Vero - Wikipedia - User contributions [en]

Toasting (Jamaican music)

2025-09-13T06:34:17Z

2A02:8071:184:4E80:0:0:0:6F0F: consistent grammar, rm piping where not needed

{{short description|Talking or chanting to an instrumental rhythm}}

[[File:Big Youth crop.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Big Youth]] is typical of [[Disc jockey#Dancehall/reggae deejays|reggae deejays]] who toast]]

{{Music of Jamaica}}

'''Toasting''' ('''rap''' in other parts of the Anglo Caribbean) or '''deejaying''' is the act of [[Speech|talking]], usually in a monotone melody, over a [[rhythm]] or [[Beat (music)|beat]] by a [[Disc jockey#reggae|deejay]]. It can either be improvised or pre-written. Toasting developed in Jamaica, before taking up that name and being part of the sound system era. A similar sound is found in [[mento]] and now can be heard over musical styles including [[ska]], [[reggae]], [[dancehall]], [[dub music|dub]], [[Grime music|grime]], [[hip-hop]], [[Soca music|soca]] and [[bouyon music]]. The combination of singing and toasting is known as [[singjay]]ing.

In the late 1950s in Jamaica, one of the first Selector,<ref> Machuki & Stitt interview [Part 1] [UNCUT]</ref> also being a promoter optimized of using a mic and to entertain an audience while playing records was [[Count Matchuki]].<ref>[[Lloyd Bradley]]. [{{Google books|plainurl=y|id=NSnaAAAAMAAJ |page=268|text=Joe Gibbs dabbled in prototype toasting with Count Matchuki; as did Duke Reid, to much greater effect, with U-Roy.}} This is reggae music: the story of Jamaica's music ]. {{ISBN|978-0802138286}}</ref> He conceived the idea for being comically entertaining from listening to commercial ads and disc jockeys on American radio stations etc.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Augustyn |first=Heather |date=2015 |title=Spinning Wheels: The Circular Evolution of Jive, Toasting, and Rap |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43488956 |journal=Caribbean Quarterly |volume=61 |issue=1 |pages=60–74 |doi=10.1080/00086495.2015.11672548 |jstor=43488956 |issn=0008-6495|url-access=subscription }}</ref> He would create and come up with comical phrases also doing African American [[Glossary of jive talk|jive]] over the music while selecting and playing R&B music. Deejays like Count Machuki working for producers would play the latest hits on traveling [[Sound system (Jamaican)|sound systems]] at parties and add his vocals to the music. These talks consisted of comedy, boastful commentaries, half-sung rhymes, rhythmic chants, squeals, screams and rhymed storytelling.

Osbourne Ruddock ({{aka}} [[King Tubby]]) was a Jamaican sound recording engineer who created vocal-less rhythm backing tracks that were used by DJs doing toasting by creating one-off vinyl discs (also known as [[dub plate]]s) of songs without the vocals and adding echo and sound effects.<ref>Charles R. Acland. {{Google books|id=_wLPo51YIWEC|page=104|title=Residual media }}</ref>

Late 1960s toasting deejays included [[U-Roy]]<ref>{{cite web|website=[[AllMusic]]|title=DJ/Toasting |url=http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/dj-toasting-d612 |access-date=2012-06-09}}</ref> and [[Dennis Alcapone]], the latter known for mixing gangster talk with humor in his toasting. In the early 1970s, toasting deejays included [[I-Roy]] (his nickname is in homage to U-Roy) and [[Dillinger (musician)|Dillinger]], the latter known for his humorous toasting style. In the early 1970s with the rise of dub [[Big Youth]] became popular, also [[Prince Jazzbo]] in his early appearance toasting with more cadence on dubs. In the late 1970s, [[Trinity (musician)|Trinity]] followed.

The 1980s saw the first deejay toasting duo, [[Michigan & Smiley]], and the development of toasting outside of Jamaica. In England, [[Pato Banton]] explored his Caribbean roots, humorous and political toasting<ref name="rhapsody">
{{cite web
| url = http://www.rhapsody.com/genre/reggae/dj-toasting
| title = Deejay Toasting
| access-date = 2006-08-04
| publisher = Rhapsody.com
}}</ref> while [[Ranking Roger]] of the Second Wave or Two-Tone [[ska]] revival band [[The Beat (British band)|The Beat]] from the 1980s did Jamaican toasting over music that blended ska, pop, and some [[Punk rock|punk]] influences.

Jamaican deejay toasting also influenced various types of dance music, such as [[Oldschool jungle|jungle music]] and [[UK garage]]. Dancehall artists that have achieved pop hits with toasting-influenced vocals include [[Shabba Ranks]], [[Shaggy (artist)|Shaggy]], [[Lady Saw]], [[Sean Paul]], [[Terror Fabulous]] and [[Damian Marley]].

==See also==
{{colbegin|colwidth=30em}}
* [[A cappella]]
* [[Beatbox]]
* [[Dancehall]]
* [[Disc jockey#Dancehall/reggae deejays|Deejay]]
* [[Doo-wop]]
* [[Onomatopoeia]]
* [[Scat singing]]
* [[Singjay]]
* [[Rapping]]
* [[Vocalese]]
* [[Voice instrumental music]]
{{colend}}

==References==
{{wikiquote}}
{{Reflist}}

{{reggae}}

[[Category:Poetic rhythm]]
[[Category:Reggae]]
[[Category:Music of Jamaica]]
[[Category:Dancehall]]

Chris Stewart (author)

2025-09-13T04:16:53Z

2A02:8071:184:4E80:0:0:0:6F0F: more common usage

{{short description|British author based in Spain}}
{{EngvarB|date=June 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2014}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Chris Stewart
| image =
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1951|3|27}}
| birth_place = [[Crawley]], England
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Writer]]|[[farmer]]|musician}}
| nationality = British
| citizenship =
| education = The Abbey School Ashurst Wood, and Charterhouse School
| alma_mater =
| period =
| genre = {{hlist|Autobiography|memoir}}
| subject = Farming life in [[Andalucia]], [[Spain]]
| movement =
| notableworks = ''Driving Over Lemons: An Optimist in Andalucia'' (1999)
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| relatives =
| awards =
| signature =
| website =
| portaldisp =
| module = {{infobox musical artist
| origin = [[Horsham]], [[Sussex]], [[United Kingdom]]
| embed = yes
| background = non_vocal_instrumentalist
| genre = [[Progressive rock]]
| years_active = 1965–1969
| instruments = Drums, Guitar
| label = [[Charisma Records]]
| past_member_of = {{hlist|[[Genesis (band)|Genesis]]|[[Garden Wall (band)|Garden Wall]]}}
}}
}}
'''Christopher Stewart''' (born 27 March 1951) is a British author who was the original drummer and a founding member of [[Genesis (band)|Genesis]]. When not writing, he runs a farm, where he lives, near [[Orgiva]] in Spain.

==Background and musical career==
Stewart was born in [[Crawley]] and grew up in [[Horsham]], Sussex. He attended The Abbey School, Ashurst Wood, then later became a classmate of [[Tony Banks (musician)|Tony Banks]] and [[Peter Gabriel]] at [[Charterhouse School|Charterhouse]] in [[Surrey]], and joined them in a school band called the Garden Wall. This was joined by classmates [[Mike Rutherford]] and [[Anthony Phillips]] to form Anon, which was renamed Genesis in January 1967. Stewart appears on Genesis's first two singles, "The Silent Sun" / "That's Me"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://worldofgenesis.com/ChrisStewart-interview-0805.htm|website=World of Genesis|title=From Genesis To Andalucia – An Interview with Chris Stewart |date= August 2005}}</ref> and "A Winter's Tale" / "One-Eyed Hound". Although several demos from Stewart's time with the band appear on the ''[[Genesis Archive 1967-75]]'' box set, he is not credited with playing on any of them (though one track features drumming that may have been done by Stewart). At the recommendation of [[Jonathan King]], Stewart was – rather inelegantly – fired from the band in the summer of 1968 due to his poor technique and was replaced by [[John Silver (musician)|John Silver]].

==Farmer and author==
After travelling and working throughout Europe, Stewart settled and bought a farm named El Valero in the [[Alpujarras]] region of [[Andalucia]], where he lives and works with his wife Ana Exton and daughter Chloë. He ran for the position of local councillor in the 27 May 2007 local elections in [[Órgiva]] representing the [[Green Party (Spain)|Green Party]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elmundo.es/especiales/2007/05/elecciones_mayo_2007/html/ultimo_fila/stewart_chris.html|title=Elecciones 27M |website=Elmundo.es|access-date=4 August 2020}}</ref> where he received 201 votes (roughly 8 per cent).

He is now known for his autobiographical books, ''Driving Over Lemons: An Optimist in Andalucia'' (1999, {{ISBN|0-9535227-0-9}}) and the sequels, ''A Parrot In The Pepper Tree'' (2002, {{ISBN|0-9535227-5-X}}) and ''The Almond Blossom Appreciation Society'' (2006, {{ISBN|0-9548995-0-4}}), about his life farming in Spain. All three are also available as [[audiobook]]s (''Lemons'' {{ISBN|0-14-180143-3}}, ''Parrot'' {{ISBN|0-14-180402-5}}, and ''Almond'' {{ISBN|0-7528-8597-9}}), narrated by Stewart.

In 2009, Stewart's publisher, ''[[Sort of Books]]'', announced plans to release his memoir focused on sailing, entitled ''Three Ways to Capsize a Boat: An Optimist Afloat''.<ref>[http://www.thebookseller.com/news/74156-lemon-prequel-for-sort-of-books.html "Lemon prequel for Sort of Books"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090813223855/http://www.thebookseller.com/news/74156-lemon-prequel-for-sort-of-books.html|date=13 August 2009}}, ''[[The Bookseller]]'', 9 January 2009. Retrieved 29 January 2009.</ref> This was fulfilled as {{ISBN|978-0956003812}}.<ref>[http://sortof.co.uk/books/three-ways-to-capsize-a-boat/ ''Three Ways to Capsize a Boat''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903190049/http://sortof.co.uk/books/three-ways-to-capsize-a-boat/ |date=3 September 2014 }}, ''Sort of Books''. Retrieved 2 September 2014.</ref>

In 2014, Sort Of Books published Stewart's book of stories, ''Last Days of the Bus Club'' (4 June 2014, {{ISBN|978-1-908745-43-9}}), which focuses on his daughter's going to university, and his and Ana's subsequent life alone on the farm.<ref>[http://sortof.co.uk/books/last-days-of-the-bus-club/ ''Last Days of the Bus Club''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903183038/http://sortof.co.uk/books/last-days-of-the-bus-club/ |date=3 September 2014 }}, ''Sort of Books''. Retrieved 2 September 2014.</ref> Stewart has also contributed to two books in the [[Rough Guides]] series: the ''Rough Guide to Andalucia'' and the ''Rough Guide to China''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/former-genesis-drummer-chris-stewart-publishes-his-latest-dispatch-andalusia-9497084.html|title=Former Genesis drummer Chris Stewart publishes his latest dispatch|website=[[Independent.co.uk]]|first=John|last= Walsh|date=5 June 2014}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=December 2016}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.anthonyphillips.co.uk/associates/chris.htm Biography and news]
*{{discogs artist|Chris Stewart (7)|Chris Stewart}}
*[http://www.sortof.co.uk/ Sort of Books], a small British publisher initially founded to help Stewart publish his debut book (see [https://web.archive.org/web/20140904055615/http://sortof.co.uk/about-us/ About us])
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110301030656/http://www.listisimo.es/blogs/chris-stewart/ Chris Stewart's blog about thrifty-living in Spain]

{{Genesis}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Stewart, Chris}}
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century British drummers]]
[[Category:20th-century British farmers]]
[[Category:21st-century English farmers]]
[[Category:20th-century English male musicians]]
[[Category:20th-century English memoirists]]
[[Category:21st-century English memoirists]]
[[Category:British Book Award winners]]
[[Category:British male drummers]]
[[Category:English drummers]]
[[Category:English expatriates in Spain]]
[[Category:Genesis (band) members]]
[[Category:People educated at Charterhouse School]]
[[Category:People from Crawley]]

[[ja:クリス・スチュワート]]

Devenish Island

2025-09-07T09:59:40Z

2A02:8071:184:4E80:0:0:0:6F0F: mv link up to first mention

{{short description|Small island of Northern Ireland}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox islands
| name = Devenish or Devinish Island
| image_name = Devenish island 2006.jpg
| image_caption = Monastic site on Devenish Island
| image_alt = A ruined stone building with ecclesiastical stylings, surrounded by short grass and scattered headstones, with a stone round tower to the right. In the background, a stretch of calm water can be seen in front of a tree-lined shore.
| map = Northern Ireland
| location = [[Lower Lough Erne]]
| coordinates = {{coord|54|22|20.31|N|7|39|27.51|W|display=inline|region:GB}}
| area_km2 = 0.498
| area_footnotes =
| length_km = 2
| length_footnotes =
| width_km = 1.1
| width_footnotes =
| highest_mount = Sour Hill
| elevation_m = 64.3 
| elevation_footnotes =
| country = Northern Ireland (United Kingdom)
| country_admin_divisions_title =
| country_admin_divisions =
| country_admin_divisions_title_1 =
| country_admin_divisions_1 =
| country_admin_divisions_title_2 =
| country_admin_divisions_2 =
| country_capital =
| country_largest_city =
| country_largest_city_population =
| country_leader_title =
| country_leader_name =
| demonym =
| website =
| additional_info =
}}

'''Devenish''' or '''Devinish'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.logainm.ie/1165997.aspx|title=Daimhinis/Devinish|website=Logainm.ie|access-date=13 August 2017}}</ref> ({{Irish derived place name|Daimhinis|ox island}}) is a [[lake island]] in Lower [[Lough Erne]], [[County Fermanagh]], Northern Ireland. Aligned roughly north–south, it is about {{convert|1+1/4|mi|km|spell=in}} long and {{convert|2/3|mi|km|spell=in|adj=pre|of a}} wide.

The island is the site of an early Christian monastery and [[Irish round tower|round tower]].<ref name="irishstones">{{cite web|url = https://www.irishstones.org/place.aspx?p=1397 | website = irishstones.org | title = Devenish - Teampull Mór | date = June 2018 | accessdate = 17 February 2025 }}</ref> It is historically associated with [[Laisrén mac Nad Froích|Saint Mo Laisse]] who is reputed to have founded the monastery in the 6th century.<ref name="irishstones"/> At one point there were up to 1500 religious scholars at Devenish.<ref name="Meehan_Pg_86">{{cite book |last=Meehan |first=Cary |date=2004 |title=Sacred Ireland |url= |location=Somerset |publisher=Gothic Image Publications |page=86 |isbn=0 906362 43 1 |access-date=}}</ref> It possibly belonged to the [[Culdee]] order.<ref name=Stair>{{cite web|url=https://stairnaheireann.net/2018/10/06/devenish-damhinis-the-isle-of-oxen/|website=Stair na hÉireann|title=History of Ireland, Devenish-Damhinis – The Isle of Oxen|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816212706/https://stairnaheireann.net/2018/10/06/devenish-damhinis-the-isle-of-oxen/|archive-date=16 August 2021}}</ref> The settlement, which was raided by Vikings in the 9th century, was burned in 1157.<ref name="irishstones"/> The round tower is 81 feet high with four small windows at the top facing the four [[cardinal points]]. Above each window is a finely carved head and a cornice that runs around the top of the tower.<ref name="Meehan_Pg_86"/> There are also examples of 15th century stone crosses on the island.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.megalithicireland.com/High%20Cross%20Devenish%20Island.html|website=megalithicireland|title=Irish High Crosses - Devenish Island - Late Medieval Cross}}</ref>

The island, which is accessible by ferry, is in the [[Civil parishes in Ireland|civil parish]] of [[Devenish, County Fermanagh|Devenish]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.logainm.ie/en/58944 | title = An Daimhinis/Devinish (civil parish) | work = [[Placenames Database of Ireland]] | access-date = 9 October 2024}}</ref> The places to catch a ferry include [[Trory|Trory Point]] and [[The Round O]], outside [[Enniskillen]].<ref>{{cite web|url =https://www.megalithicireland.com/Devenish%20Round%20Tower.html | website = megalithicireland.com | title = Devenish Island | accessdate = 17 February 2025 }}</ref> Devenish Island is owned by the Kilravock Christian Trust.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kilravockcastle.com/|title=Kilravock Castle (pronounced 'Kil-rawk') dates from 1460.|website=Kilravockcastle.com|access-date=13 August 2017}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Cahalan Ó Corcrán]]
* [[List of archaeological sites in County Fermanagh]]
* [[List of townlands in County Fermanagh]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web |last=Curtis |first=Liz |title=Ancient Island Sites on Lough Erne |publisher=Culture Northern Ireland |year=2004 |url=http://www.culturenorthernireland.org/article.aspx?art_id=746 |access-date=19 March 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224043140/http://www.culturenorthernireland.org/article.aspx?art_id=746 |archive-date=24 February 2012 }}
* {{cite web|title=Devenish Island|publisher=www.enniskillen.com|url=http://www.enniskillen.com/devenish_island.htm|access-date=19 March 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224065821/http://www.enniskillen.com/devenish_island.htm|archive-date=24 December 2008}}
* {{cite web|title=Devenish Monastic Site|publisher=[[Northern Ireland Environment Agency]]|url=http://www.ni-environment.gov.uk/places/monuments/devenish.shtml|access-date=19 March 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121224010315/http://www.ni-environment.gov.uk/places/monuments/devenish.shtml|archive-date=24 December 2012}}
* {{Cite book |last=Donnelly |first=Colm J |title=Living Places |date=6 February 1997 |publisher=Institute of Irish Studies |isbn=978-0-85389-475-9}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Devenish Island}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110717214239/http://www.virtualvisit-northernireland.com/gallery.aspx?dataid=50157&title=Castles_and_Monuments Virtual tour of Devenish Island Monastic Site] – Virtual Visit Northern Ireland

{{County Fermanagh}}

[[Category:Islands of County Fermanagh]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in County Fermanagh]]
[[Category:Townlands of County Fermanagh]]
[[Category:Uninhabited islands of Northern Ireland]]
[[Category:Scheduled monuments in Northern Ireland]]
[[Category:Towers in Northern Ireland]]
[[Category:Ruins in Northern Ireland]]
[[Category:Northern Ireland Environment Agency properties]]
[[Category:Culdees]]
[[Category:Lake islands of Northern Ireland]]
[[Category:State Care Monuments of Northern Ireland]]