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Throat

2025-08-27T11:49:32Z

2A02:C7C:4D0A:A500:C43E:CF3E:CA0A:DD37: reverted replacement of referenced content with unreferenced

{{short description|Anterior part of the neck, in front of the vertebra}}
{{other uses}}
{{Infobox anatomy
| Name = Throat
| Latin = [[:wikt:gula#Latin|gula]] jugulum
| Image = Throat_Diagram.png
| Caption = The human throat
| Width = 210
| Image2 = Medical X-Ray imaging EJE04 nevit.jpg
| Caption2 = X-ray showing the throat, seen as a dark band to the front of the spine
| Precursor =
| System =
| Artery =
| Vein =
| Nerve =
| Lymph =
}}
In [[vertebrate anatomy]], the '''throat''' is the front part of the [[neck]], internally positioned in front of the [[vertebra]]e. It contains the [[Human pharynx|pharynx]] and [[larynx]]. An important section of it is the [[epiglottis]], separating the [[esophagus]] from the [[trachea]] (windpipe), preventing food and drinks being inhaled into the [[lung]]s. The throat contains various [[blood vessel]]s, [[pharyngeal muscles]], the [[adenoid|nasopharyngeal tonsil]], the [[tonsil]]s, the [[palatine uvula]], the trachea, the [[esophagus]], and the [[vocal cords]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=pharynx {{!}} Definition, Location, Function, Structure, & Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/pharynx|access-date=2020-09-01|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Larynx {{!}} anatomy|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/larynx|access-date=2020-09-01|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> [[Mammal]] throats consist of two [[bone]]s, the [[hyoid bone]] and the [[clavicle]]. The "throat" is sometimes thought to be synonymous for the [[Fauces (throat)|fauces]].<ref>{{DorlandsDict|eight/000108480|throat}}</ref>

It works with the mouth, [[ear]]s and [[nose]], as well as a number of other parts of the body. Its pharynx is connected to the mouth, allowing speech to occur, and food and liquid to pass down the throat. It is joined to the nose by the [[nasopharynx]] at the top of the throat, and to the ear by its [[Eustachian tube]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=eustachian tube {{!}} Definition, Anatomy, & Function|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/eustachian-tube|access-date=2020-09-01|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> The throat's trachea carries inhaled air to the [[bronchi]] of the lungs. The esophagus carries food through the throat to the [[stomach]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Esophagus {{!}} anatomy|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/esophagus|access-date=2020-09-01|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> [[Adenoid]]s and tonsils help prevent infection and are composed of lymph tissue. The larynx contains vocal cords, the epiglottis (preventing food/liquid inhalation), and an area known as the subglottic larynx, in children it is the narrowest section of the upper part of the throat.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/throat-anatomy-and-physiology#.VcTciyZViko|title=Throat anatomy and physiology|date=5 May 2014 |publisher=Children's Hospital of Philadelphia|access-date=7 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=2020-02-19|title=Laryngeal Stenosis: Background, Problem, Epidemiology|url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/867177-overview#:~:text=Relevant%20Anatomy,-The%20normal%20subglottic&text=in%20premature%20neonates.-,A%20subglottic%20diameter%20of%204%20mm%20or%20less%20in%20a,to%20injury%20from%20endotracheal%20intubation.}}</ref>

{{anchor|jugulum}}
The ''jugulum'' is a low part of the throat, located slightly above the breast.<ref>[http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Jugulum Farlex dictionary], citing: Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary, published 1913 by C. & G. Merriam Co.</ref> The term ''jugulum'' is reflected both by the internal and external [[jugular vein]]s, which pass through the ''jugulum''.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
{{wiktionary}}
{{wiktionary|jugular}}
*[[Strep throat]]
*[[Tonsilloliths]]
*[[Tracheotomy]]

{{Human regional anatomy}}
{{Mouth anatomy}}

[[Category:Human throat| ]]
[[Category:Human head and neck]]
[[Category:Otorhinolaryngology]]

Quarterback sack

2025-08-27T09:22:21Z

2A02:C7C:4D0A:A500:C43E:CF3E:CA0A:DD37: /* See also */ +1

{{short description|Action in gridiron football}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| width = 279
| image1 = Washington Football Team vs. Detroit Lions at Ford Field, Detroit, Michigan, November 15, 2020.jpg
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = Jon Bostic Jonathan Allen Matt Stafford Kevin Pierre-Louis (50611231312).jpg
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
| image3 = Jon Bostic Jonathan Allen Matt Stafford Kevin Pierre-Louis (50610372493).jpg
| alt3 =
| caption3 =
| footer = Quarterback [[Matthew Stafford]] being sacked by multiple [[Washington Football Team]] players.
}}
In [[gridiron football]], a '''sack''' occurs when the [[quarterback]] (or another offensive player acting as a passer) is [[tackle (football move)|tackled]] behind the [[line of scrimmage]] before throwing a [[forward pass]], when the quarterback is tackled behind the line of scrimmage in the "[[passing pocket|pocket]]" and without clear intent, or when a passer runs out of bounds behind the line of scrimmage due to defensive pressure.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/Stats_Manuals/Football/2011ez.pdf |title= 2011 Football Statisticians Manual, p. 17 |publisher=NCAA |access-date=October 15, 2017}}</ref> This often occurs if the opposing team's [[defensive team|defensive line]], [[linebacker]]s or [[defensive backs]] are able to apply '''pass pressure''' (also called a '''[[pass rush]]''') to quickly get past [[blocking (American football)|blocking]] players of the [[offensive team]] (the quarterback's protection), or if the quarterback is unable to find an available [[eligible receiver]] (including [[wide receiver]]s, [[running back]]s and [[tight end]]s) to catch the ball, allowing the defense a longer opportunity to tackle the quarterback.

A sack is advantageous for the defending team as the offense loses a [[Down (gridiron football)|down]], and the line of scrimmage retreats several yards.<ref name=":0" /> Even better for the defense is a sack causing the quarterback to [[fumble]] the ball at or behind the line of scrimmage; this is also known as a strip sack and can result in a [[Turnover (gridiron football)|turnover]] if the defense manages to obtain the ball. A quarterback who is pressured but avoids a sack can still be adversely affected by being forced to hurry.

The quarterback must pass the statistical line of scrimmage to avoid the sack. If a passer is sacked in his own end zone, the result is a [[Safety (gridiron football score)|safety]] and the defending team is awarded two points. If the football is fumbled and recovered either inside the end zone by the defense, or outside the end zone and is returned to the end zone this results in a [[touchdown]] for the defense.

==Statistical record rules==
[[File:Patrick Kerney sacks Aaron Rodgers.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Green Bay Packers|Green Bay]] quarterback [[Aaron Rodgers]] being sacked by [[Seattle Seahawks|Seattle]] defensive end [[Patrick Kerney]] in 2009.]]
To be considered a sack, the quarterback must intend to throw a forward pass. If the play is designed for the quarterback to rush (run) the ball, any loss is subtracted from the quarterback's rushing total (and the play is ruled a [[tackle for loss]] as opposed to a sack). If the quarterback's intent is not obvious, statisticians use certain criteria, such as the offensive line blocking scheme, to decide. Unique situations where a loss reduces a quarterback's rushing total (not a sack) are "[[Quarterback kneel|kneel downs]]" (used to run time off the game clock).

A player will receive credit for half of a sack when multiple players contribute to the sacking of a quarterback, even if more than two players contributed.

In the [[National Football League]] (NFL), it is possible to record a sack for zero yards. The [[National Football League|NFL]] subtracts yards lost due to sacks from teams' passing totals (though the quarterback's individual passing total stats remain unchanged),<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nflgsis.com/gsis/documentation/stadiumguides/guide_for_statisticians.pdf | title=Guide for Statisticians | publisher=[[National Football League]] | accessdate=August 10, 2020}}</ref> while the [[college football|NCAA]] subtracts sack yardage from individual rushing totals.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/Stats_Manuals/Football/2018ez.pdf|title=2018 Football Statisticians' Manual|publisher=[[National Collegiate Athletic Association]]}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Cougars on offense at BYU at Air Force 2010-09-11.jpg|alt=|thumb|upright|left|[[BYU Cougars football|BYU]] quarterback Riley Nelson being sacked by [[Air Force Falcons football|Air Force]].]]

The term ''sack'' was first popularized in the 1960s by [[Pro Football Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]] defensive end [[Deacon Jones]], who felt that a quarterback being sacked devastated the offense in the same way that [[Looting#In armed conflict|a city was devastated when it was sacked]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Jones, NFL coiner of 'sack the quarterback,' dies at 74|url=https://www.cnn.com/2013/06/04/us/sport-deacon-jones-death/index.html|work=CNN|accessdate=June 5, 2013|date=June 4, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media | title=#15: David 'Deacon' Jones - The Top 100: NFL's Greatest Players (2010) - #FlashbackFridays | date=May 13, 2016 | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OqcmuCcwCiU | time=1:53 | via=YouTube }}</ref> In 1999, Jones provided a ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' reporter with some other detailed imagery about his forte: "You take all the offensive linemen and put them in a [[burlap]] bag, and then you take a baseball bat and beat on the bag. You're sacking them, you're bagging them. And that’s what you're doing with a quarterback."<ref name=TimesObit>{{cite news|last=Goldstein |first=Richard|title=Deacon Jones Dies at 74; Made Quarterback Sack Brutal and Enthralling|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/05/sports/football/deacon-jones-fearsome-nfl-defensive-end-dies-at-74.html?hpw|access-date=June 6, 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|date=June 6, 2013}}</ref>

According to former NFL coach [[Marv Levy]], [[Washington Redskins]] coach [[George Allen (American football coach)|George Allen]] may have coined the term when referring to [[Dallas Cowboys]] quarterback [[Craig Morton]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://profootballtalk.nbcsports.com/2013/06/16/levy-explains-how-deacon-jones-came-up-with-sack/ | title=Levy explains how Deacon Jones came up with 'sack' | first=Mike | last=Florio | author-link=Mike Florio | date=June 16, 2013 | website=Profootballtalk.com | accessdate=August 10, 2020}}</ref> when he purportedly stated before a game, "Before we play those Dallas Cowboys, we’re going to take that Morton salt and pour him into a sack."

Prior to ''sack'', the term ''dump'' was often used, as the NFL's statistical office recorded all sacks under "dumping the passer".<ref name=":0">{{cite news|title=Sack or Dump: To Quarterback It's All Downhill|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1499&dat=19751107&id=72kaAAAAIBAJ&pg=5990,3948674|accessdate=June 5, 2013|newspaper=The Milwaukee Journal|date=November 7, 1975}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

The NFL only began to keep track of times passers lost yardage in 1961<ref>[http://www.nfl.com/history/randf/records/indiv/passing NFL Records]</ref> and no credit was given to the defensive player responsible until 1982.<ref name=autogenerated1>[http://www.nfl.com/history/randf/records/indiv/sacks NFL Records]</ref> Researcher John Turney of the [[Pro Football Researchers Association]] estimated that Jones recorded 173½ sacks in his career.<ref name=branch>{{cite news |last=Branch |first=John |title=Unofficially, Sack Record Doesn't Add Up |date=November 4, 2006 |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/04/sports/football/04giants.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150901134522/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/04/sports/football/04giants.html?_r=0 |archivedate=September 1, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Controversial NFL rule changes made for the [[2018 NFL season|2018 season]] prohibit tacklers from landing on the quarterback after making a sack, with the punishment being a [[roughing the passer]] penalty.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.sbnation.com/nfl/2018/9/27/17911444/nfl-roughing-the-passer-penalty-explanation-clay-matthews | title=The NFL's controversial new roughing the passer rule, explained in a 3-minute read | first=Adam | last=Stiles | date=September 27, 2018 | work=SBNation.com | access-date=2018-09-28}}</ref>

==Pass pressure==
[[File:Nate Longshore under pressure AFB 071231-F-7061J-010.JPEG|thumb|A quarterback under pressure.]]
Of all forms of defensive pressure against the opposition's passer, sacks provide the most immediate impact by ending the offensive play.<ref name=schatz>{{cite news|last=Schatz|first=Aaron|title=Examining the art of the hurry|date=June 1, 2010|work=ESPN.com|url=https://insider.espn.com/nfl/insider/news/story?id=5238886|access-date=February 2, 2014}}{{subscription required}}</ref> However, quarterbacks sometimes avoid a sack by throwing an [[incomplete pass]] or risking an [[interception]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Long|first1=Howie|last2=Czarnecki|first2=John|title=Football For Dummies|year=2011|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|page=166|isbn=9781118051610|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pbduM8Jyc34C&q=quarterback%20hurry%20dummies&pg=PA166|accessdate=February 2, 2014}}</ref> According to [[Football Outsiders]], a quarterback hurry is the most common form of pass pressure. In the [[2009 NFL season]], there were 1,106 sacks and 3,268 hurries, and a hurried quarterback generally averaged fewer yards per pass play compared to the average pass play.<ref name=schatz/>

== NFL records ==
These records are from 1982 onwards, the year the NFL started officially recording sacks.<ref name=autogenerated1 />
* NFL single-season sacks: 22.5, [[T. J. Watt]], 2021 and [[Michael Strahan]], 2001
* NFL career sacks: 200, [[Bruce Smith]], 1985–2003
* NFL single-game sacks: 7, [[Derrick Thomas]], November 11, 1990 vs. Seattle Seahawks{{NoteTag|[[Norm Willey]] made 17 sacks during one game according to 1952 newspaper accounts. However, sacks weren't an official statistic at the time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.profootballresearchers.org/archives/Website_Files/Coffin_Corner/19-04-707.pdf|website=[[Pro Football Researchers Association]]|title=The Legend Of "Wild Man" Willey|author=Pollack, Ron|access-date=January 14, 2022|archive-date=January 14, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114203815/http://www.profootballresearchers.org/archives/Website_Files/Coffin_Corner/19-04-707.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
* NFL sacks, rookie season: 14.5, [[Jevon Kearse]], 1999
* NFL seasons leading league in sacks: 3, T. J. Watt, 2020, 2021, 2023<ref>{{cite web |last1=DeArdo |first1=Bryan |title=Steelers' T.J. Watt makes NFL history as first player to lead league in sacks three different times |url=https://www.cbssports.com/nfl/news/steelers-t-j-watt-makes-nfl-history-as-first-player-to-lead-league-in-sacks-three-different-times/ |website=[[CBS Sports]] |access-date=27 March 2024 |language=en |date=28 December 2023}}</ref>
* NFL seasons with 20.0 or more sacks: 2, [[J. J. Watt]], 2012 & 2014<ref>{{cite news |url = https://sports.yahoo.com/blogs/nfl-shutdown-corner/j-j--watt-becomes-only-two-time-20-sack-player--does-so-on-safety-210051599.html |title = J.J. Watt becomes only two-time 20-sack player, does so on safety |access-date = February 1, 2015 |date = December 28, 2015 |website = Yahoo! Sports |last = Edholm |first = Eric }}</ref>
* NFL most consecutive games recording a sack: 11, [[Chris Jones (defensive tackle, born 1994)|Chris Jones]], 2018
* NFL most consecutive games recording a sack (team): 75, [[Pittsburgh Steelers]], 2016–2021<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.espn.com/blog/pittsburgh-steelers/post/_/id/32807/steelers-nfl-record-of-75-games-with-a-sack-ends-vs-bengals | title=Steelers' NFL record of 75 games with a sack ends vs. Bengals | date=September 27, 2021 }}</ref>
* NFL career sacks taken: 571, [[Aaron Rodgers]], 2005–present<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/leaders/pass_sacked_career.htm NFL Career Sacked Leaders – Pro-Football-Reference.com]</ref>
* NFL single-season sacks taken: 76, [[David Carr (American football)|David Carr]], 2002<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/leaders/pass_sacked_single_season.htm NFL Single-Season Sacked Leaders – Pro-Football-Reference.com]</ref>
* NFL game sacks taken: 12, [[Warren Moon]], September 29, 1985 and [[Donovan McNabb]], September 30, 2007<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/leaders/pass_sacked_single_game.htm NFL Single Game Sacked Leaders – Pro-Football-Reference.com]</ref>
* NFL [[Super Bowl]] most sacks in a single game: 12, [[Super Bowl 50|Carolina vs. Denver, 50]] (7 by Denver, 5 by Carolina)
* NFL Super Bowl most sacks by a player in a single game: 3{{NoteTag|[[L. C. Greenwood]] had 4 sacks in [[Super Bowl X]].<ref>{{cite news |url = http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/nfl/super/superbowl-x-plays.htm |title = Super Bowl X play-by-play |work = [[USA Today]] |access-date = April 5, 2013 |date = January 11, 2002 }}</ref> However, sacks were not officially recorded by the NFL at that point.}}
:* [[Reggie White]] – [[Super Bowl XXXI|Green Bay vs. New England, XXXI]]
:* [[Darnell Dockett]] – [[Super Bowl XLIII|Arizona vs. Pittsburgh, XLIII]]
:* [[Kony Ealy]] – [[Super Bowl 50|Carolina vs. Denver, 50]]
:* [[Grady Jarrett]] – [[Super Bowl LI|Atlanta vs. New England, LI]]

* NFL Super Bowl most sacks, career ''(sacks compiled since XVII)''
:* 4.5, [[Charles Haley]] – 5 games [[San Francisco 49ers|San Francisco]] [[Super Bowl XXIII|XXIII]], [[Super Bowl XXIV|XXIV]], [[Dallas Cowboys|Dallas]] [[Super Bowl XXVII|XXVII]], [[Super Bowl XXVIII|XXVIII]], [[Super Bowl XXX|XXX]]
:* 4.5, [[Von Miller]] – 2 games [[Denver Broncos|Denver]] [[Super Bowl 50|50]] and [[Los Angeles Rams]] [[Super Bowl LVI|LVI]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://broncoswire.usatoday.com/2022/02/14/super-bowl-history-von-miller-most-super-bowl-sacks/|title=Von Miller made NFL history in Super Bowl LVI|first=Jon|last=Heath|website=Broncos Wire|date=February 14, 2022|access-date=February 14, 2022}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of National Football League annual sacks leaders]]
* [[List of National Football League career sacks leaders]]
* [[List of most sacked NFL quarterbacks]]
* ''[[The Blind Side: Evolution of a Game]]'' – non-fiction book by [[Michael Lewis]]

== Notes ==
{{NoteFoot}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Sack (American football)}}
* {{cite web | url=http://archive.profootballweekly.com/content/archives/features_1999/turney_062600.asp | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081105075549/http://archive.profootballweekly.com/content/archives/features_1999/turney_062600.asp | archive-date=November 5, 2008 | title=Sack story: Setting the record straight on all of those QB takedowns | first=John | last=Turney | date=June 26, 2000 | work=Pro Football Weekly}}
* [https://www.pro-football-reference.com/leaders/sacks_career.htm Pro-football-reference.com enumeration of career sack leaders]

{{American football concepts}}

[[Category:American football terminology]]
[[Category:Canadian football terminology]]

[[sv:Amerikansk fotboll#Sammanfattning av termer i amerikansk fotboll]]

Black gold

2025-08-25T11:23:34Z

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{{wiktionary|black gold}}
'''Black gold''' or '''Black Gold''' may refer to:
{{TOC right}}

==Commodities==
* [[Petroleum]] or crude oil
* [[Black pepper]]
* {{section link|Colored gold|Black gold}}

==Arts and entertainment==
===Film and television===
* [[Black Gold (1928 film)|''Black Gold'' (1928 film)]], a 1928 American film produced by [[Norman Studios]]
* [[Black Gold (1936 film)|''Black Gold'' (1936 film)]], an American film starring Frankie Darro
* [[Black Gold (1942 film)|''Black Gold'' (1942 film)]], an Italian film directed by Enrico Guazzoni
* [[Black Gold (1947 film)|''Black Gold'' (1947 film)]], an American film
* [[Black Gold (1962 film)|''Black Gold'' (1962 film)]], an American adventure film
* ''[[Kaala Sona]]'' ({{Lit|Black Gold}}), a 1975 Indian Hindi-language action thriller film
* ''Gentle Ben 2: Black Gold'', a 2003 remake of ''[[Gentle Ben]]''
* [[Black Gold (2006 film)|''Black Gold'' (2006 film)]], a documentary about the fair-trading of coffee beans
* [[Black Gold (2011 Nigerian film)|''Black Gold'' (2011 Nigerian film)]], a drama
* [[Black Gold (2011 Qatari film)|''Black Gold'' (2011 Qatari film)]], a war film co-produced with France, Tunisia and Italy
* [[Black Gold (TV series)|''Black Gold'' (TV series)]], a documentary about oil-drilling in West Texas
* [[Black Gold (South African TV series)|''Black Gold'' (South African TV series)]], 2025 telenovela
* ''Black Gold'' (2022 TV series), a [[CBS News]] documentary series about [[ExxonMobil climate change denial]]

===Music===
* [[Black Gold (band)]], an indie-rock band from Brooklyn, New York
* [[Black Gold (Jimi Hendrix recordings)|''Black Gold'' (Jimi Hendrix recordings)]], an unreleased Jimi Hendrix album
* [[Black Gold (Nina Simone album)|''Black Gold'' (Nina Simone album)]], 1970
* [[Black Gold (Kutt Calhoun album)|''Black Gold'' (Kutt Calhoun album)]], 2013
* ''[[Black Gold: The Best of Soul Asylum]]''
* ''[[Black Gold: Best of Editors]]''
* [[Black Gold (song)|"Black Gold" (song)]], a 1993 song by Soul Asylum from ''Grave Dancer's Union''
* "Black Gold", a 1997 song by Millencolin from ''[[For Monkeys]]''
* "Black Gold", a 2005 song by Running Wild from ''[[Rogues en Vogue]]''
* "Black Gold", a 2006 single by [[The Prom Kings]]
* "Black Gold", a 2008 song by Norther from ''[[N (album)|N]]''
* "Black Gold", a 2009 song by John Robinson from ''[[Unexpected Guests]]''
* "Black Gold", a 2010 song by Foals from ''[[Total Life Forever]]''
* "Black Gold", a 2012 song by Esperanza Spalding from ''[[Radio Music Society]]''

===Video games===
* [[Black Gold (video game)|''Black Gold'' (video game)]], a video game of the strategy genre released in 1989 by reLINE Software
* ''[[World War III: Black Gold]]'', a 2001 strategy game made by JoWood and Reality Pump
* ''Black Gold Online'', a 2014 steampunk MMORPG Published by [[Snail Games]]

===Other media===
* [[Black Gold (novel)|''Black Gold'' (novel)]], a 1987 novel about South Africa by Anthony Sampson
* ''Black Gold'', a 2001 art installation by [[Nathaniel Mellors]]

==Other uses==
* [[Black Gold, Kentucky]]
* [[Black Gold (horse)]] (1921–1928), winner of 1924's Kentucky Derby
* [[Black gold (jewelry)]], a type of gold used in jewelry
* [[Black gold (politics)]], a term used in Taiwan to refer to political corruption

* [[Ouro Preto]], city and former gold rush town in Minas Gerais, Brazil whose name means "Black Gold"
* [[Black Gold Casino]], Chickasaw Nation casino in Oklahoma

==See also==
* ''[[Asterix and the Black Gold]]'', the twenty-sixth volume of the [[Asterix]] comic book series
* ''[[Land of Black Gold]]'', the fifteenth of ''The Adventures of Tintin''
* [[Black and Gold (disambiguation)]]
* [[Gold (disambiguation)]]

{{disambiguation}}

Romeo (disambiguation)

2025-08-24T14:20:13Z

2A02:C7C:4D0A:A500:C43E:CF3E:CA0A:DD37: /* Film and television */ fixed link

{{Wiktionary|Romeo}}
'''[[Romeo]]''' is the male protagonist in the play ''Romeo and Juliet''.

'''Romeo''' may also refer to:
{{TOC right}}

==People and fictional characters==
* [[Romeo (given name)]], including a list of people and fictional characters
* [[Romeo (surname)]], a list of people
* nickname of [[Aditya Dev]] (1988–2012), Indian body builder, entertainer and dancer and the "world's smallest bodybuilder"
* [[Kid Romeo]], American professional wrestler
* [[Max Romeo]], Jamaican reggae
* A term for a man who wants sexual relationships with many different people

==Places==
===United States===
* [[Romeo, Colorado]], a statutory town
* [[Romeo, Florida]], an unincorporated community
* [[Romeo, Michigan]], a village
* [[Romeo, Tennessee]], an unincorporated community
* [[Romeoville, Illinois]], a village originally settled as Romeo

===Antarctica===
* [[Romeo Island]]

===Outer space===
* [[Romeo (lunar crater)]], a lunar crater
* Romeo, [[List of geological features on Oberon|a crater on Oberon]]

==Music==
* [[Romeo Records]], an American jazz record label
* [[Romeo (English rapper)]] (born 1980), English rapper and MC
*Romeo, stage name of [[Romeo Miller]], an American rapper and actor
* [[Romeo (band)]], a South Korean boy band
* [[Romeo Z]], a 1960s English club band
* [[Romeo (EP)|''Romeo'' (EP)]], a 2009 EP by Shinee
===Songs===
* [[Romeo (Basement Jaxx song)|"Romeo" (Basement Jaxx song)]], 2001
* [[Romeo (Dino song)|"Romeo" (Dino song)]], 1990
* [[Romeo (Dolly Parton song)|"Romeo" (Dolly Parton song)]], 1993
* [[Romeo (Dove Cameron song)|"Romeo" (Dove Cameron song)]], 2025
* [[Romeo (Ketil Stokkan song)|"Romeo" (Ketil Stokkan song)]], 1986
* [[Romeo (Petula Clark song)|"Romeo" (Petula Clark song)]], 1961
* [[Romeo (Wipers song)|"Romeo" (Wipers song)]], 1981
* "Romeo", by Bladee from ''[[Eversince]]'', 2016
* "Romeo", by Donna Summer from ''[[I'm a Rainbow]]'', 1996
* "Romeo", by Gabi DeMartino from ''[[Paintings of Me]]'', 2022
* "Romeo", by Hande Yener, from ''[[Nasıl Delirdim?]]'', 2007
* "Romeo", by [[Jungle (band)|Jungle]] featuring Bas, 2021
* "Romeo", by [[Mr Big (UK band)|Mr Big]], 1977
* "Romeo", by PinkPantheress from ''[[Fancy That]]'', 2025
* "Romeo", by Sublime from ''[[Second-hand Smoke]]'', 1997

==Film and television==
* [[Romeo (1976 film)|''Romeo'' (1976 film)]], a Malayalam film
* [[Romeo (1990 film)|''Romeo'' (1990 film)]], a Dutch drama
* [[Romeo (2007 film)|''Romeo'' (2007 film)]], a Malayalam film
* ''[[Parugu]]'' or ''Romeo'', a 2008 Telugu film
* [[Romeo (2011 film)|''Romeo'' (2011 film)]], a Bengali film
* [[Romeo (2012 film)|''Romeo'' (2012 film)]], a Kannada-language film
* [[Romeo (2014 film)|''Romeo'' (2014 film)]], a Telugu-language film
* [[Romeo (2024 film)|''Romeo'' (2024 film)]], a Tamil-language film
* [[Romeo (2025 film)|''Romeo'' (2025 film)]], a Hindi-language film
* ''[[Romeo!]]'', a Nickelodeon television series starring Romeo Miller that aired from 2003 to 2006

==Military==
* [[Romeo class submarine]], the NATO reporting name for a Soviet submarine type
* [[Operation Romeo]], a French World War II commando operation
* [[Fokker C.V]], a Dutch reconnaissance and light bomber biplane manufactured in Italy under licence as the Romeo Ro.1
* [[USS Romeo|USS ''Romeo'']], a Union tinclad during the American Civil War

==Other uses==
* [[Romeo (social network)]], a website and mobile app for gay, bisexual, queer and transgender people, founded as GayRomeo in 2002 and operating as PlanetRomeo from 2011 to 2021
* Romeo, the letter R in the [[ICAO spelling alphabet]]
* [[Alfa Romeo Romeo]], a light van and pickup truck formerly produced by Alfa Romeo
* [[Romeo file system]], an extension to the ISO 9660 file system for optical media
* [[SHERPA/RoMEO|RoMEO]], Rights MEtadata for Open archiving
* [[Romeo (wolf)]] ({{circa}} 2003–2009), Alaskan wolf notable for interactions with humans
* [[Romeo State Airport]], a public airport near Romeo, Michigan
* The "Romeo" method is a form of victim grooming for the purposes of pimping; see [[Procuring (prostitution)#Grooming]]

== See also ==
* ''[[Romeoo]]'', a 2007 Malayalam film directed by Rafi Mecartin
* [[Roamio]], the name of a series of TiVo digital video recorders
*[[Romero]]

{{disambiguation|geo}}

Suginami

2025-08-24T12:34:06Z

2A02:C7C:4D0A:A500:C43E:CF3E:CA0A:DD37: /* Geography */ link

{{Short description|Special ward of Tokyo}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2009}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Suginami
| official_name = Suginami City
| native_name = {{nobold|杉並区}}
| native_name_lang = ja
| settlement_type = [[Special wards of Tokyo|Special ward]]
| other_name =
| image_skyline = File:Sakura at Wadabori Koen Park In Suginami, Tokyo Japan.jpg
| image_caption = Spring cherry blossoms in Wadabori Koen Park
| image_flag = Flag of Suginami, Tokyo.svg
| image_seal = 東京都杉並区区章.svg
| image_map = Suginami-ku in Tokyo Prefecture Ja.svg
| map_caption = Location of Suginami in [[Tokyo]]
| pushpin_map = Japan
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Japan
| coordinates = {{coord|35|41|58|N|139|38|11|E|region:JPN-13_type:city|display=it}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = Japan
| subdivision_type1 = [[List of regions of Japan|Region]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kantō region|Kantō]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Prefectures of Japan|Prefecture]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tokyo]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Districts of Japan|District]]
| subdivision_name3 =
| established_title = First official recorded
| established_date = 4th century
| established_title2 = As Tokyo City
| established_date2 = October 1, 1932
| established_title3 = As special ward of Tokyo
| established_date3 = July 1, 1943
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name = Satoko Kishimoto (since July 11, 2022)
| leader_title1 = Vice Mayor
| leader_name1 =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 34.06
| population_total = 588,354
| population_as_of = June 1, 2022
| population_density_km2 = 17,274
| timezone1 = [[Japan Standard Time|JST]]
| utc_offset1 = +09:00
| postal_code_type = [[Postal codes in Japan|Postal codes]]
| postal_code = 166-xxxx, 167-xxxx, 168-xxxx
| blank_name_sec1 = City hall address
| blank_info_sec1 = 1-15-1 Asagaya Minami, Suginami-ku, Tokyo 165-8570
| website = {{URL|http://www.city.suginami.tokyo.jp/}}
| module = {{Infobox place symbols
| embedded = yes
| tree = [[Pine]], [[Dawn Redwood]], [[Sasanqua]]
| flower =
| bird =
| butterfly =
| fish =
}}
}}

{{Nihongo|'''Suginami'''|杉並区|Suginami-ku}} is a [[Special wards of Tokyo|special ward]] in the [[Tokyo|Tokyo Metropolis]] in [[Japan]]. The ward refers to itself as '''Suginami City''' in English.

As of June 1, 2022, Suginami has an estimated population of 588,354 and a [[population density]] of 17,274 persons per km2.<ref>{{cite web |title=東京都の人口 |url=https://www.toukei.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/jsuikei/js-index.htm |publisher=Statistics of Tokyo |access-date=11 July 2022 |archive-date=2 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002162446/http://www.toukei.metro.tokyo.jp/jsuikei/js-index.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The total area is 34.06 km2.

==Geography==
Suginami occupies the western part of the ward area of Tokyo. Its neighbors include these special wards: to the east, [[Shibuya, Tokyo|Shibuya]] and [[Nakano, Tokyo|Nakano]]; to the north, [[Nerima, Tokyo|Nerima]]; and to the south, [[Setagaya, Tokyo|Setagaya]]. Its western neighbors are the cities of [[Mitaka, Tokyo|Mitaka]] and [[Musashino, Tokyo|Musashino]].

The [[Kanda River]] passes through Suginami. The [[Zenpukuji River|Zenpukuji river]] originates from Zenpukuji Park in western Suginami, and the [[Myōshōji River]] originates in Myōshōji Park, to the north of Ogikubo station.

==History==
The name Suginami dates back to the early Edo period and is a shortened version of ''Suginamiki'' ("avenue of [[Cryptomeria|cedars]]"). This name came about when an early land baron, Lord Tadayoshi Okabe, planted a row of cedar trees to mark the bounds of his property.<ref name="Japan Times Online">{{cite web |title=Getting animated in Suginami |date=7 April 2006 |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2006/04/07/travel/getting-animated-in-suginami/ |publisher=[[The Japan Times]] |access-date=July 9, 2010 |archive-date=21 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921223836/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2006/04/07/travel/getting-animated-in-suginami/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The ward was founded on March 15, 1947.

In 1970, 40 high school students in the area were exposed to [[photochemical smog]] and required hospitalization. The incident attracted national attention and increased awareness of the dangers of pollution.<ref name="Japan Times Online" />

==Districts and neighborhoods==
[[File:Japanese holly trees and waterfall at Sanshi no Mori Koen Park in Suginami, Tokyo Japan.jpg|thumb|right|280px|Autumn colors in a park Suginami]]
[[File:Koenji awaodori.JPG|thumb|right|280px|[[Kōenji Awa Odori]]]]
[[File:Asagaya nakasugidori.JPG|thumb|right|280px|Nakasugidori Avenue near Suginami City Hall and Asagaya Station]]

The following neighborhoods make up Suginami-ku:
{{col-begin|width=40%}}
{{col-break}}
; Iogi Area
* Igusa
* Imagawa
* Kamiigusa
* Kamiogi
* Minamiogikubo
* Momoi
* Nishiogikita
* Nishiogiminami
* [[Ogikubo, Tokyo|Ogikubo]]
* Shimizu
* Shimoigusa
* Zenpukuji
{{col-break}}
; Suginami Area
* Amanuma
* Asagayakita
* Asagayaminami
* Hon'amanuma
* Kōenjikita
* Kōenjiminami
* Naritahigashi
* Naritanishi
* Umezato
{{col-break}}
; Takaido Area
* Hamadayama
* Kamitakaido
* [[Kugayama]]
* Miyamae
* Shimotakaido
* Shōan
* Takaido
* Takaidohigashi
* Takaidonishi
{{col-break}}
; Wadabori Area
* Eifuku
* Hōnan
* Horinouchi
* Izumi
* Matsunoki
* Ōmiya
* Wada
{{col-end}}

==Politics==
Historically, Suginami has leaned toward liberal activism.<ref name="JTimes22">{{cite news |last1=Hornyak |first1=Tim |title=No backpedaling for Suginami Ward's bicycling mayor |website=The Japan Times |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2022/08/18/national/politics-diplomacy/satoko-kishimoto-suginami/ |access-date=12 November 2022 |date=18 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829195255/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2022/08/18/national/politics-diplomacy/satoko-kishimoto-suginami/ |archive-date=29 August 2022}}</ref> In 1954, local housewives launched the "Suginami Appeal" against nuclear weapons, a petition that spread nationwide and ultimately collected 20 million signatures.<ref name="Japan Times Online" /> More recently in 2005, Suginami became part of Japan's fight against nationalist textbook revisionism when residents petitioned Tokyo's courts to prevent the adoption of a [[Japanese history textbook controversies|controversial textbook]] published by [[Fusosha Publishing]] which claimed to justify Japanese actions during [[World War II]].<ref name="Japan Times Online" /> The ward has also passed an ordinance placing limits on the installation of security cameras.<ref name="Japan Times Online" />

To combat burglaries, which reached a record number of 1,710 in 2002, the ward created an unconventional anti-crime program called Operation Flower. The ward urged residents to plant flowers facing the street, with the long-term goal of increasing neighborhood watchfulness (necessitated by watering and otherwise attending to the plants). In addition, 9,600 volunteers were recruited for neighborhood safety patrols, 200 security cameras were placed at crime-vulnerable areas, and a daily email update was created for residents. Subsequent to the start of the program, burglaries were down 80% to 390 in 2008.<ref>{{cite news |title=Residents fight burglars with flower power |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE55B3LC20090612 |publisher=Reuters |access-date=July 9, 2010 |first=Yoko |last=Kubota |date=June 12, 2009 |archive-date=June 17, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090617042350/http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE55B3LC20090612 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Suginami refused to connect to Japan's [[Residents Basic Registry Network]].<ref name="Japan Times Online" /> As of 2005, it is implementing a measure to make registry optional.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

On June 19, 2022, [[Satoko Kishimoto]] was elected mayor despite being a long-time resident of [[Belgium]] and not having any connections to the ward. She narrowly defeated 3-term incumbent Ryō Tanaka by less than 200 votes. Kishimoto had come to prominence through online political debates during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=INC |first=SANKEI DIGITAL |date=2022-06-20 |title=東京・杉並区長に岸本氏初当選野党系が推薦 |url=https://www.sankei.com/article/20220620-KGBEDEDGI5LQ7DNQ4CRPTHTAYY/ |access-date=2022-06-21 |website=産経ニュース |language=ja |archive-date=2022-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621002740/https://www.sankei.com/article/20220620-KGBEDEDGI5LQ7DNQ4CRPTHTAYY/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tokyo mayoral win a 'huge surprise' for candidate lately arrived from Belgium |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/21/tokyo-mayoral-win-a-huge-surprise-for-candidate-lately-arrived-from-belgium |website=The Guardian |date=21 June 2022 |access-date=2 July 2022 |archive-date=2 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702065802/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/21/tokyo-mayoral-win-a-huge-surprise-for-candidate-lately-arrived-from-belgium |url-status=live }}</ref> Kishimoto has opposed building new road extensions through [[Kōenji]] district and the privatization of public facilities.<ref name="JTimes22"/> Kishimoto is the district's first-ever female leader and plans on creating more opportunities for women in Japanese politics. Japan currently has only 2 female politicians in the current national cabinet and only 3 female mayors out of Tokyo's 23 main districts.<ref>{{cite web |title=The female mayor in Tokyo fighting Japan's sexist attitudes |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-64874853 |website=BBC |date=8 March 2023 |access-date=8 March 2023 |archive-date=8 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308002124/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-64874853 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Transportation==

===Rail===
*[[JR East]]
**[[Chūō Main Line]] ([[Chūō-Sobu Line]]): [[Kōenji Station|Koenji]], [[Asagaya Station|Asagaya]], [[Ogikubo Station|Ogikubo]], [[Nishi-Ogikubo Station|Nishi-Ogikubo]] Stations
*[[Keio Corporation]]
**[[Keio Line]]: [[Hachimanyama Station|Hachiman-yama]] Station, [[Roka-kōen Station|Roka-kōen]] Station
**[[Keio Inokashira Line]]: [[Eifukuchō Station|Eifuku-cho]], [[Nishi-Eifuku Station|Nishi Eifuku]], [[Hamadayama Station|Hamada-yama]], [[Takaido Station|Takaido]], [[Fujimigaoka Station|Fujimi-ga-oka]], [[Kugayama Station|Kuga-yama]] Stations
*[[Seibu Railway]]
**[[Seibu Shinjuku Line]]: [[Shimo-Igusa Station|Shimo-Igusa]], [[Iogi Station|Iogi]], [[Kami-Igusa Station|Kami-Igusa]] Stations
*[[Tokyo Metro]]
**[[Tokyo Metro Marunouchi Line]]: [[Hōnanchō Station|Honancho]] (branch line); [[Higashi-Kōenji Station|Higashi Koenji]], [[Shin-Kōenji Station|Shin-Koenji]], [[Minami-Asagaya Station|Minami Asagaya]], [[Ogikubo Station|Ogikubo]] Stations

===Road===
*[[National highways of Japan|National highways]]: [[Japan National Route 20|Route 20]], the [[Kōshū Kaidō]]
*Kan-nana Dori (Number 7 Ring Road)
*Kan-pachi Dori (Number 8 Ring Road)
*[[Itsukaichi Kaidō]] (Suginami Akiruno Line, Tokyo Metropolitan Road Route 7)
*[[Ōme Kaidō]]

==Education==
{{expand section|date=November 2022}}
[[File:Bunka Gakuen University Suginami JHS and HS.JPG|thumb|Bunka Suginami Canadian International School and Bunka Gakuen Junior and Senior High Schools]]
Public high schools are operated by the [[Tokyo Metropolitan Government Board of Education]].
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
*[[Nishi High School]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nishi-h.metro.tokyo.jp/nishi-h/ |title=都立西高等学校ホームページ |website=www.nishi-h.metro.tokyo.jp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020612194125/http://www.nishi-h.metro.tokyo.jp/nishi-h/ |archive-date=June 12, 2002}}</ref>
*{{ill|Nogei High School|ja|東京都立農芸高等学校}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nogei-h.metro.tokyo.jp/ |script-title=ja:都立農芸高等学校：Tokyo Metropolitan Nogei High School |publisher=Nogei-h.metro.tokyo.jp |access-date=2014-07-29 |archive-date=2014-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140721021221/http://www.nogei-h.metro.tokyo.jp/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{ill|Ogikubo High School|ja|東京都立荻窪高等学校}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ogikubo-h.metro.tokyo.jp/ |title=東京都立荻窪高等学校 |access-date=2007-10-30 |archive-date=2007-11-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071116144628/http://www.ogikubo-h.metro.tokyo.jp/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{ill|Suginami High School|ja|東京都立杉並高等学校}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.suginami-h.metro.tokyo.jp/ |script-title=ja:東京都立杉並高等学校 |publisher=Suginami-h.metro.tokyo.jp |access-date=2014-07-29 |archive-date=2013-08-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831220025/http://www.suginami-h.metro.tokyo.jp/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{ill|Suginami Sogo High School|ja|東京都立杉並総合高等学校}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.suginamisogo-h.metro.tokyo.jp/ |title=東京都立杉並総合高等学校 |access-date=2007-10-30 |archive-date=2007-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028113256/http://www.suginamisogo-h.metro.tokyo.jp/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{ill|Suginami Technical High School|ja|東京都立杉並工業高等学校}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.suginamikogyo-h.metro.tokyo.jp/ |script-title=ja:東京都立杉並工業高等学校 |publisher=Suginamikogyo-h.metro.tokyo.jp |access-date=2014-07-29 |archive-date=2014-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140731040751/http://www.suginamikogyo-h.metro.tokyo.jp/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{ill|Toyotama High School|ja|東京都立豊多摩高等学校}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.toyotama-h.metro.tokyo.jp/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2007-10-30 |archive-date=2007-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018051625/http://www.toyotama-h.metro.tokyo.jp/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{div col end}}

Suginami City operates public elementary and junior high schools.

Municipal combined elementary and junior high schools:<ref name=Suginamischoollist>{{cite web |url=https://www.city.suginami.tokyo.jp/kyouiku/chiiki/communityschool/1064038.html |title=地域運営学校（コミュニティ・スクール）一覧（設立年順） |publisher=Suginami |accessdate=2022-11-26 |archive-date=2022-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126230116/https://www.city.suginami.tokyo.jp/kyouiku/chiiki/communityschool/1064038.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
*Koenji Gakuen (高円寺学園)
*Suginami Izumi Gakuen (杉並和泉学園)

Municipal junior high schools:<ref name=Suginamischoollist/>
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
*Amanuma Junior High School (天沼中学校)
*Asagaya Junior High School (阿佐ヶ谷中学校)
*Fujimigaoka Junior High School ([[:ja:杉並区立富士見丘中学校|富士見丘中学校]])
*Higashida Junior High School (東田中学校)
*Higashihara Junior High School (東原中学校)
*Igusa Junior High School ([[:ja:杉並区立井草中学校|井草中学校]])
*Iogi Junior High School ([[:ja:杉並区立井荻中学校|井荻中学校]])
*Konan Junior High School (高南中学校)
*Koyo Junior High School ([[:ja:杉並区立向陽中学校|向陽中学校]])
*Matsunoki Junior High School (松ノ木中学校)
*Miyamae Junior High School ([[:ja:杉並区立宮前中学校|宮前中学校]])
*Nakase Junior High School ([[:ja:杉並区立中瀬中学校|中瀬中学校]])
*Nishimiya Junior High School (西宮中学校)
*Ogikubo Junior High School ([[:ja:杉並区立荻窪中学校|荻窪中学校]])
*Omiya Junior High School ([[:ja:杉並区立大宮中学校|大宮中学校]])
*Sen-nan Junior High School (泉南中学校)
*Shinmei Junior High School ([[:ja:杉並区立神明中学校|神明中学校]])
*Shokei Junior High School ([[:ja:杉並区立松溪中学校|松溪中学校]])
*Sugimori Junior High School (杉森中学校)
*Takaido Junior High School ([[:ja:杉並区立高井戸中学校|高井戸中学校]])
*Wada Junior High School ([[:ja:杉並区立和田中学校|和田中学校]])
{{div col end}}

Municipal elementary schools:<ref name=Suginamischoollist/>
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
*Amanuma ([[:ja:杉並区立天沼小学校|天沼小学校]])
*Eifuku (永福小学校)
*Fujimigaoka (富士見丘小学校)
*Hachinari (八成小学校)
*Hamadayama ({{Interlanguage link|浜田山小学校|ja|杉並区立浜田山小学校}})
*Higashita ([[:ja:杉並区立東田小学校|東田小学校]])
*Honan ([[:ja:杉並区立方南小学校|方南小学校]])
*Horinouchi (堀之内小学校)
*Iogi (井荻小学校)
*Kugayama (久我山小学校)
*Kutsukake (沓掛小学校)
*Mabashi (馬橋小学校)
*Matsunoki (松ノ木小学校)
*Momoi No. 1 (桃井第一小学校)
*Momoi No. 2 (桃井第二小学校)
*Momoi No. 3 (桃井第三小学校)
*Momoi No. 4 (桃井第四小学校)
*Momoi No. 5 (桃井第五小学校)
*Nishita ([[:ja:杉並区立西田小学校|西田小学校]])
*Ogikubo ([[:ja:杉並区立荻窪小学校|荻窪小学校]])
*Omiya (大宮小学校)
*Sanya (三谷小学校)
*Seibi (済美小学校)
*Shinomiya (四宮小学校)
*Shoan ([[:ja:杉並区立松庵小学校|松庵小学校]])
*Suginami No. 1 ([[:ja:杉並区立杉並第一小学校|杉並第一小学校]])
*Suginami No. 2 (杉並第ニ小学校)
*Suginami No. 3 (杉並第三小学校)
*Suginami No. 6 (杉並第六小学校)
*Suginami No. 7 ([[:ja:杉並区立杉並第七小学校|杉並第七小学校]])
*Suginami No. 9 (杉並第九小学校)
*Suginami No. 10 (杉並第十小学校)
*Takaido ([[:ja:杉並区立高井戸小学校|高井戸小学校]])
*Takaido No. 2 ([[:ja:杉並区立高井戸第二小学校|高井戸第二小学校]])
*Takaido No. 3 (高井戸第三小学校)
*Takaido No. 4 ([[:ja:杉並区立高井戸第四小学校|高井戸第四小学校]])
*Takaido Higashi ([[:ja:杉並区立高井戸東小学校|高井戸東小学校]])
*Wada (和田小学校)
{{div col end}}

International schools:
*[[Bunka Gakuen University|Bunka Suginami Canadian International School]]<ref>{{cite web |title=BSCIS: BRITISH COLUMBIA CERTIFIED OFFSHORE SCHOOL IN TOKYO |url=https://www.doublediploma.com/ |website=Bunka Suignami Canadian International School |access-date=29 September 2022 |language=en |archive-date=29 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929095256/https://www.doublediploma.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://bscis.bunsugi.jp/ |title={{!}} Bunka Suginami Canadian International School |website=bscis.bunsugi.jp |language=ja |access-date=2017-10-23 |archive-date=2017-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019131414/http://bscis.bunsugi.jp/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{Nihongo|Tokyo Korean 9th Elementary School|東京朝鮮第九初級学校}} - [[Chosen gakko|North Korean school]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chongryon.com/j/cr/link3.html |script-title=ja:ウリハッキョ一覧 |publisher=[[Chongryon]] |access-date=October 14, 2015 |archive-date=December 19, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151219132215/http://www.chongryon.com/j/cr/link3.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}().</ref>

Higher Education:
*[[Meiji University]], Izumi Campus

==Economy==

===Animation===
Several [[animation]] studios are located in Suginami. [[Bones (studio)|Bones]] is headquartered in Igusa,<ref>"[http://www.bones.co.jp/company-info/index.html company info] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923193538/http://www.bones.co.jp/company-info/index.html |date=2015-09-23 }}." Bones. Retrieved on March 10, 2010.</ref> while [[Sunrise (company)|Sunrise]] has its headquarters near the [[Kami-Igusa Station]] on the [[Seibu Shinjuku Line]].<ref>"[http://www.sunrise-inc.co.jp/international/company/outline.html Company Outline] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924111800/http://www.sunrise-inc.co.jp/international/company/outline.html |date=2015-09-24 }}." [[Sunrise (company)|Sunrise]]. Retrieved on February 26, 2010.</ref> Bones was founded by former members of Sunrise, and staff at each company often help each other on projects. The [[Satelight]] studio, founded in [[Sapporo]], relocated to the [[Asagaya]] neighborhood in 2006 (an earlier Tokyo office, at a different location in Suginami, had been in existence since 2003).<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20070928083851/http://www.satelight.co.jp/english/company/enkaku.html Satelight Corporate History]." [[Satelight]]. Retrieved on July 9, 2010.</ref> In addition, many smaller studios are based here; as of 2006, over 70 studios (of 400 throughout Japan) were located in Suginami.<ref name="Japan Times Online" />

===Japanese operations===
The communications and electronics giant [[Iwatsu Electric]] is headquartered in [[Kugayama]].<ref>"[http://www.iwatsu.co.jp/ENGLISH/about/index.html Corporate Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130802033229/http://www.iwatsu.co.jp/ENGLISH/about/index.html |date=2013-08-02 }}." Iwatsu Electric. December 8, 2002. Retrieved on July 9, 2010.</ref>

===Foreign operations===
[[American Express]] used to have its Japanese headquarters south of Ogikubo station, but it moved to [[Toranomon]] in central Tokyo in 2020.<ref>[https://www.americanexpress.com/jp/business/corporate/customer/jp-news-and-insights/News5.html Notification: Relocation of our Head Office and Change of Corporate Services Center Telephone Number] October 29, 2020</ref>

[[Microsoft]] has a branch office in the Daitabashi Asahi Seimei Building in Izumi.<ref>"[https://careers.microsoft.com/careers/en/jp/offices.aspx Microsoft Careers - Our Japan Locations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615204135/http://careers.microsoft.com/careers/en/jp/offices.aspx |date=2013-06-15 }}." Microsoft. Retrieved on July 9, 2010.</ref>

===Former economic operations===
Prior to its disestablishment, [[Data East]] had its headquarters in Suginami.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20021208065722/http://www.dataeast-corp.co.jp/company/index.htm データイースト]." Data East. December 8, 2002. Retrieved on October 20, 2009.</ref>

==Culture==
[[File:Asagaya Tanabata 09-2.jpg|thumb|Asagaya Tanabata Festival, held in August]]
*[[Ōmiya Hachiman Shrine (Tokyo)|Ōmiya Hachiman Shrine]]
*Suginami Kokaido: a concert hall and the home of the [[Japan Philharmonic Orchestra]].<ref name="Japan Times Online" /> It is also the same place where {{nihongo4|''Birth of Ultraman''|ウルトラマン誕生|Urutoraman Tanjō}}, the pre-premiere special of ''[[Ultraman (1966 TV series)|Ultraman]]'' was held which recorded on July 9, 1966 and later aired on [[Tokyo Broadcasting System]] (the Ultra Series' original network before TV Tokyo) the next day in 7:00 pm. In fact, as a tribute to the 50th anniversary of the ''[[Ultra Series]]'', {{nihongo|"Ultraman Day"|ウルトラマンの日|Urutoraman no Hi}} was held in Suginami Kokaido on July 10, 2016.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://m-78.jp/news/n-3794/ |script-title=ja:ウルトラマン放送開始50年記念『ウルトラマンの日 in 杉並公会堂』2DAYS開催決定!! 7/9(土)「THE ROCK 2016」・10(日)「THE LEGENDS 1966」 |language=ja |publisher=m-78.jp |date=2016-05-12 |access-date=2016-05-25 |newspaper=円谷ステーション - ウルトラマン、円谷プロ公式サイト |archive-date=2016-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160518064338/http://m-78.jp/news/n-3794/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://m-78.jp/50th/suginami/ |script-title=ja:ウルトラマンの日 |language=ja |publisher=m-78.jp |access-date=2016-05-25 |archive-date=2016-07-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708124806/http://m-78.jp/50th/suginami/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*Suginami Animation Museum: a small museum which includes a screening theater, library, and historical overview of Japanese animation, with English language explanations

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{wikivoyage|Tokyo/Suginami|Suginami}}
*[http://www.city.suginami.tokyo.jp/ Suginami City Official Website] {{in lang|ja}}

{{Suginami}}
{{Tokyo}}
{{Metropolitan cities of Japan}}
{{Most populous cities in Japan}}
{{Portal bar|Tokyo}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Suginami| ]]
[[Category:Wards of Tokyo]]