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Peel Castle

2025-07-29T06:42:44Z

2A02:C7C:80F:D00:377F:B0AE:D1B5:53D6: unreasonable precison

{{Short description|Ancient castle on Isle of Man}}
{{for|the fortifications located in Northern England and the Scottish Borders|Peel tower}}
{{distinguish|text=[[Piel Castle]], located to the east on the coast of England}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox Historic building
| image = Isle of Man Peel Castle.jpg
| caption = Peel Castle as seen from the [[swing bridge]] at the entrance to Peel harbour
| location_town = [[St Patrick's Isle]], [[Peel, Isle of Man|Peel]]
| location_country = [[Isle of Man]]
| architect = Several
| client = [[Magnus III of Norway|Magnus II of the Isle of Man]]
| engineer =
| construction_start_date = 11th century
| completion_date = 1860
| date_demolished =
| cost =
| structural_system =
| style =
| size =
}}
'''Peel Castle''' (''Cashtal Phurt ny h-Inshey'' in [[Manx Gaelic]]) is a castle in [[Peel, Isle of Man|Peel]] in the [[Isle of Man]], originally constructed by Norwegians. The castle stands on [[St Patrick's Isle]], which is connected to the town by a [[causeway]]. It is now owned by [[Manx National Heritage]] and is open to visitors during the summer.

The castle was built in the 11th century by Norwegians, under the rule of King [[Magnus II of the Isle of Man|Magnus Barefoot]]. While there were older stone [[Celt]]ic [[monastery|monastic]] buildings on the island, the first Norwegian fortifications were built of wood. The prominent [[Irish round tower|round tower]] was originally part of the Celtic monastery, but had battlements added at a later date. In the early 14th century, the majority of the walls and towers were built primarily from local red [[sandstone]], which is found abundantly in the area. After the rule of Norway, the castle continued to be used by the Church due to the [[Peel Cathedral|cathedral]] built there – the [[Episcopal see|see]] of the diocese of [[Sodor and Man]] – but was eventually abandoned in the 18th century.

The castle remained fortified, and new defensive positions were added as late as 1860. The buildings within the castle are now mostly ruined, but the outer walls remain intact. Excavations in 1982–87 revealed an extensive graveyard as well as the remains of Magnus Barefoot's original wooden fort. The most spectacular finds were the 10th century grave of "The Pagan Lady" which included a fine example of a Norwegian necklace and a cache of silver coins dating from about 1030. The castle's most famous "resident" is the so-called ''[[Moddey Dhoo]]'' or "Black Dog" ghost.

Peel Castle features today on the reverse side of the £10 banknotes issued by the [[Isle of Man Government]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://aes.iupui.edu/rwise/countries/isle_of_man.html |title=Isle of Man |publisher=Ron Wise's Banknoteworld |accessdate=2008-10-30 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081008095333/http://aes.iupui.edu/rwise/countries/isle_of_man.html |archivedate=2008-10-08 }}</ref>

Peel Castle may occasionally be confused with [[Piel Castle]], located on [[Piel Island]], to the east across the [[Irish Sea]]. This particularly occurs in reference to the [[William Wordsworth]] poem describing Piel, spelling its name as 'Peele': especially as Wordsworth is documented as having visited Peel Castle, and wrote several times about the Isle of Man.<ref>[http://www.isle-of-man.com/manxnotebook/fulltext/wd1833.htm William Wordsworth - Itinerary Poems of 1833] Isle-of-man.com; accessed April 2007; Wordsworth's lines on Peele Castle, though sometimes ascribed to Peel Castle, IoM, do in fact refer to the Peele at Foudrey near Barrow</ref>

Peel Castle has been proposed as a possible location of the Arthurian [[Avalon]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.electricscotland.com/history/avalon.htm|title=Avalon's Location|website=www.electricscotland.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lorre Goodrich |first1=Norma |title=King Arthur |publisher=Harper & Row |isbn=9780060971823 |edition=1st Perennial library |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/kingarthur00norm }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Norma Lorre |first1=Goodrich |title=Merlin |date=1987 |publisher=F. Watts |isbn=9780531150603 |page=2}}</ref>

[[File:St. Patricks Isle - geograph.org.uk - 904031.jpg|thumb|St. Patrick's Isle from Peel Hill]]

==Cathedral of St German (ruins)==
The [[cathedral]] ruins located within the walls of Peel Castle are those of the former '''Cathedral of St German'''.<ref name="manxnotebook1">{{cite web |title=The Ruined Cathedral of St. German, Peel, Isle of Man |year=2007 |work=A Manx Note Book: An Electronic Compendium of Matters Past and Present Connected with the Isle of Man |first=Frances |last=Coakley |url=http://www.isle-of-man.com/manxnotebook/parishes/gn/oc1917.htm |accessdate=16 August 2009 }}</ref> Like the structures throughout the castle grounds, the cathedral's roof is completely missing. Robert Anderson examined the ruins to determine what repairs were required to restore the cathedral, and he reported to the island's [[Lieutenant Governor of the Isle of Man|Lieutenant Governor]] in 1877.<ref name="manxnotebook2">{{cite web |title=Scheme for an Extensive Reparation of the Ruins of Peel Castle and St. German's Cathedral, Isle of Man |year=1877 |work=A Manx Note Book: An Electronic Compendium of Matters Past and Present Connected with the Isle of Man |first=Robert |last=Anderson |url=http://www.isle-of-man.com/manxnotebook/fulltext/pc1877/index.htm |accessdate=16 August 2009}}</ref> However, none of the suggested repairs were carried out.

There is a pointed barrel-vaulted [[crypt]] below the [[chancel]], measuring 34 feet by 16 feet by 9 feet high at the west end (10 × 5 × 3 metres), sloping to the entrance at the east.<ref name="manxnotebook2" />

In the middle of the [[transept]] is the tomb where [[Samuel Rutter, Bishop of Sodor and Man|Bishop Rutter]] was interred in 1661.<ref name="manxnotebook2" />

There is a cemetery in what was once the cathedral's nave.

In 1980, the parish of German, part of the [[Church of England|Church of England's]] [[Diocese of Sodor and Man]], was officially transferred to the newer [[Peel Cathedral|Cathedral Church of St German]] on Albany Road in Peel.

<gallery widths="180px" heights="180px">
File:St Germans' Cathedral, Peel Castle, Isle of Man.jpg|The cathedral, inside the castle
File:Cathedral of St German Ruins - Peel Castle - Isle of Man - 25-APR-09.jpg|Chancel of the Cathedral of St. German
File:Peel Castle cathedral.jpg|The Cathedral behind the late 15th century Lord's Apartments
File:Peel_Castle_roundtower.jpeg|The round tower, in the ruins of Peel Castle
File:Peel Castle round tower.jpg|The 10th or 11th century [[Irish round tower|round tower]] viewed through the window of St. Patrick's Church
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

* {{Commons category-inline}}
* [http://www.gov.im/mnh/heritage/museums/peelcastle.xml Peel Castle - Manx National Heritage]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120219072104/http://www.peelheritagetrust.net/peel.htm Peel Heritage site]
* [http://www.isle-of-man.com/manxnotebook/views/fg1787/cplan.htm Cathedral of St. German floorplan c.1727]
* [http://www.iomguide.com/peelcastle.php Isle of Man Guide to Peel Castle]

{{coord|54|13|35|N|4|41|57|W|type:landmark_region:IM|display=title}}{{Castles in the Isle of Man}}

[[Category:Castles in the Isle of Man]]
[[Category:Defunct prisons in the Isle of Man]]
[[Category:Museums in the Isle of Man]]
[[Category:Peel, Isle of Man]]
[[Category:Registered Buildings of the Isle of Man]]

Aniak, Alaska

2025-07-06T17:56:36Z

2A02:C7C:80F:D00:377F:B0AE:D1B5:53D6:

{{distinguish|Akiak, Alaska}}
{{Use American English|date=June 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Aniak
| native_name = Anyaraq

| native_name_lang = esu
| settlement_type = [[City (Alaska)|City]]
| nickname =
| motto =

| image_skyline = ANI-Aerial Map.jpg
| imagesize =
| image_caption = Aerial view of Aniak, 1996
| image_flag =
| image_seal =

| pushpin_map = Alaska
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Alaska


| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = United States
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Alaska]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of boroughs and census areas in Alaska|Census Area]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bethel Census Area, Alaska|Bethel]]
| government_footnotes =
| government_type =
| leader_title = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name = Nicholas H. Kameroff, Jr.<ref>{{Cite book|title=2023 Alaska Municipal Officials Directory|date=January 2023|publisher=Alaska Municipal League|location=[[Juneau, Alaska|Juneau]]|page=45|url=https://www.akml.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Aniak.pdf|access-date=November 12, 2023}}</ref>
| leader_title1 = [[Alaska Senate|State senator]]
| leader_name1 = [[Lyman Hoffman]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]])<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.alaskasenate.org/2020/member/lyman-hoffman/ |title=Senator Lyman Hoffman |publisher=Alaskasenate.org |website=Alaska Senate Majority |access-date=November 16, 2019 |archive-date=April 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408143501/https://www.alaskasenate.org/2020/member/lyman-hoffman/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| leader_title2 = [[Alaska House of Representatives|State rep.]]
| leader_name2 = [[Bryce Edgmon]] ([[Independent politician|I]])
| established_title = [[Municipal corporation|Incorporated]]
| established_date = May 10, 1972<ref>{{cite journal|title=Directory of Borough and City Officials 1974|journal=Alaska Local Government|volume=XIII|issue=2|page=19|location=Juneau|publisher=[[Alaska Department of Commerce, Community and Economic Development|Alaska Department of Community and Regional Affairs]]|date=January 1974}}</ref>


| area_magnitude =
| area_footnotes = <ref name="CenPopGazetteer2020">{{cite web|title=2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_02.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=October 29, 2021}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 21.95
| area_land_km2 = 16.02
| area_water_km2 = 5.93
| area_total_sq_mi = 8.47
| area_land_sq_mi = 6.18
| area_water_sq_mi = 2.29


| population_as_of = [[2020 United States census|2020]]
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 507
| timezone = [[Alaska Time Zone|Alaska (AKST)]]
| utc_offset = -9
| timezone_DST = AKDT
| utc_offset_DST = -8
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 15
| elevation_ft = 49
| coordinates = {{coord|61|34|44|N|159|33|1|W|region:US-AK|display=inline}}
| postal_code_type = [[ZIP code]]
| postal_code = 99557
| area_code = [[Area code 907|907]]
| area_code_type = [[North American Numbering Plan|Area code]]
| blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
| blank_info = 02-03550
| blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
| blank1_info = {{GNIS 4|1398286}}
| website =
| footnotes =
| pop_est_as_of =
| pop_est_footnotes =
| population_est =
| population_density_sq_mi = 81.97
| unit_pref = Imperial
| population_density_km2 = 31.65
| name =
}}
[[File:Landing Fields - Alaska - Aniak - NARA - 68158686 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Aniak Landing Field, 1944]]

'''Aniak''' ({{langx|esu|Anyaraq}}) is a city in the [[Bethel Census Area, Alaska|Bethel Census Area]] in the [[United States|U.S]]. state of [[Alaska]]. At the [[2010 United States census|2010 census]] the population was 501, down from 572 in 2000.

==Geography==

Aniak is on the south bank of the [[Kuskokwim River]] at the head of Aniak Slough, {{convert|59|mi|km}} southwest of Russian Mission in the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta. It lies {{convert|92|mi|km}} northeast of Bethel and {{convert|317|mi|km}} west of Anchorage.

According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of {{convert|8.8|sqmi|km2}}, of which, {{convert|6.5|sqmi|km2}} of it is land and {{convert|2.3|sqmi|km2}} of it (25.82%) is water.

===Climate===

Climate is maritime in the summer and continental in winter. Temperatures range between -72 and 92 °F. Average yearly precipitation is {{convert|19|in|mm}}, with snowfall of {{convert|60|in|m}}.
{{Weather box
| collapsed =
| location = [[Aniak Airport]], Alaska
| single line = Y
| Jan record high F = 48
| Feb record high F = 53
| Mar record high F = 50
| Apr record high F = 63
| May record high F = 81
| Jun record high F = 92
| Jul record high F = 87
| Aug record high F = 84
| Sep record high F = 75
| Oct record high F = 63
| Nov record high F = 54
| Dec record high F = 46
|year record high F =
| Jan high F = 9.7
| Feb high F = 15.4
| Mar high F = 23.3
| Apr high F = 35.2
| May high F = 51.2
| Jun high F = 62.4
| Jul high F = 65.2
| Aug high F = 60.5
| Sep high F = 52.7
| Oct high F = 35.3
| Nov high F = 21.4
| Dec high F = 9.3
|year high F =
|Jan mean F = 1.2
|Feb mean F = 5.9
|Mar mean F = 12.6
|Apr mean F = 28.1
|May mean F = 42.4
|Jun mean F = 52.9
|Jul mean F = 56.2
|Aug mean F = 52.9
|Sep mean F = 44.8
|Oct mean F = 28.9
|Nov mean F = 14.2
|Dec mean F = 1.1
|year mean F =
| Jan low F = -7.3
| Feb low F = -3.7
| Mar low F = 1.9
| Apr low F = 17.0
| May low F = 33.5
| Jun low F = 43.3
| Jul low F = 47.2
| Aug low F = 45.2
| Sep low F = 36.8
| Oct low F = 22.2
| Nov low F = 7.0
| Dec low F = -7.1
|year low F =
| Jan record low F = −72
| Feb record low F = −56
| Mar record low F = −51
| Apr record low F = −34
| May record low F = -3
| Jun record low F = 28
| Jul record low F = 31
| Aug record low F = 23
| Sep record low F = 5
| Oct record low F = -17
| Nov record low F = −40
| Dec record low F = −55
|year record low F =
|precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation inch = 0.82
| Feb precipitation inch = 0.86
| Mar precipitation inch = 0.92
| Apr precipitation inch = 0.71
| May precipitation inch = 1.08
| Jun precipitation inch = 1.54
| Jul precipitation inch = 2.34
| Aug precipitation inch = 4.11
| Sep precipitation inch = 2.69
| Oct precipitation inch = 1.20
| Nov precipitation inch = 1.46
| Dec precipitation inch = 1.10
|year precipitation inch =
|Jan snow inch = 7.6
|Feb snow inch = 9.4
|Mar snow inch = 10.0
|Apr snow inch = 4.5
|May snow inch = 1.1
|Jun snow inch = 0.0
|Jul snow inch = 0.0
|Aug snow inch = 0.0
|Sep snow inch = 0.0
|Oct snow inch = 3.3
|Nov snow inch = 10.0
|Dec snow inch = 10.0
|year snow inch =
|source 1 = WRCC <ref name="climate">[https://wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/cliMAIN.pl?ak0332 Aniak, Alaska - Period of Record : 8/1/1920 to 3/31/1990] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525063109/http://wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/cliMAIN.pl?ak0332 |date=May 25, 2017 }}. Retrieved November 10, 2019.</ref>
|date=October 2019}}

==Demographics==
{{US Census population
|align=left
|1940= 122
|1950= 142
|1960= 308
|1970= 205
|1980= 341
|1990= 540
|2000= 572
|2010= 501
|2020= 507
|footnote=U.S. Decennial Census<ref name="DecennialCensus">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html|title=Census of Population and Housing|publisher=Census.gov|access-date=June 4, 2015}}</ref>
}}
Aniak first appeared on the 1940 U.S. Census as an unincorporated village.<ref>{{cite web |title=Alaska - Number of Inhabitants |url=https://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/33973538v1ch11.pdf |website=United States Census Bureau |date=1940}}</ref> It formally incorporated in 1972.

As of the census<ref name="GR2">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=January 31, 2008 |title=U.S. Census website }}</ref> of 2000, there were 572 people, 174 households, and 133 families residing in the city. The population density was {{convert|87.8|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. There were 203 housing units at an average density of {{convert|31.1|/mi2|/km2|disp=preunit|units |units|}}. The racial makeup of the city was 25.00% [[Race (United States Census)|White]], 0.35% [[Race (United States Census)|Black]] or [[Race (United States Census)|African American]], 68.36% [[Race (United States Census)|Native American]], 0.52% [[Race (United States Census)|Asian]], and 5.77% from two or more races. 1.05% of the population were [[Race (United States Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Race (United States Census)|Latino]] of any race.

There were 174 households, out of which 51.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.9% were married couples living together, 13.2% had a female householder with 0 husbands present, and 23.0% were non-families. 20.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.29 and the average family size was 3.74.

In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 40.9% under the age of 18, 6.8% from 18 to 24, 27.3% from 25 to 44, 20.3% from 45 to 64, and 4.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 28 years. For every 100 females, there were 108.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 107.4 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $41,875, and the median income for a family was $43,750. Males had a median income of $37,708 versus $34,500 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the city was $16,550. About 11.8% of families and 14.0% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 13.4% of those under age 18 and 12.5% of those age 65 or over.

== History ==
[[Image:Aniakshore.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Shoreline of the Kuskokwim River at Aniak]]
''Aniak'' is the [[Central Alaskan Yup'ik language|Central Alaskan Yup'ik]] name for the area around present-day Aniak. The word means "the place where it comes out" - that is, where the [[Aniak River]] flows into the Kuskokwim. The local [[Yup'ik people]] had deserted the original village at Aniak by the early-19th century, when Russian explorers first arrived in the area.

20th-century prospectors believed that the early Russian traders discovered [[gold]] in a tributary to the Kuskokwim called "Yellow River" in 1832.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}} Many think that the Yellow River these traders referred to is the Aniak River.<ref>Brown, Charles M. Alaska's Kuskokwim River Region. Bureau of Land Management. Anchorage, Alaska: Bureau of Land Management, State Office, 1983. 101.</ref>{{request quotation|date=January 2025}} Russian traders did discover a [[mercury (element)|mercury]] deposit near the [[trading post]] called [[Kolmakov Redoubt]] {{convert|22|mi|km}} east of Aniak in 1838.<ref>Spurr, J.E., 1900, A reconnaissance in southwestern Alaska in 1898: U.S. Geological Survey 20th Annual Report, Part 7, p. 31-264.</ref> Placer gold was found by Russian traders in New York Creek {{convert|30|mi|km}} east of Aniak in 1844.<ref>Berry, M.J., 1973, ''A history of mining on the Kenai Peninsula'': Seattle, Washington, Alaska Northwest Publishing Company, 214 p.</ref> The Russians, however, did not engage in any significant mining activities, and it wasn't until after Washington's [[Alaska Purchase|purchase of Alaska]] in 1867 that the American prospectors began seriously investigating the potential for prospecting along the Kuskokwim river. A handful of prospecting parties began venturing into the area, however they had to travel great distances to an area where trading posts were few and far between, so the activity was limited, especially given the exposure of other late-19th century strikes in Alaska which were better served by existing infrastructure.

The euphoria caused by the [[Klondike Gold Rush]] in 1897-98 would set the stage for a change however, with thousands of prospectors across the [[District of Alaska]] poised to make a rush upon rumor of each potential new strike. One such rush was the Yellow River Stampede of 1900, in which many prospectors left [[Nome, Alaska|Nome]] to venture into the Kuskokwim basin upon rumors that someone had found the Yellow River strike - despite the feven although the location of that strike was unknown. Finding precious little gold and experiencing substantial hardship, many of these folks would return to Nome following the difficult winter of 1901, but some stayed behind to continue their search. A 1906 gold-discovery at the head of the [[Innoko River]], a tributary of the [[Yukon River]], caused another gold rush in 1907, with many of the prospectors choosing to access the site via the Kuskokwim River instead. Trading posts were established at the [[Takotna River]] which required riverboat service to travel the Kuskokwim river. With riverboat service now available on the Kuskokwim River, prospecting activity picked up, and some strikes started to occur in the Kuskokwim basin. Strikes were made at Crooked Creek, George River, New York Creek, and Aniak River among others. Most strikes were short-lived. However, the Kuskokwim River was now seeing an increase in river traffic that needed servicing.

In 1910, a lone prospector named "Old Man" Keeler reportedly found placer gold in the Aniak River basin. In 1911, three prospectors, Harry Buhro, E. W. "Kid" Fisher, and Fred Labelle, who had been working the George River area, decided to give the Aniak River basin area a try; they discovered gold at Marvel, Fisher, and Dome creeks.<ref>Maddren, A.G., "Iditarod Pioneer". ''US Geological Survey Bulletin'' 622. 1911. p. 301.</ref> These creeks feed into the Aniak River about {{convert|50|mi|km}} south of Aniak. Initially prospectors would reach this site by poling up the river in boats, however that was a difficult journey due to the nature of the river. The trip would take 15 to 20 days from the Kuskokwim river. By 1913, a hydraulic plant had been installed at Marvel Creek and in 1914 construction of a {{convert|70|mi|km|adj=on}} [[cat trail]] began, starting {{convert|1|mi|km|adj=on}} south of Aniak on the mouth of the Aniak Slough and proceeding to the diggings at Marvel Creek. The cat trail was last used in the spring of 2006 by miners still working claims.

This same year,{{when|date=January 2025}} Tom L. Johnson homesteaded the site of the long-abandoned Yup'ik village in the Aniak area and opened a store and post office there to service prospectors and miners in the vicinity. Willie Pete and Sam Simeon brought their Yup'ik families from [[Ohagamiut, Alaska|Ohagamiut]] to Aniak. In 1936 a territorial school was opened. In anticipation of the [[Lend-Lease]] program to help supply Russia with war materials, construction of an airfield began in 1939.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}} With the airfield in place, Aniak became the transportation hub for villages in the area including [[Chuathbaluk, Alaska|Chuathbaluk]], [[Anvik, Alaska|Anvik]], [[Upper Kalskag, Alaska|Kalskag]], [[Crooked Creek, Alaska|Crooked Creek]], [[Holy Cross, Alaska|Holy Cross]] and others. In 1956 during the [[Cold War]], construction of a [[White Alice Communications System|White Alice]] Relay Station began bringing money, jobs, and communication capability to the area. The impact to the community from the relay station was immediate: the first telephone capable of long-distance phone calls was installed at the Aniak Lodge in 1957 and Aniak's population more than doubled from 142 in 1950 to 308 in 1960. The 2000 census places Aniak's population at 572.

==Education==
The [[Kuspuk School District]] operates two schools in Aniak: Auntie Mary Nicoli Elementary School and Aniak Jr/Sr High School.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_list.asp?Search=1&DistrictID=0200760|title=Kuspuk School District schools for this district|publisher=[[National Center for Education Statistics]]|access-date=2024-05-27}}</ref>

== Notable residents ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2025}}
* [[Sam Phillips (Yup'ik)]], also known as [[Crow Village Sam]] (ca. 1893–ca. 1974), a Yup'ik community leader was born here

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Alaska}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20161229212551/https://www.commerce.alaska.gov/dcra/DCRAExternal/community/Details/319d7670-7304-4cb9-9b6b-afe9d3f2b94f Aniak] at the Community Database Online from the [[Alaska Department of Commerce, Community and Economic Development|Alaska Division of Community and Regional Affairs]]
* Maps from the [[Alaska Department of Labor and Workforce Development]]: [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304200242/http://labor.alaska.gov/research/alari/images/maps/6_4_19map.pdf 2000], [https://web.archive.org/web/20151222092129/http://labor.alaska.gov/research/census/placemaps/03550.pdf 2010]

{{Coord|display=title|61.578821|-159.550255}}
{{Bethel Census Area, Alaska}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Cities in Alaska]]
[[Category:Cities in Bethel Census Area, Alaska]]
[[Category:Mining communities in Alaska]]
[[Category:Road-inaccessible communities of Alaska]]

Çukurova University

2025-06-17T15:17:54Z

2A02:C7C:80F:D00:377F:B0AE:D1B5:53D6:

{{short description|Turkish public university located in Adana}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Çukurova University
| native_name = Çukurova Üniversitesi
| image = Çukurova University logo.svg
| image_size = 200px
| established = {{start date and age|1973}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cukurova.edu.tr/Content/Asp/English/cubilgi01.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051204094804/http://www.cukurova.edu.tr/Content/Asp/English/cubilgi01.asp |archive-date=2005-12-04 |title=Cukurova University - General Information: History}}</ref>
| type = [[Public university|Public]] [[research university]]
| rector = Hamit Emrah Beriş
| city = [[Adana]]
| country = [[Turkey]]
| coor = {{Coord|37|03|26|N|35|21|21|E|display=inline,title|type:edu_region:TR}}
| students = 48,173<ref>https://www.cu.edu.tr/</ref>
| administrative_staff = 2,297<ref>https://www.cu.edu.tr/institutional/university/genel-bilgi/#:~:text=%C3%87ukurova%20%C3%9Cniversitesinde%202.297%20Akademik%20Personel,e%C4%9Fitim%20ve%20%C3%B6%C4%9Fretiminde%20g%C3%B6rev%20almaktad%C4%B1r.</ref>
| campus = [[urban area|Urban]], 22,000 [[decare]]s
| colors = {{color box|01692C}} Green
| website = [http://www.cu.edu.tr cu.edu.tr]
}}
{{Infobox university rankings
| ARWU_W = | ARWU_W_year = | ARWU_W_ref =
| CWTS_W = | CWTS_W_year = | CWTS_W_ref =
| QS_EECA =189 | QS_EECA_year =2022 | QS_EECA_ref =<ref name="QS World University Rankings 2022">{{Cite web |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/eeca-rankings/2022 |title=QS World University Rankings-Emerging Europe & Central Asia |access-date=15 January 2023}}</ref>| QS_W = | QS_W_year = | QS_W_ref =
| THE_W = | THE_W_year = | THE_W_ref =
| USNWR_W = | USNWR_W_year = | USNWR_W_ref =
}}'''Çukurova University''' ({{langx|tr|Çukurova Üniversitesi}}) is a [[Public university|public]] [[research university]] located in [[Adana]], [[Turkey]]. The university features sixteen faculties, three colleges, seven vocational colleges, three institutes, and twenty-six research and application centers. Its campus is situated {{convert|10|km}} from Adana city center, adjacent to the [[Seyhan Dam]] Lake. Çukurova University has a teaching staff of 1,903 and provides education to more than 40,000 undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral students.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.haberfx.net/cude-ogrenci-kayitlarina-iftar-ayari-haberi-73938/| title = ÇÜ'de Öğrenci Kayıtları (Turkish)| publisher = Haber FX| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://archive.today/20120802041044/http://www.haberfx.net/cude-ogrenci-kayitlarina-iftar-ayari-haberi-73938/| archive-date = 2012-08-02}}</ref> The university library offers internet access and a wide range of national and international publications. Computer rooms are available throughout the campus, serving both as resources for students and as facilities for computer-assisted education and scientific research.

The university provides a variety of recreational facilities for students, including an indoor sports center, a swimming pool, a boathouse, and multiple sports grounds. Additionally, students can engage in extracurricular activities through 29 student clubs. Students also have the opportunity to gain practical experience abroad through organizations such as [[AIESEC]]. Transportation to the Balcalı Campus is facilitated by private bus services.

== History ==
[[File:Çukurova Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dekanlık Binası.jpg|thumb|250px| A view of southwestern corner of the main administration building of Faculty of Medicine]]
Çukurova University was officially established in 1973 through the merger of the Faculty of Agriculture, founded in 1969 by [[Ankara University]], and the Faculty of Medicine, founded in 1972 by [[Atatürk University]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.cukurova.edu.tr/Content/Asp/English/cubilgi01.asp| title=History of the Cukurova University| publisher=University Web Site}}</ref> Initially comprising these two faculties, the university expanded to five faculties with the establishment of the Faculties of Basic Sciences, Administrative Sciences, and Engineering. In 1982, the Faculty of Basic Sciences was reorganized as the Faculty of Sciences and Letters, while the Faculty of Administrative Sciences merged with the Department of Economics and Administrative Sciences to form the Faculty of Administrative Sciences and Economics. The Faculty of Engineering and Architecture was created by combining the Faculty of Engineering with the Engineering Department of the ''Adana Academy of Administrative and Commercial Sciences''. The Faculty of Education was also established through the unification of two-year Foreign Language Colleges from Adana, Mersin, and Hatay.

By 1992, the university played a key role in the establishment of three new universities in Turkey. Two colleges, equipped with modern facilities and laboratories, were transferred to Mersin University, three colleges to [[Hatay Mustafa Kemal University]], and the Research and Application Center in Kahramanmaraş to [[Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University|Sütçü İmam University]].

The university's growth continued with the establishment of additional faculties, including Fisheries, Theology, Dentistry, and Fine Arts, bringing the total number of faculties to ten. New vocational colleges, such as the Adana Vocational College of Health and Kozan Vocational College, were opened. By incorporating three postgraduate institutes and the State Conservatory of Çukurova University, the number of academic bodies increased to 21.

Further expansions included the creation of the Karataş College of Tourism and Hotel Management in 1994, the Karaisalı Vocational College in 1995, and the Vocational College of Kadirli in 1997, which offered programs in Computer Programming and Industrial Electronics. The Department of Physical Education was reorganized as the College of Physical Education and Sports, and the Vocational College of Health Services became the College of Health Sciences in 1996.

== Campus ==
[[File:View of Çukurova University from the lake.JPG|thumb|250px|Lakeview from Balcalı Campus]]
[[File:Bank Office, Çukurova University.jpg|thumb|250px|A bank branch office at Çukurova University Campus.]]
The Balcalı Campus of Çukurova University is located on the eastern side of [[Seyhan|Seyhan Lake]], covering an area of 20 km<sup>2</sup>. The name "''Balcalı''" derives from the village that previously occupied the site before the university's construction.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.cukurova.edu.tr/Content/Asp/English/cubilgi02.asp| title=The campus: Balcali| publisher=University Web Site}}</ref>[[File:Sculpture at Çukurova University 02.jpg|thumb|250px|Sculpture at the campus]] [[File:Çukurova Üniversitesi Adana Meslek Yüksekokulu - Adana Vocational High School.JPG|thumb|250px|Vocational School in Çukurova University Campus]]The campus features administrative and educational buildings, including laboratories supporting research services across various disciplines. It also houses a hospital complex, a central library, a central cafeteria, sports facilities, faculty residences, social facilities, and dormitories with a total capacity of 3,500 students.

Public transportation connects the campus to the city center, providing convenient access for students and staff.

==Organisation==
* '''Ceyhan Faculty of Engineering'''
* '''Faculty of Dentistry'''
* '''Faculty of Education''': ''Education Science, Teacher Training in Religious Culture and Ethics, Special Education, Foreign Language Education, Computer Education and Instructional Technology, Social Sciences Education, Fine Arts Education, Elementary Education''
* '''Faculty of Arts and Sciences''': ''Biology, Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, Turkish Language and Literature, Statistics''
* '''Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences''': ''Economy, Business, Finance, Econometrics, International Relations''
* '''Faculty of Theology''': ''Fundamental Islamic Sciences, Philosophy and Religious Studies, Islamic History and Arts''
* '''Faculty of Communication''': ''Communication''
* '''Faculty of Fine Arts''': ''Interior Design, Ceramic, Textile, Graphics''
* '''Faculty of Law'''
* '''Faculty of Engineering''': ''Computer Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Industrial Engineering, Civil Engineering, Geological Engineering, Mining Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Automotive Engineering, Textile Engineering''
* '''Faculty of Fisheries'''
* '''Faculty of Medicine'''
* '''Faculty of Agriculture''': ''Agricultural Engineering, Food Engineering, Landscape Architecture''

==Education==
[[File:Dept. of Plant Protection, Çukurova University.jpg|thumb|250px|A view of eastern side of the building of Dept. of Plant Protection, Çukurova University.]]
The primary language of instruction at the university is [[Turkish language|Turkish]]. However, the Electric-Electronics and Mechanical Engineering Departments within the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture offer programs taught in [[English language|English]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.cukurova.edu.tr/Content/Asp/English/cubilgi03.asp| title=Education| publisher=University Web Site}}</ref>

All programs within the Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences include compulsory English preparatory classes. Optional English preparatory classes are available for students enrolled in the Mathematics, Chemistry, and Physics Departments of the Faculty of Science and Letters, as well as the Civil Engineering, Geology, Architecture, Industrial Engineering, and Textile Engineering Departments of the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture.

Foreign language preparatory classes are provided in English, [[French language|French]], and [[German language|German]] for students in the English, French, and German Language Teaching Departments of the Faculty of Education.[[File:Çukurova University Faculty of Education 01.jpg|thumb|250px|Faculty of Education at Çukurova University]]The university is composed of 10 faculties offering 80 undergraduate programs, three graduate schools with 64 postgraduate programs, three colleges with four undergraduate programs, seven vocational colleges providing 23 vocational programs, and a state conservatory. Additionally, the Foreign Languages Research and Application Center (''YADIM'') offers English instruction for both undergraduate and postgraduate students.

Evening classes are offered in various departments across the university, including the Department of Teacher Training in the Faculty of Education, the Departments of Economics and Business in the Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, the Departments of Biology, Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, and Turkish Language and Literature in the Faculty of Science and Letters, and the Departments of Civil, Mechanical, Geological, Industrial, and Mining Engineering in the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture. Evening classes are also available in the Faculty of Fisheries and all departments of the Ceyhan and Osmaniye Vocational Colleges.[[File:Sculpture at Çukurova University, Adana 2016-11-27 01-1.jpg|thumb|250px|Sculpture at the campus]]Çukurova University hosts numerous student societies, including the Çukurova University Equestrian Sports Club (''ÇUASK''). Founded in 2000, ÇUASK provides students and staff with opportunities to take horse riding lessons. The club maintains four [[Thoroughbred]] stallions for schooling purposes, and experienced members can explore campus trails on horseback. The club is managed by student volunteers who give lessons, care for the horses and stables, and oversee operations.

Çukurova University employs 1,903 academic staff members, including 24 from abroad. These include teaching faculty, research assistants, specialists, and lecturers, ensuring a comprehensive educational and research environment.

== International perspective ==
The university participates in the [[Erasmus Programme]] and maintains bilateral exchange agreements for students and faculty with the following partner universities.{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Bielefeld University of Applied Sciences]] (Germany)
* [[Klagenfurt University]] (Austria)
* [[University of Salzburg]] (Austria)
* [[Free University Brussels]] (Belgium)
* [[Ghent University]] (Belgium)
* [[Hasselt University]] (Belgium)
* [[Hogeschool Antwerpen]] (Belgium)
* [[Hogeschool Sint-Lukas Brussel]] (Belgium)
* [[Université libre de Bruxelles]] (Belgium)
* [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel|Provinciale Hogeschool Limburg]] (Belgium)
* [[Czech University of Life Sciences Prague]] (Czech Republic)
* [[Technical University of Liberec]] (Czech Republic)
* [[Masaryk University]] (Czech Republic)
* [[Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem]] (Czech Republic)
* [[University of West Bohemia]] (Czech Republic)
* [[Aarhus University]] (Denmark)
* [[West Jutland University College]] (Denmark)
* [[Tallinn University]] (Estonia)
* [[Flensburg University]] (Finland)
* [[Helsinki University]] (Finland)
* [[Oulu University]] (Finland)
* [[Novia University of Applied Sciences]] (Finland)
* [[Swedish Polytechnic]] (Finland)
* [[Tampere University of Applied Sciences]] (Finland)
* [[Tampere University]] (Finland)
* [[Franche-Comté]] (France)
* [[François Rabelais]] (France)
* [[Paris-Sorbonne University]] (France)
* [[University of Corsica Pasquale Paoli]] (France)
* [[Anhalt University of Applied Sciences]] (Germany)
* [[Augsburg University]] (Germany)
* [[Bonn University]] (Germany)
* [[Dresden Technical University]] (Germany)
* [[University of Duisburg-Essen]] (Germany)
* [[University of Flensburg]] (Germany)
* [[Free University of Berlin]] (Germany)
* [[Friedrich-Alexander University]] (Germany)
* [[Hanover University of Applied Sciences and Arts]] (Germany)
* [[Heidelberg University]] (Germany)
* [[Hohenheim University]] (Germany)
* [[Humboldt University]] (Germany)
* [[Johannes Gutenberg University]] (Germany)
* [[Ludwigshafen University of Applied Sciences]] (Germany)
* [[Münster University]] (Germany)
* [[University of Oldenburg]] (Germany)
* [[Osnabrück University]] (Germany)
* [[Ruhr University Bochum]] (Germany)
* [[Siegen University]] (Germany)
* [[Technical University Darmstadt]] (Germany)
* [[Technische Universitat Bergakademie Freiberg]] (Germany)
* [[Technische Universitat Berlin]] (Germany)
* [[University of Ulm]] (Germany)
* [[Aristotle University of Thessaloniki]] (Greece)
* [[University of Crete]] (Greece)
* [[Ionian University]] (Greece)
* [[Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania]] (Greece)
* [[Technological Educational Institute of the Ionian Islands]] (Greece)
* [[Technological Educational Institute of Epirus]] (Greece)
* [[Corvinus University of Budapest]] (Hungary)
* [[Debrecen University]] (Hungary)
* [[Kodolányi János University]] (Hungary)
* [[Pecs University]] (Hungary)
* [[Semmelweis University]] (Hungary)
* [[Bologna University]] (Italy)
* [[University of Naples Federico II]] (Italy)
* [[University of Padua]] (Italy)
* [[Palermo University]] (Italy)
* [[Roma Tre University]] (Italy)
* [[University of Sassari]] (Italy)
* [[University of Modena and Reggio Emilia]] (Italy)
* [[University of Trento]] (Italy)
* [[University of Catania]] (Italy)
* [[University of L'Aquila]] (Italy)
* [[University of Pisa]] (Italy)
* [[University of Daugavpils]] (Latvia)
* [[International School of Law and Business]] (Lithuania)
* [[Norwegian University of Science and Technology]] (Norway)
* [[Tromsø University College]] (Norway)
* [[Adam Mickiewicz University]] (Poland)
* [[Szczecin University of Technology]] (Poland)
* [[Pedagogical University of Kraków]] (Poland)
* [[University of Life Sciences in Lublin]] (Poland)
* [[Bialystok University of Technology]] (Poland)
* [[Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń]] (Poland)
* [[Szczecin University of Technology]] (Poland)
* [[Szkola Glowna Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego]] (Poland)
* [[Warsaw Agricultural University]] (Poland)
* [[Warsaw University]] (Poland)
* [[Algarve University]] (Portugal)
* [[University of Lisbon]] (Portugal)
* [[Minho University]] (Portugal)
* [[Porto University]] (Portugal)
* [[University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro]] (Portugal)
* [[Ovidius University of Constanța]] (Romania)
* [[George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș]] (Romania)
* [[University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest]] (Romania)
* [[University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius]] (Slovakia)
* [[Slovak University of Agriculture]] (Slovakia)
* [[Polytechnic University of Catalonia]] (Spain)
* [[Jaume I University]] (Spain)
* [[University of Lleida]] (Spain)
* [[Polytechnic University of Cartagena]] (Spain)
* [[Madrid Royal Conservatory]] (Spain)
* [[Universidade de Santiago de Compostela]] (Spain)
* [[University of Girona]] (Spain)
* [[University of Borås]] (Sweden)
* [[Linköping University]] (Sweden)
* [[Lulea University of Technology]] (Sweden)
* [[Linnaeus University]] (Sweden)
* [[Delft University]] (The Netherlands)
* [[Eindhoven University of Technology]] (The Netherlands)
* [[Wageningen University]] (The Netherlands)
* [[Edinburgh University]] (United Kingdom)
* [[Huddersfield University]] (United Kingdom)
* [[Lancaster University]] (United Kingdom)
* [[University of Nottingham]] (United Kingdom) {{Div col end}}

==Notable alumni==
* [[Turgay Avcı]] — Politician and Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs of the [[Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus]]
* [[Hüseyin Dündar]] — World and European champion of [[martial arts]] disciplines
* [[Fuat Oktay]] — First [[Vice President of Turkey]]
* [[Macit Özcan]] — Politician and mayor of [[Mersin]]
* [[Ali Pilli]] — Minister of Health of the 41st government of [[Northern Cyprus]]

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* [https://www.cu.edu.tr/ Çukurova University (Official Website)]
* [http://traglor.cukurova.edu.tr Turkish Agricultural Learning Objects Repository]
* [http://www.cumed.org Alumni Association of Çukurova University]
* [http://www.cukurovakampus.com Çukurova University (Community Website)]

{{City of Adana}}
{{Universities in Turkey}}
{{Venues of the 2013 Mediterranean Games}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cukurova University}}
[[Category:Çukurova University| ]]
[[Category:Education in Adana]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1973]]
[[Category:2013 Mediterranean Games venues]]
[[Category:1973 establishments in Turkey]]