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Eparchy

2025-09-24T18:07:05Z

2A02:8012:227B:0:E560:8954:A951:933D: - Category:Ecclesiastical titles + Category:Eastern Christian ecclesiastical offices

{{Short description|Diocese in Eastern Christianity}}
{{other uses|Eparchy (disambiguation)}}

'''Eparchy''' ({{langx|el|ἐπαρχία}} ''eparchía'' "overlordship") is an [[Ecclesiology|ecclesiastical]] unit in [[Eastern Christianity]] that is equivalent to a [[diocese]] in [[Western Christianity]]. An eparchy is governed by an ''eparch'', who is a [[bishop]]. Depending on the administrative structure of a specific Eastern Church, an eparchy can belong to an [[ecclesiastical province]] (usually a [[Metropolis (religious jurisdiction)|metropolis]]), but it can also be exempt. Each eparchy is divided into [[parish]]es, in the same manner as a diocese in Western Churches. Historical development of eparchies in various Eastern Churches was marked by local distinctions that can be observed in modern ecclesiastical practices of the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]], [[Oriental Orthodox Churches]] and [[Eastern Catholic Churches]].{{sfn|Nedungatt|2002|p=228}}

==Terminology==
The [[English language|English]] word ''eparchy'' is an [[anglicize]]d term that comes from the original [[Greek language|Greek]] word ({{langx|grc-x-koine|{{Wikt-lang|grc|ἐπαρχία}}|eparchía|overlordship}}, {{IPA|grc-x-byzant|e.parˈçi.a|link=yes}}).{{sfn|Stevenson|2010|p=588}} It is an [[abstract noun]], formed with an [[intensive word form|intensive]] [[prefix]] ({{Wikt-lang|grc|ἐπι-}}, {{transliteration|grc|epi-}}, {{lit.|over-}} + {{Wikt-lang|grc|ἄρχω|ἄρχειν}}, {{transliteration|grc|árchein}}, {{lit.|to be ruler}}). It is commonly [[Latinization (literature)|Latinized]] as ''eparchia''. The term can be loosely translated as the rule over something (literally: an overlordship). The term had various meanings and multiple uses throughout history, mainly in politics and administration, starting from the [[Hellenistic period]], and continuing throughout the [[Roman era]].{{sfn|Vitale|2012|p=}}{{sfn|Vitale|2016|p=82-111}}

In the [[Greco-Roman world]], it was used as a Greek equivalent for the [[Latin language|Latin]] term ''provincia'', denoting [[Eparchy (Roman province)|province]], the main administrative unit of the [[Roman Empire]]. The [[Eparchy (Byzantine province)|same use]] was employed in the early [[Byzantine Empire]] until major administrative reforms that were undertaken between the 7th and 9th centuries, abolishing the old provincial system. In modern times, the term was also employed within administrative systems of some countries, like [[Eparchy (modern Greece)|Greece]] and [[Eparchy (modern Cyprus)|Cyprus]].{{sfn|Mason|1974|p=81, 84–86, 138–139}}

Since it was commonly used as the main Greek designation for an administrative province of the Roman Empire, the term ''eparchy'' consequently gained an additional use among Greek-speaking [[Christians]], denoting [[Ecclesiology|ecclesiastical]] structures on the provincial level of Church administration, within [[Eastern Christianity]]. Such terminological borrowing resulted from the final consolidation of the provincial (metropolitan) system in the 4th century. The [[First Ecumenical Council]] (325) confirmed (Canon IV)<ref>[https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf214.vii.vi.v.html First Ecumenical Council (325): Canon IV]</ref> that all bishops of each civil province should be grouped in one [[ecclesiastical province]], headed by a [[metropolitan bishop|metropolitan]] (bishop of the provincial capital). Since civil provinces were called eparchies in Greek, the same term was used to define ecclesiastical provinces. Such use became customary, and metropolitan provinces came to be known as ''eparchies''.{{sfn|Meyendorff|1989|p=55}}{{fv|date=May 2025}}{{sfn|Cross|Livingstone|2005|p=552}}{{sfn|Ohme|2012|p=37}}

==Eastern Orthodox Church==
[[File:EparhiiRPC-english.svg|265px|thumb|right|Eparchies of the [[Russian Orthodox Church]]]]
[[File:Map of Eparchies of Serbian Orthodox Church-en.svg|265px|thumb|right|Eparchies of the [[Serbian Orthodox Church]]]]

Throughout the late antiquity and the early medieval period, within [[Eastern Orthodox]] terminology, the term ''eparchy'' remained a common designation for a metropolitan province i.e. ''metropolis'' ({{langx|el|μητρόπολις}}, {{langx|la|metropolis}}).

During the later medieval period, terminology started to shift, particularly within the [[Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople|Patriarchate of Constantinople]]. The process of [[Job title inflation|title-inflation]] that was affecting [[Byzantine bureaucracy and aristocracy]] also gained momentum in ecclesiastical circles. In order to promote centralization, patriarchal authorities started to multiply the numbers of metropolitans by elevating local bishops to honorary metropolitan ranks without giving them any real metropolitan powers, and making them directly appointed and thus more dependent on Constantinople. As a consequence, the use of the word ''eparchy'' was expanded to include not only proper metropolitan provinces, but also the newly created honorary metropolitan sees that were no real provinces, and thus no different then simple bishoprics except in honorary titles and ranks. In spite of that, such honorary metropolitan sees also came to be called ''eparchies''. This process was systematically promoted, thus resulting in a major terminological shift.{{sfn|Meyendorff|1989|p=}}{{fv|date=May 2025}}

[[File:Eparchy of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church EN.png|265px|thumb|right|Eparchies of the [[Bulgarian Orthodox Church]]]]
[[File:Eparchies of the Georgian Apostolic Autocephalous Orthodox Church.svg|265px|thumb|right|Eparchies of the [[Georgian Orthodox Church]]]]

Since the fragmentation of the original metropolitan provinces into several titular metropolises that were also referred to as ''eparchies'', the Patriarchate of Constantinople became more centralized, and such structure has remained up to the present day.<ref>[https://ec-patr.org/eparxies-oikoymenikoy-thronoy Eparchies of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople (Επαρχίες Οικουμενικού Θρόνου)]</ref> Similar ecclesiastical terminology is also employed by other [[Autocephaly (Eastern Orthodoxy)|autocephalous]] and [[Autonomy (Eastern Orthodoxy)|autonomous]] churches within [[Organization of the Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox community]]. In those who are non-Greek, term ''eparchy'' is used in local variants, and also has various equivalents in local languages.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

Eparchies of the main Eastern Orthodox churches:
* [[Eparchies of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople]]
* [[Eparchies of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria]]
* [[Eparchies of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antiochia]]
* [[Eparchies of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem]]
* [[Eparchies of the Russian Orthodox Church]]
* [[Eparchies of the Serbian Orthodox Church]]
* [[Eparchies of the Romanian Orthodox Church]]
* [[Eparchies of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church]]
* [[Eparchies of the Georgian Orthodox Church]]
* [[Eparchies of the Cypriot Orthodox Church]]
* [[Eparchies of the Orthodox Church of Greece]]
* [[Eparchies of the Polish Orthodox Church]]
* [[Eparchies of the Albanian Orthodox Church]]
* [[Eparchies of the Czech and Slovak Orthodox Church]]

==Eastern Catholic Churches==
In the [[Eastern Catholic Churches]], eparchy is equivalent to a [[diocese]] of the [[Latin Church]], and its [[Bishop (Catholic Church)|bishop]] can be called an eparch (equivalent to a diocesan of the Latin Church). Similarly, an archeparchy is equivalent to an [[archdiocese]] of the Latin Church and its bishop can be called an archeparch (equivalent to an [[archbishop]] of the Roman Rite).{{sfn|Nedungatt|2002|p=228}}

Individual eparchies of some Eastern Catholic Churches may be suffragan to Latin Church metropolitans. For example, the [[Greek Catholic Eparchy of Križevci]] is suffragan to the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Zagreb]].<ref>{{cite web|author=David M. Cheney |url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dkrby.html |title=Diocese of Križevci |publisher=Catholic Hierarchy |access-date=2018-04-16}}</ref> Also, some minor Eastern Catholic churches have Latin prelates. For example, the [[Macedonian Greek Catholic Church]] is organized as a single [[Macedonian Catholic Eparchy of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Strumica-Skopje|Eparchy of Strumica-Skopje]], whose present ordinary is the Roman Catholic bishop of Skopje.<ref>{{cite web|author=David M. Cheney |url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dssby.html |title=Eparchy of Beata Maria Vergine Assunta in Strumica-Skopje |publisher=Catholic Hierarchy |access-date=2019-04-24}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Eparchy (Roman province)]]
* [[Eparchy (Byzantine province)]]
* [[Eparchy (modern Greece)]]
* [[Eparchy (modern Cyprus)]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{Cite book|editor-last1=Cross|editor-first1=Frank L.|editor-last2=Livingstone|editor-first2=Elizabeth A.|title=The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church|year=2005|orig-year=1957|edition=3rd rev.|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-280290-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fUqcAQAAQBAJ}}
* {{Cite book|last=Kiminas|first=Demetrius|title=The Ecumenical Patriarchate: A History of Its Metropolitanates with Annotated Hierarch Catalogs|year=2009|publisher=Wildside Press LLC|isbn=9781434458766 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QLWqXrW2X-8C}}
* {{Cite book|last=Mason|first=Hugh J.|title=Greek Terms for Roman Institutions: A Lexicon and Analysis|year=1974|location=Toronto|publisher=Hakkert|isbn=9780888660138 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k2QPAQAAMAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|last=Meyendorff|first=John|author-link=John Meyendorff|year=1989|title=Imperial unity and Christian divisions: The Church 450-680 A.D.|location=Crestwood, NY|publisher=St. Vladimir's Seminary Press|isbn=9780881410563 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6J_YAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|editor-last=Nedungatt|editor-first=George|editor-link=George Nedungatt|title=A Guide to the Eastern Code: A Commentary on the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches|year=2002|location=Rome|publisher=Oriental Institute Press|isbn=9788872103364 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1fEkAQAAIAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|last=Ohme|first=Heinz|chapter=Sources of the Greek Canon Law to the Quinisext Council (691/2): Councils and Church Fathers|title=The History of Byzantine and Eastern Canon Law to 1500|year=2012|location=Washington|publisher=CUA Press|pages=24–114|isbn=9780813216799 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BwnCVYHf5VAC&pg=PA24}}
* {{Cite book|last=Ostrogorsky|first=George|author-link=George Ostrogorsky|title=History of the Byzantine State|year=1956|location=Oxford|publisher=Basil Blackwell|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bt0_AAAAYAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|editor-last=Stevenson|editor-first=Angus|title=Oxford Dictionary of English|year=2010|orig-year=1998|edition=3rd|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-957112-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=anecAQAAQBAJ}}
* {{Cite book|last=Vitale|first=Marco|title=Eparchie und Koinon in Kleinasien von der ausgehenden Republik bis ins 3. Jh. n. Chr.|year=2012|location=Bonn|publisher=Dr. Rudolf Habelt Verlag|isbn=9783774937390 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4q5XLgEACAAJ}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Vitale|first=Marco|title=Priest—Eparchy-arch—Speaker of the Ethnos: The Areas of Responsibility of the Highest Officials of the Eastern Provincial Imperial Cult|journal=Mnemosyne|year=2016|volume=69|number=1|pages=82–111|doi=10.1163/1568525X-12341727 |url=https://www.academia.edu/11194320}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{EB1911 poster|Eparch}}
* {{wiktionary-inline}}
* [https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05484a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia (1909): Adrian Fortescue: Eparchy]
* [http://www.damian-hungs.de/geistliches/ostkirchen/ostkirchliche-bistuemer-und-kloester Map with all Dioceses of the Eastern Churches]

{{Greek terms for country subdivisions}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Eastern Christianity]]
[[Category:Dioceses (ecclesiastical)]]
[[Category:Bishops by type]]
[[Category:Episcopacy in the Catholic Church]]
[[Category:Episcopacy in Eastern Orthodoxy]]
[[Category:Episcopacy in Oriental Orthodoxy]]
[[Category:Eastern Christian ecclesiastical offices]]

Archimandrite

2025-09-24T18:06:00Z

2A02:8012:227B:0:E560:8954:A951:933D: Already in Category:Eastern Christian ecclesiastical offices

{{Short description|Monastic title in Eastern Christianity}}
{{More footnotes needed |date=November 2017}}
[[File:Archimandrite.jpg|thumb|250px|An archimandrite wearing his full habit, holding his [[Crosier#Eastern crosiers|pastoral staff]], and minimally vested in an [[epitrachelion]] and [[epimanikia]]. His [[mitre]] stands on the table to his right.]]

The title '''archimandrite''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|ɑr|k|ɪ|ˈ|m|æ|n|d|r|aɪ|t|}}; {{langx|el|ἀρχιμανδρίτης| archimandritēs}}), used in [[Eastern Christianity]], originally referred to a [[Superior (hierarchy)|superior]] [[abbot]] (''[[hegumenos]]'', {{langx|el|ἡγούμενος}}, present participle of the verb meaning "to lead") whom a [[bishop]] appointed to supervise several "ordinary" abbots and [[monasteries]], or as the abbot of some especially great and important monastery, but nowadays it is most often used purely as a [[title of honor]] (with no connection to any actual monastery) and is bestowed on a [[hieromonk]] as a mark of respect or gratitude for service to the Church.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church |date=23 January 2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-965962-3 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199659623.001.0001/acref-9780199659623-e-373 |language=en |chapter=archimandrite}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Louth |first1=Andrew|title=The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church |date=17 February 2022 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-964246-5 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199642465.001.0001/acref-9780199642465-e-475 |language=en |chapter=archimandrite}}</ref>

This title is only given to those [[Eastern Orthodox priest|priests]] who have been tonsured monks, while distinguished non-monastic (typically married) priests would be given the title of [[protopresbyter]]. In history, some [[Woman|women]] were able to obtain that title, notably when [[cross-dressing]] as male monks, such as [[Susanna the Deaconess]].

== History ==

The term ''{{linktext|archimandrite}}'' derives from the Greek: the first element from {{lang|grc|ἀρχι-}} ''archi-'' meaning "highest" or from ''archon'' "ruler"; and the second root from {{lang|grc|μάνδρα}} ''mandra'' meaning "enclosure" or "corral", "pen" and denoting a "monastery" (compare the usage of "flock" for "congregation").

The title has been in common use since the 5th century, but is mentioned for the first time in a letter to [[Epiphanius of Salamis|Epiphanius]], prefixed to his [[Panarion|''Panarium'']] ({{circa|375}}), but the ''[[Lausiac History]]'' of [[Palladius of Galatia|Palladius]] may evidence its common use in the 4th century as applied to Saint [[Pachomius]].<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Archimandrite|volume=2|page=368}}</ref><ref name="Wheeler" />

By the end of the 5th century, the term had begun to be used in the patriarchate of Jerusalem for someone who had the oversight of all the monks of a region or diocese. Similar to an abbot visitor, the archimandrite would visit the monasteries under his charge to see that the monks were keeping a serious religious life, to draw attention to abuses, straighten out difficulties and give confidence and encouragement to all those who needed it. As such, when the archimandrite Marcian died around 491/92, the monks in the wilderness around Jerusalem went to the patriarch to ask to obtain [[Sabbas the Sanctified|Sabbas]] as archimandrite of the [[anchorite]]s and cave-dwellers and Theodosius as archimandrite of all [[Cenobitic monasticism|cenobitic living monks]].<ref name="Wheeler">{{cite journal |editor1-last=Wheeler |editor1-first=Eric P. |title=Dorotheos of Gaza - Discourses and Sayings |journal=Cistercian Studies |date=1977 |volume=33 |publisher=Liturgical Press|pages=63–64}}</ref>

When the supervision of monasteries passed to another episcopal official—the Great [[Sakellarios]] ("[[sacristan]]")—the title of archimandrite became an honorary one for abbots of important monasteries (compared to an ordinary abbot, a [[hegumenos]]).

== Byzantine usage ==

The [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]] and [[Byzantine Rite|Byzantine]] [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Catholic]] churches commonly select their [[bishop]]s from the ranks of the archimandrites.

As abbots, the duties of both a hegumen and an archimandrite are the same; however, during the [[Divine Service (Eastern Orthodoxy)|Divine Service]], a hegumen wears a simple [[Mantle (vesture)|mantle]], while the mantle of an archimandrite is decorated with sacral texts; an archimandrite also bears a pastoral staff (''[[pateritsa]]'').

===Kiev Metropolis===
Initially, in some cases it served as an extra title: for example, manuscripts of 1174 mention [[Hegumen Polikarp]] of [[Kiev Cave Monastery]] as "Hegumen Archimandrite".

=== Russian usage ===
[[File:Archimandrit Martin Marek Krupica.jpg|thumb|Archimandrite {{interlanguage link|Martin Marek Krupica|cs}} fully vested with mitre]]

In 1764, the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] organized its monasteries and ranked them in one of three classes, awarding only the abbots at the head of monasteries of the second or first class the title of archimandrite. Abbots of third class monasteries were to be styled "hegumen".

In the Russian tradition, an archimandrite wears a [[mitre]].

===Greek usage===
Churches under the spiritual jurisdiction of the four ancient Eastern Orthodox Patriarchates generally require that such a monastic priest possess a university degree in [[theology]] before he is elevated to the rank of archimandrite. Sometimes, the requirement is waived if the priest can show outstanding achievement in other academic fields, such as the humanities or science.

==Western usage==
{{Catholic Church hierarchy sidebar}}
An archimandrite who does not function as an abbot has the style "The Very Reverend Archimandrite" whilst one with abbatial duties uses the style "The Right Reverend Archimandrite".

The word occurs in the ''Regula Columbani'' (c. 7), and [[Charles du Fresne, sieur du Cange|du Cange]] gives a few other cases of its use in Latin documents, but it never came into vogue in the West; yet, owing to intercourse with Greek and Slavonic Christianity, the title sometimes appears in southern Italy and Sicily, and in Croatia, Hungary and Poland.<ref name="EB1911"/> From 1979, there is at least one exemplar in Britain.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Morris |first=Catharine |date=2023-07-07 |title=At Your Service |newspaper=[[The Times]] |language=en |url=https://www.thetimes.com/travel/destinations/uk-travel/at-your-service-wxvwtq3d5hr |access-date=2023-07-07 |issn=0140-0460}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{efron|wstitle=Архимандрит}}
* ''Dictionnaire d'archéologie chrétienne et de liturgie'' (in French)

==Further reading==
* {{Citation|last=Plank|first=Peter|contribution=Archimandrite|year=1999|title=Encyclopedia of Christianity|editor-last=Fahlbusch|editor-first=Erwin|volume=1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofch0001unse_t6f2/page/118 118]|place=Grand Rapids|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans|isbn=0802824137|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofch0001unse_t6f2/page/118}}

== External links ==
*{{Wiktionary-inline}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Christian religious occupations]]
[[Category:Eastern Christian ecclesiastical offices]]
[[Category:Religious leadership roles]]
[[Category:Archimandrites| ]]

Hieromonk

2025-09-24T17:34:23Z

2A02:8012:227B:0:E560:8954:A951:933D: Already in Category:Eastern Christian ecclesiastical offices

{{short description|In Eastern Christianity, a monk who is also a priest}}
[[File:Saint Barlaam of Kyiv Caves.jpg|thumb|[[Barlaam of Kiev|Barlaam]] of the [[Kiev Caves Monastery]], wearing his [[monastic habit]] and priestly [[epitrachelion]]]]
A '''hieromonk''',{{efn|{{langx|el|Ἱερομόναχος|Ieromonachos}}; {{lang-ka|მღვდელმონაზონი|mgvdelmonazoni}}; [[Church Slavonic|Slavonic]]: ''Иеромонахъ''; {{langx|ru|Иеромонах}}; {{langx|sr|јеромонах|jeromonah}}; {{langx|bg|йеромонах|yeromonakh}}; {{langx|ro|Ieromonah}}; [[Albanian language|Albanian]]: ''Hieromurg''}} also called a '''priestmonk''',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chronology of Major Events, 1905-2005 |url=https://sttikhonsmonastery.org/history_chronology#:~:text=hieromonk%20(priestmonk) |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=The Monastery of St. Tikhon of Zadonsk}}</ref> is a person who is both [[monk]] and [[Priest#Roman Catholic and Orthodox|priest]] in the [[Eastern Christianity|Eastern Christian]] tradition.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nichols |first1=Robert |last2=Croskey |first2=Robert |title=The Condition of the Orthodox Church in Russian America: Innokentii Veniaminov's History of the Russian Church in Alaska |journal=The Pacific Northwest Quarterly |date=1972 |volume=63 |issue=2 |pages=41–54 |jstor=40488986 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40488986 |access-date=1 November 2024 |issn=0030-8803}}</ref>

A hieromonk can be either a monk who has been [[ordination|ordained]] to the priesthood or a priest who has received monastic [[tonsure]]. When a married priest's wife dies, it is not uncommon for him to become a monk, since the Church forbids [[clergy]] to enter into a second marriage after ordination and can be no longer promoted to any higher grade.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Celibacy of the Clergy |url=https://www.catholic.com/encyclopedia/celibacy-of-the-clergy |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=Catholic Answers}}</ref>

Ordination to the priesthood is the exception rather than the rule for [[Christian monasticism|monastics]],<ref name=":0" /> as a monastery will usually only have as many hieromonks and [[hierodeacon]]s as it needs to perform the daily services.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statutes for Monasteries of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia |url=https://www.wadiocese.org/statutes_for_monasteries |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=Western American Diocese}}</ref>

In the church hierarchy, a hieromonk is of higher dignity than a hierodeacon, just as a [[secular clergy|secular]] (i.e., married) priest is of higher dignity than a deacon. Within their own ranks, hieromonks are assigned [[order of precedence]] according to the date of their ordination. Ranking above a hieromonk are a [[hegumen]] and an [[archimandrite]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Church |first=Holy New Martyrs Orthodox |title=Glossary of Terms |url=https://www.holynewmartyrs.org/glossary_of_terms |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=The Orthodox Church of the Holy New Martyrs and Confessors of Russia}}</ref>

==Forms of address==
The [[Style (manner of address)|proper title]] for a hieromonk is, "the Reverend Hieromonk (''[[religious name]]'')". The form of address is, "Hieromonk (''name'')", "Father Hieromonk (''name'')", "Father (''name'')", or, informally, "Father". As with all Eastern Catholic and Orthodox monks, a hieromonk is not addressed by his [[family name]], but only by his religious name.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=CLERGY ETIQUETTE: Addressing Clergy and Monastics in the Church {{!}} All Saints of North America {{!}} Hamilton Orthodox Church |url=https://www.asna.ca/2020/clergy-etiquette-addressing-clergy-and-monastics-in-the-church#:~:text=If%20they%20are%20hieromonks%20(monks%20who%20are%20also%20priests),%20they%20are%20addressed%20as%20%22The%20Reverend%20Hieromonk.%22 |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=www.asna.ca}}</ref>

In writing, if it becomes necessary to use his family name—for instance, to distinguish him from another hieromonk with the same religious name—the family name should be placed in [[parentheses]]. Example: "Hieromonk John (Smith)". In cultures where a [[patronymic]] is customary, monks are never addressed by their patronymic, but only by their religious name.<ref name=":1" />

==In other countries and Western Christianity==
In some countries, married clergy are referred to as "white clergy", while monastic clergy are called "black clergy" because monks should always wear black clothing but married clergy in many parts of the world typically wear white (or gray, blue or some other color) [[cassock]]s and rasons.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Russian Orthodox Clergy {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/russian-orthodox-clergy |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref>

In Western Christianity, a priest who is also a monk is termed a "religious priest" or "[[regular clergy]]", i.e., living under a [[monastic rule]] (Latin: ''regula'').<ref>{{Cite web |title=Philip Schaff: History of the Christian Church, Volume II: Ante-Nicene Christianity. A.D. 100-325 - Christian Classics Ethereal Library |url=https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc2.all.html |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=www.ccel.org}}</ref>

==Notable people==
{{incomplete list|date=September 2016}}
*[[Hieromonk Makarije]] ({{Floruit}} 1494–1528), Serbian Orthodox, printer
*[[Hieromonk Pahomije]] ({{Floruit}} 1496–1544), Serbian Orthodox, printer
*[[Hieromonk Mardarije]] ({{Floruit}} 1552–66), Serbian Orthodox, printer
*[[Mojsije Dečanac]] ({{Floruit}} 1536–45), Serbian Orthodox, printer
*Hieromonk Neofytos (1876–1967), Greek Orthodox, priest<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-20 |title=Hieromonk Neofytos from Vatopedi (1876-3 April 1967) |url=https://pemptousia.com/2017/09/hieromonk-neofytos-from-vatopedi-1876-3-april-1967/ |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=PEMPTOUSIA |language=en-US}}</ref>
*[[Ilie Cătărău]] (1888–{{circa}} 1955), Romanian Orthodox, adventurer and spy
*[[John of Shanghai and San Francisco|St. John of Shanghai and San Francisco]] (1896-1966), Russian Orthodox, [[bishop]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=B |first=Ilya |title=St. John of Shanghai and San Francisco – St. Panteleimon Church |url=https://spro.church/st-john-of-shanghai-and-san-francisco/ |access-date=2025-03-27 |language=en-US}}</ref>
*[[Seraphim Rose]] (1934–1982), American Russian Orthodox, translator and author
*Hieromonk Nilus (Grigoriev) (b. 1948), Russian Orthodox, pastor and clergymen in [[Diocese of Pskov|Pskov diocese]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hieromonk Nilus (Grigoriev). Hieromonk Nilus (Grigoriev): Throughout my life, I am learning to walk in the presence of God |url=https://orthochristian.com/57180.html |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=OrthoChristian.Com}}</ref>
*Hieromonk Constantine (Kallistos) (1953–1992), Russian Orthodox, founder of [[Holy Cross Monastery (Wayne, West Virginia)|Holy Cross Monastery]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fr. Hieromonk Constantine Kallistos (Pazalos) - View Obituary & Service Information |url=https://www.archwaychapel.com/obituaries/Hieromonk-Constantine-Kallistos-Pazalos/#!/Obituary |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=Fr. Hieromonk Constantine Kallistos (Pazalos) Obituary |language=en}}</ref>
*Hieromonk Alexander (Lisnichuk) (1963–2023), Russian-Ukrainian-American Orthodox, priest<ref>{{Cite web |title=Atlanta, GA: Hieromonk Alexander (Lisnichuk) reposed in the Lord |url=https://www.eadiocese.org/news_231228_1 |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=Eastern American Diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad}}</ref>
*Hieromonk Silouan (Brown) (b. 1983), American-Russian Orthodox, priest<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hieromonk Silouan (Brown): St. Demetrios Monastery is A Home Where I Can Recharge My Batteries |url=https://orthochristian.com/157191.html |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=OrthoChristian.Com}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Degrees of Eastern Orthodox monasticism]]
*[[Archimandrite]]
*[[Hegumen]]
*[[Hierodeacon]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Eastern Orthodox clergy]]
[[Category:Eastern Christian monasticism]]
[[Category:Eastern Christian ecclesiastical offices]]