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Avian pallium

2025-09-18T19:03:44Z

2A02:8071:5BB0:6EE0:D116:9408:502F:6A12:

{{short description|Dorsal telencephalon of a bird's brain}}

In the [[neuroanatomy]] of [[animal]]s, an '''avian pallium''' is the dorsal [[telencephalon]] of a [[bird|bird's]] [[brain]]. The subpallium is the ventral [[telencephalon]].

The [[pallium (neuroanatomy)|pallium]] of [[bird|avian]] species tends to be relatively large, comprising ~75% of the telencephalic volume. Evidence suggests the avian pallium's neuroarchitecture to be reminiscent of the [[Mammal|mammalian]] [[cerebral cortex]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stacho |first=Martin |last2=Herold |first2=Christina |last3=Rook |first3=Noemi |last4=Wagner |first4=Hermann |last5=Axer |first5=Markus |last6=Amunts |first6=Katrin |last7=Güntürkün |first7=Onur |date=2020-09-25 |title=A cortex-like canonical circuit in the avian forebrain |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abc5534 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=369 |issue=6511 |doi=10.1126/science.abc5534 |issn=0036-8075|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The avian pallium has also been suggested to be an equivalent neural basis for [[Animal consciousness|consciousness]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nieder |first1=Andreas |last2=Wagener |first2=Lysann |last3=Rinnert |first3=Paul |date=2020-09-25 |title=A neural correlate of sensory consciousness in a corvid bird |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abb1447 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=369 |issue=6511 |pages=1626–1629 |bibcode=2020Sci...369.1626N |doi=10.1126/science.abb1447 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=32973028 |s2cid=221881862|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Herculano-Houzel |first=Suzana |date=2020-09-25 |title=Birds do have a brain cortex—and think |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abe0536 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=369 |issue=6511 |pages=1567–1568 |bibcode=2020Sci...369.1567H |doi=10.1126/science.abe0536 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=32973020 |s2cid=221882004|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Birds also have a unique pallial structure known as the [[hyperpallium]], once called the ''hyperstriatum''.

A 2002 conference at [[Duke University]] ([[Avian Brain Nomenclature Consortium]]) established a standard nomenclature for describing the avian pallium as follows:<ref name="avianbrain.org 2011">{{cite web | title=AvianBrain.org: New Terminology for the Avian Brain | website=Avianbrain.org | date=2011-05-16 | url=http://www.avianbrain.org/new_terminology.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516121539/http://www.avianbrain.org/new_terminology.html | archive-date=2011-05-16 | url-status=dead | access-date=2021-07-21}}</ref><ref name="Ebert 2005 pp. 449–449">{{cite journal | last=Ebert | first=Jessica | title=Reformation of bird-brain terminology takes off | journal=Nature | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | volume=433 | issue=7025 | year=2005 | issn=0028-0836 | doi=10.1038/433449b | pages=449| pmid=15690006 | bibcode=2005Natur.433..449E | doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/dspace/bitstream/10161/11232/1/New%20Brain%20Nomenclature.pdf|journal=The Journal of Comparative Neurology |volume=473|pages=377–414|date=2004|title=Revised Nomenclature for Avian Telencephalon and Some Related Brainstem Nuclei|doi=10.1002/cne.20118|pmid=15116397|access-date=16 March 2022|last1=Reiner|first1=A.|last2=Perkel|first2=D. J.|last3=Bruce|first3=L. L.|last4=Butler|first4=A. B.|last5=Csillag|first5=A.|last6=Kuenzel|first6=W.|last7=Medina|first7=L.|last8=Paxinos|first8=G.|last9=Shimizu|first9=T.|last10=Striedter|first10=G.|last11=Wild|first11=M.|last12=Ball|first12=G. F.|last13=Durand|first13=S.|last14=Güntürkün|first14=O.|last15=Lee|first15=D. W.|last16=Mello|first16=C. V.|last17=Powers|first17=A.|last18=White|first18=S. A.|last19=Hough|first19=G.|last20=Kubikova|first20=L.|last21=Smulders|first21=T. V.|last22=Wada|first22=K.|last23=Dugas-Ford|first23=J.|last24=Husband|first24=S.|last25=Yamamoto|first25=K.|last26=Yu|first26=J.|last27=Siang|first27=C.|last28=Jarvis|first28=E. D.|issue=3|pmc=2518311|hdl=10161/11232}}</ref><ref name="Reiner Perkel Bruce Butler pp. 377–414">{{cite journal | last1=Reiner | first1=Anton | last2=Perkel | first2=David J. | last3=Bruce | first3=Laura L. | last4=Butler | first4=Ann B. | last5=Csillag | first5=András | last6=Kuenzel | first6=Wayne | last7=Medina | first7=Loreta | last8=Paxinos | first8=George | last9=Shimizu | first9=Toru | last10=Striedter | first10=Georg | last11=Wild | first11=Martin | last12=Ball | first12=Gregory F. | last13=Durand | first13=Sarah | last14=Gütürkün | first14=Onur | last15=Lee | first15=Diane W. | last16=Mello | first16=Claudio V. | last17=Powers | first17=Alice | last18=White | first18=Stephanie A. | last19=Hough | first19=Gerald | last20=Kubikova | first20=Lubica | last21=Smulders | first21=Tom V. | last22=Wada | first22=Kazuhiro | last23=Dugas-Ford | first23=Jennifer | last24=Husband | first24=Scott | last25=Yamamoto | first25=Keiko | last26=Yu | first26=Jing | last27=Siang | first27=Connie | last28=Jarvis | first28=Erich D. | title=Revised nomenclature for avian telencephalon and some related brainstem nuclei | journal=The Journal of Comparative Neurology | publisher=Wiley | volume=473 | issue=3 | date=2004-05-31 | issn=0021-9967 | doi=10.1002/cne.20118 | pages=377–414| pmid=15116397 | pmc=2518311 | hdl=10161/11232 | hdl-access=free }}</ref>

*[[Pallium (neuroanatomy)|Pallium]]
**[[piriform cortex|Pyriform cortex]]
**[[Olfactory bulb]]
**[[Hippocampus]]
**Corticoid area
**[[Hyperpallium]]
***Apicale
***Intercalatum
***Densocellulare
**Mesopallium
***Dorsale
***Ventrale
**[[Nidopallium]]
***Field L2
***Entopallium
***Basorostralis
**[[Arcopallium]]
**Amygdaloid complex
***Posterior amygdala
***Nucleus taeniae
*Subpallium
**[[Striatum]]
***[[lateral (anatomy)|Lateral]]
***[[medial (anatomy)|Medial]]
**[[Pallidum]]
***Globus pallidus or dorsal pallidum
***[[Ventral pallidum]]

==Notable researchers==
*[[Stanley Cobb]]<ref>{{cite web | title=STANLEY COBB: NEUROLOGIST AND PSYCHIATRIST | website=harvardsquarelibrary.org | date=2006-02-09 | url=http://www.harvardsquarelibrary.org/unitarians/cobb.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060209114233/http://www.harvardsquarelibrary.org/unitarians/cobb.html | archive-date=2006-02-09 | url-status=dead | ref={{sfnref | harvardsquarelibrary.org | 2006}} | access-date=2021-07-21}}</ref>
*[[Onur Güntürkün]]
*[[Andrew Iwaniuk]]

==See also==
*[[Bird intelligence]]
*[[Animal intelligence]]
*[[Avian brain]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite journal |last1=Jarvis |first1=Erich D. |authorlink1=Erich Jarvis|last2=Güntürkün |first2=Onur |authorlink2=Onur Güntürkün|last3=Bruce |first3=Laura |last4=Csillag |first4=András |last5=Karten |first5=Harvey |last6=Kuenzel |first6=Wayne |last7=Medina |first7=Loreta |last8=Paxinos |first8=George |last9=Perkel |first9=David J. |last10=Shimizu |first10=Toru |last11=Striedter |first11=Georg |last12=Wild |first12=J. Martin |last13=Ball |first13=Gregory F. |last14=Dugas-Ford |first14=Jennifer |last15=Durand |first15=Sarah E. |last16=Hough |first16=Gerald E. |last17=Husband |first17=Scott |last18=Kubikova |first18=Lubica |last19=Lee |first19=Diane W. |last20=Mello |first20=Claudio V. |last21=Powers |first21=Alice |last22=Siang |first22=Connie |last23=Smulders |first23=Tom V. |last24=Wada |first24=Kazuhiro |last25=White |first25=Stephanie A. |last26=Yamamoto |first26=Keiko |last27=Yu |first27=Jing |last28=Reiner |first28=Anton |last29=Butler |first29=Ann B. |title=Avian brains and a new understanding of vertebrate brain evolution |journal=Nature Reviews Neuroscience |date=February 2005 |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=151–159 |pmid=15685220|doi=10.1038/nrn1606|pmc=2507884 }}

[[Category:Bird neuroanatomy]]

Lancet

2025-09-18T17:51:22Z

2A02:8071:5BB0:6EE0:D116:9408:502F:6A12: /* See also */

{{wiktionary|lancet}}
'''Lancet''' most commonly refers to ''[[The Lancet]]'', a medical journal.

It may also refer to:
{{TOC right}}

==Medicine==
*[[Lancet (surgery)]], a cutting instrument with a double-edged blade and a pointed end for making small incisions or drainage punctures.
*[[Blood lancet]], a pricking needle used to obtain drops of blood for testing

==Architecture==
*[[Lancet arch]], a narrow, tall opening with a pointed arch
*[[Lancet window]], a window set in a lancet arch

==People==
*[[Doron Lancet]], Israeli geneticist

==Other uses==
*[[Dennis Lancet]], a bus chassis
*[[LG Lancet]], a Windows smartphone
*[[ZALA Lancet]], a Russian military drone

==See also==
*[[Lancelet]], an animal
*[[Lancetfish]], an animal
*[[Lance (disambiguation)]]

{{disambiguation}}

Hippotamus

2025-09-17T17:29:44Z

2A02:8071:5BB0:6EE0:D116:9408:502F:6A12:

#Redirect [[hippopotamus]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R from misspellings}}
}}

Sexual maturity

2025-09-17T14:41:40Z

2A02:8071:5BB0:6EE0:D116:9408:502F:6A12:

{{Short description|Portion of a life cycle in which an organism is capable of sexual reproduction}}
{{Ref-improve|date=September 2021}}
'''Sexual maturity''' is the capability of an [[organism]] to [[reproduce]].

Most [[multicellular]] organisms are unable to [[sexually reproduce]] at birth (animals) or germination (e.g. plants): depending on the species, it may be days, weeks, or years until they have developed enough to be able to do so; in addition, certain cues may trigger an organism to become sexually mature. These may be external, such as drought, or fire, that triggers sexual maturation of certain plants, or internal, such as percentage of body fat (certain animals). Internal cues are not to be confused with [[Hormone|hormones]], the chemical signals that initiate cellular processes leading to sexual maturity, but the production and secretion of hormones is triggered by such cues. In some species, immature males may delay sexual maturation in the presence of another sexually mature male, as in the male [[chicken]] (rooster), due to the intense, often lethal, combat engaged in by mature males. The female [[Honey bee|honeybee]] only becomes sexually mature if it is fed a special substance ("[[royal jelly]]") during the larval stage.

In humans, sexual maturity is related to both [[puberty]] and [[adulthood]].<ref name="McNamara">{{cite book|author=Thomas Edward McNamara| title =Evolution, Culture, and Consciousness: The Discovery of the Preconscious Mind| isbn = 0-7618-2765-X | publisher = [[University Press of America]] | year = 2004 | pages = 262–263|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BeLmG7HP_U0C&pg=PA262}}</ref> ''Puberty'' is the biological process of sexual maturation, while ''adulthood'', the condition of being socially recognized as an independent person capable of giving consent and taking responsibility, generally implies sexual maturity (certain [[Disorders of sex development|disorders of sexual development]] notwithstanding), but depends on other criteria, defined by specific [[Cultural competence|cultural expectations]].<ref name="McNamara"/><ref name="Sanfilippo">{{cite book|author=Joseph S. Sanfilippo |author2=Eduardo Lara-Torre |author3=D. Keith Edmonds |author4=Claire Templeman | title =Clinical Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology|isbn = 978-0-203-09178-4 | publisher = [[CRC Press]] | year = 2008 | page = 34|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oM_KBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT34|quote=The definition of puberty alone can encompass the process of sexual maturation, but a more expansive approach is to think of puberty in combination with the term adolescence. This differentiation prompts the practitioner to consider the psychological, behavioral, and social changes of the adolescent who is experiencing pubertal development.}}</ref>

== Role of reproductive organs ==
Sexual maturity is brought about by a maturing of the [[Sex organ|reproductive organs]] and the production of [[gamete]]s. It may also be accompanied by a [[growth spurt]] or other physical changes which distinguish the immature organism from its adult form. In animals these are termed [[secondary sex characteristic]]s, and often represent an increase in [[sexual dimorphism]].{{clarification needed|reason=What are the corresponding terms for plants, fungi etc.?|date=November 2022}}

After sexual maturity is achieved,{{clarification needed|reason=After (or without??) producing offspring one time?|date=November 2022}} some organisms become [[infertile]], or even [[Sequential hermaphroditism|change their sex]]. Some organisms are [[hermaphrodite]]s and may or may not be able to "completely" mature and/or to produce viable offspring. Also, while in many organisms sexual maturity is strongly linked to age, many other factors are involved, and it is possible for some to display most or all of the characteristics of the adult form without being sexually mature. Conversely it is also possible for the "immature" form of an organism to reproduce. This is called ''[[progenesis]]'', in which sexual development occurs faster than other physiological development (in contrast, the term ''[[neoteny]]'' refers to when non-sexual development is slowed – but the result is the same - the retention of juvenile characteristics into adulthood).{{cn|date=September 2022}}

== Puberty vs. sexual maturity ==
In some species, there is a difference between puberty and sexual maturity. For example, in [[bull]]s, puberty is characterized by the accelerated growth of the genital system, an increase in [[luteinizing hormone]] (LH) secretion, and the onset of [[spermatogenesis]]. Sexual maturity, however, signifies the attainment of full reproductive capacity, which may take up to 6–9 months after puberty.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Veterinary Andrology and Reproductive Techniques: Puberty Vs Sexual maturity |url=http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in/mod/page/view.php?id=153685 |access-date=2022-09-21 |website=ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921041950/http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in/mod/page/view.php?id=153685 | archive-date=2022-09-21 }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Gonadosomatic index]]
*[[Generation time]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Gynaecological endocrinology]]
[[Category:Sexual reproduction]]
[[Category:Reproduction]]
[[Category:Sexuality]]
[[Category:Adulthood]]