Emperor Ichijō

2025-06-23T11:53:59Z

2A0E:3700:208C:BC00:AD69:35DF:74FA:ED43: /* Kugyō */ added link to existing page for Fujiwara no Michinaga

{{Short description|Emperor of Japan from 986 to 1011}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Emperor Ichijō<br>{{nobold|{{lang|ja|一条天皇}}}}
| succession = [[Emperor of Japan]]
| image = Emperor Ichijō.jpg
| caption =
| reign = July 31, 986 – July 16, 1011
| coronation = August 1, 986
| cor-type = Japan
| predecessor = [[Emperor Kazan|Kazan]]
| successor = [[Emperor Sanjō|Sanjō]]
| posthumous name = [[Posthumous name#Tsuigō|''Tsuigō'']]:<br/>Emperor Ichijō ({{lang|ja|一条院}} or {{lang|ja|一条天皇}})
| spouses = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|[[Fujiwara no Teishi]]|990|1001|end=died}}
* {{marriage|[[Fujiwara no Shōshi]]|1000}}}}
| issue = {{plainlist|
* Princess Shushi
* {{ill|Prince Atsuyasu|ja|敦康親王|vertical-align=sup}}
* Princess Bishi
* [[Emperor Go-Ichijō]]
* [[Emperor Go-Suzaku]]}}
| royal house = [[Imperial House of Japan]]
| father = [[Emperor En'yū]]
| mother = {{ill|Fujiwara no Senshi|ja|藤原詮子|vertical-align=sup}}
| birth_date = July 15, 980
| birth_place = Heian Kyō (Kyōto)
| death_date = {{death date and age|1011|7|25|980|7|15}}
| death_place = Heian Kyō (Kyōto)
| burial_place = ''En'yū-ji no kita no misasagi'' (圓蝠寺北陵) (Kyoto)|
}}

{{nihongo|'''Emperor Ichijō'''|一条天皇|Ichijō-[[tennō]]|July 15, 980 – July 25, 1011}} was the 66th [[emperor]] of [[Japan]],<ref name="kunaicho">[[Imperial Household Agency]] (''Kunaichō''): [http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/ryobo/guide/066/index.html 一条天皇 (66)]</ref> according to the traditional [[List of Emperors of Japan|order of succession]].<ref>Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). ''The Imperial House of Japan,'' pp. 66–67.</ref>

Ichijō's reign spanned the years from [[Heian period|986 to 1011.]]<ref>Brown, Delmer ''et al.'' (1979). ''Gukanshō,'' pp. 302–307; Varley, ''Jinnō Shōtōki,'' p. 73; Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). {{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ|''Annales des empereurs du japon,'' pp. 150–154.|page=150}}</ref>

==Biography==
Before he ascended to the [[Chrysanthemum Throne]], his personal name (''[[imina]]'') was '''Yasuhito'''''-shinnō'' (懐仁).<ref>Varley, p. 192; Brown, p. 264; prior to [[Emperor Jomei]], to the personal names of the emperors were very long and people did not generally use them. The number of characters in each name diminished after Jomei's reign.</ref>
Kanehito''-shinnō'' was the first son of [[Emperor En'yū]] and Fujiwara no Senshi, a daughter of [[Fujiwara no Kaneie]]. Since there are no documented siblings, it is supposed that he was an only child.

Ichijō had five Empresses or Imperial consorts and five Imperial sons and daughters.<ref>Brown, p. 307.</ref>

==Events of Ichijō's life==
His reign coincided with the culmination of [[Heian period]] culture and the apex of the power of the [[Fujiwara clan]]. He ascended to the throne after a period of political instability that began within the [[Fujiwara clan]] after they successfully eliminated the [[Minamoto clan]] as a political rival. The internal power struggle that ensued within the Fujiwara saw the untimely ends of three emperors. Ichijō had been appointed [[crown prince]] under [[Emperor Kazan]] in 984.<ref>Appendix 5 to The Pillow Book (1991 Columbia University Press)</ref> Two years later, after Emperor Kazan abdicated in 986, Ichijō ascended to the throne at the age of six. The young Emperor Ichijō was under the influence of his uncle [[Fujiwara no Michinaga]] from the start of his reign,<ref>Richard Bowring, The Tale of Genji, page 2</ref> though Michinaga's true ascent to political dominance did not begin until 995 after the deaths of his older brothers and the exile of his political rival and nephew, Korechika.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The World of the Shining Prince: Court Life in Ancient Japan|last=Morris|first=Ivan|publisher=Penguin Books|year=1969|location=Baltimore|pages=71–2}}</ref>

These events took place during the [[Kanna (era)|Kanna era]] (see [[Japanese era name]] ''nengō'' 年号), after Emperor Kazan abdicated. The succession (''senso'') was received by a cousin, the son of his father's younger brother.<ref>Titsingh, p. 149; Varley, p. 44; a distinct act of ''senso'' is unrecognized prior to [[Emperor Tenji]]; and all sovereigns except [[Empress Jitō|Jitō]], [[Emperor Yōzei|Yōzei]], Go-Toba, and Fushimi have ''senso'' and ''sokui'' in the same year until the reign of [[Emperor Go-Murakami]].</ref>

* '''August 1, 986''' (''Kanna 2, 23rd day of the 6th month''): Emperor Ichijō is said to have acceded to the throne (''sokui'').<ref>Brown, p. 302; Varley, p. 44.</ref>

A son of [[Emperor Reizei]], who was older than Ichijō, was appointed crown prince. Kaneie became the regent (''[[Sessho|Sesshō]]'') and effectively ruled the state. After Kaneie died in 990, his first son and Ichijō's uncle [[Fujiwara no Michitaka]] was appointed regent.

* '''March 1, 991''' (''[[Shōryaku]] 2, 12th day of the 2nd month''): The former-Emperor En'yū died at the age of 33.<ref name="b305">Brown, p. 305.</ref>
* '''1008''' (''[[Kankō]] 5, 8th day of the 2nd month''): Kazan died at the age of 41.<ref name="b306">Brown, p. 306.</ref>
* '''July 16, 1011''' (''Kankō 8, 13th day of the 6th month''): In the 25th year of Emperor Ichijō's reign (一条天皇二十五年), the emperor abdicated; and the succession (''senso'') was received by his cousin. Shortly thereafter, Emperor Sanjō is said to have acceded to the throne (''sokui'').<ref>Titsingh, p. 154; Brown, p. 307; Varley, p. 44.</ref>
* '''July 19, 1011''' (''Kankō 8, 16th day of the 6th month''): Emperor Ichijō takes tonsure as a Buddhist monk.
* '''July 25, 1011''' (''Kankō 8, 22nd day of the 6th month''): Emperor Ichijō died.<ref name="b306"/>

The mother of the emperor had a large influence over the appointment of officials, "the emperor's officials controls matters of the state, as the imperial mother makes affairs of the court solely her own."<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UjB8yiiGDykC&q=Fujiwara+no+Onshi&pg=PA27|title=Heian Japan: Centers and Peripheries|last1=Adolphson|first1=Mikael S.|last2=Kamens|first2=Edward|last3=Matsumoto|first3=Stacie|date=2007|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=9780824830137|language=en}}</ref>

Ichijō had two empress consorts. First was [[Fujiwara no Teishi|Teishi]] (or Fujiwara no Sadako), a daughter of Fujiwara no Michitaka. Second was [[Empress Shōshi|Shōshi]] (or Akiko), a daughter of [[Fujiwara no Michinaga]], a younger brother of Michitaka. Most people thought it impossible to have two empress consorts, but Michinaga claimed that the empress held two separate titles, ''Chūgū'' and ''Kōgō'', which were different in principle and could therefore given to two different women.

The courts of both empresses were known as centers of culture. [[Sei Shōnagon]], author of ''[[The Pillow Book]]'', was a lady in waiting to Teishi. [[Murasaki Shikibu]] was a lady in waiting to Shoshi. There were other famous poets in the courts of the empresses.

Ichijō loved literature and music. For this reason, high ranked courtiers felt the necessity for their daughter to hold cultural [[salon (gathering)|salon]]s with many skillful lady poets. Particularly he was fond of the flute. Ichijō was known for his temperate character and was beloved by his subjects.

During Ichijō's reign, Imperial visits were first made to the following four shrines: [[Kasuga Shrine|Kasuga]], [[Ōharano Shrine|Ōharano]], [[Matsunoo Shrine|Matsunoo]], and [[Kitano Shrine|Kitano]]; and in the years which followed, Emperors traditionally made yearly Imperial visits to these shrines and to three others: [[Kamo Shrines|Kamo]], [[Iwashimizu Shrine|Iwashimizu]] and [[Hirano Shrine|Hirano]].<ref>Brown, p. 307 n22.</ref>

[[Image:Go-shichi no kiri crest 2.svg|thumb|left|140px|Decorative emblems (''kiri'') of the Hosokawa clan are found at [[Ryōan-ji]]. Ichijō is entombed near what had been the residence of [[Hosokawa Katsumoto]] before the [[Ōnin War]].]]

The actual site of Ichijō's [[grave (burial)|grave]] is known.<ref name="kunaicho"/> This emperor is traditionally venerated at a [[memorial]] [[Shinto]] [[shrine]] (''misasagi'') at Kyoto.

The [[Imperial Household Agency]] designates this location as Ichijō's [[mausoleum]]. It is formally named ''En'yū-ji no kita no misasagi''.<ref>Ponsonby-Fane, p. 421.</ref>

Ichijō is buried amongst the "Seven Imperial Tombs" at [[Ryōan-ji]] Temple in Kyoto.<ref>The "Seven Imperial Tombs" at Ryoan-ji are the burial places of [[Emperor Uda|Uda]], [[Emperor Kazan|Kazan]], Ichijō, [[Emperor Go-Suzaku|Go-Suzaku]], [[Emperor Go-Reizei|Go-Reizei]], [[Emperor Go-Sanjō|Go-Sanjō]], and [[Emperor Horikawa|Horikawa]].</ref> The mound which commemorates the Emperor Ichijō is today named ''Kinugasa-yama.'' The emperor's burial place would have been quite humble in the period after Ichijo died.

These tombs reached their present state as a result of the 19th century restoration of imperial sepulchers (''misasagi'') which were ordered by Emperor Meiji.<ref>Moscher, Gouverneur. (1978). ''Kyoto: A Contemplative Guide,'' pp. 277–278.</ref>

===Kugyō===
{{nihongo|''[[Kugyō]]''|公卿}} is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the [[Emperor of Japan]] in pre-[[Meiji period|Meiji]] eras.

In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career.

During Kazan's reign, this apex of the ''[[Daijō-kan]]'' included:
* [[Sesshō]], [[Fujiwara no Kaneie]] (藤原兼家), 929–990.<ref name="b302+">Brown, p. 302-303.</ref>
* Sesshō, [[Fujiwara no Michitaka]] (藤原道隆), 953–995.<ref name="b303">Brown, p. 303.</ref>
* [[Kampaku]], Fujiwara no Kaneie.<ref name="b302+" />
* Kampaku, Fujiwara no Michikane, 961–995.<ref name="b302+"/>
* [[Daijō-daijin]], Fujiwara no Kaneie.<ref name="b302+"/>
* Daijō-daijin, [[Fujiwara no Yoritada]] (藤原頼忠), 924–989.<ref name="b304">Brown, p. 304.</ref>
* Daijō-daijin, [[Fujiwara no Tamemitsu]](藤原為光), 942–992.<ref name="b304" />
* [[Sadaijin]], [[Fujiwara no Michinaga]] (藤原道長), 966–1027.<ref name="b304"/>
* [[Udaijin]], Fujiwara no Michikane (藤原道兼).<ref name="b303" />
* [[Naidaijin]], Fujiwara no Michitaka.<ref name="b303"/>
* Naidaijin, Fujiwara no Korechika (藤原伊周), 973–1010.<ref name="b304"/>
* Naidaijin, Kan'in Kinsue (藤原公季), 956–1029.<ref name="b305"/>
* ''[[Dainagon]]''

==Eras of Ichijō's reign==
The years of Ichijō's reign are more specifically identified by more than one [[Japanese era names|era name]] or ''[[nengō]]''.<ref>Titsingh, p. 150.</ref>
* ''[[Eien]]'' (987–988)
* ''[[Eiso (era)|Eiso]]'' (988–990)
* ''[[Shōryaku]]'' (990–995)
* ''[[Chōtoku]]'' (995–999)
* ''[[Chōhō (era)|Chōhō]]'' (999–1004)
* ''[[Kankō]]'' (1004–1012)

==Consorts and children==
*[[Japanese empresses|Empress]] (''[[Kōkyū|Kōgō]]''): [[Fujiwara no Teishi]]/Sadako (藤原定子), [[Fujiwara no Michitaka]]‘s 1st daughter
** First Daughter: Imperial Princess ''Shushi''/Nagako (脩子内親王; 997–1049)
** First son: Imperial Prince Atsuyasu (敦康親王; 999–1019)
**Second Daughter: Imperial Princess ''Bishi'' (媄子内親王; 1001–1008)
*[[Japanese empresses|Empress]] (''[[Kōkyū|Chūgū]]''): [[Empress Shōshi|Fujiwara no ''Shōshi''/Akiko]] (藤原彰子) later Jōtō-mon-In (上東門院), [[Fujiwara no Michinaga]]‘s daughter
** Second son: Imperial Prince Atsuhira (敦成親王) later [[Emperor Go-Ichijō]]
** Third son: Imperial Prince Atsunaga (敦良親王) later [[Emperor Go-Suzaku]]
*Consort ([[Kōkyū|Nyōgo]]): Fujiwara no ''Gishi'' (藤原義子; 974–1053), [[Fujiwara no Kinsue]]‘s daughter
*Consort ([[Kōkyū|Nyōgo]]): Fujiwara no ''Genshi'' (藤原元子; b.979), [[Fujiwara no Akimitsu]]‘s daughter; later married Minamoto no Yorisada
*Consort ([[Kōkyū|Nyōgo]]): Fujiwara no ''Sonshi'' (藤原尊子; 984–1022), [[Fujiwara no Michikane]]‘s daughter; later married Fujiwara no Michitō in 1015
*Consort ([[Kōkyū|''Mikushige-dono-no-Bettō'']]): [[Fujiwara no Michitaka]]‘s 4th daughter (985–1002)

==Ancestry==
<ref name=descent>{{cite web|url=https://reichsarchiv.jp/%e5%ae%b6%e7%b3%bb%e3%83%aa%e3%82%b9%e3%83%88/%e5%a4%a9%e7%9a%87%e5%ae%b6#emp066|title=Genealogy|website=Reichsarchiv|date=30 April 2010 |access-date=10 April 2018|language=ja}}</ref>
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|1= 1. '''Emperor Ichijō'''
|2= 2. [[Emperor En'yū]] (959-991)
|3= 3. [[:ja:藤原詮子|Fujiwara no Senshi]] (962-1002)
|4= 4. [[Emperor Murakami]] (926-967)
|5= 5. [[Fujiwara no Anshi]] (927-964)
|6= 6. [[Fujiwara no Kaneie]] (929-990)
|7= 7. [[:ja:藤原時姫|Fujiwara no Tokihime]] (d. 980)
|8= 8. [[Emperor Daigo]] (885-930)
|9= 9. [[Fujiwara no Onshi]] (885-954)
|10=10. [[Fujiwara no Morosuke]] (909-960)
|11=11. [[:ja:藤原盛子 (藤原経邦女)|Fujiwara no Seishi]] (d. 943)
|12=12.[[Fujiwara no Morosuke]] (909-960)
|13=13. [[:ja:藤原盛子 (藤原経邦女)|Fujiwara no Seishi]] (d. 943)
|14=14. [[:ja:藤原中正|Fujiwara no Nakamasa]]
|15=15. Tachibana no Iwako
}}

==Notes==
[[File:Imperial Seal of Japan.svg|thumb|right|120px|[[Imperial Seal of Japan|Japanese Imperial kamon]] — a stylized [[chrysanthemum]] blossom]]
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
* Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida, eds. (1979). [https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&q=Gukansho ''Gukanshō: The Future and the Past.''] Berkeley: University of California Press. {{ISBN|978-0-520-03460-0}}; [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/251325323 OCLC 251325323]
* Moscher, Gouverneur. (1978). ''Kyoto: A Contemplative Guide.'' {{ISBN|9780804812948}}; [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4589403 OCLC 4589403]
* [[Richard Ponsonby-Fane|Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon]]. (1959). [https://books.google.com/books?id=SLAeAAAAMAAJ&q=The+Imperial+House+of+Japan ''The Imperial House of Japan.''] Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. [http://www.worldcat.org/wcpa/oclc/194887 OCLC 194887]
* [[Isaac Titsingh|Titsingh, Isaac.]] (1834). ''[[Nihon Odai Ichiran]]''; ou, [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&q=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran ''Annales des empereurs du Japon.''] Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5850691 OCLC 5850691]
* [[H. Paul Varley|Varley, H. Paul.]] (1980). [https://books.google.com/books?id=tVv6OAAACAAJ ''Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns.''] New York: Columbia University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-231-04940-5}}; [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/59145842 OCLC 59145842]

==See also==
* [[Emperor of Japan]]
* [[List of Emperors of Japan]]
* [[Imperial cult]]
* [[Emperor Go-Ichijō]]
* [[Seimei Shrine]]

{{S-start}}
{{s-reg}}
{{succession box|before=[[Emperor Kazan]]|after=[[Emperor Sanjō]] |title=[[List of Emperors of Japan|Emperor of Japan]]:<br>Ichijō |years=986–1011}}
{{S-end}}

{{Emperors of Japan}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ichijo}}
[[Category:Emperors of Japan]]
[[Category:980 births]]
[[Category:1011 deaths]]
[[Category:People of the Heian period]]
[[Category:Buddhist clergy of the Heian period]]
[[Category:10th-century Japanese monarchs]]
[[Category:11th-century Japanese monarchs]]
[[Category:Japanese Buddhist monarchs]]
[[Category:Japanese emperors who abdicated]]
[[Category:Sons of Japanese emperors]]

Vero - Wikipedia - User contributions [en]

Emperor Ichijō