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Tahoma (typeface)

2025-10-18T08:09:30Z

2A02:A473:FE0C:1:2ABB:EA3:3FA:E3EB: /* Bundling */

{{Short description|Humanist sans-serif typeface}}
{{Infobox typeface
|name=Tahoma
|image=Tahoma.png
|style=[[Sans-serif]]
|classifications=Humanist
|releasedate={{Start date and age|1994}}
|creator=[[Matthew Carter]]
|foundry=[[Microsoft]]
|variations=[[Verdana#Microsoft_variants|Nina]]
|}}

'''Tahoma''' is a [[Sans-serif#Humanist|humanist sans-serif]] [[typeface]] that [[Matthew Carter]] designed for [[Microsoft Corporation]]. Microsoft first distributed it, along with Carter's [[Verdana]], as a [[computer font]] with [[Office 97]].

While similar to [[Verdana]], Tahoma has a narrower body, smaller [[counter (typography)|counters]], much tighter letter spacing, and a more complete [[Unicode]] character set. Carter first designed Tahoma as a [[Computer font#Bitmap fonts|bitmap font]], then "carefully wrapped" [[TrueType]] outlines around those bitmaps.<ref name="Will-Harris">{{cite web
|first=Daniel
|last=Will-Harris
|url=http://www.will-harris.com/verdana-georgia.htm
|title=Georgia & Verdana: Typefaces Designed for the Screen (finally)
|work=TypoFiles
|date=2003
|access-date=January 16, 2007
|archive-date=August 28, 2013
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828210842/http://www.will-harris.com/verdana-georgia.htm
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> Carter based the bold weight on a double pixel width, rendering it closer to a heavy or black weight. In contrast with some other sans-serif typefaces, including [[Arial]], the uppercase "'''I'''" (eye) is distinguishable from lowercase "'''l'''" (ell), which is especially important in technical publications. Since 2010, [[Ascender Corporation]] has offered italic and [[small caps]] versions of Tahoma.

In an interview by Daniel Will-Harris, Carter acknowledged that Tahoma has some similarities with his earlier [[Bell Centennial]] typeface.<ref name="Will-Harris"/>

The Tahoma typeface family was named after the [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]] name for the [[stratovolcano]] [[Mount Rainier]] (Mount Tahoma),<ref>Maxa, Rudy. "Northwest to the Max" documentary series. Seattle episode. 2006. American Public Television, in association with [[KCTS]] 9 Seattle. Distributed by [[Questar Entertainment]].</ref> which is a prominent feature of the southern landscape around the [[Seattle]] metropolitan area.

==Bundling==
Tahoma was an official font supplied with [[Microsoft Office 97|Office 97]], [[Microsoft Office 2000|Office 2000]], and [[Microsoft Office XP|Office XP]],<ref>[http://support.microsoft.com/kb/837463 "Fonts that are installed with Office"] ''Microsoft'', retrieved April 24, 2011.</ref> and was freely distributed with [[Microsoft Word Viewer|Word Viewer]] 97.<ref>Dan Kegel. [http://www.winehq.org/pipermail/wine-devel/2007-September/059044.html "winhelp, Vector NTI, molecular biologists"] ''WineHQ.org'', September 4, 2007. Retrieved April 24, 2011.</ref>

Tahoma was the default screen font used by [[Windows 2000]], [[Windows XP]], and [[Windows Server 2003]] (replacing [[MS Sans Serif]]) and was also used for [[Skype]] and [[Sega]]'s [[Dreamcast]] packaging and promotional material. Bundled in the font library of Windows, the typeface was widely used as an alternative to [[Arial]]. Tahoma was also the default screen font of [[Windows Vista]], [[Windows Server 2008]], [[Windows 7]] and [[Windows Server 2008 R2]] when using the Windows Classic theme.

In 2007, [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] announced that Tahoma would be bundled with the next version of [[Mac OS X v10.5]] ("Leopard"). Leopard also shipped with several other previously Microsoft-only fonts, including [[MS Sans Serif|Microsoft Sans Serif]], [[Arial Unicode]], and [[Wingdings]].

As of 2016, Tahoma is still widely in use as a standard in multiple applications and programming environments. For example, any new [[Delphi (IDE)|Delphi]] [[Visual Component Library|VCL]] application uses Tahoma as its default font.

==Free replacement==
The [[Wine (software)|Wine]] project includes the [[Free and open-source software|free and open-source]] fonts ''Wine Tahoma Regular'' and ''Wine Tahoma Bold'' released under [[GNU Lesser General Public License]] designed to have identical [[Typographic measurement|metrics]] to the Tahoma font.<ref>As of Wine version 0.9.47 [http://www.winehq.org/announce/0.9.47 Version 0.9.47 release announcement] ''WineHQ.org'', retrieved May 22, 2009.</ref> This was done because Tahoma is available by default on Windows, and many applications expect the font to be available. Before Wine included a Tahoma replacement font, some applications, such as [[Steam (service)|Steam]], would not display any text at all, rendering them nearly unusable.

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Tahoma}}
*[https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/typography/font-list/tahoma Microsoft typography information on Tahoma]

{{Microsoft Windows Typefaces}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tahoma (Typeface)}}
[[Category:Humanist sans-serif typefaces]]
[[Category:Microsoft typefaces]]
[[Category:Windows XP typefaces]]
[[Category:Typefaces and fonts introduced in 1994]]
[[Category:Typefaces designed by Matthew Carter]]
[[Category:IPA typefaces]]
[[Category:Arabic typefaces]]
[[Category:Cyrillic typefaces]]
[[Category:Greek typefaces]]
[[Category:Latin-script typefaces]]
[[Category:Thai typefaces]]
[[Category:Hebrew typefaces]]

Twm

2025-10-18T02:59:24Z

2A02:A473:FE0C:1:2ABB:EA3:3FA:E3EB: /* Usage */

{{Short description|Window manager for the X Window System}}
{{other uses}}
{{lowercase title|title=twm}}
{{Infobox software
| name = twm
| logo =
| screenshot = File:Debian TWM Maroon.png
| caption = TWM with a classic maroon color scheme, running in [[Debian]]
| collapsible =
| author = Tom LaStrange
| developer =
| released = 1987
| latest release version = {{wikidata|property|preferred|references|edit|Q292990|P348|P548=Q2804309}}
| latest release date = {{wikidata|qualifier|preferred|single|Q292990|P348|P548=Q2804309|P577}}
| latest preview version = {{wikidata|property|preferred|references|edit|Q292990|P348|P548=Q51930650}}
| latest preview date = {{wikidata|qualifier|preferred|single|Q292990|P348|P548=Q51930650|P577}}
| programming language = [[C (programming language)|C]]
| platform =
| size =
| language =
| genre = [[X window manager|Window manager]]
| license = [[MIT License|MIT-open-group]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://spdx.org/licenses/MIT-open-group.html|title=MIT Open Group variant}}</ref> MIT-CMU<ref>{{cite web|url=https://spdx.org/licenses/MIT-CMU.html|title=CMU License}}</ref> XFree86-1.0<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/xorg/app/twm/-/raw/master/COPYING|title=COPYING}}</ref>
| website =
}}
'''twm''' ('''Tab Window Manager''')<ref>{{cite newsgroup |newsgroup=comp.windows.x |url=http://linux-distributions.org/docs/xfaq/comp.windows.x_Frequently_Asked_Questions_[FAQ]_1_5.txt |at=Subject: 18)! What are all these different window managers? |author=David B. Lewis |title=comp.windows.x Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) 1/5 |date=August 18, 1993 |accessdate=February 16, 2022}}</ref> is a [[X window manager|window manager]] for the [[X Window System]]. Started in 1987 by Tom LaStrange, it has been the standard window manager for the X Window System since version X11R4. The name originally stood for '''Tom's Window Manager''', but the software was renamed Tab Window Manager by the [[X Consortium]] when they adopted it in 1989. twm is a [[stacking window manager]] that provides title bars, shaped windows and icon management. It is highly configurable and extensible.

twm was a breakthrough achievement in the early years, but has been superseded by other window managers which, unlike twm, use a [[widget toolkit]] rather than a combination of the [[X Toolkit Intrinsics]] and [[XRandR]].

Various other window managers, such as [[vtwm]], [[tvtwm]], [[CTWM]], and [[FVWM]], were derived from twm's [[source code]].

twm is still standard with [[X.Org Server]], and is available as part of many [[X Window System]] implementations.

==Usage==
[[Image:twm-screenshot-20050401.png|frame|twm with [[X.Org Foundation#Fields of activity|xcalc]] and [[xterm]], the xterm window being in [[focus (computing)|focus]]. [[X.Org Foundation#Fields of activity|xclock]] is iconified.]]
[[Image:twm menu.png|thumb|twm menu]]
[[File:TWM without configuration.ogv|thumb|Twm Xsession running on [[Debian]] 7 [[Linux]]]]

twm's interface is different from modern common X window managers and [[desktop environment]]s, many of which tend to work similarly to the [[Apple Macintosh]] or [[Microsoft Windows]] user interfaces. New users often find twm difficult without reading the [[Man page|manual]] page.<ref name="manpage">[http://www.x.org/releases/X11R7.6/doc/man/man1/twm.1.xhtml twm — Tab Window Manager for the X Window System] — [[UNIX manual|man]] page, X11 release 7.6 ([[X.Org Foundation|X.org]])</ref>

In the default configuration of twm, the title bar has two buttons:
*''Resize button'' (nested squares): the user clicks here, drags the mouse pointer to the edge to be moved, then releases when the window is the desired size.
*''Iconify button'' (circle): reduces the window to an icon.

There is no title bar button to close a window. A left click on the desktop brings up a menu, which includes an option to delete (close) a window. Window close functionality for the titlebar can be configured in the <code>.twmrc</code> file:
:See {{Wikibooks-inline|Guide to X11/Window Managers|twm#Closing program windows in twm|Closing program windows in twm}}.

A ''left click'' on the title bar brings the window to the top of the window stack; a ''middle click'' moves the window; a ''right click'' sends the window to the bottom of the window stack.

Window [[focus (computing)|focus]] follows the [[Mouse (computing)|mouse]] pointer (point-to-focus), rather than being on whichever window was clicked last ([[click-to-focus]]).

When a new window is created, a 3×3 grid is displayed following the mouse pointer, waiting for the user to click where the window should appear — left-click to appear in that position with that size, middle-click to resize the window before its creation, right-click to appear at that position but long enough vertically to reach the bottom of the screen.

Note that any of the above may be changed with appropriate changes to the configuration file. (The system file is typically {{mono|/etc/X11/twm/system.twmrc}} and the user file is typically {{mono|~/.twmrc}} .)<ref name="manpage"/>

==History==
twm was written as a replacement for the [[Ultrix Window Manager|uwm]] window manager by Tom LaStrange while he was working at [[Evans & Sutherland]], which was part of the X Consortium: "I sat down at my monochrome [[Sun-3|Sun 3/50]] and typed <code>[[Vi (text editor)|vi]] twm.c</code> and then opened the X11 documentation. twm was my first X program. About six months later, I convinced my manager to let me send a copy to the comp.windows.x newsgroup for testing."<ref>"[http://www.linuxplanet.com/linuxplanet/reports/3000/2/ From the Desktop: Tom LaStrange Speaks!] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306145723/http://www.linuxplanet.com/linuxplanet/reports/3000/2/ |date=2019-03-06 }}" ''LinuxPlanet''. February 6, 2001.</ref> A version for X11R1 was published on the [[Usenet]] newsgroup {{mono|comp.unix.sources}} on June 13, 1988.<ref>for open comment and review. [http://ftp.isc.org/usenet/comp.sources.unix/volume15/twm/ Original files as posted to comp.unix.sources] (isc.org)</ref>

Months later, Jim Fulton of the X Consortium (which was at the time part of [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]]) approached Evans and Sutherland and asked them to turn over the code maintenance to the [[X Window System#The MIT X Consortium and the X Consortium.2C Inc.|X Consortium]] and Fulton then made it compliant with the nascent [[Inter-Client Communication Conventions Manual]]. Subsequently, twm was released as the standard sample window manager for X11R4, replacing [[Ultrix Window Manager|uwm]].

According to Fulton, the word "tab" was picked because it conveniently started with 'T' and it put the emphasis on the squeezing feature window title bars, which made them look like folders with tabs.

==Authors==

twm was originally written by Tom LaStrange. Later contributors include Jim Fulton, [[Keith Packard]] and Dave Sternlicht, all of whom were employees of the X Consortium.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Twm}}
{{Wikibooks|1=Guide to X11|2=Window Managers/twm|3=twm}}
* [http://www.xwinman.org/vtwm.php Tab Window Manager] (xwinman)
* [http://www.lastrange.com/work/twm.pdf An Overview of twm (Tom's Window Manager)] ([[Portable Document Format|PDF]]) — Tom LaStrange, Xhibition '89 Conference Proceedings — concerning pre-ICCCM versions of twm
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110604214931/http://www.linuxplanet.com/linuxplanet/reports/3000/2/ From the Desktop: Tom LaStrange Speaks!: Talking with a Man Named Tom] (Brian Proffitt, ''LinuxPlanet'', Tuesday 6 February 2001)

{{X desktop environments and window managers}}
{{XWinSys}}

[[Category:1987 software]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Free software programmed in C]]
[[Category:Free X window managers]]
[[Category:Software using the MIT license]]

FVWM

2025-10-18T02:43:10Z

2A02:A473:FE0C:1:2ABB:EA3:3FA:E3EB: /* Name origin */

{{Short description|Virtual window manager for X Window System}}
{{ad|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox software
| name = FVWM
| logo =
| screenshot = [[File:Debian FVWM Green.png|frameless]]
| caption = Customized FVWM desktop
| developer = Robert Nation
| latest release version = {{wikidata|property|preferred|references|edit|Q1503663|P348|P548=Q2804309}}
| latest release date = {{wikidata|qualifier|preferred|single|Q1503663|P348|P548=Q2804309|P577}}
| latest preview version = {{wikidata|property|preferred|references|edit|Q1503663|P348|P548=Q51930650}}
| latest preview date = {{wikidata|qualifier|preferred|single|Q1503663|P348|P548=Q51930650|P577}}
| programming language = [[C (Programming Language)|C]], [[Perl]], [[Unix Shell]]
| operating_system = [[Unix-like]]
| programming_language =
| genre = [[Window manager]]
| license = [[GNU General Public License|GNU GPL]] v2, FVWM included in [[OpenBSD]]: [[BSD License]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cvsweb.openbsd.org/cgi-bin/cvsweb/xenocara/app/fvwm/COPYING?rev=1.1.1.1&content-type=text/x-cvsweb-markup|title=xenocara/app/fvwm/COPYING - view - 1.1.1.1|website=Cvsweb.openbsd.org|access-date=7 October 2017}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|http://www.fvwm.org}}
}}

The '''F Virtual Window Manager''' ('''FVWM''') is a [[virtual window manager]] for the [[X Window System]]. Originally a [[twm]] derivative, FVWM is now a window manager for [[Unix-like]] systems.

==History==
[[File:SUSE 5.1 FVWM screenshot.png|thumb|FVWM running on [[SUSE Linux|SUSE]] 5.1]]
[[File:Fvwm1-wikipedia-20050312.png|thumb|FVWM 1.24, an old version from the 1.x series]]
In 1993, during his work analyzing acoustic signatures for the [[United States Department of Defense]], Robert Nation began [[Hacker (hobbyist)|hacking]] [[twm]] with the intent of simultaneously reducing memory usage and adding support for [[virtual window manager|virtual desktops]].<ref name=LJ19971101>{{cite web|url=http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/2164|title=Linux Journal Interviews Robert Nation|website=Linuxjournal.com|access-date=7 October 2017}}</ref>

Already known for his [[rxvt]] [[terminal emulator]], Nation worked on reducing the memory consumption of his new window manager. Deciding to test FVWM's reception, on June 1, 1993, he bundled it with an rxvt release.

In 1994, Rob Nation stopped developing FVWM and made Charles Hines the maintainer. Rob Nation's last release of FVWM was fvwm-1.24r. The post-Rob Nation version of FVWM uses a different configuration file format and has a significantly different architecture. Many Linux distributions, as a result, distributed both fvwm-1.24r and later releases of FVWM as separate programs. {{As of|2009}}, fvwm-1.24r still compiles and runs on a modern Linux system without any problems. A small number of users continue to use the older FVWM release. In late 1998 the office of FVWM maintainer was abolished and a group of volunteers conducted further development.

Many [[window manager]]s in use today have been influenced by FVWM, notably [[Afterstep]], [[Xfce]], [[Enlightenment (window manager)|Enlightenment]], and [[Metisse]].

==Name==
Originally, FVWM was named the ''Feeble Virtual Window Manager'', as stated by Robert Nation in a 1997 [[Linux Journal]] interview, claiming the name had been chosen because original releases had almost no user-selectable features.<ref name=LJ19971101 /> When [[Google]] published the old newsgroup archives acquired from [[DejaNews]], the original origin of the name was re-discovered. However, when Chuck Hine was answering questions for the official FVWM Frequently Asked Questions, Chuck had never agreed with the 'feeble' explanation and added alternate possible meanings of ''F'' (as in the name of the window manager) to the FAQ, with many entries coming from mailing list messages.<ref>[https://www.fvwm.org/Wiki/FvwmHistory/ FVWM - History] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516075356/http://www.fvwm.org/history.php |date=2011-05-16 }}</ref>

==Features==
[[File:Debian FVWM Motif MWM Emulation.png|thumb|FVWM emulating the [[Motif Window Manager]] (MWM)]]
[[File:Debian FVWM CDE Emulation.png|thumb|FVWM emulating the look of the [[Common Desktop Environment]] (CDE)]]
[[File:FVWM 2.5.ogv|thumb|FVWM 2.5 Xsession running on [[Debian]] 7 [[GNU]]/[[Linux]]]]

Many of these features can be disabled at runtime or compile time, or dynamically for specific windows, among many other options. FVWM provides the ability to configure the desktop to work, look, and behave the way the user wants it to.

* Supports any number of virtual desktops, each divided into multiple pages.
* The viewport (the physical screen) can be moved smoothly (in configurable steps) in the virtual desktop area, independent of pages
* The viewport can move automatically when the mouse hits the border of the screen
* Full [[Extended Window Manager Hints|EWMH]], [[ICCCM]]-2 and [[GNOME]] Hints support.
* Full internationalization support, including multi-byte characters and [[Bidirectional script support|bidirectional]] text.
* XFT2 font support with [[Spatial anti-aliasing|anti-aliasing]], drop shadows of any size, at any offset and at any direction, text rotation.
* Any behavior, action, or event is fully configurable.
* Support of user defined Window Decoration Styles.
* Titlebars can be disabled, or rendered on any window edge. This can be done individually for each window type.
* Titlebars may have up to ten [[computer icon|icons]] including minimize, maximize and close buttons.
* Animated Window Shading in all directions.
* Iconification
* Full [[Portable Network Graphics|PNG]] Support, including [[alpha blending]].
* [[Perl]] programming library for extending FVWM using Perl, scripting and preprocessing of configuration files.
* Can be extended via scripting. Preprocessing allows dynamic configurations.
* Toolkit to build dialogs, menus and applications at runtime.
* Configurable desktop panels.
* Mouse Gestures allow to draw shapes with the mouse, and bind them to commands.
* Dynamic menus; utilities to browse the filesystem, fetch headlines from the internet from menus included.
* [http://linuxgazette.net/100/adam.html Session management] support.
* [[Xinerama]] extension support to use more than one monitor.
* Dynamically extensible using modules.
* Supports [[focus stealing]]

==See also==
{{Portal|Free and open-source software}}
* [[Comparison of X window managers]]
* FVWM-Crystal, a [[Theme (computing)|theme]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.fvwm.org/ Official FVWM Web Site].
* {{Freshmeat|fvwm|FVWM}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040203131154/http://xwinman.org/fvwm.html Matt Chapman's Window Managers for X].
* [https://xteddy.org/xwinman/ Current replacement for Matt Chapman's Window Managers for X].
* [https://groups.google.com/groups?selm=1993Jun1.201340.7363%40klaava.Helsinki.FI Announcement of first FVWM release from Rob Nation].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110816221935/http://fvwmwiki.xteddy.org/IRC/HashFvwm/ #fvwm IRC Channel FAQ].
* [http://www.fvwmforums.org FVWM community forums].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101121181951/http://fvwmwiki.xteddy.org/ FVWM community wiki].
* [http://www.zensites.net/fvwm/guide/ FVWM Beginners Guide] by Jaimos F Skriletz.

{{X desktop environments and window managers}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fvwm}}
[[Category:Free X window managers]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]