Philip de Montmorency, Count of Horn

2025-10-10T21:32:45Z

2A02:A46B:62C:2:B085:9761:EEC3:95E2: /* Legacy */

{{Short description|Count of Horn}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
[[File:Gysius-Oorsprong-en-voortgang 9090.tif|thumb|A portrait of Philip]]
'''Philip de Montmorency''' (ca. 1524 – 5 June 1568 in [[Brussels]]), also known as Count of [[County of Horn|Horn]], ''Horne'', ''Hoorne'' or ''Hoorn'', was a victim of the Inquisition in the [[Spanish Netherlands]].

==Biography==
De Montmorency was born as the eldest of four children of Josef van Montmorency, Count of [[Nevele]] and [[Anna van Egmont the Elder]], who had married shortly after 26 August 1523, and lived at [[Ooidonk Castle]].<ref>Els Kloek, [http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vrouwenlexicon/lemmata/data/Egmont Egmont, Anna van (1504-1574)], in: ''Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland'', 2014</ref><ref name="Hulzen7">Albertus van Hulzen, ''De Grote Geus: en het falende Driemanschap'', (Typographie Rombus, 1995), 7 note1.</ref> His father died early in 1530 in [[Bologna]], Italy, where he was attending the coronation of [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] as Holy Roman Emperor. His mother remarried to Johan II, Count of Horn, one of the wealthiest nobles of the Netherlands, who, in 1540, left the County of Horne to his wife's children on condition they assume his name.<ref name="Hulzen7" /> A page and later chamberlain at the court of [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]], de Montmorency married [[Walburgis van Nieuwenaer]] in 1546. He became [[stadtholder]] of [[Guelders]] in 1555, an [[Admiral of Flanders]] and a knight of the [[Order of the Golden Fleece|Golden Fleece]] in 1556.<ref>John B. Roney, ''Culture and Customs of the Netherlands'', (Macmillan, 2009), 22.</ref>

In 1559, De Montmorency commanded the state fleet which conveyed [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]] from the [[Netherlands]] to Spain, and he remained at the Spanish court until 1563. On his return, he joined the [[William I of Orange|Prince of Orange]] and [[Lamoral, Count of Egmont]], at the head of the faction which opposed the imposition of the [[Spanish Inquisition]] in the Netherlands by [[Antoine Perrenot de Granvelle|Cardinal Granvelle]] and ultimately forced his resignation.<ref name="Tucker219">"Lamoral Graaf von Egmont", Spencer C. Tucker, ''500 Great Military Leaders'', ed. Spencer C. Tucker. ABC-CLIO, 2015. p 219.</ref> When Granvelle retired, the three nobles continued to resist the introduction of the Inquisition and of Spanish rule in the Netherlands. In April 1566, the Council of State sent Philip's younger brother, [[Floris of Montmorency]], to Spain in a last attempt to avoid war. However, Floris was arrested, kept under house arrest,<ref name=fl>Anton van der Lem, [http://www.dutchrevolt.leiden.edu/dutch/personen/M/Pages/montigny.aspx Floris van Montmorency, baron van Montigny] at the Dutch Revolt website</ref> and later secretly executed.<ref>Parker, Geoffrey. ''Philip II''</ref>

Although Philip II of Spain appeared to give way, he had made up his mind to punish the opponents of his policy. He replaced the regent, [[Margaret of Parma|Margaret, duchess of Parma]], with the [[Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba|duke of Alba]], who entered the Netherlands at the head of a veteran army.<ref name="Tucker219" />

Orange fled from the country, but Egmont and Horn, despite his warning, decided to remain and face the storm.<ref name="Tucker219" /> They were both seized, tried at the [[Council of Troubles]] and condemned as traitors.<ref name="Tucker219" /> Ceaseless but vain efforts were made to obtain a fair trial for Horn, and appeals for clemency on his behalf were made by potentates in all parts of the continent.<ref name="Tucker219" /> Egmont and Horn were [[decapitation|beheaded]] on 5 June 1568 before the [[Brussels Town Hall|Town Hall]] on the [[Grand-Place|Grand-Place/Grote Markt]] (Brussels' main square).<ref name="Tucker219"/> Two years later, Philip II had Horn's still-detained brother Floris strangled in secret and spread the rumor that he had died of disease.<ref name=fl/>

==Legacy==
[[File:Brussels_Statue_Egmont_and_Horne_02.jpg|thumb|right|Statue of Egmont and Hoorne, [[Sablon, Brussels#Petit Sablon|Square du Petit Sablon/Kleine Zavelsquare]], [[Brussels]]]]

Today, a statue on the [[Sablon, Brussels#Petit Sablon|Square du Petit Sablon/Kleine Zavelsquare]] in Brussels commemorates the Counts of Egmont and Horn. In historical overview, they are usually mentioned together as ''Egmond en Hoorne'' and hailed as the first leaders of the Dutch revolt, as the predecessors of William of Orange, who grew to importance and obtained the rebel leadership after their execution.

Van Egmont ("Egmond") and De Montmorency ("Horn" or "Horne") both remained faithful Catholics and are commemorated in Belgium, with its traditional Catholic majority.

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Horn, Philip de Montmorency, Count of}}
* {{Cite Americana|wstitle=Hoorn, Count of}}

{{GueldersStadtholders|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Horn, Philip de Montmorency Count of}}
[[Category:1520s births]]
[[Category:1568 deaths]]
[[Category:16th-century Dutch people]]
[[Category:16th-century Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Admirals of the navy of the Dutch Republic]]
[[Category:Counts of Hoorn|Philip]]
[[Category:Dutch Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Executed Dutch people]]
[[Category:House of Montmorency|Philip]]
[[Category:Knights of the Golden Fleece]]
[[Category:Nobility of the Spanish Netherlands]]
[[Category:People executed by Spain by decapitation]]
[[Category:People executed for treason against Spain]]
[[Category:Stadtholders of Guelders and Zutphen]]

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Philip de Montmorency, Count of Horn