Vero - Wikipedia - User contributions [en]

Client state

2025-11-03T08:52:49Z

2A02:8071:5BB0:6EE0:4543:B26E:30BA:9FD9:

{{Short description|State that is subordinate to another}}
{{Forms of government}}
A '''client state''', in the context of [[international relations]], is an umbrella term that broadly refers to any [[State (polity)|state]] economically, politically, and militarily subordinated to a more powerful '''controlling state'''. It typically describes a [[bilateral relationship]] that is mutually beneficial, characterized by different but shared obligations.<ref>Michael Graham Fry, Erik Goldstein, Richard Langhorne. ''Guide to International Relations and Diplomacy''. London, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: Continuum International Publishing, 2002. Pp. 9.</ref>

Variants<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Талдикін |first1=О. |last2=Taldykin |first2=O. |title=Клієнтські форми державності: держава-сателіт |date=2022 |url=https://er.dduvs.edu.ua/handle/123456789/10524 |journal=Науковий вісник Дніпропетровського державного університету внутрішніх|language=uk}}</ref> of a ''client state'' are [[associated state]], [[dominion]], [[Condominium (international law)|condominium]], [[self-governing colony]], [[Neocolonialism|neo-colony]], [[protectorate]], [[puppet state]], [[satellite state]], [[vassal state]] and [[tributary state]].

== Controlling states in history ==
=== Persia, Greece, Ancient China and Rome ===
{{see also|List of Roman client rulers|Client kingdoms in ancient Rome}}
Ancient states such as [[History of Iran|Persia]], [[Parthia]], [[Ancient Greece|Greek city-states]], [[Ancient China]], and [[Ancient Rome]] sometimes created client states by making the leaders of that state subservient, having to provide [[tribute]] and soldiers. [[Classical Athens]], for example, forced weaker states into the [[Delian League]] and in some cases imposed democratic governments on them. Later, [[Philip II of Macedon]] similarly imposed the [[League of Corinth]]. One of the most prolific users of client states was [[Roman Republic|Republican Rome]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zmmBAAAAMAAJ&q=client+king|title=Herod's Judaea|isbn=9783161497179|last1=Rocca|first1=Samuel|year=2008|publisher=Mohr Siebeck }}</ref><ref>Collected studies: Alexander and his successors in Macedonia, by Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière Hammond,1994, page 257,"to Demetrius of Pharos, whom she set up as a client king</ref> which, instead of conquering and then absorbing into an empire, chose to make [[Client kingdoms in ancient Rome|client states]] out of those it defeated (e.g. [[Demetrius of Pharos]]), a policy which was continued up until the 1st century BCE when it became the [[Roman Empire]]. Sometimes the client was not a former enemy but a [[pretender]] whom Rome helped, [[Herod the Great]] being a well-known example. The use of client states continued through the [[Middle Ages]] as the [[Feudalism|feudal system]] began to take hold.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

=== Ottoman Empire ===
{{main|Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire}}
[[File:OttomanEmpire1590.png|thumb|Vassal and tributary states of the [[Ottoman Empire]] in 1590]]
The number of tributary or vassal states varied over time but most notable were the [[Crimean Khanate|Khanate of Crimea]], [[Wallachia]], [[Moldavia]], [[Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)|Transylvania]], the [[Collapse of the Georgian realm#Fragmentation of the church|Western Georgian principalities]], the [[Sharifate of Mecca]], and the [[Aceh Sultanate|Sultanate of Aceh]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

== 19th and 20th centuries ==
{{more citations needed section|date=July 2014}}

=== Russian Empire ===
{{main|Russia–Serbia relations}}

It is often said that, prior to the [[Partitions of Poland]], during the reigns of [[Augustus II the Strong|Augustus II]] and [[Augustus III of Poland|Augustus III]], [[Poland-Lithuania]] was essentially a client state of Russia, since both kings were elected with strong Russian (and to a lesser extent Habsburg Austrian) backing against French- and Swedish-influenced [[Stanisław Leszczyński|Stanislaw I]], later staying in power with extensive Russian support.<ref name= "Flathe">{{Citation | first = Heinrich Theodor | last = Flathe | title = Friedrich August I., Kurfürst von Sachsen | journal = Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie | volume = 7 | publisher = Duncker & Humblot | place = Leipzig | year = 1878 | pages = 781–784 | language = de}}.</ref><ref>Jacek Staszewski, ''August III Sas'', Wrocław, 2010, p. 27–29, 70 (in Polish)</ref>

[[Austria-Hungary]] tried to make [[Kingdom of Serbia|Serbia]] a client state in order to form a [[Christianity|Christian]] opposition to the [[Ottoman Empire]], but after the 1903 [[May Coup (Serbia)|May Coup]], Serbia came under the influence of [[Russian Empire|Russia]], which was forming a pan-[[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]] opposition to the Latin Christianity represented by the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1914, Russia repeatedly warned Austria-Hungary against attacking Serbia. When it did attack, Russia mobilised its army.<ref>Russian Foreign Minister [[Sergey Sazonov]] warned Austria in 1914 that Russia "Would respond militarily to any action against the client state." Christopher Clark, ''The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914'' (2012) p 481.</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Thomas F. X. Noble|display-authors=et al|title=Western Civilization: Beyond Boundaries, Volume C: Since 1789|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b1PTCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA692|year=2010|publisher=Cengage|page=692|isbn=978-1424069606}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Michael J. Lyons|title=World War II: A Short History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LYqTDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA3|year=2016|publisher=Routledge|pages=3–4|isbn=9781315509440}}</ref> Russia also wanted [[Kingdom of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]]<ref>{{cite book|author=Barbara Jelavich|title=Russia and the Formation of the Romanian National State, 1821–1878|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=clLtuNxa1cgC&pg=PA288|year=2004|publisher=Cambridge UP|page=288|isbn=9780521522519}}</ref> and [[Kingdom of Montenegro|Montenegro]]<ref>{{cite book|author=Clive Ponting|title=Thirteen Days: The Road to the First World War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9BmAAAAMAAJ|year=2002|publisher=Chatto & Windus|page=60|isbn=9780701172930}}</ref> as client states, although Bulgaria joined the war on the side of Austria-Hungary.

At the time, [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Great Britain]] and Austria-Hungary both considered Serbia as a client state controlled by Russia.<ref>{{cite book|author=Henry Cowper|title=World War One and Its Consequences|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l9VmAAAAMAAJ|year=1990|publisher=Open University Press|page=209|isbn=9780335093076}}</ref>

=== First French Empire ===
{{main|List of French client states}}
[[File:Europe 1812 map en.png|thumb|The [[First French Empire]] and its satellite states in 1812]]
During the [[French Revolution|Revolutionary]] and [[Napoleonic era]]s (1789–1815), France conquered most of [[western Europe]] and established several client states.

At first, during the [[French Revolutionary Wars]], these states were erected as "''Républiques sœurs''" ("[[sister republic]]s"). They were established in Italy (the [[Cisalpine Republic]] in [[Northern Italy]] and the [[Parthenopean Republic]] in [[Southern Italy]]), Greece ([[French rule in the Ionian Islands (1797–1799)|''Îles Ioniennes'']]), Switzerland (the [[Helvetic Republic]] and the [[Valais Republic|Rhodanic Republic]]), and Belgium and the Netherlands ([[Batavian Republic]]).

During the [[First French Empire]], while [[Napoleon|Napoleon I]] and the [[French Imperial Army (1804–1815)|French Army]] occupied much of [[Europe]], such states changed, and several new states were formed. The Italian republics were transformed into the [[Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)|Kingdom of Italy]] under Napoleon's direct rule in the north, and the [[Kingdom of Naples (Napoleonic)|Kingdom of Naples]] in the south, first under [[Joseph Bonaparte]] and later under [[Marshal of the Empire|Marshal]] [[Joachim Murat]]. A third state was created in the Italian Peninsula, the [[Kingdom of Etruria]]. The Batavian Republic was replaced by the [[Kingdom of Holland]], ruled by Napoleon's third brother, [[Louis Bonaparte]].

A total of 35 German states, all of them allies of France, seceded from the [[Holy Roman Empire]] to create the [[Confederation of the Rhine]], a client state created to provide a buffer between France and its two largest enemies to the east, [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]] and [[Austrian Empire|Austria]]. Two of those states were Napoleonic creations: the [[Kingdom of Westphalia]], which was controlled by [[Jérôme Bonaparte]], the Emperor's youngest brother; and the [[Grand Duchy of Würzburg]] as was Poland, then the [[Duchy of Warsaw]].

During the [[Peninsular War|French invasion of the Iberian Peninsula]], Napoleon attempted to subjugate Portugal and Spain into a client [[Spain under Joseph Bonaparte|Kingdom of Spain]], but the French were eventually driven out of Iberia in a costly war.

=== France after decolonisation ===
In the 20th century, France exercised a sphere of influence, or ''[[Françafrique]]'' over its [[French African colonies|former African colonies]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/specialseries/2013/08/201387113131914906.html |title=The French African Connection |access-date=September 27, 2018 |date=April 7, 2014 |publisher=Al Jazeera |archive-date=November 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181112013750/https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/specialseries/2013/08/201387113131914906.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/22/opinion/global/the-return-of-francafrique.html |title=The Return of Françafrique |access-date=September 27, 2018 |last=Haski |first=Pierre |date=July 21, 2013 |work=The New York Times |location=New York }}</ref> and to some degree former Belgian colonies in Africa (which were also French-speaking). The term is sometimes used pejoratively, to characterise the relationship with France as neocolonial. The former colonies provide oil and minerals important to the [[Economy of France|French economy]], and in some, French companies have commercial interests.

=== British Empire ===
[[File:British Indian Empire 1909 Imperial Gazetteer of India.jpg|thumb|Map of British territories in the Indian subcontinent in 1909 with [[princely state]]s in yellow]]
The [[Princely state|Indian princely states]] were nominally sovereign entities in the [[British Empire]] and in 1947, were given a choice to either accede to independent [[Dominion of India|India]] or [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]] or get independence (the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] did opt for independence but his kingdom was [[Annexation of Hyderabad|annexed]] by Indian forces in 1948). [[Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence|Egyptian independence]] in 1922 ended its brief status as a British protectorate and [[Kingdom of Iraq|Iraq]] was made a kingdom in 1932. But in both cases, the economic and military reality did not amount to full independence, but a status where the local rulers were British clients. Other instances include Africa (e.g. Northern Nigeria under [[Frederick Lugard, 1st Baron Lugard|Lord Lugard]]), and the [[Unfederated Malay States]]; the policy of ''[[indirect rule]]''.

=== Germany ===
==== World War I ====
{{Main article|Central Powers#German client states}}
* {{Flagicon|Poland}} [[Kingdom of Poland (1917–1918)|Kingdom of Poland]]<ref>The Regency Kingdom has been referred to as a [[puppet state]] by Norman Davies in ''Europe: A history'' ([https://books.google.com/books?id=jrVW9W9eiYMC&dq=%22Kingdom+of+Poland%22+1916+puppet&pg=PA910 Google Print, p. 910]); by Jerzy Lukowski and Hubert Zawadzki in ''A Concise History of Poland'' ([https://books.google.com/books?id=HMylRh-wHWEC&pg=PA218 Google Print, p. 218]); by Piotr J. Wroblel in ''Chronology of Polish History'' and ''Nation and History'' ([https://books.google.com/books?id=lzWHDEE6OqkC&pg=PA454 Google Print, p. 454]); and by Raymond Leslie Buell in ''Poland: Key to Europe'' ([https://books.google.com/books?id=-KcfGbrKptoC&q=Poland+Key+to+Europe Google Print, p. 68]: "The Polish Kingdom... was merely a pawn [of Germany]").</ref> (1917–1918)
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Lithuania (1918).svg}} [[Kingdom of Lithuania (1918)|Kingdom of Lithuania]] (1918)
* {{Flag|Ukrainian State}}<ref>Kataryna Wolczuk. The Moulding of Ukraine: The Constitutional Politics of State Formation. p. 37.</ref> (1918)
* {{Flag|Belarusian Democratic Republic}}<ref>https://twitter.com/radabnr?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor</ref> (1918)
* [[File:Flag of Courland (state).svg|20px|border]] [[Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (1918)|Duchy of Courland and Semigallia]]<ref>Kevin O'Connor, [https://books.google.com/books?id=b3b5nU4bnw4C&dq The History of the Baltic States], page 78, {{ISBN|0-313-32355-0}}.</ref> (1918)
* [[File:United Baltic Duchy flag.svg|20px|border]] [[United Baltic Duchy]]<ref>{{cite book |page=48 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=emBIdi4LPz8C |title=The Baltic States: The Years of Independence |author=Georg von Rauch |year = 1974|isbn=0-903983-00-1 |quote=Later an alternative proposal was advanced for a United Baltic Duchy under [[Duke Adolf Friedrich of Mecklenburg]]}}</ref> (1918)
* {{Flag|Democratic Republic of Georgia}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rayfield |first=Donald |title=Edge of empires: a history of Georgia |date=2012 |publisher=Reaktion Books |isbn=978-1-78023-030-6 |location=London |pages=326–331}}</ref> (1918)

==== World War II ====
{{main|List of World War II puppet states#Germany}}
* {{flagicon|Slovak Republic (1939–1945)}} [[Slovak Republic (1939–1945)|Slovak Republic]] (1939–1945)
* {{flag|Vichy France}} (1940–1944)
* {{flag|Independent State of Croatia}} (1941–1945)
* {{flagicon|Albanian Kingdom (1943–44)}} [[German occupation of Albania|Albanian Kingdom]] (1943–1944)

=== United States ===
[[File:CongressBuilding SEATO.jpg|thumb|right|The leaders attending the [[Manila Summit Conference]] hosted by Philippine President [[Ferdinand Marcos]] on 24 October 1966]]
The term has also been applied to states which are extremely economically dependent on a more powerful nation. The three Pacific Ocean countries associated with the United States under the [[Compact of Free Association]] (the [[Federated States of Micronesia]], the [[Marshall Islands]], and [[Palau]]) have been called client states.<ref>{{cite book |title=Pacific Futures: Past and Present |date=2018 |editor1=Warwick Anderson |editor2=Miranda Johnson |editor3=Barbara Brookes |first=David L. |last=Hanlon |chapter=A Different Historiography for "A Handful of Chickpeas Flung Over the Sea": Approaching the Federated States of Micronesia's Deeper Past|publisher=University of Hawai'i Press |isbn=978-0-8248-7742-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |journal=Mundi |last=Chen |first=Millie |title=The Marshall Islands and U.S. Imperial Relations |url=https://tuljournals.temple.edu/index.php/mundi/article/view/374 |publisher=Temple University |date=2020 |volume=1 |number=1 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Rampell |first1=Ed |title=George H.W. Bush: Dirty Tricks and Regime Change in Nuclear-Free Palau |url=https://islandtimes.org/george-bush-dirty-tricks-palau/ |access-date=15 April 2023 |work=Island Times |date=8 January 2019}}</ref>

* {{flagcountry|Republic of China (1912–1949)}} (1945–1949) → {{Flag|Taiwan}} (1949–1979)
* {{flag|Khmer Republic}} (1970–1975)
* {{flag|Philippines|1936}} ([[History of the Philippines (1965–1986)|1965–1986]])
* {{flag|South Korea}} (1948–1953)
* {{flag|South Vietnam}} (1954–1975)
* {{flag|Thailand}} (1949–1976)

=== Imperial Japan ===
[[File:Manchukuo map 1939.svg|thumb|Location of [[Manchukuo]] (red) within [[Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere|Imperial Japan's sphere of influence]] in 1939]]
In the late 19th century, the [[Empire of Japan]] gradually reduced [[Joseon|Joseon Korea]]'s status to that of a client state. In the early 20th century, this was converted to [[Korea under Japanese rule|direct rule]]. [[Manchukuo]], in contrast, remained a [[List of World War II puppet states|puppet state]] throughout World War II.

* {{Flag|Azad Hind}} (1943–1945)
* {{Flag|State of Burma}} (1943–1945)
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Cambodia under French protection.svg}} [[Kingdom of Kampuchea (1945)|Kingdom of Kampuchea]] (1945)
* China ([[East Hebei Autonomous Government]] and [[North Shanxi Autonomous Government]])<ref>{{Cite web |title=China grapples with preserving reminders of Japanese occupation |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-relations/China-grapples-with-preserving-reminders-of-Japanese-occupation |access-date=2022-05-31 |website=Nikkei Asia |language=en-GB}}</ref>
** {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Great Way Municipal Government of Shanghai.svg}} [[Great Way Government]] (1937–1938)
** {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1939–1940).svg}} [[Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1937–1940)|Provisional Government of the Republic of China]] (1937–1940)
** {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Republic of China-Nanjing (Peace, Anti-Communism, National Construction).svg}} [[Wang Jingwei regime|Reorganised National Government of the Republic of China]] (1940–1945)
* {{Flag|Joseon}} (After the [[First Sino-Japanese War]])<ref>{{Cite web |title=Transimperial Genealogies of Korea as a Protectorate: The Egypt Model in Japan's Politics of Colonial Comparison {{!}} Cross-Currents |url=https://cross-currents.berkeley.edu/e-journal/issue-32/mizutani |access-date=2022-05-31 |website=cross-currents.berkeley.edu |archive-date=2022-03-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317192743/https://cross-currents.berkeley.edu/e-journal/issue-32/mizutani |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* {{Flag|Korean Empire}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=How Japan Took Control of Korea {{!}} HISTORY|url=https://www.history.com/.amp/news/japan-colonization-korea|access-date=2021-07-02|website=www.history.com|date=28 February 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Japanese Rule Over Korea - A Liberation Day Korea History - Koryo Tours |url=https://koryogroup.com/blog/japanese-rule-over-korea-a-liberation-day-korea-history |access-date=2022-06-02 |website=koryogroup.com |date=15 August 2020 |language=en}}</ref>{{Unreliable source|date=September 2024|reason=blog|certain=yes}} (1905–1910)
* {{Flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Luang_Phrabang_(1707-1893).svg}} [[Kingdom of Luang Prabang (Japanese puppet state)|Kingdom of Luang Phrabang]] (1945)
* {{Flag|Manchukuo}} (1932–1945)
* {{Flag|Mengjiang}} (1939–1945)
* {{Flag|Second Philippine Republic}} (1943–1945)
* {{Flagdeco|Vietnam|1945}} [[Empire of Vietnam]] (1945)

In 1915, the Japanese government published the [[Twenty-One Demands]], whose last seven demands of Section 5 would've transformed the Chinese economy and government so much that China would've essentially become a client state of Japan.<ref>Arthur S. Link, ''Wilson, Volume III: The Struggle for Neutrality, 1914–1915'' (1960) pp 267–308; [https://archive.org/details/wilsonstrugglefo0003unse online].</ref> During World War II, [[Portuguese Macau|Macau]] was left unoccupied by the Japanese military, unlike neighboring [[British Hong Kong|Hong Kong]] or fellow Portuguese colony [[Portuguese Timor|Timor]], yet Japanese civilian advisors were forcefully installed to patrol the city instead, thus turning it into a ''de facto'' Japanese protectorate.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ptak |first=Roderich |date=2017 |title=Review of Wartime Macau: Under the Japanese Shadow |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.13173/jasiahist.51.2.0328 |journal=Journal of Asian History |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=328–333 |doi=10.13173/jasiahist.51.2.0328 |jstor=10.13173/jasiahist.51.2.0328 |issn=0021-910X|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

=== Soviet Union ===
{{see also|Soviet Empire|Satellite state}}
Soviet proxy, [[Satellite state#Post-World War II|"satellite"]], or client states included much of the [[Warsaw Pact]] member states whose policies were heavily influenced by Soviet military power and economic aid. Other nations with [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] governments were routinely criticised as being Soviet proxies as well, among them [[Cuba]] following the [[Cuban Revolution]], the [[Chinese Soviet Republic]], [[North Korea]],<ref name=DPRK>{{cite magazine| url=https://theweek.com/articles/597768/why-north-korea-betting-big-nuclear-weapons |title=Why North Korea is betting big on nuclear weapons| date=8 January 2016| last=Mizokami| first=Kyle| magazine=The Week}}</ref> [[North Vietnam]], the [[Socialist Republic of Vietnam]], [[South Yemen]], the [[People's Republic of Angola]], the [[People's Republic of Mozambique]], and the [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan]]. Within the [[Soviet Union]] itself, the [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Ukrainian SSR]] and the [[Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic|Byelorussian SSR]], had seats at the [[United Nations]], but were actually proper Soviet territory.


== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
* [[Associated state]]
* [[Banana republic]]
* [[Condominium (international law)|Condominium]]
* [[Dominion]]
* [[Neo-colony]]
* [[Protectorate]]
* [[Puppet state]]
* [[Satellite state]]
* [[Self-governing colony]]
* [[Strategic autonomy]]
* [[Suzerainty]]
* [[Tributary state]]
* [[Tributary state|Tributary]]
* [[Vassal state]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Autonomous types of first-tier administration}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Client State}}
[[Category:Client state| ]]
[[Category:Sovereignty]]
[[Category:Geopolitical terminology]]
[[Category:Types of countries]]

CSS (disambiguation)

2025-11-03T06:55:36Z

2A02:8071:5BB0:6EE0:4543:B26E:30BA:9FD9: /* Other organisations */

{{Wiktionary|CSS}}
'''[[CSS]]''', or Cascading Style Sheets, is a language used to describe the style of document presentations in web development.

'''CSS''' may also refer to:
{{TOC right}}

==Computing and telecommunications==
*[[Chirp spread spectrum]], a modulation concept, part of the standard IEEE 802.15.4aCSS
*[[Closed source software]], software that is not distributed with source code; also known as proprietary software
*[[Computational social science]], academic sub-disciplines concerned with computational approaches to the social sciences
*[[Content Scramble System]], an encryption algorithm in DVDs
*[[Content Services Switch]], a family of load balancers produced by Cisco
*[[CSS code]], a type of error-correcting code in quantum information theory

==Arts and entertainment==
*[[Campus SuperStar]], a popular Singapore school-based singing competition
*[[Chicken Soup for the Soul]], an American publisher
*Closed Shell Syndrome, a fictional disease in the ''[[Ghost in the Shell]]'' television series
*[[Comcast/Charter Sports Southeast]], a defunct southeast U.S. sports cable television network
*''[[Counter-Strike: Source]]'', an online first-person shooter computer game
*[[CSS (band)]], Cansei de Ser Sexy, a Brazilian electro-rock band

==Government==
*''Canadian Survey Ship'', of the [[Canadian Hydrographic Service]]
*[[Center for Strategic Studies]] in Iran
*[[Central Security Service]], the military component of the US National Security Agency
*[[Central Superior Services]] of Pakistan
*[[Chicago South Shore and South Bend Railroad]], a U.S. railroad
*[[Committee for State Security (Bulgaria)]], a former name for the Bulgarian secret service
*[[KGB]], the Committee for State Security, the Soviet Union's security agency
*[[Supreme Security Council]] of Moldova, named {{lang|ro|Consiliul Suprem de Securitate}} (CSS) in Romanian

==Military==
*[[Combat service support]]
*[[Combat sidestroke]], a swimming stroke used by Navy SEALs
*[[Confederate Secret Service]], the secret service operations of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War
*[[Confederate States Ship]], a ship of the historical naval branch of the Confederate States armed forces
*[[Dongfeng missile]], a Chinese surface-to-surface missile system (NATO designation code CSS)
*[[HNLMS Den Helder (A834)]], a ship under construction for the Dutch navy, also known as a Combat Support Ship (CSS).
*[[Combat stores ship]], Ships that provides supplies and propulsion and aviation fuel to combatant ships.

==Schools and education==
*[[Centennial Secondary School (disambiguation)]]
*''[[Certificat de Sécurité Sauvetage]]'', the former name of ''Certificat de formation à la sécurité'', the French national degree required to be flight attendant in France
*[[Chase Secondary School]], British Columbia, Canada
*[[Clementi Secondary School]], Hong Kong SAR, China
*[[College of Social Studies]], at Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut, USA
*[[College of St. Scholastica]], Duluth, Minnesota, USA
*[[Colorado Springs School]], Colorado Springs, CO, USA
*[[Columbia Secondary School]], New York, NY, USA
*[[Commonwealth Secondary School]], Jurong East, Singapore
*[[Courtice Secondary School]], Courtice, Canada
*[[Crockett State School]], juvenile correctional facility in Crockett, Texas, USA
*[[CSS Profile]], College Scholarship Service Profile, a U.S. student aid application form

==Space==
* [[Chinese space station]], a modular space station project
* [[Catalina Sky Survey]], an astronomical survey
* [[Commercial space station]]
* Control stick steering, a method of flying the [[Space Shuttle]] manually

==Other organisations==
* [[CS Sfaxien]], a Tunisian sport club
* [[Comcast/Charter Sports Southeast]], a cable-exclusive regional sports television network
* [[Confederation of Sahel States]], a confederation in Africa
* [[Citizens Signpost Service]], a body of the European Commission
* [[Community Service Society of New York]]
* [[Congregation of the Sacred Stigmata]], or Stigmatines, a Catholic religious order
* [[Cryptogamic Society of Scotland]], a Scottish botanical research society

==Medicine and health science==
* Cancer-specific survival, [[survival rate]]s specific to cancer type
* [[Cytokine storm syndrome]]
* Churg–Strauss syndrome, a type of autoimmune vasculitis, also known as [[eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis]]
* [[Cross-sectional study]], a study collecting data across a population at one point in time
* [[Coronary steal]] syndrome, the syndrome resulting from the blood flow problem called coronary steal
* Carotid sinus syndrome (carotid sinus syncope)—see ''[[Carotid sinus#Disease of the carotid sinus|Carotid sinus § Disease of the carotid sinus]]''

==Other uses==
* [[Capital1 Solar Spikers]], a Philippine women's volleyball team
* [[Capital1 Solar Strikers]], a Philippine women's football club
* [[Chessington South railway station]], a National Rail station code in England
* [[Chicago South Shore and South Bend Railroad]], a freight railroad between Chicago, Illinois, and South Bend, Indiana
* Cignal Super Spikers, Philippine volleyball teams owned by Cignal
** [[Cignal Super Spikers (women)]]
** [[Cignal Super Spikers (men)]]
* Constant surface speed, a mode of machine tool operation, an aspect of [[speeds and feeds]]
* [[Context-sensitive solutions]], in transportation planning
* Customer satisfaction survey, a tool used in [[customer satisfaction research]]
* Cyclic steam stimulation, an oil field extraction technique; see [[Steam injection (oil industry)]]
* [[Cab Signaling System]], a train protection system
* Close-space sublimation, a method for producing thin film solar cells, esp. [[Cadmium telluride photovoltaics|Cadmium telluride]]
* [[Competition Scratch Score]], an element of the golf handicapping system in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland
* The ISO 639-3 code for [[ISO 639:css|Southern Ohlone]], also known as Costanoan, an indigenous language or language family spoken in California
* [[Chowk Sarwar Shaheed]] (CSS), a city in Punjab, Pakistan

==See also==
* [[Cross-site scripting]] (XSS)

{{disambiguation}}

Support group

2025-11-02T03:33:24Z

2A02:8071:5BB0:6EE0:4543:B26E:30BA:9FD9:

{{short description|Gathering of people discussing a shared burden}}
{{see also|Peer support}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
A '''support group''' is an organisation wherein members provide each other with various types of help, usually nonprofessional and nonmaterial, for a particular shared, usually burdensome, characteristic. Members with the same issues can come together for sharing coping strategies, to feel more empowered and for a sense of community. The help may take the form of providing and evaluating relevant information, relating personal experiences, listening to and accepting others' experiences, providing sympathetic understanding and establishing [[social network]]s. A support group may also work to inform the public or engage in advocacy.

==History==
Formal support groups may appear to be a modern phenomenon, but they supplement traditional [[fraternal organization]]s such as [[Freemasonry]] in some respects, and may build on certain supportive functions (formerly) carried out in (extended) [[family|families]].

Other types of groups formed to support causes, including causes outside of themselves, are more often called ''[[advocacy groups]]'', ''interest groups'', ''lobby groups'', ''pressure groups'' or ''promotional groups''. [[Trade union]]s and many environmental groups, for example, are interest groups. The term ''support group'' in this article refers to peer-to-peer support.

==Maintaining contact==
Support groups maintain interpersonal contact among their members in a variety of ways. Traditionally, groups meet in person in sizes that allow conversational interaction. Support groups also maintain contact through printed newsletters, telephone chains, internet forums, and mailing lists. Some support groups are exclusively [[On-line and off-line|online]] (see below).

Membership in some support groups is formally controlled, with admission requirements and membership fees. Other groups are "open" and allow anyone to attend an advertised meeting, for example, or to participate in an online forum.

==Management by peers or professionals==
A '''self-help support group''' is fully organized and managed by its members, who are commonly volunteers and have personal experience in the subject of the group's focus. These groups may also be referred to as ''fellowships'', ''peer support groups'', ''lay organizations'', ''mutual help groups'', or ''mutual aid self-help groups''. Most common are 12-step groups such as [[Alcoholics Anonymous]] and [[self-help groups for mental health]].

'''Professionally operated support groups''' are facilitated by professionals who most often do not share the problem of the members,<ref name = "APA">''APA Dictionary of Psychology'', 1st ed., Gary R. VandenBos, ed., Washington: American Psychological Association, 2007.</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Rosenstein, D. & Yopp, J.|title=The Group: Seven Widowed Fathers Reimagine Life|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RXI8DwAAQBAJ|date=2018|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-190-64956-2}}</ref> such as social workers, psychologists, or members of the clergy. The facilitator controls discussions and provides other managerial service. Such professionally operated groups are often found in institutional settings, including [[hospitals]], [[drug rehabilitation|drug-treatment centers]] and [[prison|correctional facilities]]. These types of support groups may run for a specified period of time, and an attendance fee is sometimes charged.<ref name = "APA"/>

==Types==
In the case of a [[disease]], an [[cultural identity|identity]] or a pre-disposition, for example, a support group will provide information, act as a clearing-house for experiences, and may serve as a [[public relations]] voice for affected people, other members, and their families. Groups for high IQ or [[LGBT|LGBTQIA+]] individuals, for example, differ in their inclusivity, but both connect people on the basis of identity or pre-disposition.{{citation needed|date=July 2016}}

For more temporary concerns, such as bereavement or episodic medical conditions, a support group may veer more towards helping those involved to overcome or push through their condition/experience.

Some support groups and conditions for which such groups may be formed are:
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
*[[Addiction recovery groups|Addiction]]
*[[AIDS]]
*[[Alzheimer's disease|Alzheimer's]]
*[[Alcoholics Anonymous]]
*[[Anxiety disorder]]s
*[[Asperger syndrome]]
*[[Borderline personality disorder]]
*[[Breastfeeding]]
*[[Stroke|Brain attack]] or [[Brain injury|Brain trauma]]
*[[Cancer support group|Cancer]]
*[[Circadian rhythm disorder]]s, e.g. [[DSPD]], [[Non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder|Non-24]]
*[[Codependency]]
*[[Diabetes]]
*[[Debtors Anonymous]]
*[[Domestic violence]]
*[[Eating disorder]]s
*[[Erythema nodosum]]
{{col-break|width=50%}}
*Families of addicts & alcoholics
*[[Fibromyalgia]]
*[[Gamblers Anonymous]]
*[[Grief]]
*[[Infertility]]
*[[Inflammatory bowel disease]]
*[[Irritable bowel syndrome]]
*[[Mental health]]
*[[Miscarriage]]
*[[Mood disorder]]s
*[[Narcolepsy]]
*[[Parkinson's disease]]
*[[Red burning skin|Red Skin Syndrome/Topical Steroid Addiction and Withdrawal]]
*[[Survivors Network of those Abused by Priests|Sexual abuse survivors]]
*[[Sleep disorder]]s
*[[Stuttering]]
*[[Suicide Prevention Action Network USA|Suicide prevention]]
*[[Ulcerative colitis]]
{{col-end}}

==Online support groups==
Since at least 1982, the [[Internet]] has provided a venue for support groups. Discussing online self-help support groups as the precursor to e-therapy, Martha Ainsworth notes that "the enduring success of these groups has firmly established the potential of computer-mediated communication to enable discussion of sensitive personal issues."<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.metanoia.org/imhs/history.htm |title= E-Therapy: History and Survey |access-date= 2008-04-15 |last= Ainsworth |first= Martha }}</ref>

In one study of the effectiveness of online support groups among patients with head and neck cancer, longer participation in online support groups were found to result in a better health-related quality of life.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Algtewi|first1=Eamar|last2=Owens|first2=Janine|last3=Baker|first3=Sarah R.|date=2017-04-17|title=Online support groups for head and neck cancer and health-related quality of life|journal=Quality of Life Research|volume=26|issue=9|pages=2351–2362|doi=10.1007/s11136-017-1575-8|pmid=28417218|pmc=5548849|issn=0962-9343}}</ref>

[[File:Parkins(on)line.png|thumb|Gerald Ganglbauer's ''Parkins(on)line'']]

===Appropriate groups still difficult to find===
A researcher from [[University College London]] says the lack of qualitative directories, and the fact that many support groups are not listed by search engines can make finding an appropriate group difficult.<ref name="Potts 2005">{{cite journal| last =Potts| first =Henry W. W.| title =Online support groups: An overlooked resource for patients| url =http://eprints.ucl.ac.uk/archive/00001406/01/Online_support_groups.pdf| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20060309233843/http://eprints.ucl.ac.uk/archive/00001406/01/Online_support_groups.pdf| archive-date =2006-03-09| journal =He@LTH Information on the Internet| volume =44| issue =1| pages =6–8| name-list-style =vanc}}</ref> Even so, he does say that the medical community needs "to understand the use of personal experiences rather than an evidence-based approach... these groups also impact on how individuals ''use'' information. They can help people learn how to find and use information: for example, users swap Web sites and ''discuss'' Web sites."

It is not difficult to find an online support group, but it is hard to find a good one. In the article ''What to Look for in Quality Online Support Groups'', John M. Grohol gives tips for evaluating online groups and states: "In good online support groups, members stick around long after they've received the support they were seeking. They stay because they want to give others what they themselves found in the group. Psychologists call this ''high group cohesion'', and it is the pinnacle of group achievement."<ref>{{cite web |url= http://psychcentral.com/archives/support_groups.htm |title= What to Look for in Quality Online Support Groups |access-date= 2008-04-15 |last= Grohol |first= John M. |date= May 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100114064133/http://psychcentral.com/archives/support_groups.htm |archive-date=2010-01-14 }}</ref>

===Benefits and pitfalls===

Several studies have shown the importance of the Internet in providing social support, particularly to groups with chronic health problems.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Powell | first = John |author2=Aileen Clarke | year = 2002 | title = The WWW of the World Wide Web: Who, What, and Why? | journal = Journal of Medical Internet Research | volume = 4 | issue = 1 | article-number = e4| doi = 10.2196/jmir.4.1.e4 | pmid = 11956036 | pmc = 1761925 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Especially in cases of uncommon ailments, a sense of community and understanding in spite of great geographical distances can be important, in addition to sharing of knowledge.

Online support groups, online communities for those affected by a common problem, give mutual support and provide information, two often inseparable features. They are, according to Henry Potts of University College London, "an overlooked resource for patients." Many studies have looked at the ''content of messages'', while what matters is the effect that ''participation'' in the group has on the individual. Potts complains that research on these groups has lagged behind, particularly on the groups which are set up by the people with the problems, rather than by researchers and healthcare professionals. User-defined groups can share the sort of practical knowledge that healthcare professionals can overlook, and they also impact on how individuals find, interpret and use information.<ref name="Potts 2005"/>

There are many benefits to online support groups that have been found through research studies. Although online support group users are not required to be anonymous, a study conducted by Baym (2010) finds that anonymity is beneficial to those who are lonely or anxious. This does not pertain to some people seeking support groups, because not all are lonely and/or anxious, but for those who are, online support groups are a great outlet where one can feel comfortable honestly expressing themselves because the other users do not know who they are.

A study was conducted by Walther and Boyd (2000) and they found a common trend to why people find online support groups appealing. First, the social distance between members online reduced embarrassment and they appreciated the greater range of expertise offered in the larger online social network. Next, they found that anonymity increased one's confidence in providing support to others and decreased embarrassment. The users of the social support websites were more comfortable being able to reread and edit their comments and discussion forum entries before sending them, and they have access to the website any time during the day. Each of these characteristics of online support groups are not offered when going to an in-person support group.

In a study conducted by Gunther Eysenbach, John Powell, Marina Englesakis, Carlos Rizo, and Anita Stern (2004), the researchers found it difficult to draw conclusions on the effectiveness of online peer-to-peer support groups. In online support groups, people must have the desire to support and help each other, and many times participants go on the sites in order to get help themselves or are limited to a certain subgroup.

An additional benefit to online support groups is that participation is asynchronous. This means that it is not necessary for all participants to be logged into the forum simultaneously in order to communicate. An experience or question can be posted and others can answer questions or comment on posts whenever they are logged in and have an appropriate response. This characteristic allows for participation and mass communication without having to worry about time constraints. Additionally, there are 24-hour chat rooms and spaces for focused conversation at all times of the day or night. This allows users to get the support they need whenever they need it, while remaining comfortable and, if they so wish, anonymous.

===Mental health===
Although there has been relatively little research on the effectiveness of online support groups in mental health,<ref name=Dean>{{cite journal
| last1 = Dean
| first1 = J
| last2 = Potts
| first2 = HWW
| last3 = Barker
| first3 = C
| date = 2016
| title = Direction to an Internet Support Group Compared With Online Expressive Writing for People With Depression And Anxiety: A Randomized Trial
| journal = JMIR Mental Health
| volume = 3
| issue = 2
| pages = e12
| doi = 10.2196/mental.5133
| pmid = 27189142
| pmc = 4887661
| doi-access = free
}}</ref> there is some evidence that online support groups can be beneficial.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Griffiths |first1=KM |last2=Calear |first2=AL |author-link2=Alison Calear |last3=Banfield |first3=M |date=2009 |title=Systematic review on Internet Support Groups (ISGs) and depression (1): Do ISGs reduce depressive symptoms? |journal=J Med Internet Res |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=e40 |doi=10.2196/jmir.1270 |pmc=2802256 |pmid=19793719 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Large randomised controlled trials have both found positive effects<ref>{{cite journal
| last1 = Griffiths
| first1 = KM
| last2 = Mackinnon
| first2 = AJ
| last3 = Crisp
| first3 = DA
| last4 = Christensen
| first4 = H
| last5 = Bennett
| first5 = K
| last6 = Farrer
| first6 = L
| date = 2012
| title = The effectiveness of an online support group for members of the community with depression: a randomised controlled trial
| journal = PLOS ONE
| volume = 7
| issue = 12
| article-number = e53244
| bibcode =2012PLoSO...753244G
| doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0053244
| pmid = 23285271
| pmc= 3532446
| doi-access = free
}}</ref> and failed to find positive effects.<ref name=Dean />

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Group psychotherapy]]
* [[Self-help groups for mental health]]
* [[Support Group for Islam and Muslims]]
* [[List of Twelve-Step groups]]
* {{Cl|Online support groups}}
{{div col end}}


==References==
<references/>

==External links==

{{Psychotherapy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Support Group}}
[[Category:Aftermath of war]]
[[Category:Support groups|*]]
[[Category:Self-care]]
[[Category:Types of organization]]
[[Category:Personal development]]
[[Category:Grief]]

Workers' Party

2025-10-31T00:20:27Z

2A02:8071:5BB0:6EE0:4543:B26E:30BA:9FD9:

{{Distinguish|Labor Party (disambiguation)}}
'''Workers' Party''' is a name used by several [[political party|political parties]] throughout the world. The name has been used by both organisations on the left and right of the political spectrum. It is currently used by followers of [[Marxism]], [[Marxism–Leninism]], [[Maoism]], [[Juche]], [[social democracy]], [[democratic socialism]], [[national socialism]], [[socialism]], [[communism]] and [[Trotskyism]].

==Current Workers' Parties==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Country
!Party
!Political orientation
|-
|[[Algeria]]
|[[Workers' Party (Algeria)|Workers' Party]]
|[[Trotskyist]]
|-
|[[Argentina]]
|[[Workers' Party (Argentina)|Workers' Party]]
|[[Trotskyist]]
|-
|[[Australia]]
|[[Australian Workers Party]]
|[[Social democracy]]
|-
|[[Bangladesh]]
|[[Workers Party of Bangladesh]]
|[[Marxist–Leninist]]
|-
|[[Belgium]]
|[[Workers' Party of Belgium]]
|[[Marxist]]
|-
|[[Brazil]]
|[[Workers' Party (Brazil)|Workers' Party]]
|[[Social democracy]]
|-
|[[Brazil]]
|[[United Socialist Workers' Party (Brazil)|Unified Socialist Workers' Party]]
|[[Trotskyist]]
|-
|[[Brazil]]
|[[Workers' Cause Party|Party of Worker's Cause]]
|[[Trotskyist]]
|-
|[[Costa Rica]]
|[[Workers' Party (Costa Rica)|Workers' Party]]
|[[Trotskyist]]
|-
|[[Czech Republic]]
|[[Workers' Party of Social Justice]]
|[[Neo-Nazism]]
|-
|[[Egypt]]
|[[Workers Democratic Party]]
|[[Social democracy]]
|-
|[[Ecuador]]
|[[Workers' Party of Ecuador]]
|[[Communist]]
|-
|[[Finland]]
|[[Workers' Party of Finland]]
|[[Socialist]]
|-
|[[France]]
|[[Workers' Party (France, 2015)]]
|[[Communist]]
|-
|[[Guinea-Bissau]]
|[[Workers' Party (Guinea-Bissau)|Workers' Party]]
|[[Socialist]]
|-
|[[Hungary]]
|[[Hungarian Workers' Party]]
|[[Marxist–Leninist]]
|-
|[[India]] ([[Maharashtra]] state)
|[[Peasants and Workers Party of India]]
|[[Marxist]]
|-
|[[India]] ([[West Bengal]] state)
|[[Workers Party of India]]
|[[Communist]]
|-
|[[Ireland]] {{small|(incl. [[Northern Ireland]])}}
|[[Workers' Party (Ireland)|Workers' Party]]
|[[Marxist–Leninist]]
|-
|[[Jamaica]]
|[[Workers Party of Jamaica]]
|[[Marxist–Leninist]]
|-
|[[Montenegro]]
|[[Workers' Party (Montenegro)|Workers' Party]]
|[[Labour rights]]
|-
|[[Nepal]]
|[[Nepal Workers Peasants Party]]
|[[Juche]]
|-
|[[North Korea]]
|[[Workers' Party of Korea]]
|[[Juche]]
|-
|[[Paraguay]]
|[[Workers' Party (Paraguay)|Workers' Party]]
|Trotskyist
|-
|[[Singapore]]
|[[Workers' Party (Singapore)|Workers' Party]]
|[[Social democracy]]
|-
|[[Spain]]
|[[Workers' Party (Spain)|Workers' Party]]
|[[Communist]]
|-
|[[Sweden]] ([[Västerbotten County]])
|[[Workers' Party (Sweden)|Workers' Party]]
|[[Trotskyist]]
|-
|[[Turkey]]
|[[Workers' Party of Turkey (2017) | Workers' Party of Turkey]]
|[[Marxist–Leninist]]
|-
|[[United Kingdom]]
|[[Workers Revolutionary Party (UK)|Workers Revolutionary Party]]
|[[Trotskyist]]
|-
|[[United Kingdom]]
|[[Workers Party of Britain]]
|[[Socialist]]
|-
|[[United States]]
|[[Workers Party (United States)]]
|[[Marxist–Leninist]]
|-
|[[United States]]
|[[South Carolina Workers Party]]
|Labor rights
|-
|United States
|Workers Party of Massachusetts
|Socialist
|-
|United States
|[[West Virginia Mountain Party]]
| [[Ecosocialism]]
|-
|Uruguay
|Workers' Party
|Trotskyist
|}

==Defunct Workers' Parties==
Defunct Workers' parties include:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Country
!Party
!Political orientation
!Reason defunct
|-
|[[Australia]]
|[[Workers Party (Australia)|Workers Party]]
|[[Libertarianism|Libertarian]]
|
|-
|[[Bahamas]]
|[[Workers' Party (Bahamas)|Workers' Party]]
|
|
|-
|[[Barbados]]
|[[Workers Party of Barbados]]
|[[Marxism|Marxist]]
|Defunct due to unpopularity
|-
|[[Brazil]]
|Worker's and Peasant's Bloc
|
|1937–1930.
|-
|[[Brazil]]
|Work's National Union
|
|1945–1948.
|-
|[[Brazil]]
|Nationalist Workers' Party
|
|1989.
|-
|[[Brazil]]
|Nationalist Brazilian Workers' Party
|
|1989–1992. Merged into [[Avante (political party)|Labour Party of Brazil]].
|-
|[[Brazil]]
|[[Workers' General Party|General Workers' Party]]
|
|1995–2003. Merged into [[Liberal Party (Brazil, 1985)|Liberal Party]].
|-
|[[Cambodia]]
|[[Communist Party of Kampuchea|Workers' Party of Kampuchea]] (1960–1966)
|[[Communism|Communist]]
|Renamed to Communist Party of Kampuchea in 1966. Dissolved in 1981.
|-
|[[Canada]]
|[[Communist Party of Canada|Workers' Party of Canada]] (1922–1924)
|Communist
|Legal face of the illegal Communist Party until the government's ban was lifted.
|-
|[[Canada]]
|[[League for Socialist Action|Workers' Party of Canada]] (1934–1937)
|[[Trotskyism|Trotskyist]]
|Dissolved upon [[entrism|entry]] into the [[Co-operative Commonwealth Federation]]. Reformed in 1939 as the Socialist Workers League.
|-
|[[Canada]]
|[[League for Socialist Action|Revolutionary Workers Party]] (1946–1952)
||[[Trotskyism|Trotskyist]]
|Entered the [[Co-operative Commonwealth Federation]].
|-
|[[Croatia]]
|[[Croatian Workers Party]] (1906–1918)
||[[Left-wing populism|Left-wing populist]]
|
|-
|[[Czech Republic]]
|[[Workers' Party (Czech Republic)|Workers' Party]]
|[[Nazism|National Socialist]]
|Banned in 2010 by the [[Supreme Administrative Court of the Czech Republic]]
|-
|[[Estonia]]
|[[Estonian Workers' Party]]
|[[Communism|Communist]]
|
|-
|[[People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia|Ethiopia]]
|[[Workers' Party of Ethiopia]]
|[[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]]
|[[Workers' Party of Ethiopia#Demise|Overthrown]] in 1991
|-
|[[Finland]]
|[[Socialist Workers' Party of Finland]]
|Marxist
|Banned in 1923
|-
|[[France]]
|[[Workers' Party (France, 1991–2008)]]
|Trotskyist
|
|-
|[[Germany]]
|[[German Workers' Party]]
|Nationalist
|Renamed the [[National Socialist German Workers' Party]] in 1920
|-
|Germany
|[[National Socialist German Workers' Party]]
|[[Nazism|National Socialist]]
|Dissolved and banned in 1945
|-
|Germany
|[[Workers' Party of Germany]]
|[[Juche]]
|
|-
|[[Hungary]]
|[[Hungarian Workers' Party (defunct)|Hungarian Workers' Party]]
|[[Nazism|National Socialist]]
|Dissolved and regrouped
|-
|[[Ireland]]
|[[Irish Workers' Party]]
|Communist
|Merged with the [[Communist Party of Northern Ireland]] to reconstitute the all-Ireland [[Communist Party of Ireland]] in 1962
|-
|[[Israel]]
|[[Mapai|Workers Party of Eretz Israel (Mapai)]]
|[[Labor Zionism]]
||Merged into the [[Israeli Labor Party]]
|-
|[[Israel]]
|[[Mapam|United Workers Party (Mapam)]]
|Labor Zionism
||Merged into [[Meretz]]
|-
|[[Israel]]
|[[Poalei Agudat Yisrael|Workers of Agudat Yisrael]]
|[[Haredi Judaism]]
|
|-
|[[Korea]]
|[[Workers' Party of North Korea]] [[Workers' Party of South Korea]]
|Communist Communist
|Merged to form the [[Workers' Party of Korea]] in 1949
|-
|[[Latvia]]
|[[Workers' Party (Latvia)|Workers' Party]]
|[[Left-wing politics]]
|
|-
|[[Mexico]]
|[[Mexican Workers' Party]]
|Social democratic
|Merged with the [[Unified Socialist Party of Mexico]] to form the [[Mexican Socialist Party]] in 1987
|-
|[[New Zealand]]
|[[Workers Party of New Zealand]]
|Marxist
|Renamed to Fightback in 2013
|-
|[[North Macedonia]]
|[[Workers Party (North Macedonia)|Workers Party]]
|[[Left-wing politics]]
|
|-
|[[Poland]]
|[[Polish Workers' Party]]
|Communist
|Merged to form the [[Polish United Workers' Party]] in 1948
|-
|[[Poland]]
|[[Polish United Workers' Party]]
|Marxist–Leninist
|Self-dissolved in 1990
|-
|[[Poland]]
|[[Poalei Agudat Yisrael|Zionist Workers Party]]
|
|-
|[[Romania]]
|[[Romanian Workers' Party]]
|Communist
|Renamed the [[Romanian Communist Party]] in 1965
|-
|[[South Africa]]
|[[Workers Party of South Africa]]
|Trotskyist
|Banned in 1953
|-
|[[Spain]]
|[[Workers' Party of Marxist Unification]]
|Marxist
|Dissolved in 1980
|-
|[[Trinidad and Tobago]]
|[[Workers and Farmers Party]]
|Marxist
|Defunct due to unpopularity
|-
|[[Trinidad and Tobago]]
|[[British Empire Citizens' and Workers' Home Rule Party]]
|[[Garveyism]]
|Popularly known as the Butler Party, defunct due to unpopularity
|-
|[[Trinidad and Tobago]]
|[[Progressive Workers Democrat Movement]]
|
|Defunct due to unpopularity
|-
|[[Turkey]]
|[[Workers' Party (Turkey)|Workers' Party]]
|[[Scientific socialism|Scientific socialist]]
|Renamed the [[Patriotic Party (Turkey)|Patriotic Party]] in 2015
|-
|[[Turkey]]
|[[Kurdistan Workers' Party]]
|
|Ceasefire with the government in 2025
|-
|[[United Kingdom]]
|[[International Leninist Workers Party]]
|Marxist–Leninist
|Dissolved into the [[Socialist Labour Party (UK)|Socialist Labour Party]] in 1996
|-
|United Kingdom
|[[Workers Party of Scotland]]
|Marxist–Leninist
|
|-
|[[United States of America|United States]]
|[[Democratic Workers Party]]
|Marxist–Leninist
|Dissolved in 1986
|-
|United States
|[[Workers Party (US)|Workers Party]]
|[[Trotskyism|Trotskyist]]
|Renamed the [[Independent Socialist League]] in 1949
|-
|United States
|[[American Workers Party]]
|[[Abraham Johannes Muste|Musteite]]
|Merged into Workers Party of the United States
|-
|United States
|[[Workers Party of America]]
|[[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]]
|Became [[Communist Party USA]] in 1929.
|-
|United States
|[[Workers Party of the United States]]
|Trotskyist
|Absorbed into the [[Socialist Party of America]] in 1936
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[National Trust Party (Malaysia)]], formerly known as the Malaysian Workers' Party
* [[List of Labour parties]]
* [[Communist party (disambiguation)]]
* [[National Workers Party (disambiguation)]]
* [[Socialist Workers Party (disambiguation)]]
* [[United Workers' Party (disambiguation)]]
* [[Lists of political parties]]
{{Set index article}}

[[Category:Labour movement]]
[[Category:Lists of political parties]]

Member states of the League of Nations

2025-10-24T23:49:48Z

2A02:8071:5BB0:6EE0:4543:B26E:30BA:9FD9: /* Founding members */

{{Short description|Precursor of the United Nations}}
{{for|United Nations member states|Member states of the United Nations}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}

Between 1920 and 1946, a total of 63 countries became '''member states of the League of Nations'''.

When the [[Organisation of the League of Nations#Assembly|Assembly]] of the [[League of Nations]] first met, it consisted of 42 founding members.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Buell |first=Raymond Leslie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PcBAAAAAIAAJ |title=International Relations |date=1929 |publisher=H. Holt |pages=647 |language=en}}</ref> A further 21 countries joined between then and the dissolution of the League.

As several countries withdrew from the League during the course of its existence, the 63 countries were never all members at the same time. The League's greatest extent was from 28 September 1934 (when [[Ecuador]] joined) to February 1935 (when [[Paraguay]] withdrew) with 58 countries. At this time, only Costa Rica (December 1924), Brazil (June 1926), Japan (March 1933), and Germany (October 1933) had withdrawn, and only Egypt joined later (on 26 May 1937).

==Founding members==
The [[Covenant of the League of Nations]] was part of the [[Treaty of Versailles]], signed on 28 June 1919 between the [[Allies of World War I]] and Germany. In order for the treaty to enter into force, it had to be deposited at Paris; in order to be deposited, it had to be ratified by Germany and any three of the five Principal Powers (the United States of America, the British Empire, France, Italy, and the Empire of Japan). Any Allied signatory that ratified the treaty would automatically join the League.

Germany was forced to ratify the treaty first,<ref>O'Brien, Terrence, "Milner", London: Constable, 1979. pg. 338.</ref> which it did on 10 July 1919. Italy ratified on 7 October 1919, the British Empire and its colonies ratified on 10 October 1919, and France ratified on 12 October 1919. These ratifications were deposited (along with those of ten other countries) on 10 January 1920.<ref name="earlyratifications">Yntema, Hessel E. "The Treaties with Germany and Compensation for War Damage." Columbia Law Review, vol. 23, no. 6, 1923, pp. 511–27. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/1111344. Accessed 14 July 2024.</ref> All but three of the remaining signatories (the United States, Ecuador, and the [[Kingdom of Hejaz]]) had ratified by the time the [[Organisation of the League of Nations#Assembly|Assembly]] first met on 15 November 1920.{{efn|Panama's ratification document did not make it to the League until ten days after the first session of the Assembly, but it had communicated its ratification by telegram beforehand.}}

The Covenant also invited 13 neutral nations to join the League. To join, an invitee had to agree ("accede without reservation") to the Covenant within two months of the League's founding. All 13 invitees accepted their invitations within the two-month deadline; four of them accepted their invitations even before the League was founded.

The [[United States Senate]] voted {{nowrap|49{{endash}}35}} in favor of ratification, but this failed to reach the necessary two-thirds majority.<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 985951|title = Henry Cabot Lodge and the League of Nations|journal = Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society|volume = 114|issue = 4|pages = 245–255|last1 = Hewes|first1 = James E.|year = 1970}}</ref> Hejaz (later annexed by [[Saudi Arabia]]) also never ratified the treaty. Ecuador would not ratify the treaty until 1934. As an original Allied signatory, Ecuador was entitled to join the League this way with no deadline or Assembly vote, and the League considered Ecuador to still be a founding member.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archives.ungeneva.org/lequateur-et-la-societe-des-nations-telegramme-du-gouvernement-de-lequateur-en-date-du-28-septembre-1934-par-lequel-le-gouvernement-fait-part-de-la-decision-de-fait-partie-de-la-societe-des-nations|title=Ecuador and the League of Nations - Telegram from the Government of Ecuador dated 28 September 1934, in which the government announces the decision to become a Member of the League of Nations|website=UN Archives Geneva}}</ref>

Uniquely, China (then the [[Beiyang government]]) joined the League by ratifying the [[Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)|Treaty of St. Germain]] (with Austria) instead of the Treaty of Versailles (with Germany), as both treaties included the Covenant of the League of Nations. It had refused to sign the Treaty of Versailles due to it giving the previously-German-controlled [[Shandong Problem|Shandong colony]] in China to the Empire of Japan.

Additional members could join the League by a two-thirds vote of the Assembly.

==List==
Founding members below are listed in the order matching the Covenant (signatories first, followed by invitees), except for Ecuador. The colonies of the British Empire immediately followed it and did not sign in alphabetical order. Czechoslovakia and El Salvador were alphabetized under 'S'.


A country was allowed to send a withdrawal notice at any time, but it would take two years to come into effect after the League received it, and meanwhile the country would retain both its obligations and its membership. In practice, a withdrawing country quit the League immediately, and was absent from all sessions and votes for the last two years of its formal membership. The "Date of withdrawal" column shows when the withdrawal notice was sent.

{{legend inline|#cdf|''Original Allied signatory''}}{{figure space}}{{legend inline|#fafad2|''Original invitee''}}

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+ List of members<ref name="thegreenpapers">{{cite web|url=https://www.thegreenpapers.com/ww/LeagueOfNations.phtml|title=The Green Papers Worldwide - Roster of LEAGUE OF NATIONS [1920 thru 1946]}}</ref><ref name="worldstatesmen">{{cite web|url=https://www.worldstatesmen.org/International_Organizations.html#League|title=World Statesmen.org}}</ref><ref name="statedept">{{cite web|url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1919Parisv13/ch10subch1|title=Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, The Paris Peace Conference, 1919, Volume XIII > The Covenant of the League of Nations (Art. 1 to 26)|website=Office of the Historian - United States Department of State}}</ref><ref name="jstor1924">Hudson, Manley O. "Membership in the League of Nations." The American Journal of International Law, vol. 18, no. 3, 1924, pp. 436–58. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/2188357. Accessed 12 July 2024.</ref><ref name="lononline">{{cite web|url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/Content.aspx?path=DB/LoNOnline/pageIntro_en.xml|title=League of Nations Treaty Series|website=United Nations Treaty Collection}}</ref><ref name="sdn_chronology">{{cite web|url=https://www.ungeneva.org/sites/default/files/2022-01/sdn_chronology_0.pdf|title=Chronology|website=The United Nations Office at Geneva}}</ref>
! scope="col" | Member state
! scope="col" | Date of admission
! scope="col" | Date of withdrawal{{efn|Sources:
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archives.ungeneva.org/le-bresil-et-la-societe-des-nations-ministre-des-affaires-etrangeres-rio-de-janeiro-telegramme-fait-connaitre-la-resolution-du-gouvernement-bresilien-de-se-retirer-de-la-societe-des-nations|title=Brazil and the League of Nations - Minister for Foreign Affairs, Rio de Janeiro (Telegram) - Announces the Resolution of the Brazilian Government to withdraw from the League of Nations|website=UN Archives Geneva}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archives.ungeneva.org/withdrawal-of-guatemala-from-the-league-telegram-of-may-14th-1936-from-the-government-of-guatemala|title=Withdrawal of Guatemala from the League - Telegram of May 14th 1936 from the Government of Guatemala|website=UN Archives Geneva}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archives.ungeneva.org/withdrawal-of-haiti-from-the-league-letter-of-16th-february-1942-from-the-government-of-haiti|title=Withdrawal of Haiti from the League - Letter of 16th February, 1942 from the Government of Haiti|website=UN Archives Geneva}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archives.ungeneva.org/demission-du-honduras|title=Resignation of Honduras|website=UN Archives Geneva}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archives.ungeneva.org/withdrawal-of-italy-from-the-league-telegram-from-the-italian-government-11th-december-1937|title=Withdrawal of Italy from the League - Telegram from the Italian Government 11th December 1937|website=UN Archives Geneva}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archives.ungeneva.org/withdrawal-of-japan-from-the-league-telegram-of-25th-march-1933-announcing-the-intention-of-the-japanese-government-to-withdraw-from-the-league|title=Withdrawal of Japan from the league - Telegram of 25th March 1933. Announcing the intention of the Japanese Government to withdraw from the league|website=UN Archives Geneva}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archives.ungeneva.org/withdrawal-of-nicaragua-from-the-league-telegram-of-june-26-1936-from-the-government-of-nicaragua|title=Withdrawal of Nicaragua from the League - Telegram of June 26, 1936 from the Government of Nicaragua|website=UN Archives Geneva}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archives.ungeneva.org/retrait-de-perou-de-la-societe-des-nations-telegramme-du-gouvernement-du-perou-du-8-avril-1939|title=Withdrawal of Peru from the League of Nations - Telegram of 4th April 1939 from Peruvian Government|website=UN Archives Geneva}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archives.ungeneva.org/withdrawal-of-roumania-from-the-league-of-nations-telegram-of-10-july-1940-from-the-government-of-romania|title=Withdrawal of Roumania from the League of Nations - Telegram of 10 July 1940 from the government of Romania|website=UN Archives Geneva}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archives.ungeneva.org/withdrawal-of-chile-letter-of-31st-may-1938-from-the-government-of-chile|title=Withdrawal of Chile - Letter of 31st May 1938 from the government of Chile|website=UN Archives Geneva}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archives.ungeneva.org/withdrawal-of-paraguay-from-the-league-of-nations-telegram-of-23-rd-february-1935-from-the-government-of-paraguay-2|title=Withdrawal of Paraguay from the League of Nations - Telegram of 23 rd February 1935 from the Government of Paraguay|website=UN Archives Geneva}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archives.ungeneva.org/withdrawal-of-salvador-from-the-league-letter-of-26-july-1937-from-the-government-of-salvador|title=Withdrawal of Salvador from the League - Letter of 26 July 1937 from the Government of Salvador|website=UN Archives Geneva}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archives.ungeneva.org/retrait-de-lespagne-de-la-societe-des-nations-telegramme-du-gouvernement-espagnol-en-date-du-8-mai-1939|title=Withdrawal of Spain from the League of Nations - Telegram of 8th May1939 from Spanish Government|website=UN Archives Geneva}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archives.ungeneva.org/withdrawal-of-venezuela-from-the-league-telegram-of-11th-july-1938-from-government-of-venezuela|title=Withdrawal of Venezuela from the League - Telegram of 11th July 1938 from Government of Venezuela|website=UN Archives Geneva}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archives.ungeneva.org/retrait-de-la-republique-de-costa-rica-de-la-societe-des-nations-le-ministre-de-costa-rica-a-paris-notifie-sur-lordre-de-son-gouvernement-que-la-republique-du-costa-rica-a-lintention-de-se-retirer-de-la-societe-des-nations-a-partir-du-|title=Withdrawal of the Republic of Costa Rica from the League of Nations - The Minister of Costa Rica in Paris - Notifies, on the Orders of his Government, that the Republic of Costa Rica intends to withdraw from the League of Nations from 1 January 1927|website=UN Archives Geneva}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archives.ungeneva.org/retrait-de-la-hongrie-de-la-societe-des-nations-telegramme-du-11-avril-1939-du-gouvernement-du-hongrois|title=Withdrawal of Hungary from the League of Nations - Telegram of 11th April 1939 from Hungarian Government|website=UN Archives Geneva}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archives.ungeneva.org/withdrawal-of-germany-from-the-league-letter-of-19th-october-1933-from-the-german-government|title=Withdrawal of Germany from the League - Letter of 19th October 1933 from the German government|website=UN Archives Geneva}}</ref>
}}
! scope="col" class=unsortable | Notes
|-style="background:#cdf;"
| scope="row" | {{flag|Belgium}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1920|01|10}}
|
|
|-style="background:#cdf;"
| scope="row" | {{flag|Bolivia}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1920|01|10}}
|
|
|-style="background:#cdf;"
| scope="row" | {{flagcountry|First Brazilian Republic}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1920|01|10}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1926|06|12}}
| Withdrew upon rejection of a resolution to give Brazil the United States' vacant permanent [[Organisation of the League of Nations#Council|Council]] seat.<ref>Myers, Denys P. "Representation in League of Nations Council." The American Journal of International Law, vol. 20, no. 4, 1926, pp. 689–713. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/2188690. Accessed 19 July 2024.</ref>
|-style="background:#cdf;"
| scope="row" | {{flag|British Empire}}{{efn|The League switched from using "British Empire" to "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland" after the [[Statute of Westminster 1931]]. The short names "Great Britain" and "United Kingdom" were both used, at times within the same document. The United Kingdom continued to be alphabetized under "British" or "Britain".<ref name="12thassembly">{{cite web|url=https://archives.ungeneva.org/12th-ordinary-session-of-the-assembly-1931-list-of-delegates|title=12th Ordinary session of the Assembly 1931 - List of Delegates|website=UN Archives Geneva}}</ref><ref name="13thassembly">{{cite web|url=https://archives.ungeneva.org/13th-ordinary-session-of-the-assembly-september-1932-list-of-delegates|title=13th Ordinary Session of the Assembly, September 1932 - List of Delegates|website=UN Archives Geneva}}</ref>}}
| rowspan="6" | {{dts|format=dmy|1920|01|10}}
| rowspan="6" |
| rowspan="6" | All six members joined from one ratification document.
|-style="background:#cdf;"
| scope="row" | {{flag|Canada|1907}}
|-style="background:#cdf;"
| scope="row" | {{flag|Australia}}
|-style="background:#cdf;"
| scope="row" data-sort-value=Africa | {{flagcountry|Union of South Africa|1912}}{{efn|South Africa was alphabetized under 'A' even in English.<ref name="13thassembly"/>}}
|-style="background:#cdf;"
| scope="row" | {{flagcountry|Dominion of New Zealand}}
|-style="background:#cdf;"
| scope="row" | {{flagcountry|British Raj}}
|-style="background:#cdf;"
| scope="row" | {{flagcountry|Republic of China (1912-1949)|1912}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1920|07|16}}
|
|
|-style="background:#cdf;"
| scope="row" | {{flagcountry|Republic of Cuba (1902-1959)}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1920|03|08}}
|
|
|-style="background:#cdf;"
| scope="row" | {{flagcountry|French Third Republic}} {{nowrap|{{flag|Free France}} (1943-44)}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1920|01|10}}
|
| [[Vichy France]] sent a notice of withdrawal {{dts|format=dmy|1941|04|19}}, which the League recognized.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archives.ungeneva.org/withdrawal-of-france-from-the-league-of-nations-telegram-of-19th-april-1941-from-the-french-government|title=Withdrawal of France from the League of Nations - Telegram of 19th April, 1941 from the French Government|website=UN Archives Geneva}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://archives.ungeneva.org/situation-resultant-du-retrait-de-la-france-de-la-s-d-n|title=Situation resulting from the retreat of France from the League of Nations|website=UN Archives Geneva}}</ref> [[Free France]] did not recognize Vichy France's withdrawal and rescinded the notice 15 and 16 April 1943,{{efn|On 15 April 1943, General [[Henri Giraud]] sent the message to the League's Supervisory Commission. On 16 April 1943, General [[Charles de Gaulle]] sent the message to the Secretary-General of the League.<ref name="freefrance1943">{{cite web|url=https://archives.ungeneva.org/withdrawal-of-france-from-the-league-of-nations-correspondence-with-free-french-authorities-and-french-provisional-government|title=Withdrawal of France from the League of Nations - Correspondence with Free French Authorities (and French Provisional Government)|website=UN Archives Geneva}}</ref>}} which the League also recognized.<ref name="freefrance1943"/>
|-style="background:#cdf;"
| scope="row" | {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Greece}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1920|03|30}}
|
|
|-style="background:#cdf;"
| scope="row" | {{flag|Guatemala}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1920|01|10}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1936|05|14}}
| Withdrawal notice received by the League 26 May 1936.
|-style="background:#cdf;"
| scope="row" | {{flagcountry|Republic of Haiti (1859-1957)}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1920|06|30}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1942|02|16}}
| Withdrawal notice received by the League 8 April 1942.
|-style="background:#cdf;"
| scope="row" | {{flagcountry|Honduras|1866}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1920|11|03}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1936|06|22}}
| Withdrawal notice received by the League 10 July 1936.
|-style="background:#cdf;"
| scope="row" | {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Italy}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1920|01|10}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1937|12|11}}
| Quit after the League sanctioned it for invading Ethiopia.
|-style="background:#cdf;"
| scope="row" data-sort-value=J | {{flag|Empire of Japan}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1920|01|10}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1933|03|25}}
| Quit after the League refused to recognize the puppet state of [[Manchukuo]].
|-style="background:#cdf;"
| scope="row" | {{flag|Liberia}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1920|06|30}}
|
|
|-style="background:#cdf;"
| scope="row" | {{flag|Nicaragua}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1920|11|03}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1936|06|26}}
|
|-style="background:#cdf;"
| scope="row" | {{flag|Panama}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1920|11|25}}
|
|
|-style="background:#cdf;"
| scope="row" | {{flag|Peru|1825}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1920|01|10}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1939|04|04}}
|
|-style="background:#cdf;"
| scope="row" | {{flagcountry|Second Polish Republic|1919}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1920|01|10}}
|
|
|-style="background:#cdf;"
| scope="row" | {{flagcountry|First Portuguese Republic}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1920|04|08}}
|
|
|-style="background:#cdf;"
| scope="row" | {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Romania}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1920|09|14}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1940|07|10}}
| <ref>Hannsjoachim Wolfgang Koch, Macmillan International Higher Education, 1985, ''Aspects Of The Third Reich'', p. 297</ref>
|-style="background:#cdf;"
| scope="row" data-sort-value="Serbs" | {{flagdeco|Kingdom of Yugoslavia}} [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes|Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes]]
| {{dts|format=dmy|1920|02|10}}
|
| Renamed Yugoslavia in 1929.
|-style="background:#cdf;"
| scope="row" | {{flagdeco|Siam}} [[Rattanakosin Kingdom (1782–1932)|Siam]]
| {{dts|format=dmy|1920|01|10}}
|
| Renamed Thailand in 1939.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hell |first1=Stephan |title=A seat at the table |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/life/social-and-lifestyle/1831044/a-seat-at-the-table |access-date=8 January 2020 |work=Bangkok Post |date=8 January 2020}}</ref>
|-style="background:#cdf;"
| scope="row" data-sort-value=Slovakia | {{flagdeco|First Czechoslovak Republic}} [[First Czechoslovak Republic|Czechoslovakia]]
| {{dts|format=dmy|1920|01|10}}
|
| Occupied and annexed by Nazi Germany {{dts|format=dmy|1939|03|15}}; never withdrew.
|-style="background:#cdf;"
| scope="row" | {{flag|Uruguay}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1920|01|10}}
|
|
|-style="background:#fafad2;"
| scope="row" | {{flag|Argentina}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1920|01|10}}
|
| Invitee; accepted {{dts|format=dmy|1919|07|18}}. Quit {{dts|format=dmy|1920|12|04}} without sending a notice of withdrawal;<ref>[http://www.bartleby.com/67/2242.html South America] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510160203/http://www.bartleby.com/67/2242.html |date=10 May 2008 }}, Encyclopedia of World History</ref> resumed participation {{dts|format=dmy|1933|09|26}}.<ref>[http://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/3DA94AAFEB9E8E76C1256F340047BB52/$file/sdn_chronology.pdf League of Nations chronology], [[United Nations]]</ref>
|-style="background:#fafad2;"
| scope="row" | {{flag|Chile}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1920|01|10}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1938|05|31}}
| Invitee; accepted {{dts|format=dmy|1919|11|04}}.
|-style="background:#fafad2;"
| scope="row" | {{flag|Colombia}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1920|02|16}}
|
| Invitee.
|-style="background:#fafad2;"
| scope="row" | {{flag|Denmark}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1920|03|08}}
|
| Invitee. Occupied by Nazi Germany {{dts|format=dmy|1940|04|09}} and forced to withdraw {{dts|format=dmy|1940|07|19}}; withdrawal not recognized by the League. Withdrawal notice rescinded in 1945.
|-style="background:#fafad2;"
| scope="row" | {{flag|Netherlands}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1920|03|09}}
|
| Invitee.
|-style="background:#fafad2;"
| scope="row" | {{flag|Norway}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1920|03|09}}
|
| Invitee.
|-style="background:#fafad2;"
| scope="row" | {{flag|Paraguay|1842}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1920|01|10}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1935|02|23}}
| Invitee; accepted {{dts|format=dmy|1919|10|29}}. Quit during the [[League of Nations#Chaco War|Chaco War]] after rejecting the League's arbitration.<ref>LLOYD, LORNA. "The League of Nations and the Settlement of Disputes." World Affairs, vol. 157, no. 4, 1995, pp. 160–74. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/20672432. Accessed 3 Sept. 2024.</ref>
|-style="background:#fafad2;"
| scope="row" | {{flagcountry|Qajar Iran}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1920|01|10}}
|
| Invitee; accepted {{dts|format=dmy|1919|11|21}}. Renamed Iran in 1935.
|-style="background:#fafad2;"
| scope="row" data-sort-value=Salvador | {{flag|El Salvador}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1920|03|10}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1937|07|26}}
| Invitee. Withdrawal notice received by the League 10 August 1938.
|-style="background:#fafad2;"
| scope="row" | {{flagdeco|Spain|1874}}/{{flagdeco|Spanish Republic}} [[Restoration (Spain)|Spain]]/[[Second Spanish Republic]]
| {{dts|format=dmy|1920|01|10}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1939|05|08}}
| Invitee. Withdrew {{dts|format=dmy|1926|09|08}} with the formal 2-year notice; rejoined {{dts|format=dmy|1928|03|22}} before the 2 years were up. Quit after [[Francisco Franco]] came to power.
|-style="background:#fafad2;"
| scope="row" | {{flag|Sweden}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1920|03|09}}
|
| Invitee.
|-style="background:#fafad2;"
| scope="row" | {{flag|Switzerland}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1920|03|08}}
|
| Invitee.
|-style="background:#fafad2;"
| scope="row" | {{flagcountry|United States of Venezuela|1905}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1920|03|03}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1938|07|11}}
| Invitee.
|-
| scope="row" | {{flagdeco|Austria}} [[First Austrian Republic|Austria]]
| {{dts|format=dmy|1920|12|15}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1938|03|18}}
| The League recognized the [[Anschluss]] (five days afterward) and removed Austria from its list of members.<ref name="list1944">[http://digital.library.northwestern.edu/league/le0281az.pdf List of States Members of the League of Nations on 31.XII.1944 from the League of Nations ''Statistical Yearbook'' (1942-44)] {{Webarchive|url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/6321/20160901223346/http://digital.library.northwestern.edu/league/le0281az.pdf |date=1 September 2016 }}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Bulgaria}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1920|12|16}}
|
|
|-
| scope="row" | {{flagdeco|Costa Rica|1906}} [[First Costa Rican Republic|Costa Rica]]
| {{dts|format=dmy|1920|12|16}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1924|12|24}}
| Gave slightly more than two years' notice, with its membership formally ceasing {{dts|format=dmy|1927|01|01}}.
|-
| scope="row" | {{flag|Finland}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1920|12|16}}
|
|
|-
| scope="row" | {{flag|Luxembourg}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1920|12|16}}
|
|
|-
| scope="row" | {{flagcountry|Principality of Albania}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1920|12|17}}
|
| [[Italian invasion of Albania|Occupied by Italy]] 12 April 1939; the puppet government sent a notice of withdrawal to the League {{dts|format=dmy|1939|04|13}}, but the League did not recognize the puppet government or accept the notice.
|-
| scope="row" | {{flag|Estonia}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1921|09|22}}
|
| Occupied by the Soviet Union and annexed {{dts|format=dmy|1940|08|06}}; never withdrew.
|-
| scope="row" | {{flag|Latvia}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1921|09|22}}
|
| Occupied by the Soviet Union and annexed {{dts|format=dmy|1940|08|05}}; never withdrew.
|-
| scope="row" | {{flag|Lithuania}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1921|09|22}}
|
| Occupied by the Soviet Union and annexed {{dts|format=dmy|1940|08|03}}; never withdrew.
|-
| scope="row" | {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Hungary (1920-1946)}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1922|09|18}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1939|04|11}}
|
|-
| scope="row" | {{flag|Irish Free State}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1923|09|10}}
|
| Renamed Ireland in 1937.
|-
| scope="row" data-sort-value=Abyssinia | {{flagdeco|Ethiopian Empire}} [[Ethiopian Empire|Abyssinia]]
| {{dts|format=dmy|1923|09|28}}
|
| The League switched from using "Abyssinia" to "Ethiopia" between September 1934 and September 1935.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archives.ungeneva.org/15th-ordinary-session-of-the-assembly-september-1934-list-of-delegates|title=15th Ordinary Session of the Assembly - September 1934 - List of Delegates|website=UN Archives Geneva}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://archives.ungeneva.org/16th-ordinary-session-of-the-assembly-september-1935-lists-of-delegates|title=16th Ordinary Session of the Assembly, September 1935 - Lists of Delegates|website=UN Archives Geneva}}</ref> Occupied by the [[Italian Empire]] and annexed from {{dts|format=dmy|1936|05|09}} to {{dts|format=dmy|1941|05|05}}; never withdrew.
|-
| scope="row" | {{flagdeco|Dominican Republic}} [[Third Dominican Republic|Dominican Republic]]
| {{dts|format=dmy|1924|09|29}}
|
|
|-
| scope="row" | {{flagcountry|Weimar Republic}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1926|09|08}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1933|10|19}}
| Quit after Hitler came to power.
|-
| scope="row" | {{flag|Mexico}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1931|09|12}}
|
| The League invited Mexico to join on 8 September 1931.<ref>Toledo-García, Itzel; University of Essex, UK: ‘’"[https://www.academia.edu/23331167/La_cuesti%C3%B3n_de_la_dignidad_nacional_en_el_ingreso_de_M%C3%A9xico_a_la_Sociedad_de_Naciones_1919-1931 La cuestión de la dignidad nacional en el ingreso de México a la Sociedad de Naciones, 1919-1931"’’] Retrieved 4 September 2016. (Translated from Spanish: "''On September 7th, 1931, the British Empire, Germany, Northern Ireland, Spain, France, Italy and Japan began the initiative; next day the proposal was adopted unanimously by the assembly, and the invitation was sent to the government of Mexico. The 10th of September the acceptance was communicated in Geneva… Two days later, Mexico was declared member of the League of Nations.''")</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | {{flag|Turkey}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1932|07|18}}
|
|
|-
| scope="row" | {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Iraq|1924}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1932|10|03}}
|
|
|-
| scope="row" data-sort-value=Union | {{flag|Soviet Union|1924}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1934|09|18}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1939|12|14}}
| ''{{section link||Expulsion of the Soviet Union}}''
|-
| scope="row" | {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Afghanistan|1930}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1934|09|27}}
|
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://archives.ungeneva.org/15th-ordinary-session-of-the-assembly-september-1934-journal|title=15th Ordinary Session of the Assembly, September 1934 - Journal|website=UN Archives Geneva}}</ref>
|-style="background:#cdf;"
| scope="row" | {{flag|Ecuador}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1934|09|28}}
|
|
|-
| scope="row" | {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Egypt|1922}}
| {{dts|format=dmy|1937|05|26}}
|
|
|}

==Expulsion of the Soviet Union==
On 14 December 1939,{{sfn|Scott|1973|pp=312, 398}} the Soviet Union was expelled for [[Winter War|invading Finland]] in violation of the [[Covenant of the League of Nations]], by a Council vote of 7–0–4–3 (7 in favor, 0 against, 4 abstaining, 3 absent).<ref name="expulsion">Gross, Leo. "Was the Soviet Union Expelled From the League of Nations?" The American Journal of International Law, vol. 39, no. 1, 1945, pp. 35–44. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/2192308. Accessed 19 Feb. 2024.</ref> The United Kingdom, France, Belgium, Bolivia, the Dominican Republic, South Africa, and Egypt voted in favor; the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]], Finland, Greece, and Yugoslavia abstained; and Iran, Peru, and the Soviet Union itself were absent. Three of the votes in favor had been made Council members the day before the vote (South Africa, Bolivia, and Egypt). This was one of the League's final acts before it practically ceased to function.{{sfn|Magliveras|1999|p=31}}

It has been disputed whether the expulsion was legally valid. Article 16 paragraph 4 of the Covenant stated that the Council may expel a member from the League if all members of the Council other than the to-be-expelled member concur. However, it is unclear if abstentions or absences were permitted for expulsion votes, though it is undisputed that they were allowed for all of the Council's other unanimous decisions.<ref name="expulsion"/> Even so, it is disputed whether the expulsion could be legally valid without a majority (8 out of 14) of the Council in favor.{{sfn|Magliveras|1999|p=31}}{{Failed verification|date=February 2024}}

Regardless, both the expulsion and any possible dispute of it had little practical effect. The Soviet Union had already declared nine days earlier that it would be absent from the League until further notice; it acknowledged its expulsion{{sfn|Magliveras|1999|p=26}} and made no effort to challenge it on any grounds. No other member was ever expelled from the League to demonstrate any precedent, and the League took no further significant actions with the outbreak of the Second World War.<ref name="expulsion"/>

==Non-members==
Between November and December 1920, [[First Republic of Armenia|Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan Democratic Republic|Azerbaijan]], [[Democratic Republic of Georgia|Georgia]], and [[Ukrainian People's Republic|Ukraine]] applied for membership amid the [[dissolution of the Russian Empire]] and the [[Russian Civil War]], but were denied because they did "not appear to have a stable government whose authority extends over the whole of its territory". (Some extra consideration was given to Armenia due to it being a signatory of the [[Treaty of Sèvres]], which would have given Armenia some territory from the broken-up [[Ottoman Empire]], but the treaty failed to be ratified.) Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania also applied in 1920 and were denied that year because they "had not achieved a definite international status" at the time (the three would be admitted the next year).<ref name="jstor1924"/>

Some of the European microstates, namely [[Liechtenstein]], [[Monaco]], and [[San Marino]], also applied for membership but were denied, explicitly due to their "small size".<ref name="jstor1924"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Biland |first=Susanna |date=31 December 2011 |title=Völkerbund |url=https://historisches-lexikon.li/Völkerbund |access-date=25 October 2023 |website=[[Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein]] |language=de}}</ref> [[Andorra]] and [[Vatican City]] never sought membership.{{Citation needed|date=August 2019}}

[[Kingdom of Iceland|Iceland]] was given the opportunity to join the League of Nations in 1920, but opted not to, primarily due to limited administrative resources.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Fyrstu forsetarnir|last=Jóhannesson|first=Guðni Th.|year=2016}}</ref>

Some relatively-isolated sovereign states in Asia also did not join, including [[Bhutan]], [[Kingdom of Nepal|Nepal]], and [[Kingdom of Yemen|Yemen]], at least in part due to having no diplomatic relations with the major powers.<ref name="jstor1924"/> [[Tibet (1912–1951)|Tibet]] and [[Mongolian People's Republic|Mongolia]] were ''de facto'' independent, but their independence was not recognized by the major powers.

At the IX Congress of European Nationalities, an organization of the League of Nations, held in [[Bern]], the first three autonomous jurisdictions of Spain ([[Basque Country (autonomous community)|Basque Country]], [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]], and [[Catalonia]]), were recognized as nations, but since they were not constitutionally independent, they were represented by the Spanish government.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Perez Pena |first1=Marcos |title=80 años desde que Galicia es oficialmente nación|url=https://www.eldiario.es/galicia/anos-galicia-oficialmente-nacion_1_5804230.html|access-date=20 February 2020 |work=Eldiario.es |date=13 September 2013}}</ref>

==World War II and aftermath==
Several member states were occupied or annexed during World War II, during which the League was largely paralyzed and held no sessions or votes. With the exception of the [[Anschluss]], the League did not recognize any of these occupations, and the occupied states remained members of the League on paper.<ref name="list1944"/> With the exception of [[Vichy France]] (later rescinded by [[Free France]]), the League also did not recognize any notices of withdrawal sent by puppet regimes, considering them to have been sent under duress.<ref name="statedept"/> Not all puppet regimes attempted to withdraw.

The membership table above notes occupations that began before the start of World War II in Europe, those that continued after the end of World War II, and those whose puppet states attempted to withdraw. For brevity, the large number of occupations that do not meet these criteria (such as in the case of Luxembourg) are not listed.

The 20th annual session of the Assembly took place in 1939,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archives.ungeneva.org/20th-ordinary-session-september-1939-general|title=20th Ordinary Session, September 1939 - General|website=UN Archives Geneva}}</ref><ref name="21stassembly">{{cite web|url=https://archives.ungeneva.org/20th-session-december-1939-generall|title=20th Session, December 1939 - General|website=UN Archives Geneva}}</ref> but the 21st session did not take place until April 1946, after which the League ceased to exist.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archives.ungeneva.org/21st-session-april-1946-general|title=21st Session, April 1946 - General|website=UN Archives Geneva}}</ref> During this last session, 35 out of 44 League members attended, with Albania, Bulgaria, Ethiopia, Iraq, Liberia, Thailand, and the Baltic states not present.<ref name="liquidation">Myers, Denys P. "Liquidation of League of Nations Functions." The American Journal of International Law, vol. 42, no. 2, 1948, pp. 320–54. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/2193676. Accessed 19 July 2024.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://archives.ungeneva.org/21st-assembly-geneva-april-1946-list-of-delegates|title=21st Assembly, Geneva, April 1946 - List of Delegates|website=UN Archives Geneva}}</ref> (Colombia was present, but only as a non-voting observer as its government had not authorized its representative on whether to vote for or against the dissolution of the League.<ref name="21stassembly"/> [[Allied-occupied Austria]] was also permitted to send an observer with approval from its occupiers and the rest of the League.)

The League partially did not recognize the Soviet [[occupation of the Baltic states]], which were the only member states of the League to remain occupied after the end of World War II. In its last session, [[Estonia]], [[Latvia]], and [[Lithuania]] remained on the list of members of the League.<ref name="liquidation"/><ref name="baltics">{{cite web|url=https://archives.ungeneva.org/21st-session-of-the-assembly-geneva-april-1946-admission-of-former-representatives-of-baltic-states-to-meetings-of|title=21st Session of the Assembly, Geneva, April 1946 - Admission of former representatives of Baltic States to meetings of|website=UN Archives Geneva}}</ref> However, two months before the session, the League{{efn|Specifically, the Secretary-General of the League, with agreement from the President of the Assembly and the President of the Council}} stated that it would not consider the 1939 documents of any representatives as valid, and required the governments of the League members to furnish new documents naming representatives.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archives.ungeneva.org/21st-session-of-the-assembly-geneva-april-1946-convocation|title=21st Session of the Assembly, Geneva, April 1946 - Convocation|website=UN Archives Geneva}}</ref> When the representatives of the [[Latvian diplomatic service in exile|Latvian government-in-exile]] and [[Lithuanian Diplomatic Service|Lithuanian government-in-exile]] attempted to attend the session, a Secretariat staff member denied their 1939 documents as instructed, and explicitly stated that there did not exist any government which could provide them with the necessary credentials. The letter documenting this incident refers to the representatives as the "permanent delegate of Latvia" and "permanent delegate of Lithuania" as titles. (The letter does not mention the presence of the delegate of Estonia.) The staff member offered the representatives, and their family members and assistants, entry into the League's diplomatic gallery to spectate the session, but the representatives refused the offer for themselves, while accepting it for their family members and assistants. In addition, the offered entry card, and even the envelope containing the card, explicitly omitted a country name and a title.<ref name="baltics"/>

The League of Nations was formally dissolved on 18 April 1946; its assets and responsibilities were transferred to the [[United Nations]].

==Map==
[[File:LN member states animation.gif|thumb|800px|center|A map of the world in the years 1920–1945, which shows the League of Nations members during its history.

{{legend|#002255|Members}}{{legend|#0066FF|Colonies of members}}

{{legend|#ff6600|Mandates}}

{{legend|#b3b3b3|Non-members}}
{{legend|#cccccc|Colonies of non-members}}
]]
{{Clear}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Politics}}
* [[Latin America and the League of Nations]]
* [[Member states of the United Nations]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==Citations==
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last = Magliveras |first = Konstantinos D |year = 1999 |title = Exclusion from Participation in International Organisations: The Law and Practice behind Member States' Expulsion and Suspension of Membership |publisher = Martinus Nijhoff Publishers |isbn = 978-90-411-1239-2}}
* {{cite book |last = Scott |first = George | author-link = George Scott (broadcaster) |year = 1973 |title = The Rise and Fall of the League of Nations |publisher = Hutchinson & Co Ltd |isbn = 978-0-09-117040-0|url = https://archive.org/details/risefallofleague0000scot | url-access = registration}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last1=Hell |first1=Stefan |title=Siam and The League of Nations; Modernisation, Sovereignty, and Multilateral Diplomacy, 1920-1940 |date=2019 |publisher=River Books |location=Bangkok |isbn=9789749863893 |url=https://www.riverbooksbk.com/index.php/thai-history/siam-and-the-league-of-nations-detail.html |access-date=8 January 2020 |archive-date=25 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925072024/https://www.riverbooksbk.com/index.php/thai-history/siam-and-the-league-of-nations-detail.html |url-status=dead }}

==External links==
* [http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/lego-nat.htm Map of League of Nations members]

{{Paris Peace Conference navbox|state=expanded}}
{{United Nations}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Member States Of The League Of Nations}}
[[Category:League of Nations]]
[[Category:Countries by international organization|League of Nations]]
[[Category:League of Nations-related lists]]