inscription "A very gallant gentleman".<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.lookandlearn.com/blog/18494/the-gallant-pigeon-that-saved-six-ww1-airmen-lost-in-the-north-sea/ |title=The gallant pigeon that saved six WW1 airmen lost in the North Sea |journal=[[Look and Learn]] |number=714 |date=20 September 1975 |accessdate=8 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/blog/flying-boats-over-the-north-sea/ |title=Flying Boats over the North Sea |first=Gordon |last=Leith |date=10 November 2014 |work=[[Royal Air Force Museum London]] |accessdate=8 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1927/1927%20-%200837.html |title=Death of Colonel Vincent Nicholl, D.S.O., D.S.C. |issue=983 |volume=XIX |page=753 |journal=Flight |date=27 October 1927 |accessdate=8 March 2017}}</ref>

On 31 December 1917 Leckie was appointed a [[flight commander]].<ref name="rafweb"/> While on patrol on 20 February 1918, Leckie spotted an enemy submarine on the surface, and attacked it with bombs, seeing one strike the vessel as it dived, leaving a large oil slick.<ref name="thememoryproject"/> Leckie was subsequently awarded the [[Distinguished Service Order]] on 17 May 1918,<ref>{{London Gazette |date=14 May 1918 |supp=y |issue=30687 |page=5855 |nolink=yes}}</ref> only learning much later that he had not actually sunk it.<ref name="thememoryproject"/>

[[File:Felixstowe F.2A Q 082243.jpg|thumb|Felixstowe F.2A (N4283) in black and white "dazzle" scheme, flown by Captains Robert Leckie and [[Gerald Livock]] in March 1918.]]
On 1 April 1918, the Royal Naval Air Service was merged with the Army's [[Royal Flying Corps]] to form the Royal Air Force, and Leckie transferred to the new service with the rank of lieutenant (temporary captain), though on 8 April he was promoted to the temporary rank of [[Major (United Kingdom)|major]].<ref>{{London Gazette |date=6 September 1918 |issue=30887 |page=10551 |nolink=yes}}</ref>

On 4 June 1918 Leckie led an offensive patrol of four [[Felixstowe F.2]]A flying boats and a Curtiss H.12 towards the Haaks Light Vessel off the Dutch coast. They saw no enemy aircraft until one of the F.2A's, number N.4533, was forced down with a broken fuel feed-pipe. Five enemy seaplanes appeared, but seemed more interested in attacking the crippled F.2A. The remaining aircraft circled N.4533 as it taxied towards to the Dutch coast (where the crew eventually burned their aircraft before being interned), until ten more German seaplanes appeared. Leckie promptly led his small force into a head on attack, and a dogfight ensued which lasted for 40 minutes. Despite further mechanical difficulties – two other F2A's also had problems with their fuel pipes and had to effect makeshift repairs while in the middle of the action – two German aircraft were shot down, and four badly damaged before the Germans broke off the action, for the loss of one F.2A and the Curtiss (its crew survived to be interned by the Dutch),<ref name="Flight2447">{{cite journal |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1955/1955%20-%201775.html |first=J. M. |last=Bruce |title=The Felixstowe Flying-Boats: Historic Military Aircraft, No. 11 (Part 2) |issue=2447 |volume=68 |page=898 |journal=Flight |date=16 December 1955 |accessdate=8 March 2017}}</ref> and one man killed.<ref name="Flight1043">{{cite journal |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1928/1928%20-%201170.html |title="The Story of a North Sea Air Station" by C. F. Snowden Gamble, Oxford University Press |first=F.A. de V. |last=Robertson |issue=1043 |volume=XX |page=1076 |journal=Flight |date=20 December 1928 |accessdate=8 March 2017}}</ref> Leckie's force returned to Great Yarmouth, and in his report he bitterly remarked "...these operations were robbed of complete success entirely through faulty petrol pipes... It is obvious that our greatest foes are not the enemy..."<ref name="Flight2447"/>

On the afternoon of 5 August 1918 a squadron of five Zeppelins took off from [[Friedrichshafen]]. They headed for the east coast of England, timing their flight to arrive off the coast just after dark.<ref name="PHandford">{{cite web |url=http://www.birminghammedalsociety.com/uploads/1/1/9/7/11975097/bms_meeting_3_july_2014_final.pdf |title=The story of Egbert 'Bertie' Cadbury and his remarkable achievement during WWI |first=Paul |last=Handford |work=Birmingham Medal Society |date=3 July 2014 |accessdate=8 March 2017 |archive-date=23 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123201535/http://www.birminghammedalsociety.com/uploads/1/1/9/7/11975097/bms_meeting_3_july_2014_final.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The leading airship, ''[[List of Zeppelins#LZ 112|L 70]]'' was commanded by ''Kapitänleutnant'' Johann von Lossnitzer, but also had ''[[Fregattenkapitän]]'' [[Peter Strasser]], the ''Führer der Luftschiffe'' ("Leader of Airships"), the commander of the [[Imperial German Navy]]'s airship force, on board.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/research/history-of-aviation-timeline/interactive-aviation-timeline/british-military-aviation/1918.aspx |title=British Military Aviation in 1918 |website=[[Royal Air Force Museum]] |access-date=23 August 2018}}</ref> However, the airship squadron was spotted while out at sea by the Lenman Tail lightship which signalled their course and position to the Admiralty. Responding to the report Major [[Egbert Cadbury]] jumped into the pilot's seat of the only aircraft available, a [[Airco DH.4|DH.4]], while Leckie occupied the observer/gunner's position.<ref name="PHandford"/> After about an hour they spotted the ''L 70'' and attacked, with Leckie firing eighty rounds of incendiary bullets into her. Fire rapidly consumed the airship as it plummeted into the sea.<ref name="thememoryproject"/> Cadbury and Leckie, and another pilot Lieutenant Ralph Edmund Keys, then attacked and damaged another Zeppelin, which promptly turned tail and headed for home.<ref name="PHandford"/> All three received the [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)|Distinguished Flying Cross]].<ref>{{London Gazette |date=20 September 1918 |supp=y |issue=30913 |page=11256 |nolink=yes}}</ref>

A few days later, on 11 August 1918 Leckie took part in another operation over the North Sea. Zeppelins often shadowed British naval ships, while carefully operating at higher altitudes than anti-aircraft guns or flying boats could achieve, and out of range of land based aircraft, so the Harwich Light Cruiser Force set out with a [[Sopwith Camel]] lashed to a decked [[Lighter (barge)|lighter]] towed by the destroyer [[R-class destroyer (1916)|HMS ''Redoubt'']]. When Leckie's reconnaissance flight reported an approaching Zeppelin, the ''Redoubt'' steamed at full speed into the wind, allowing the Camel's pilot Lieutenant Culley to take off with only a five-yard run. Culley climbed to 18,800 feet, approached the ''L 53'' out of the sun, and attacked with his twin Lewis guns, setting the airship on fire.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1937/1937%20-%202852.html |title=A "Zepp-Strafer" |issue=1503 |volume=XXXII |page=386 |journal=Flight |date=14 October 1937 |accessdate=8 March 2017}}</ref>

On 20 August 1918 Leckie was appointed commander of the newly formed [[No. 228 Squadron RAF|No. 228 Squadron]], flying the Curtis H-12 and Felixstowe F.2A out of Great Yarmouth.<ref name="rafweb"/> Within three months [[Armistice of 11 November 1918|the armistice]] brought the fighting to an end.

==Inter-war career==
Leckie remained with the RAF until 31 March 1919 when he was transferred to the unemployed list,<ref>{{London Gazette |date=4 July 1919 |issue=31433 |page=8392 |nolink=yes}}</ref> and simultaneously seconded to the Canadian Air Force with the temporary rank of [[Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom)|lieutenant colonel]],<ref>{{London Gazette |date=13 May 1919 |supp=y |issue=31341 |page=6100 |nolink=yes}}</ref> to command the [[Canadian Air Force (1918–20)|1st Wing, Canadian Air Force]]. This unit comprised [[No. 81 Squadron RAF|No. 81 Squadron (No. 1 Canadian)]], flying [[Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5|S.E.5]] and [[Sopwith Dolphin]] fighters, and [[No. 123 Squadron RAF|No. 123 Squadron (No. 2 Canadian)]], flying [[Airco DH.9A]] bombers,<ref name="Flight1635">{{cite journal |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1940/1940%20-%201210.html |title=A Splendid Tradition: A Brief History of the Birth, Growth and Work of the Royal Canadian Air Force |first=Michael |last=Terry |issue=1635 |volume=XXXVII |page=h |journal=Flight |date=25 April 1940 |accessdate=8 March 2017}}</ref> and was based at [[RAF Shoreham]], [[Sussex]].<ref name="LaAC"/> The Canadian Wing had been formed in August 1918 at [[RAF Upper Heyford]], [[Oxfordshire]], but never saw active service, and was eventually disbanded when the [[Canadian Expeditionary Force]] returned home.<ref name="Flight1635"/>

On 1 August 1919 Leckie was granted a permanent commission in the Royal Air Force with the rank of major (later squadron leader),<ref>{{London Gazette |date=1 August 1919 |issue=31486 |page=9866 |nolink=yes}}</ref> relinquishing his commission in the 1st Central Ontario Regiment of the Overseas Military Forces of Canada on the 31st.<ref>{{London Gazette |date=16 September 1919 |supp=y |issue=31555 |page=11653 |nolink=yes}}</ref>

On 15 December 1919 he was seconded for duty with the [[Canadian Air Board]]<ref>{{London Gazette |date=24 June 1921 |issue=32368 |page=5014 |nolink=yes}}</ref> serving as Superintendent of Flying Operations.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1920/1920%20-%200574.html |title=The Canadian Air Board |issue=596 |volume=XII |page=574 |journal=Flight |date=27 May 1920 |accessdate=8 March 2017}}</ref> In this role he played a central role in the development of Canadian civil aviation, organizing and taking part in the first trans-Canada flight<ref name="rcafassociation"/> between [[Halifax, Nova Scotia|Halifax]] and [[Vancouver]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1920/1920%20-%201027.html |title=To Fly Across Canada |issue=613 |volume=XII |page=1029 |journal=Flight |date=23 September 1920 |accessdate=8 March 2017}}</ref> Leckie and Major Basil Hobbs flew from Halifax to [[Winnipeg]] between 7 and 10 October 1920,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://casmuseum.techno-science.ca/microsites/en/timeline/index.php?file=exhiblet_8&Lang=e&page=3 |title=The First Trans-Canada Flight: Getting Off the Ground |page=3 |work=[[Canada Science and Technology Museum]] |accessdate=8 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://casmuseum.techno-science.ca/microsites/en/timeline/index.php?file=exhiblet_8&Lang=e&page=4 |title=The First Trans-Canada Flight: Through the Wilderness |page=4 |work=Canada Science and Technology Museum |accessdate=8 March 2017}}</ref> before other pilots and aircraft took over, finally arriving in Vancouver on the 17th.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://casmuseum.techno-science.ca/microsites/en/timeline/index.php?file=exhiblet_8&Lang=e&page=6 |title=The First Trans-Canada Flight: Crossing the Rockies to Vancouver |page=6 |work=Canada Science and Technology Museum |accessdate=8 March 2017}}</ref>

Leckie's secondment ended on 27 May 1922,<ref>{{London Gazette |date=13 June 1922 |supp=y |issue=32719 |page=4478 |nolink=yes}}</ref> and he returned to Britain to be posted to the [[No. 1 School of Technical Training RAF|No. 1 School of Technical Training]] at [[RAF Halton]] on 8 June.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1922/1922%20-%200389.html |title=Royal Air Force: Appointments |issue=706 |volume=XIV |page=389 |journal=Flight |date=6 July 1922 |accessdate=8 March 2017}}</ref> On 25 September he was posted the RAF Depot (Inland Area) as a supernumerary officer,<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1922/1922%20-%200598.html |title=Royal Air Force: Appointments |issue=720 |volume=XIV |page=598 |journal=Flight |date=12 October 1922 |accessdate=8 March 2017}}</ref> in order to attend the Royal Navy Staff College.<ref name="Flight1551">{{cite journal |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1938/1938%20-%202572.html |title=Royal Air Force: Changes in the Higher Appointments |issue=1551 |volume=XXXIV |page=228 |journal=Flight |date=15 September 1938 |accessdate=8 March 2017}}</ref> On 5 July 1923 he was posted to the Headquarters of [[RAF Coastal Area]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1923/1923%20-%200355.html |title=Royal Air Force: Appointments |issue=757 |volume=XV |page=355 |journal=Flight |date=28 June 1923 |accessdate=8 March 2017}}</ref>

On 1 January 1926 Leckie was promoted to [[wing commander]],<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=33119 |date=29 December 1925 |page=10 |supp=y }}</ref> and on 16 March was posted to Headquarters, Mediterranean,<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1926/1926%20-%200245.html |title=Royal Air Force: Appointments |issue=902 |volume=XVIII |page=213 |journal=Flight |date=8 April 1926 |accessdate=8 March 2017}}</ref> where on 30 March he joined the aircraft carrier {{HMS|Hermes|95|6}} to serve as Senior Air Force Officer.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1926/1926%20-%200309.html |title=Royal Air Force: Appointments |issue=905 |volume=XVIII |page=265 |journal=Flight |date=29 April 1926 |accessdate=8 March 2017}}</ref> He returned to the depot at [[RAF Uxbridge]] on 11 May 1927,<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1927/1927%20-%200547.html |title=Royal Air Force: Appointments |issue=969 |volume=XIX |page=505 |journal=Flight |date=21 July 1927 |accessdate=8 March 2017}}</ref> and on 26 August was posted to Headquarters, Coastal Area, while he waited for {{HMS|Courageous|50|6}} to be commissioned.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1927/1927%20-%200711.html |title=Royal Air Force: Appointments |issue=977 |volume=XIX |page=657 |journal=Flight |date=15 September 1927 |accessdate=8 March 2017}}</ref> Following the completion of her conversion to an aircraft carrier ''Courageous'' was commissioned at [[HMNB Devonport|Devonport]] on 14 February 1928,<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1928/1928%20-%200118.html |title=New Aircraft Carrier |issue=999 |volume=XX |page=106 |journal=Flight |date=16 February 1928 |accessdate=8 March 2017}}</ref> and on 21 February Leckie joined her as Senior Air Force Officer.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1928/1928%20-%200221.html |title=Royal Air Force: Appointments |issue=1004 |volume=XX |page=201 |journal=Flight |date=22 March 1928 |accessdate=8 March 2017}}</ref>

Leckie returned to dry land on 5 September 1929, when he was appointed commander of [[RAF Bircham Newton]], Norfolk.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1929/1929-1%20-%201288.html |title=Royal Air Force: Appointments |issue=1084 |volume=XXI |page=1083 |journal=Flight |date=4 October 1929 |accessdate=8 March 2017}}</ref> On 11 April 1931 he became commander of [[No. 210 Squadron RAF]], initially based at [[Felixstowe]], and then [[RAF Pembroke Dock]], flying the [[Supermarine Southampton]] Mk. II.<ref name="rafweb"/><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1931/1931%20-%200427.html |title=Royal Air Force: Appointments |issue=1166 |volume=XXIII |page=395 |journal=Flight |date=1 May 1931 |accessdate=8 March 2017}}</ref> On 1 January 1933 Leckie was promoted to [[group captain]],<ref>{{London Gazette |date=30 December 1932 |supp=y |issue=33898 |page=16 |nolink=yes}}</ref> and on 30 January he was appointed both Superintendent of the RAF Reserve and commander of [[RAF Hendon]].<ref name="rafweb"/><ref name="Flight1551"/> On 21 August 1935 Leckie was also appointed an additional [[Air aide-de-camp|Air Aide-de-Camp]] to King [[George V]],<ref>{{London Gazette |date=20 August 1935 |issue=34191 |page=5344 |nolink=yes}}</ref> attending the King's funeral in that capacity on 28 January 1936,<ref>{{London Gazette |date=29 April 1936 |supp=y |issue=34279 |page=2769 |nolink=yes}}</ref> and was appointed Air Aide-de-Camp to King [[Edward VIII]] on 1 July 1936.<ref>{{London Gazette |date=14 July 1936 |issue=34304 |page=4512 |nolink=yes}}</ref> Leckie was appointed Director of Training at the [[Air Ministry]] on 5 October 1936, taking over from Air Commodore [[Arthur Tedder]],<ref>{{London Gazette |date=6 October 1936 |issue=34329 |page=6366 |nolink=yes}}</ref><ref name="Flight1443">{{cite journal |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1936/1936%20-%202296.html |title=Royal Air Force: Changes in the Higher Command |issue=1443 |volume=XXX |page=211 |journal=Flight |date=20 August 1936 |accessdate=8 March 2017}}</ref> and was promoted to [[air commodore]] on 1 January 1937,<ref>{{London Gazette |date=1 January 1937 |issue=34356 |page=17 |nolink=yes}}</ref> handing over the post as Air Aide-de-Camp to the King to Group Captain [[Keith Park]] the same day.<ref>{{London Gazette |date=12 January 1937 |issue=34359 |page=268 |nolink=yes}}</ref> Leckie's tenure as Director of Training ended on 28 November 1938,<ref>{{London Gazette |date=29 November 1938 |issue=34575 |page=7533 |nolink=yes}}</ref> and on 2 December 1938 he was appointed [[Air Officer Commanding]], [[RAF Mediterranean]], based at Malta.<ref name="rafweb"/><ref name="rcafassociation"/>

==Second World War==
In 1940, Leckie was seconded to the [[Royal Canadian Air Force]] to establish the [[British Commonwealth Air Training Plan]] (BCATP) in Canada. By the end of the war BCATP had trained 131,553 air crew from 11 countries.<ref name="canadaveteranshallofvalour">{{cite web |url=http://www.canadaveteranshallofvalour.com/LeckieR.htm |title=Robert Leckie 1890–1975 |work=Canada Veterans Hall of Valour |accessdate=8 March 2017}}</ref> On 5 August 1941 he was promoted to the [[acting rank]] of [[air vice-marshal]],<ref>{{London Gazette |date=14 October 1941 |issue=35309 |page=5968 |nolink=yes}}</ref> and served as Member of the Air Council for Training.<ref name="rafweb"/> On 6 April 1942 Leckie was placed on the RAF retired list on accepting a commission in the Royal Canadian Air Force.<ref>{{London Gazette |date=16 April 1943 |supp=y |issue=35983 |page=1800 |nolink=yes}}</ref> On 2 June 1943 he was made a Companion of the [[Order of the Bath]] (CB).<ref>{{London Gazette |date=28 May 1943 |supp=y |issue=36034 |page=2477 |nolink=yes}}</ref> From 1 January 1944 until 31 August 1947 Leckie served as [[Commander of the Royal Canadian Air Force|Chief of Staff, RCAF]] with the rank of [[air marshal]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rcafassociation.ca/advocacy/airpower-advocacy-committee/commanders-canadas-air-force/ |title=Commanders of Canada's Air Force |work=RCAF Association |accessdate=8 March 2017}}</ref>

For his service during the Second World War Leckie received the [[Order of Polonia Restituta]] (1st class) from the President of the Republic of Poland on 1 May 1945,<ref>{{London Gazette |date=27 April 1945 |supp=y |issue=37059 |page=2303 |nolink=yes}}</ref> and was also made a Commander of the [[Legion of Merit]] by the United States, and a Grand Officer of both the Belgian [[Order of the Crown (Belgium)|Order of the Crown]] and the Czechoslovak [[Order of the White Lion]].<ref name="canadaveteranshallofvalour"/> In July 1948 he was awarded the [[King Haakon VII Freedom Cross]] by the [[Haakon VII of Norway|King of Norway]] "in recognition of distinguished services rendered in the cause of the Allies".<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1948/1948%20-%201097.html |title=Norwegian Honours for Ex-R.C.A.F. Personnel |issue=2064 |volume=LIV |page=83 |journal=Flight |date=15 July 1948 |accessdate=8 March 2017}}</ref>

==Post-war career==
Leckie retired from the Royal Canadian Air Force on 1 September 1947,<ref name="rafweb"/> though he continued to take an interest in aviation, serving as a special consultant to the [[Air Cadet League of Canada|Air Cadet League]].<ref name="rcafassociation"/>

Air Marshal Leckie died on 31 March 1975, the last surviving wartime Chief of the Air Staff, aged 84. He was survived by his widow, Bernice, and two sons.<ref name="LaAC"/><ref name="rcafassociation"/>

Leckie was inducted into the [[Canadian Aviation Hall of Fame]] in 1988.<ref name="canadaveteranshallofvalour"/>

==Footnotes==
{{reflist|group=fn}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web |url=http://www.junobeach.org/canada-in-wwii/articles/air-vice-marshal-robert-leckie/ |title=Air Vice-Marshal Robert Leckie |work=Juno Beach Centre}}
*[https://legionmagazine.com/en/2011/05/canadas-25-most-renowned-military-leaders/ Canada's 25 Most Renowned Military Leaders] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111203223/https://legionmagazine.com/en/2011/05/canadas-25-most-renowned-military-leaders/ |date=11 November 2020 }}

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Paul Maltby]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Air Officer Commanding [[RAF Mediterranean]]|years=1938–1940}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Forster Maynard]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Lloyd Samuel Breadner|Lloyd Breadner]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Commander of the Royal Canadian Air Force|Chief of the Air Staff]] ([[Royal Canadian Air Force|RCAF]])|years=1944–1947}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Wilfred Curtis]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Commander of the Royal Canadian Air Force}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Leckie, Robert}}
[[Category:1890 births]]
[[Category:1975 deaths]]
[[Category:Royal Canadian Air Force officers]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Glasgow]]
[[Category:Scottish airmen]]
[[Category:Scottish emigrants to Canada]]
[[Category:Canadian Expeditionary Force officers]]
[[Category:Royal Naval Air Service aviators]]
[[Category:Canadian World War I pilots]]
[[Category:Royal Canadian Air Force personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Royal Air Force air marshals of World War II]]
[[Category:Royal Canadian Air Force air marshals of World War II]]
[[Category:Canadian Companions of the Distinguished Service Order]]
[[Category:Canadian Companions of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:Canadian recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United Kingdom)]]
[[Category:Grand Officers of the Order of the Crown (Belgium)]]
[[Category:Grand Officers of the Order of the White Lion]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Royal Naval College, Greenwich]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of Polonia Restituta]]
[[Category:Commanders of the Legion of Merit]]
[[Category:Recipients of the King Haakon VII Freedom Cross]]
[[Category:Canadian recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United Kingdom)]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Royal Canadian Geographical Society]]
[[Category:Canadian people of Scottish descent]]

Harry Somers

2025-10-10T10:04:16Z

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{{short description|Canadian composer}}
{{For|those of a similar name|Harry Summers (disambiguation)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2024}}{{Infobox musical artist 
| name = Harry Somers
| image = Harry Somers.JPG
| alt =
| caption = Somers in 1947
| image_size =
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| birth_date = {{Birth date|1925|09|11}}
|birth_place =[[Toronto]], [[Ontario]], Canada
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1999|03|09|1925|09|11}}
|death_place =Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| origin =
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'''Harry Stewart Somers''', [[Order of Canada|CC]] (September 11, 1925 – March 9, 1999) was a [[Contemporary classical music|contemporary]] [[Canadians|Canadian]] [[composer]].<ref name="Historica">{{cite web |date=November 11, 2011 |title=Harry Somers |url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/harry-somers-emc/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212165426/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/harry-somers-emc/ |archive-date=2013-12-12 |access-date=2013-12-11 |website=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=H. Laine |first1=Mabel |last2=King |first2=Betty Nygaard |last3=Cherney |first3=Brian |last4=Beckwith |first4=John |date=November 20, 2011 |editor-last=Mcintosh |editor-first=Andrew |title=Harry Somers |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/harry-stewart-somers |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405201102/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/harry-stewart-somers |archive-date=April 5, 2023 |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=The Canadian Encyclopedia |type=an article }}</ref>

Somers earned the unofficial title of "Darling of Canadian Composition."<ref>{{cite book |last=Composer Portraits Series CD |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hcwoDAAAQBAJ&dq=Somers,+Harry.+2007&pg=PA259 |title=Opera Indigene: Re/presenting First Nations and Indigenous Cultures |date=January 1, 2006 |publisher=Centredisks Canada |isbn=9781317085423 |editor-last=Robinson |editor-first=Dylan |publication-date=May 13, 2016 |pages=259 |editor-last2=Karantonis |editor-first2=Pamela}}</ref> He was a founding member of the [[Canadian League of Composers]] (CLC) and involved in the formation of other Canadian music organizations, including the [[Canada Council for the Arts]] and the [[Canadian Music Centre]].<ref name="CLC">{{cite web |last= |title=History of the CLC |url=http://composition.org/clc-lcc/content/index.php/en/about-us/history-of-the-clc |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030195245/http://composition.org/clc-lcc/content/index.php/en/about-us/history-of-the-clc |archivedate=2013-10-30 |website=Canadian League of Composers}}</ref> He received commissions from the [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] and the [[Canada Council]] for the Arts.<ref name="Historica" />

==Biography==

===Early life===
Somers was born in [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]], Canada, on September 11, 1925.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Automatisering |first=Roffel |title=Harry Somers: Biography - Classic Cat |url=https://www.classiccat.net/somers_h/biography.php |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405200745/https://www.classiccat.net/somers_h/biography.php |archive-date=April 5, 2023 |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=www.classiccat.net |language=en }}</ref> Somers did not become involved in formal musical study until he reached his teenage years in 1939 when he met a doctor and his wife—both pianists—who introduced him to classical works. Somers described this first encounter years later: "A spark was ignited, and he became obsessed with music. Almost from that instant, he knew music would be his life, for better or for worse."<ref name="Cherney 1975 6">{{cite book |last=Cherney |first=Brian |url=https://archive.org/details/harrysomers0000cher/page/6 |title=Harry Somers |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=1975 |isbn=0-8020-5325-4 |location=Toronto, Ontario |page=[https://archive.org/details/harrysomers0000cher/page/6 6]}}</ref>

===Musical education===
14-year-old Somers began his study of piano after his first exposure under the tutelage of Dorothy Hornfelt, the neighborhood piano teacher.<ref name="Cherney 1975 6"/> After two years of study with her, he was able to pass the Grade VIII examination at the [[The Royal Conservatory of Music|Toronto Conservatory]].<ref name="Cherney 1975 6"/>

In 1942, Somers began studying under [https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/reginald-godden-emc#:~:text=Reginald%20Godden.,D%20LITT%20(York)%201985. Reginald Godden] at the conservatory, whom he stayed with until 1943.<ref name="Historica"/> Godden later directed him to pursue formal studies under [[John Weinzweig]].<ref name="Cherney 1975 9">{{cite book|last=Cherney|first=Brian|title=Harry Somers|year=1975|publisher=University of Toronto Press|location=Toronto, Ontario|isbn=0-8020-5325-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/harrysomers0000cher/page/9 9]|url=https://archive.org/details/harrysomers0000cher/page/9}}</ref> Weinzweig set up a program of traditional harmony study for him to study the 12-tone techniques. ([[Arnold Schoenberg|Schoenberg]] had enforced similarly strict lessons in traditional harmony upon his own pupils, even as he encouraged them to explore [[dodecaphony]].) Somers remained under Weinzweig's instruction until 1949.<ref name="Historica"/>

Somers took a sabbatical from his studies in 1943 to serve with the [[Royal Canadian Air Force]] during [[World War II]].<ref name="Historica" /> After WWII, Somers returned to the Royal Conservatory to continue his studies with Weinzweig with a new piano teacher, [https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/weldon-kilburn-emc Weldon Kilburn]. During this time, Somers was writing and performing his own works.<ref name="Historica"/> Somers completed his studies at the conservatory in 1948 and then spent the summer in San Francisco studying piano under [[E. Robert Schmitz]].<ref name="Canadian Music Centre">{{cite web |last=Canadian Music Centre |title=Harry Somers: Biography |url=http://www.musiccentre.ca/node/37296/biography |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214041324/http://www.musiccentre.ca/node/37296/biography |archive-date=December 14, 2013 |access-date=December 11, 2013 }}</ref> His work was part of the music event in the [[Art competitions at the 1948 Summer Olympics|art competition]] at the [[1948 Summer Olympics]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Harry Somers |url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/902733 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916191833/https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/902733 |archive-date=September 16, 2021 |accessdate=21 August 2020 |work=Olympedia }}</ref>

In 1949, Somers started to focus on composition.<ref name="Historica"/> In 1949, he was awarded a $2000 Canadian Amateur Hockey Association scholarship to spend a year in [[Paris]] studying composition with [[Darius Milhaud]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Cherney |first=Brian |url=https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/display/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000026175 |title=Somers, Harry |publisher=Grove Music Online |publication-date=20 January 2001 |url-access=registration}}</ref> Somers composed his suite for harp and orchestra in 1949.<ref>{{Citation |last=Poeschl-Edrich |first=Barbara |title=Lexington Symphony - Harry Somers, Suite for Harp and Chamber Orchestra.{{!}} |date=6 July 2014 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IjRr_ngJgHA |access-date=2024-01-11 |language=en |via=YouTube}}.</ref> In Paris, Somers heard the music of [[Pierre Boulez|Boulez]] and [[Olivier Messiaen|Messiaen]]; these composers would influence his later music.

===1950s and 1960s===
After his year with Darius Milhaud, Somers spent the 1950s devoted to composition. He earned his income as a music copyist.<ref name="Historica"/> He composed his Symphony No.1 in 1951.<ref>{{Citation |title=Harry Somers: Symphony No.1 (1951) |date=10 February 2018 |work=Symphony No.1 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OoGp898HZZI |access-date=2024-01-11 |language=en |via=YouTube}}.</ref> In the 1950s, he improved his guitar skills.<ref name="Historica" /> In the 1960s, he earned money of his commissions.<ref name="Historica" /> He returned to Paris for more compositional studies with Canada Council for the Arts fellowship. While there, he concentrated on [[Gregorian chant]], particularly its revival by the [[Solesmes Abbey]].<ref name="Historica" /> In 1963, he became a member of the John Adaskin Project, which was an in-school initiative.<ref name="Historica" /> Also in 1963, Somers began his part-time career with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation by hosting televised youth concerts.<ref name="Historica" />

Somers's first wife, Catherine Mackie, died in 1963.<ref name="Historica" />

In 1965, Somers began hosting the CBC radio series "Music of Today" and continued hosting it until 1969.<ref name="Historica" /> He also became the special consultant of the North York School in Toronto from 1968 to 1969.<ref name="Historica" /> In 1967, he remarried to the Canadian actress [[Barbara Chilcott]].<ref name="Historica" /> Also in 1967, he produced his best-known work, the opera ''[[Louis Riel (opera)|Louis Riel]]'', commissioned for Canada's Centennial Year celebrations.<ref>{{Citation |last=Turgeon |first=Bernard |title=Harry Somers: Louis Riel |date=1967 |work=Louis Riel |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFhejcGtzsI |access-date=2024-01-11 |language=en |via=YouTube}}.</ref> In 1969, he received an $18,000 grant from the Canadian Cultural Institute in Rome. He spent two years there, during which time he wrote ''[[VoicePlay|Voiceplay]]'' and ''Kyrie''.<ref name="Historica" />

=== 1970s – 1990s ===

In 1971, after he returned to Canada from his work in Rome, Somers was made a [[Companion of the Order of Canada]].<ref name="Canadian Music Centre"/> He was awarded three honorary doctorates: one from the [[University of Ottawa]] (1975), one from [[York University]] (1975), and one from the [[University of Toronto]] (1976).<ref name="Canadian Music Centre"/> In 1977, Somers made a visit to the [[USSR]]. While there, he gave lectures on Contemporary Canadian composition and spoke to other contemporary composers.<ref name="Historica" /> During the 1980s, Somers received commissions for the Banff International String Quartet Competition, the Guelph Spring Festival, the S.C. Eckhardt-Gramatté Competition and the [[Canadian Opera Company]].<ref name="Historica" />

In the 1990s, he composed two operas, ''Serinette'' to a libretto by [[James Reaney]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=So |first=Joseph |date=June 9, 2001 |title=Serinette: Harry Somers' opera receives a rare revival |url=http://www.scena.org/columns/reviews/010609-js-serinette.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110233035/http://www.scena.org/columns/reviews/010609-js-serinette.html |archive-date=January 10, 2024 |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=www.scena.org}}</ref> and ''Mario the Magician'', which was adapted from a story by [[Thomas Mann]].

Somers also completed his music ''Third Piano Concerto'' in 1996.<ref>{{Citation |last=Somers |first=Harry |title=Harry Somers: Third Piano Concerto. Jamie Parker pianist |date=1996 |work=Third Piano Concerto |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x4n7aVc2rrY |access-date=2024-01-10 |language=en |via=YouTube}}.</ref> Somers gave the opening address at the Alberta Music Conference in 1993, wrote a choral piece for the 50th Anniversary of the [[United Nations]] in 1995, and served as the writer-in-residence for the first "Word and Music Festival" held at the University of Windsor in 1997.<ref name="Historica" /> Canada honoured him in 1995 with tribute concerts given by the University of Ottawa and the [[National Arts Centre]] for his 70th birthday.<ref name="Historica" />

Somers died on March 9, 1999, in Toronto, Ontario.<ref name="Historica"/>

==Styles==

Harry Somers had an eclectic approach. His music was performed in the US, Central and South Americas, Europe and the Soviet Union.<ref name="Historica"/> His works include techniques such as vocalization, vowel and breath sounds, and timbrel inflections.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cherney |first=Brian |date=1 December 1992 |title=Somers, Harry (opera) |url=https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/display/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-5000002452?_start=1&pos=2&q=Harry%20Somers&search=quick |journal=Grove Music Online |url-access=subscription}}</ref> The styles that are said to have influenced Somers the most are the music of [[John Weinzweig|Weinzweig]], [[Béla Bartók|Bartók]] and [[Charles Ives|Ives]], [[Baroque music|Baroque]] [[counterpoint]], [[serial technique]] and [[Gregorian chant]].<ref name=":0" />

Under Weinzweig, during the 1940s, Somers received his first formal instruction in composition. Prior to that point, he composed mainly in the style of the piano works he was playing.<ref name="Cherney 1975 6" /> In 1950s, Somers focused on the use of fugue-related textures and techniques.<ref name=":0" /> Over half of the works written between 1950 and 1961 contain fugal movements. Some of his works feature "sharp, nervous, rhythmic vitality, which often serves as a foil for slower-moving subsidiary melodic lines."<ref name=":0" />

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite encyclopedia |title=Harry Somers |encyclopedia=Dictionary of Contemporary Music |publisher=Dutton |location=New York, NY |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofcont0000vint/page/688/mode/2up |date=1974 |editor-last=Vinton |editor-first=John |pages=689–90 |author-last=Beckwith |author-first=John |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book |author-last = Cherney |author-first = Brian | date = 1975 |title = Harry Somers |publisher = University of Toronto Press | ISBN = 0-8020-5325-4 |series = Canadian Composers |volume = 1}}
*{{Cite book |title=Between Composers: The Letters of Norma Beecroft and Harry Somers |date=2024 |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |isbn=978-0-2280-2274-9 |editor-last=Cherney |editor-first=Brian}}
* {{cite book |author-last=King |author-first=Becky Nygaard |author2-first=John |author2-last=Beckwith |author3-first=Brian |author3-last=Cherney |author4-first=Mabel H. |author4-last=Laine |chapter=Harry Somers |title=The Canadian Encyclopedia |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/harry-stewart-somers |date=2011-03-20}}
* {{cite book |title=Contemporary Canadian Composers |date=1975 |publisher=Oxford University Press |editor-last=MacMillan |editor-first=Keith |location=Toronto |pages=207-14 |chapter=Somers, Harry |editor-last2=Beckwith |editor-first2=John |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/contemporarycana00macm/page/206/mode/2up |chapter-url-access=registration}}
* {{cite thesis |last = Renihan |first = Colleen L. |title = Sounding the Past: Canadian Opera as Historical Narrative |date = 2011 |type = Ph.D. thesis, Musicology |publisher = University of Toronto | url = https://utoronto.scholaris.ca/items/49ba40b2-3e7a-4e16-a397-37c7c5d8a418 }}
*{{Cite book |last=Such |first=Peter |title=Soundprints: Contemporary Composers |date=1972 |location = Toronto |publisher=Clarke, Irwin |pages=30-53 |chapter=Harry Somers |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/soundprintsconte0000such/page/30/mode/2up}}
*{{Cite thesis |author-last = Wolters |author-first = Benita |title = The Early Years of the Canadian League of Composers |publisher = University of British Columbia |type = M.A., Music |date = 1999 |url = https://open.library.ubc.ca/soa/cIRcle/collections/ubctheses/831/items/1.0089204}}
* Zinck, Andrew M. (1993). "Bridging the Gap: The Operas of Harry Somers." SoundNotes. SN4:14-24.

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040620202851/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=U1ARTU0003267 Harry Somers]. ''[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]]'' (includes a complete list of his compositions)
* [https://collections.cmccanada.org/final/Portal/Composer-Showcase.aspx?component=AAIL&record=42dcbd35-1056-45bf-8073-236022e46afe Harry Somers.] Canadian Music Centre
* [https://www.discogs.com/artist/2397036-Harry-Somers Harry Somers]. Discography at Discogs.com
* [http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=210584&lang=eng Harry Somers fonds (R12599).] [[Library and Archives Canada]]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Somers, Harry}}
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:1999 deaths]]
[[Category:Royal Canadian Air Force personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Musicians from Toronto]]
[[Category:Pupils of Darius Milhaud]]
[[Category:Canadian opera composers]]
[[Category:Concert band composers]]
[[Category:Canadian male opera composers]]
[[Category:20th-century Canadian classical composers]]
[[Category:20th-century Canadian male musicians]]
[[Category:Art competitors at the 1948 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of Canada]]
[[Category:Juno Award for Classical Composition of the Year winners]]

Paul Sauvé

2025-10-10T09:20:27Z

2A02:8012:227B:0:C052:B091:25D5:45E7:

{{Short description|Premier of Quebec from 1959 to 1960}}
{{for|the curler|Paul Sauvé (curler)}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Paul Sauvé
| image =
| caption = Paul Sauvé, 1954
| order = 17th [[Premier of Quebec]]
| term_start = September 7, 1959
| term_end = January 2, 1960
| monarch = [[Elizabeth II]]
| lieutenant_governor = [[Onésime Gagnon]]
| predecessor = [[Maurice Duplessis]]
| successor = [[Antonio Barrette]]
| office1 = [[Deux-Montagnes (provincial electoral district)|MNA for Deux-Montagnes]]
| term_start1 = August 17, 1936
| term_end1 = January 2, 1960
| predecessor1 = [[Jean-Léo Rochon]]
| successor1 = [[Gaston Binette]]
| term_start2 = November 4, 1930
| term_end2 = November 25, 1935
| predecessor2 = [[Arthur Sauvé]]
| successor2 = [[Jean-Léo Rochon]]
| birth_name = Joseph-Mignault-Paul Sauvé
| birth_date = {{birth date|1907|3|24|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Saint-Benoît, Quebec]], Canada
| residence = 1258 des fleurs
| death_date = {{death date and age|1960|01|02|1907|03|24}}
| death_place = [[Saint-Eustache, Quebec|Saint-Eustache]], [[Quebec]], Canada
| party = [[Conservative Party of Quebec (historical)|Conservative]] (1930–1936) [[Union Nationale (Quebec)|Union Nationale]] (1936–1960)
| parents = [[Arthur Sauvé]] (father)
| spouse = {{Marriage|Luce Pelland|1936}}
| children = 3
| profession = [[Lawyer]]

| branch = [[Canadian Army]]
| unit =
| serviceyears =
| rank =
| battles = [[World War II]]
| mawards = [[Croix de guerre 1939–1945 (France)|Croix de guerre]]
}}
'''Joseph-Mignault-Paul Sauvé''' ({{IPA|fr|ʒozɛf miɲo pɔl sove}}; March 24, 1907 – January 2, 1960) was a Canadian lawyer, [[World War II]] veteran, and politician. He was the 17th [[premier of Quebec]] in 1959 and 1960.

==Life==
Paul Sauvé was born in [[Saint-Benoît, Quebec|Saint-Benoit]], [[Quebec]], Canada to journalist and parliamentarian [[Arthur Sauvé]] and Marie-Louise Lachaîne.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Paul Sauvé {{!}} The Canadian Encyclopedia|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/joseph-mignault-paul-sauve|access-date=2021-12-26|website=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca}}</ref> By 1923, his family moved to [[Saint-Eustache, Quebec|Saint-Eustache]] and he began his studies at the [[Séminaire de Ste-Thérèse]] and transferred to the [[Collège Sainte-Marie de Montréal]] where he graduated in 1927. Sauvé would go on to study law at the [[Université de Montréal]], being called to the [[Bar of Quebec|bar]] on July 8, 1930. In 1936, he married Luce Pelland, with whom he had three children: Luce-Paule (1937), Pierre (1938) and Ginette (1944).

== Political career ==
Arthur Sauvé, his father, had been leader of the [[Conservative Party of Quebec (historical)|Conservative Party]] during the Premiership of [[Quebec Liberal Party|Liberal]] [[Louis-Alexandre Taschereau]]. He transferred to federal politics in 1930 and became [[Postmaster General of Canada|Postmaster General]] in the [[R. B. Bennett, 1st Viscount Bennett|R. B. Bennett]] government. Paul Sauvé then ran as a Conservative for his father's former riding of the [[Deux-Montagnes Regional County Municipality, Quebec|comté des Deux-Montagnes]] in the [[National Assembly of Quebec|Quebec legislature]] in 1930, to become to the youngest elected member at the age of 23. He would be defeated in the [[1935 Quebec general election|1935 election]] but re-elected in [[1936 Quebec general election|1936]] as a member of the newly formed [[Union Nationale (Quebec)|Union Nationale]], formed from a merger of his Conservatives with the bulk of the [[Action libérale nationale]]. He was then elected as [[President of the National Assembly of Quebec|Speaker]] to become, at the age of 29, the youngest person elected to that position.

When Canada entered the [[Second World War]] in 1939, Paul Sauvé reported to [[Les Fusiliers Mont-Royal]], the regiment to which he belonged as a reserve officer, and served overseas in the Canadian military for the duration of the Second World War, taking part in the [[Normandy Campaign|Battle of Normandy]] and in the [[Battle of the Scheldt|South Beveland Campaign]]. In 1945, he returned from Europe and resumed his official duties with the Quebec legislature. In 1946, he became Quebec's first Minister of Social Welfare and Youth.

Sauvé is viewed as having upheld his convictions and had not succumbed to fear of demotion by "[[Nicknames of politicians and personalities in Quebec|The Chief]]" (Duplessis). Some say that he stood alone in a cabinet of "yes men".

Sauvé succeeded [[Maurice Duplessis]] as leader of the Union Nationale and [[Premier of Quebec]] following Duplessis's death on September 7, 1959; he continued to serve as his own Social Welfare and Youth Minister.

By the time he became Premier, Sauvé was well aware that he had, at most, two years before the next election. Realizing the need to modernize one of the most conservative provincial governments in Canada, he announced radical changes in the ways Quebec would be run. His resolve was conveyed in the motto he adopted: "Désormais" (from now on). During those "100 Days Of Change," Sauvé undertook a wide-ranging review of issues facing the Quebec government, including many that had been ignored during the Duplessis era. For this reason, he was regarded by many as the actual 'founder' of the [[Quiet Revolution]].

As educational reform was seen as a means to social change and national development, Sauvé begun negotiations to recover the money Ottawa set aside for higher education, while government grants would increase towards educational institutions, no longer distributed at the government's discretion.

Regarding [[Canadian federalism]], the Sauvé provincial government considered that federal grants to universities encroached an area reserved exclusively for the provinces under the ''British North America Act, 1867'' (since renamed the ''[[Constitution Act, 1867]]''). Demands were also made in respect that the provincial university education tax be deductible.

The Sauvé government also wanted to undertake an in depth study of the federal legislation regarding the federal hospital insurance system and the means for adapting it for Québec.

However, Sauvé's tenure would be short-lived, as he himself would shortly die in office on January 2, 1960, in [[Saint-Eustache, Quebec|Saint-Eustache]] of a heart attack. His 117-day tenure as premier is the shortest non-interim stint in the province's history. His death left the Union Nationale government in disarray. Less than a year later, the Union Nationale was defeated under his successor, [[Antonio Barrette]].

==Legacy==
[[Paul Sauvé Arena]] in Montreal was named after him, and was used by the [[Parti Québécois]] for their election night rally in 1976 where they celebrated victory in the provincial election.

Elementary school [[Ecole Sauve]] in the city of [[Deux-Montagnes, Quebec|Deux-Montagnes]] was named after him.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Admission et inscription à l'École primaire Sauvé|url=https://sauve.cssmi.qc.ca/ecole/|access-date=2021-02-03|website=École primaire Sauvé|language=fr-CA}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* {{cite web | title=Paul Sauvé - Un homme tourné vers l'avenir | work=Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec | url=http://www.banq.qc.ca/histoire_quebec/parcours_thematiques/paul_sauve/vie_privee/vp_index.htm | accessdate=2006-10-24 | language=French | archive-date=2006-12-28 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061228075917/http://www.banq.qc.ca/histoire_quebec/parcours_thematiques/paul_sauve/vie_privee/vp_index.htm | url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web |title=Quebec's Position on Constitutional and Intergovernmental Issues | work=Secrétariat of Québec on Canadian Intergovernmental Affairs | url=http://www.saic.gouv.qc.ca/publications/Positions/Part1/1959PaulSauve_en.pdf | accessdate=2007-09-24 }}
* {{cite book |title=Quebec Since 1930 | work=Paul-André Linteau | isbn=9781550282962 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1cew7XS_3MEC&q=paul+sauve&pg=PA482 | accessdate=2007-09-25 | last1=Linteau | first1=Paul-André | last2=Durocher | first2=René | last3=Robert | first3=Jean-Claude | last4=Ricard | first4=François | year=1991 | publisher=James Lorimer & Company }}
* {{cite book |title=Canada and Québec: One Country, Two Histories | work=Robert Bothwell | isbn=9780774806534 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IftRWNt_0bcC&q=paul+sauve&pg=PA102 | accessdate=2007-09-25 | last1=Bothwell | first1=Robert | year=1998 | publisher=UBC Press }}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050314081746/http://www2.marianopolis.edu/quebechistory/bios/sauve.htm Extensive biography of Paul Sauvé from Marianopolis College]
*{{Quebec MNA biography|sauve-joseph-mignault-paul-5305}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|ca-qc}}
{{succession box|
before=[[Lucien Dugas|Lucien Dugas (Liberal)]]|
title=[[President of the National Assembly of Quebec|Speaker]] of the [[Legislative Assembly of Quebec]]|
years=7 October 1936 – 19 February 1940|
after=[[Bernard Bissonnette|Bernard Bissonnette (Liberal)]]
}}
{{s-ppo}}
{{succession box|title=Leader of the [[Union Nationale (Quebec)|Union Nationale]]|
before=[[Maurice Duplessis]]|
after=[[Yves Prévost]]|
years=1959–1960}}
{{s-end}}

{{QCPremiers}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sauve, Paul}}
[[Category:1907 births]]
[[Category:1960 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Laurentides]]
[[Category:Université de Montréal alumni]]
[[Category:Conservative Party of Quebec MNAs]]
[[Category:Union Nationale (Quebec) MNAs]]
[[Category:Leaders of the Union Nationale (Quebec)]]
[[Category:20th-century members of the National Assembly of Quebec]]
[[Category:Presidents of the National Assembly of Quebec]]
[[Category:Premiers of Quebec]]
[[Category:Canadian Army personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Les Fusiliers Mont-Royal officers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France)]]

Harry Saltzman

2025-10-10T09:16:51Z

2A02:8012:227B:0:C052:B091:25D5:45E7:

{{Short description|Canadian theatre and film producer (1915–1994)}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=March 2016}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Harry Saltzman
| image = Harry Saltzman.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name = Herschel Saltzman
| birth_date = {{birth date|1915|10|27}}
| birth_place = [[Sherbrooke]], [[Quebec]], Canada
| death_date = {{death date and age|1994|9|28|1915|10|27}}
| death_place = Neuilly-sur-Seine, France
| known_for = [[Production of the James Bond films|Production of the ''James Bond'' films]]
| education =
| alma_mater =
| employer =
| occupation = Film producer
| years_active = 1956–1994
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* Tanya Morris
* Jacqueline Colin
* Adriana Ghinsberg
}}
| partner =
| children = 4
| relations =
}}
'''Herschel''' "'''Harry'''" '''Saltzman''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ɔː|l|t|s|m|ə|n}}; {{birth date|1915|10|27}} – {{death date|1994|09|28|1915|10|27}}) was a Canadian theatre and film producer. He is best remembered for co-producing the first nine of the [[Production of the James Bond films|''James Bond'' film]] series with [[Albert R. Broccoli]]. Apart from a ten-year stint living in [[St. Petersburg, Florida]], he lived most of his life in [[Denham, Buckinghamshire]], England.

==Early life==
Saltzman was born in a hospital in [[Sherbrooke]], [[Quebec]],<ref name="Sheffy (1966)" /> the son of Jewish immigrants Abraham Saltzman and Dora Horstein.<ref>{{cite magazine| url= http://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2012/10/fifty-years-of-james-bond |title= Fifty Years of James Bond| magazine= Vanity Fair| publisher= | first= | last= | date= October 2012 | access-date= }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url= http://www.jewishtelegraph.com/greatf_16.html |work= [[Jewish Telegraph]]| title= The Greatest Ever Jewish Films: Oy Oy Seven!| date= | access-date= February 26, 2017}}</ref> His father was a horticulturalist and immigrated to the US in 1905 from [[Kozienice]], Poland (then [[Congress Poland]] within the Russian Empire). His parents married in 1909. The couple moved to Canada in 1910<ref>Canadian Census, 1911</ref> where their four oldest children (Minnie, Florence, Herschel and Isadore) were born. In 1922, the family moved to [[Cleveland]], [[Ohio]]<ref name="Sheffy (1966)" /> where their youngest son, David, was born. Saltzman was raised in [[Saint John, New Brunswick]] for the first seven years of his life. He ran away from home at the age of 15.<ref>{{cite AV media| first= Hilary| last= Saltzman |publisher= Ian Fleming Foundation| title= [[Harry Saltzman: Showman]]| year= }}</ref> Saltzman was 30 when he learned where he had actually been born.<ref name="Sheffy (1966)" />

==Career==
At about age 17, Saltzman joined a circus and travelled with them for some years.{{citation needed|date=March 2013}}

In 1932, Saltzman moved to [[Paris]] to study political science and economics. However within a year, he was "hand-picking talent for 40 two-a-day vaudeville houses all over Europe."<ref name="Sheffy (1966)" /> Saltzman claimed that he had worked as an assistant for French film director [[René Clair]], who came to the United States in 1940 to make the film ''[[The Flame of New Orleans]]''.<ref>{{cite news|last=Blandford|first=Mark|title=The Jaundiced Eye: James Bond Is Coming!|newspaper=[[The Gazette (Montreal)|Montreal Gazette]]|date=November 2, 1965|page=28|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19651102&id=E8QtAAAAIBAJ&pg=6844,435475}}</ref>

In 1942, Saltzman signed a booking contract with Fanchon & Marco Enterprises. Saltzman went to the West Coast to sign big picture names. Saltzman sought the [[Ritz Brothers]], but due to film commitments, they could not sign.<ref>{{cite magazine |author= | title= N.Y. 2-a-Day 38 Weeks So Far; Season Standout, "Priorities"; Many Plan Vaude-Revues for Fall| magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=August 15, 1942|page=11|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DAwEAAAAMBAJ&q=%22philadelphia%22+%22harry+saltzman%22&pg=PT10}}</ref> In 1943, Saltzman was managing The Gilbert Brothers' Combined Circus. According to an advert, the 1943 season began 26 May in [[Clifton, New Jersey]], and was booked solid through the Eastern American states until mid-October.<ref>{{cite magazine|author= |title=Motorized Gilbert Brothers' Combined Circus (trade advert)|magazine= Billboard |date=May 1, 1943| page= 55 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=SQwEAAAAMBAJ&q=%22gilbert+brothers%22+%22harry+saltzman%22&pg=PT54}}</ref>

Shortly after World War II began, he enlisted with the [[Royal Canadian Air Force]] in [[Vancouver]].<ref name="Sheffy (1966)" /> He received a medical discharge in [[Trenton, Ontario]] in 1943, and joined the U.S. [[Psychological Warfare Division|Psychological Warfare Bureau]], because he wanted to get back to Europe.<ref name="Sheffy (1966)" /> Saltzman was initially stationed at the [[North African campaign|North African theatre]] in 1943 before being reassigned to London.

In 1945, Saltzman helped [[Lin Yutang]] establish [[UNESCO]]'s film division,<ref>[https://atom.archives.unesco.org/lin-yutang UNESCO Archives AtoM Catalogue. "Building peace in the minds of men and women"]</ref> which was initially focused on trying to mediate the [[Chinese Civil War]] between the [[Chinese Communist Party|Communist Party]] and the [[Kuomintang]]. He eventually quit due to "east-west differences" which to him seemed "so hopeless".<ref name="Sheffy (1966)" /> Saltzman spent a year with the French government's [[Minister of Reconstruction and Urban Development|Ministry of Reconstruction]]. At that point, he decided he wanted back in show business.<ref name="Sheffy (1966)" />

After the war, in Paris, Saltzman became part of the writer [[Colette]]'s entourage.{{sfn|Krantz|2000|p=134}} He worked as a talent scout for European productions on stage, television and in film, but gradually became more successful producing stage plays. He moved to the United States in the 1950s. In the late 1950s, Saltzman and Rhea Fink formed the Mountie Enterprises Corporation, to operate coin-operated [[hobby horse (toy)|hobby horses]]. The first hobby horses appeared in department stores, on floors where children's goods are sold.<ref>{{cite magazine|author= |title=Form Company To Op Hobby Horses|magazine=Billboard | date= January 27, 1951|page=69|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VR8EAAAAMBAJ&q=%22harry+saltzman%22+rhea+fink&pg=PA69}}</ref> By February 1951 Mountie Enterprises Corporation and Saltzman's new company Rider Amusement Corporation reported brisk business, as both companies got contracts to install coin-operated hobby horses in major department stores in numerous American cities. Saltzman claimed to earn {{USD|35}} a day per hobby horse.(equivalent to $413.30 in 2023)<ref>{{cite magazine|author= |title=Hi-Ho Silver Dimes! Kids Stampede for Jude-Steed Rodeo|magazine= Billboard |date=March 3, 1951|pages=3, 63| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=3h4EAAAAMBAJ&q=mountie&pg=PA3}}</ref>

He became production supervisor on ''[[Robert Montgomery Presents]]'' and produced ''[[Captain Gallant of the Foreign Legion]]''.

He moved, what was by then his family of four, to the UK in the mid-1950s, where he again produced theatre. He entered the film business by producing ''[[The Iron Petticoat]]'' (1956), a play adaptation. Saltzman started [[Woodfall Film Productions]] with [[Tony Richardson]] and [[John Osborne]], and produced other acclaimed [[social realism]] dramas such as 1959's ''[[Look Back in Anger (1959 film)|Look Back in Anger]]'' and 1960's ''[[Saturday Night and Sunday Morning (film)|Saturday Night and Sunday Morning]]''. Film director [[Anthony Mann]] noted the dichotomy in Saltzman's career: "Harry used to make great pictures; now he makes very successful ones. After all, you can't be an artist all your life."<ref name="Sheffy (1966)">{{cite news |last= Sheffy |first= Pearl| title=The Man who got the Bond Going|newspaper=[[Calgary Herald]]|date=January 29, 1966| pages= |url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=BP5kAAAAIBAJ&pg=2849,7473734&dq=harry+saltzman+cuthbert&hl=en}}</ref> 1960, his film [[The Entertainer (1960 film)|The Entertainer]] was named one of 1960's ten best films by The New York Times' film critics, and nominated for 5 [[Academy Awards|Oscars]]. [[Laurence Olivier]] won the Oscar for Best Actor. It was also nominated for 3 [[British Academy Film Awards|Baftas]].

In early 1961, excited by reading the [[James Bond]] novel ''[[Goldfinger (novel)|Goldfinger]]'', he made a bid to land the film rights to the character. Jacqueline Saltzman founded [[Danjaq, S.A.]] with Dana Broccoli and incorporated it on September 14, 1961.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Danjaq S.A. Discography |url=https://www.discogs.com/label/291061-Danjaq-SA |access-date=2025-07-17 |website=Discogs |language=en}}</ref> It was a [[holding company]] responsible for the copyright and trademarks of James Bond on screen, and the parent company of [[Eon Productions]], which they also set up as a [[film production]] company for the Bond films. The moniker Danjaq is a combination of the names of Broccoli's third wife and Saltzman's second (Dana and Jacqueline, respectively).

In 1958, he had set up the production company Lowndes Productions,<ref name=Dudedil>{{cite web| url= https://www.duedil.com/company/00611493/lowndes-productions-limited |website= Duedil.com| title= Lowndes Productions Limited| date=| publisher= | first= | last= |access-date= September 13, 2013}}</ref> but he did not use it for film production until 1965, and used it for eight productions thereafter, among them his three [[Harry Palmer]] films with [[Michael Caine]]: ''[[The Ipcress File (film)|The Ipcress File]]'' (1965), ''[[Funeral in Berlin (film)|Funeral in Berlin]]'' (1966) and ''[[Billion Dollar Brain]]'' (1967). The company's last production came out in 1988, and it was dissolved in 1992.<ref name=Dudedil/>

Saltzman produced other films between the James Bond and Harry Palmer productions. These include his World War II pet project ''[[Battle of Britain (film)|Battle of Britain]]'' (1969), and ''[[Call Me Bwana]]'' (1963), one of only three films to be produced by Eon Productions outside of the James Bond franchise{{citation needed|date = May 2021||reason = Eon article says only one in Saltzman era}}. Saltzman also attempted to make a film about Canadian [[Métis people (Canada)|Métis]] leader [[Cuthbert Grant]].<ref name="Sheffy (1966)" />

In 1969, Saltzman borrowed 70 million Swiss francs ({{USD|40,000,000}}) from the [[Union Bank of Switzerland]].<ref name="Reuter-1 (1978)" /> In 1970, Saltzman won control of the [[Technicolor|Technicolor Motion Picture Corporation]]  from chairman [[Patrick Frawley]] in a proxy fight.<ref>{{cite news|last=Turner|first=Wallace|author-link=Wallace Turner|title=Coast Millionaire Upset By Publicity and Politics|date=July 14, 1970 |url= http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/White%20Materials/White%20Assassination%20Clippings%20Folders/Miscellaneous%20Folders/Miscellaneous%20II%20Radical%20Right/Misc%20RR-061.pdf| website= jfk.hood.edu| publisher= | access-date= }}</ref> However, by 1972 Saltzman sold off 370,500 shares of Technicolor stock for $7.6M to repay his loan from the Union Bank of Switzerland.<ref>[https://books.google.se/books?id=RrwzAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA28&dq=harry-saltzman&article_id=3392,1779324&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjAl5br_dKJAxVCKhAIHXndAGc4ChDoAXoECAkQAg#v=onepage&q=harry-saltzman&f=false Spokane Daily Chronicle 7 Jul 1972]</ref> ''Film Bulletin'' also claimed that some of Saltzman's former allies in the 1970 proxy had forced Saltzman to sell the stocks — which they purchased — and were seeking to oust him from the Technicolor board. Saltzman filed several lawsuits against Technicolor executive board members, claiming conspiracy "seeking to retain his positions in the firm."<ref name="Film Bulletin (1972)">{{cite journal| author= Anonymous|title=Dissension — In Technicolor|journal=Film Bulletin|location=Philadelphia|publisher=Wax Publications| date= July 1972|volume=41|page=7 (google books 55)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tJMqAQAAIAAJ&q=%22dissension+in+technicolor%22}}</ref> Screenwriter [[Tom Mankiewicz]] claims Technicolor was selling at $30 per share, when Saltzman took control of the company in 1970; it was selling at $8 a share by 1972, at the time Saltzman was ousted.{{sfn|Mankiewicz|Crane|2012|p=137}} At some point, Saltzman defaulted on the interest payments to the Swiss Bank.<ref name="Reuter-1 (1978)" />

According to a 1978 court decision, Saltzman and Broccoli had allegedly agreed to dissolve Danjaq, S.A. in 1972, but Broccoli later allegedly refused to honour the agreement.<ref name="Reuter (1978)" /> Saltzman unsuccessfully attempted to have the Swiss courts dissolve the company.<ref name="Reuter (1978)" /> By autumn that year, Saltzman's financial situation was desperate.<ref name="Reuter (1978)" /> In March 1974, the ''Los Angeles Times'' reported that Saltzman was attempting to sell [[Paramount Pictures]] his 50% share of the Bond film franchise.<ref>{{cite news|last=Haber|first=Joyce|title=Falling Out Among Multimillionaires?|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=March 5, 1974|page=C6}}</ref> On April 24, 1978, Sir Patrick O'Connor of the British High Court ordered Saltzman to pay an American law firm {{GBP|13,000}} ({{USD|28,000}}) plus {{GBP|5,000}} ({{USD|10,500}}) in post-judgment interest and court costs.<ref name="Reuter-1 (1978)">{{cite news|author=Reuter|author-link=Reuters|title=Bond producer ordered to pay|newspaper=[[The StarPhoenix|Star-Phoenix]]|location=Saskatoon, Saskatchewan|date=April 25, 1978|page=15|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=2pVjAAAAIBAJ&pg=5813,2536437&dq=harry-saltzman-co-producer-of-the-james-bond&hl=en}}</ref> Saltzman had retained the firm to resolve his financial difficulties.<ref name="Reuter (1978)">{{cite news|author=Reuter|author-link=Reuters|title=Movie Producer Loses Lawsuit|newspaper=[[Ottawa Citizen]]|date=April 25, 1978|page=66|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=IL4yAAAAIBAJ&pg=6128,2549410&dq=james-bond+lawsuit&hl=en}}</ref>

Saltzman's productions in the 1970s also proved problematic. A science fiction musical, ''[[Toomorrow (film)|Toomorrow]]'' starring [[Olivia Newton-John]], was withdrawn from release and resulted in several lawsuits. Also in 1970, Saltzman cancelled a planned film, several weeks before shooting was to begin, about the dancer [[Vaslav Nijinsky]], starring [[Rudolf Nureyev]]. Director [[Tony Richardson]] believed that Saltzman had overextended himself, and did not have the funds to make the film.{{sfn|Richardson|1993|p=273}} Throughout the 1970s, Saltzman struggled to make a film of ''The Micronauts'' — a "shrunken man", which was a science fiction story to have starred [[Gregory Peck]] and [[Lee Remick]] — investing much money into the doomed project, that was finally shelved in the late 1970s.{{sfn|Brosnan|1978|p=167}} Due to numerous financial difficulties, Saltzman sold his 50% stake in Danjaq to [[United Artists]] Corporation in 1975. Subsequently, his health also declined and he became depressed.{{citation needed|date=March 2013}}

In 1980, Saltzman purchased the theatrical production company [[H. M. Tennent|H.M. Tennent Ltd.]], becoming its chairman.<ref>{{cite news|author= |title=Harry Saltzman in return to legit as Tennent chairman|newspaper=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]| volume= 298|date=March 19, 1980|page=1(2)}}</ref>

Saltzman all but retired from the movie business thereafter. He had long desired to produce a film on the life of [[Vaslav Nijinsky]], based on biographies, the rights to which he had acquired in the 1960s. He has an executive producer credit on the film ''[[Nijinsky (film)|Nijinsky]]'' in 1980, and the 1988 British-Italian-Yugoslavian co-production ''[[Time of the Gypsies]]''.

In 1992, Saltzman dissolved H.M. Tennant.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestage.co.uk/obituaries--archive/obituaries/sheila-formoy/|title=Obituaries: Sheila Formoy|last=Hyman|first=Sue| publisher= [[The Stage]]|date=November 7, 2005}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Saltzman was married three times. He had four children;<ref name="merry-HR"/> one with his first wife and three with his second.

He was briefly married in California.<ref name="Sheffy (1966)" /> His first wife Tanya "helped in an amazing way to enlighten his work and contribution to the Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force and in the U.S. secret service OSS," ''[[Hollywood Reporter]]'' noted. Saltzman's first child, Merry, was born in 1946. As a child, she played with the likes of [[Ian Fleming]], [[Sean Connery]], [[Ursula Andress]], [[Michael Caine]] and [[Cary Grant]].<ref name="merry-HR">{{cite web | url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/merry-saltzman-dead-james-bond-harry-saltzman-1236057180/ | title=Merry Saltzman, Daughter of James Bond Producer Harry Saltzman, Dies at 77 | website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] | date=November 9, 2024 }}</ref> On October 30, 2024 at the age of 77, she died at her home in San Jose, California following a brief battle with cancer.

[[Judith Krantz]] claims that she and Saltzman briefly dated. Krantz's father liked Saltzman and found him an entertaining conversationalist. Krantz claims that Saltzman proposed to her. She declined, saying that he was not her physical type, which she regretted because she thought he was "a wonderful companion, with a fantastic imagination."{{sfn|Krantz|2000|p=134}}

After World War II, Saltzman was in Paris, where he met Jacqueline Colin, a refugee from Romania, whom he subsequently married. Harry and Jacqueline Saltzman had three children: Hilary, Steven and Christopher. Hilary and Christopher attended the private Shorecrest Preparatory School in St. Petersburg, Florida during the late 1970s and early 1980s.<ref name="Jacqueline obituary (1980)" />

In the early 1970s, Saltzman's wife Jacqueline was diagnosed with terminal cancer. In 1972, the Saltzmans relocated to [[St. Petersburg, Florida]], where Jacqueline's sister lived.<ref name="Caffery (1977)" /> In March 1977, Saltzman sold his English country mansion and moved full-time to St. Petersburg.<ref name="Caffery (1977)">{{cite news| url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=950&dat=19771217&id=SVpQAAAAIBAJ&pg=6359,425974|last=Caffery|first=Bethia|title=Restoration Can Be Costly| newspaper=[[Evening Independent|St. Petersburg Independent]]|date=December 17, 1977|page=2B}}</ref> Jacqueline Saltzman died of cancer on January 31, 1980.<ref name="Jacqueline obituary (1980)">{{cite news| url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=TGdQAAAAIBAJ&pg=3342,510438&dq=harry-saltzman+jacqueline&hl=en|title=Jacqueline Saltzman| author= |date=February 2, 1980|newspaper=St. Petersburg Independent|page=9-A}}</ref>

In 1982, Saltzman sold his 15-room Venetian Isles, St. Petersburg, Florida home, and moved back to London. His two oldest children with Jacqueline were out of school, and his youngest was studying in Switzerland.<ref>{{cite news |last= Evertz| first= Mary| title= Producer leaves "empty nest" for London|newspaper=[[Tampa Bay Times|St. Petersburg Times]]|date=July 6, 1982|page=2D
|url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=k6RhAAAAIBAJ&pg=6243,4979152&dq=harry-saltzman+florida&hl=en}}</ref> Saltzman subsequently married Adriana Ghinsberg.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/09/29/obituaries/harry-saltzman-78-bond-film-producer.html | title=Harry Saltzman, 78, Bond-Film Producer (Published 1994) | website=[[The New York Times]] | date=September 29, 1994 }}</ref>

He died of a heart attack on September 28, 1994, while visiting Paris.<ref name="Sheffy (1966)" />

==List of Saltzman's productions==
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* ''[[The Iron Petticoat]]'', 1956
* ''[[Look Back in Anger (1959 film)|Look Back in Anger]]'', 1958
* ''[[Saturday Night and Sunday Morning (film)|Saturday Night and Sunday Morning]]'', 1960
* ''[[The Entertainer (1960 film)|The Entertainer]]'', 1960
* ''[[Dr. No (film)|Dr. No]]'', 1962
* ''[[From Russia with Love (film)|From Russia with Love]]'', 1963
* ''[[Call Me Bwana]]'', 1963
* ''[[Goldfinger (film)|Goldfinger]]'', 1964
* ''[[The Ipcress File (film)|The Ipcress File]]'', 1965
* ''[[And There Came a Man]]'', 1965
* ''[[Thunderball (film)|Thunderball]]'', 1965 (credited as Executive Producer)
* ''[[Chimes at Midnight]]'', 1965
* ''[[Un monde nouveau]]'' (a.k.a. ''A New World''), 1966 (credited as "presenter")
* ''[[Funeral in Berlin (film)|Funeral in Berlin]]'', 1966
* ''[[Shock Troops (film)|Shock Troops]]'', 1967 (credited as "presenter")
* ''[[You Only Live Twice (film)|You Only Live Twice]]'', 1967
* ''[[Israel: A Right to Live]]'', 1967 (documentary)
* ''[[Billion Dollar Brain]]'', 1967
* ''[[Play Dirty (1969 film)|Play Dirty]]'', 1969
* ''[[Battle of Britain (film)|Battle of Britain]]'', 1969
* ''[[On Her Majesty's Secret Service (film)|On Her Majesty's Secret Service]]'', 1969
* ''[[Toomorrow (film)|Toomorrow]]'', 1970
* ''[[Diamonds Are Forever (film)|Diamonds Are Forever]]'', 1971
* ''Days of Fury'', 1973
* ''[[Live and Let Die (film)|Live and Let Die]]'', 1973
* ''[[The Man with the Golden Gun (film)|The Man with the Golden Gun]]'', 1974
* ''[[Nijinsky (film)|Nijinsky]]'', 1980
* ''[[Time of the Gypsies]]'', 1988
}}


==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book|last1=Broccoli|first1=Albert R|author-link=Albert R. Broccoli|last2=Zec|first2=Donald|author-link2=Donald Zec|title=When the Snow Melts|year=1998|publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Boxtree]]|location=London|isbn=978-0-7522-1162-6}}
* {{cite book|title=Future Tense: The Cinema of Science Fiction|last=Brosnan|first=John|author-link=John Brosnan|publisher=Macdonald and Jane's|year=1978|isbn=9780354042222}}
* {{cite book|last=Krantz|first=Judith|author-link=Judith Krantz|title=Sex and Shopping: The Confessions of a Nice Jewish Girl: An Autobiography|publisher=[[Farrar, Straus and Giroux]]|year=2000|isbn=9780312274177}}
* {{cite book|last1=Mankiewicz|first1=Tom|last2=Crane|first2=Robert|author-link1=Tom Mankiewicz|title=My Life as a Mankiewicz: An Insider's Journey through Hollywood|publisher=[[University Press of Kentucky]]|year=2012|isbn=9780813136059}}
* {{cite book|last=Richardson|first=Tony|author-link=Tony Richardson|title=The Long-Distance Runner: An Autobiography|publisher=[[William Morrow and Company]]|year=1993|isbn=9780688121013|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/longdistancerunn00rich}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=0759162|name=Harry Saltzman}}
{{Harry Saltzman}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saltzman, Harry}}
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