Battle of White Plains

2025-10-03T13:56:19Z

47.50.219.211: changed hill to mountain

{{Short description|1776 battle near White Plains, New York}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of White Plains
| partof = the [[American Revolutionary War]]
| image = Battle of white plains historic site 073105.jpg
| caption = Battle of White Plains Historic Site
| date = October 28, 1776
| place = [[White Plains, New York]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|41.03|N|73.78|W|format=dms|region:US-NY_type:event|display=inline,title}}
| result = British victory (But see {{slink|#Aftermath}})
| combatant1 = {{Plainlist|
* {{Flagcountry|Kingdom of Great Britain}}
* {{Flagdeco|Hesse}} [[Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel|Hesse-Kassel]]
}}
| combatant2 = {{Flagcountry|United States|1776}}
| commander1 = {{Plainlist|
* {{Flagdeco|Kingdom of Great Britain}} [[William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe|William Howe]]
* {{Flagdeco|Kingdom of Great Britain}} [[Alexander Leslie (British Army officer)|Alexander Leslie]]
* {{Flagdeco|Hesse}} [[Johann Rall]]
* {{Flagdeco|Hesse}} [[Carl von Donop]]
}}
| commander2 = {{Plain list|
* {{Flagdeco|United States|1776}} [[George Washington]]
* {{Flagicon|United States|1776}} [[Alexander Hamilton]]
* {{Flagdeco|United States|1776}} [[Alexander McDougall]]
* {{Flagdeco|United States|1776}} [[Joseph Spencer]]
}}
| strength1 = 4,000–7,500<ref>British reports do not indicate exactly how many troops were engaged; most historians do not list specific values. Dawson estimates 7,500 (p. 269), more than one half of Howe's army. Alden estimates 4,000 (p. 273).</ref>
| strength2 = 3,100<ref>Dawson, p. 269. No exact count is known for the Massachusetts militia.</ref>
| casualties1 = {{Plainlist|
* 48 killed
* 182 wounded
* 4 missing<ref name=D270/>
}}
| casualties2 = {{Plainlist|
* 50–150+ killed
* 150+ wounded
* 1 missing
* 16 captured<ref>Dawson, p. 270. Numbers are minimum; casualties are not known for Haslet's regiment or the Massachusetts militia.</ref><ref name=D270>Dawson, p. 270</ref>
}}
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox American Revolutionary War: Northern 1775}}
}}

The '''Battle of White Plains''' took place during the [[New York and New Jersey campaign]] of the [[American Revolutionary War]] on October 28, 1776, near [[White Plains, New York]]. Following the retreat of [[George Washington]]'s [[Continental Army]] northward from [[New York City]], [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] General [[William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe|William Howe]] landed troops in [[Westchester County, New York|Westchester County]], intending to cut off Washington's escape route. Alerted to this move, Washington retreated farther, establishing a position in the village of White Plains but failing to establish firm control over local high ground. Howe's troops drove Washington's troops from a mountain near the village; following this loss, Washington ordered the Americans to retreat farther north.

Later British movements chased Washington across [[New Jersey]] and into [[Pennsylvania]]. Washington then [[George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River|crossed the Delaware]] and surprised a brigade of [[Hessian (soldier)|Hessian]] troops in the December 26 [[Battle of Trenton]].

== Background ==
{{Main|New York and New Jersey campaign}}
[[File:A Plan of the Operations of the King's Army under the Command of General Sr. William Howe, K.B. in New York and East New Jersey, against the American Forces Commanded by General Washington, From the 12th. of October, RMG F0190 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Military map by [[Claude Joseph Sauthier]] showing troop movements before, during, and after the battle]]

British general [[William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe|William Howe]], after [[Boston campaign|evacuating Boston]] in March 1776, regrouped in [[Halifax, Nova Scotia]], and embarked in June on a campaign to gain control of [[New York City]].<ref>Schecter, pp. 85, 97</ref> The campaign began with an unopposed landing on [[Staten Island]] in early July. British troops made another unopposed landing, on [[Long Island]], on August 22, south of the areas where General [[George Washington]]'s [[Continental Army]] had organized significant defenses around Brooklyn Heights.<ref>Schecter, pp. 100, 118–127</ref>

After losing the [[Battle of Long Island]] on August 27, General Washington and his army of 9,000 troops escaped on the night of August 29–30 to York Island (as [[Manhattan]] was then called).<ref>[[David McCullough|McCullough]], ''[[1776 (book)|1776]]'', pp. 188–191</ref> General Howe followed up with a [[Landing at Kip's Bay|landing on Manhattan]] on September 15, but his advance was checked the next day [[Battle of Harlem Heights|at Harlem Heights]]. After an abortive landing at [[Throggs Neck|Throg's Neck]], he landed troops [[Battle of Pell's Point|with some resistance at Pell's Point]] on October 18 to begin an encircling maneuver that was intended to trap Washington's army between that force, his troops in Manhattan, and the [[Hudson River]], which was dominated by warships of the [[Royal Navy]].<ref>Schecter, pp. 179–230</ref> Howe established a camp at [[New Rochelle, New York|New Rochelle]], but advance elements of his army were near [[Mamaroneck, New York|Mamaroneck]], only {{convert|7|mi|km}} from [[White Plains, New York|White Plains]], where there was a lightly defended Continental Army supply depot.<ref name=S232/>

== Prelude ==
On October 20, General Washington sent Colonel [[Rufus Putnam]] out on a reconnaissance mission from his camp at Harlem Heights.<ref>Hubbard, Robert Ernest. ''General Rufus Putnam: George Washington's Chief Military Engineer and the "Father of Ohio,"'' p. 55, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina. {{ISBN|978-1-4766-7862-7}}.</ref> Putnam discovered the general placement of the British troop locations and recognized the danger to the army and its supplies.<ref name=S232>Schecter, p. 232</ref><ref>Hubbard, Robert Ernest. ''General Rufus Putnam: George Washington's Chief Military Engineer and the "Father of Ohio,"'' pp. 55–56, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina. {{ISBN|978-1-4766-7862-7}}.</ref> When he reported this to Washington that evening, Washington immediately dispatched Putnam with orders to [[William Alexander, Lord Stirling|Lord Stirling]], whose troops were furthest north, to immediately march to White Plains. They arrived at White Plains at 9:00 am on October 21, and were followed by other units of the army as the day progressed.<ref>Schecter, p. 233</ref><ref>Hubbard, Robert Ernest. ''General Rufus Putnam: George Washington's Chief Military Engineer and the "Father of Ohio,"'' pp. 55–57, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina. {{ISBN|978-1-4766-7862-7}}.</ref> Washington decided to withdraw most of the army to White Plains,<ref name="Lengel p.161">Lengel, p. 161</ref> leaving a garrison of 1,200 men under [[Nathanael Greene]] to defend [[Fort Washington (Manhattan)|Fort Washington]] on Manhattan.<ref name="Lengel p.161"/> General Howe's army advanced slowly, with troops from his center and right moving along the road from New Rochelle to White Plains, while a unit of [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|Loyalists]] occupied Mamaroneck. The latter was attacked that night by a detachment of Lord Stirling's troops under [[John Haslet]], who took more than thirty prisoners as well as supplies, but suffered several killed and 15 wounded. As a result, Howe moved elements of his right wing to occupy Mamaroneck.<ref>Dawson, pp. 252–253</ref> On October 22, Howe was reinforced by the landing at New Rochelle of an additional 8,000 troops under the command of [[Wilhelm von Knyphausen]].<ref>Schecter, p. 231</ref>

[[File:Elijahmillerhouse.JPG|thumbnail|right|upright=0.75|The [[Elijah Miller House]], which served as [[George Washington]]'s headquarters in White Plains]]
Washington established his headquarters at the [[Elijah Miller House]] in North White Plains on October 23,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://parks.westchestergov.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2046&Itemid=4465 |title=Miller House |publisher=Westchester County Parks Department |access-date=2011-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719090919/http://parks.westchestergov.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2046&Itemid=4465 |archive-date=19 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and chose a defensive position that he fortified with two lines of [[Trench warfare|entrenchments]].<ref name = "Greene52">Greene, p. 52</ref> The trenches were situated on raised terrain, protected on the right by the swampy ground near the [[Bronx River]], with steeper hills further back as a place of retreat. The American defenses were {{convert|3|mi|km}} long. Beyond that, on the right, was Chatterton's Hill, which commanded the plain over which the British would have to advance. The hill was initially occupied by [[Militia (United States)#Revolutionary War .281775–1783.29|militia]] companies numbering several hundred, probably including John Brooks' Massachusetts militia company.<ref name=D261>Dawson, p. 261</ref>

On October 24 and 25, Howe's army moved from New Rochelle to [[Scarsdale, New York|Scarsdale]], where they established a camp covering the eastern bank of the Bronx River. This move was apparently made in the hopes of catching [[Charles Lee (general)|Charles Lee]]'s column, which had to alter its route toward White Plains and execute a forced march at night to avoid them.<ref>Dawson, pp. 258–259</ref> Howe remained at Scarsdale until the morning of October 28, when his forces marched toward White Plains, with British troops on the right under General [[Henry Clinton (British Army officer, born 1730)|Henry Clinton]], and primarily [[Hessian (soldier)|Hessian]] troops on the left under [[Leopold Philip de Heister|General von Heister]].<ref>Hubbard, Robert Ernest. ''General Rufus Putnam: George Washington's Chief Military Engineer and the "Father of Ohio,"'' pp. 57–59, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina. {{ISBN|978-1-4766-7862-7}}.</ref><ref name="Dawson, p. 260">Dawson, p. 260</ref>

== Composition of forces ==

=== British and Hessians ===
'''British'''

British troops involved included:<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-10-30 |title=American War of Independence, 1775–1783 |url=http://www.regiments.org/wars/18thcent/75awi.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071030091400/http://www.regiments.org/wars/18thcent/75awi.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-10-30 |access-date=2020-07-24}}</ref><ref>Duncan, pp. 254, 256, 257, 259, 261.</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Battle of White Plains |url=https://www.britishbattles.com/war-of-the-revolution-1775-to-1783/battle-of-white-plains/ |access-date=2020-07-24 |website=www.britishbattles.com |archive-date=2020-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925134017/https://www.britishbattles.com/war-of-the-revolution-1775-to-1783/battle-of-white-plains/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

* [[16th Regiment of (Light) Dragoons]]
* [[17th Regiment of Light Dragoons (1759)|17th Regiment of (Light) Dragoons]]
* 1st Battalion, [[Guards Division|Guards Brigade]]
* 2nd Battalion, Guards Brigade
* [[5th Regiment of Foot (Northumberland Fusiliers)]]
* [[23rd Regiment of Foot (Royal Welsh Fusiliers)]]
* [[27th Regiment of Foot]]
* [[28th Regiment of Foot]]
* [[35th Regiment of Foot]]
* [[42nd (Royal Highland, The Black Watch) Regiment of Foot]]
* [[49th Regiment of Foot]]
* [[52nd Regiment of Foot]]
* No.1 Company, 4th Battalion, [[Royal Artillery]]
* No.2 Company, 4th Battalion, Royal Artillery
* No.4 Company, 4th Battalion, Royal Artillery (specially thanked in [[general order]]s)
* No.5 Company, 4th Battalion, Royal Artillery (thanked in general orders)
* No.8 Company, 4th Battalion, Royal Artillery (thanked in general orders)
'''Hessians'''

* Grenadier Regiment von Rahl<ref name=":1">Smith, p. 188.</ref>
* Fusilier Regiment von Knyphausen<ref name=":1" />

=== Americans ===
American (continental) forces in the battle included:<ref name=":0" /><ref>Fischer, pp. 385–388.</ref>

* '''Spencer's Division'''
** '''Parson's Brigade''' under [[Brigadier General]] [[Samuel Holden Parsons]]
*** [[10th Continental Regiment|10th Continental Regiment (6th Connecticut)]]
*** [[20th Continental Regiment|20th Continental Regiment (20th Connecticut)]]
*** [[21st Continental Regiment|21st Continental Regiment (Ward's Militia)]]
** '''Wadsworth's Brigade''' under Brigadier General [[James Wadsworth (lawyer)|James Wadsworth]]
*** Gay's Battalion
*** Douglas' Battalion
* [[Delaware Regiment]]
* [[1st New York Regiment]]
* [[3rd New York Regiment]]
* [[1st Maryland Regiment|Maryland Regiment]]
* [[1st Connecticut Regiment (1775)|Connecticut Regiment]]
* Brook's New York Militia
* Graham's Massachusetts Militia
* 10th Albany Regiment ([[Manor of Livingston Regiment]]) New York<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of American Officers and Soldiers at the Battle of White Plains, October 28 - November 1, 1776 |url=https://whiteplainshistory.github.io/exhibits/hoch/Battle-of-White-Plains-Roster.pdf |access-date=September 7, 2025 |website=White Plains History}}</ref>

== Battle ==
[[File:White Plains Battle Plans.jpeg|thumbnail|left|upright=1.3|1796 map showing the strategies of the opposing armies]]
[[File:The White Plains Flag.svg|thumb|"The White Plains Flag" (depicting a blue [[Phrygian cap]]), captured by the Hessians on October 28, 1776 (or in the [[Battle of Long Island]])]]
While Washington was inspecting the terrain to determine where it was best to station his troops, messengers alerted him that the British were advancing.<ref name="Lengel p.162">Lengel p. 162</ref> Returning to his headquarters, he ordered the [[2nd Connecticut Regiment]] under [[Joseph Spencer]] out to slow the British advance, and sent Haslet and the [[198th Signal Battalion (United States)|1st Delaware Regiment]], along with [[Alexander McDougall]]'s brigade ([[Rudolphus Ritzema]]'s [[3rd New York Regiment]], [[Charles Webb (American Revolution)|Charles Webb]]'s [[19th Continental Regiment]], [[William Smallwood]]'s [[1st Maryland Regiment]], and the [[1st New York Regiment]] and [[2nd New York Regiment]]s) to reinforce Chatterton Hill.<ref name=D263/>

Spencer's force advanced to a position on the old York road at Hart's corners ([[Hartsdale, New York]]) and there exchanged fire with the Hessians led by Colonel [[Johann Rall]] that were at the head of the British left column. When Clinton's column threatened their flank, these companies were forced into a retreat across the Bronx River that was initially orderly with pauses to fire from behind stone walls while fire from the troops on Chatterton Hill covered their move, but turned into a rout with the appearance of dragoons.<ref name="Dawson, p. 260"/> Rall's troops attempted to gain the hill, but were repelled by fire from Haslet's troops and the militia,<ref>Schecter, p. 238</ref> and retreated to a nearby hilltop on the same side of the river. This concerted defense brought the entire [[British Army during the American Revolutionary War|British Army]], which was maneuvering as if to attack the entire American line, to a stop.<ref>Dawson, pp. 262–263</ref>

While Howe and his command conferred, the Hessian artillery on the left opened fire on the hilltop position, where they succeeded in driving the militia into a panicked retreat. The arrival of McDougall and his brigade helped to rally them, and a defensive line was established, with the militia on the right and the Continentals arrayed along the top of the hill.<ref name=D263>Dawson, p. 263</ref> Howe finally issued orders, and while most of his army waited, a detachment of British and Hessian troops was sent to take the hill.<ref>Dawson, p. 264</ref>

The British attack was organized with Hessian regiments leading the assault. Rall was to charge the American right, while a Hessian battalion under Colonel [[Carl von Donop]] (consisting of the [[Linsing Grenadier Battalion|Linsing]], Minnigerode, Lengerke and Kochler grenadiers, and Donop's own chasseur regiment) was to attack the center. A British column under General [[Alexander Leslie (British Army officer)|Alexander Leslie]] (consisting of the 5th, 28th, 35th, and 49th foot) was to attack the right. Donop's force either had difficulty crossing the river or was reluctant to do so, and elements of the British force were the first to cross. Rall's charge scattered the militia on the American right, leaving the flank of the Maryland and New York regiments exposed as they poured musket fire onto the British attackers, which temporarily halted their advance. The exposure of their flank caused them to begin a fighting retreat, which progressively forced the remainder of the American line, which had engaged with the other segments of the British force, to give way and retreat. Haslet's Delaware regiment, which anchored the American left, provided covering fire while the remaining troops retreated to the north, and were the last to leave the hill.<ref>Dawson, pp. 265–267</ref> The fighting was intense, and both sides suffered significant casualties before the Continentals made a disciplined retreat.<ref>Schecter, p. 240</ref>

== Casualties ==
[[File:WilliamHowe1777ColorMezzotint.jpeg|thumb|right|upright=1.0|[[Mezzotint]] artist rendition of General Howe, by Charles Corbutt, c. 1777]]

[[John Fortescue (historian)|John Fortescue]]'s ''History of the British Army'' says that Howe's casualties numbered 214 British and 99 Hessians.<ref name=Boatner1201>Boatner, p. 1201</ref> However, Rodney Atwood points out that Fortescue's figure for the Hessians includes the entire Hessian casualties from 19 to 28 October and that in fact only 53 of these casualties were incurred at the Battle of White Plains.<ref name=Atwood75>Atwood, p. 75</ref> This revised figure would give a total of 267 British and Hessians killed, wounded or missing at White Plains. Henry Dawson, on the other hand, gives Howe's loss as 47 killed, 182 wounded and four missing.<ref name=D270/><ref name="Hubbard, Robert Ernest p. 59">Hubbard, Robert Ernest. ''General Rufus Putnam: George Washington's Chief Military Engineer and the "Father of Ohio,"'' p. 59, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina. {{ISBN|978-1-4766-7862-7}}.</ref> The American loss is uncertain. Theodore Savas and J. David Dameron give a range of 150–500 killed, wounded and captured.<ref name=Savas&Dameron80>Savas and Dameron, p. 80</ref> Samuel Roads numbers the casualties of 47 killed and 70 wounded.<ref name=RoadsVIII53>Roads, Chapter VIII, p. 153</ref> Henry Dawson estimates 50 killed, 150 wounded and 17 missing for McDougall's and Spencer's commands but has no information on the losses in Haslet's regiment.<ref name=D270/><ref name="Hubbard, Robert Ernest p. 59"/>

== Aftermath ==
The two generals remained where they were for two days, while Howe reinforced the position on Chatterton Hill, and Washington organized his army for retreat into the hills. With the arrival of additional Hessian and Waldeck troops under [[Hugh Percy, 1st Duke of Northumberland|Lord Percy]] on October 30, Howe planned to act against the Americans the following day. However, a heavy rain fell the whole next day,<ref>Schecter, p. 241</ref> and when Howe was finally prepared to act, he awoke to find that Washington had again eluded his grasp.<ref name=S242>Schecter, p. 242</ref><ref name="Hubbard, Robert Ernest p. 59"/>

Washington withdrew his army into the hills to the north on the night of October 31, establishing a camp near [[North Castle, New York|North Castle]].<ref name=S242/> Howe chose not to follow, instead attempting without success to draw Washington out.<ref>Dawson, pp. 274–276</ref> On November 5, he turned his army south to finish evicting Continental Army troops from Manhattan, a task he accomplished with the November 16 [[Battle of Fort Washington]].<ref>Schecter, pp. 243–257</ref>

Washington eventually crossed the Hudson River at [[Peekskill, New York|Peekskill]] with most of his army, leaving [[New England]] regiments behind to guard supply stores and important river crossings.<ref>Schecter, p. 245</ref> Later, British movements chased him across New Jersey and into [[Pennsylvania]], and the British established a chain of outposts across New Jersey. Washington, seeing an opportunity for a victory to boost the nation's morale, [[George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River|crossed the Delaware]] and surprised Rall's troops in the December 26 [[Battle of Trenton]].<ref>Schecter, pp. 255–267</ref>

== Legacy ==
Each year on or near the anniversary date, the White Plains Historical Society hosts a commemoration of the event at the [[Jacob Purdy House]] in [[White Plains, New York]].<ref>[[#WPHS_Calendar|White Plains Historical Society Event Calendar]]</ref> Two ships in the [[United States Navy]] were named for the Battle of White Plains. [[USS White Plains (CVE-66)|CVE-66]] was an [[escort carrier]] in [[World War II]]. [[USS White Plains (AFS-4)|AFS-4]] was a [[combat stores ship]] that was decommissioned in 1995.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships – ''White Plains'' |url=http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/w7/white_plains-ii.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040329024348/http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/w7/white_plains-ii.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2004-03-29 |access-date=2007-08-11 |publisher=Naval History & Heritage Command}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/08/30/us/after-the-storm-thousands-on-guam-lose-homes-in-typhoon.html?pagewanted=1 |work=New York Times |date=1992-08-29 |title=After the storm; Thousands on Guam lose homes in typhoon |access-date=2010-02-18 |archive-date=2013-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204052022/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/08/30/us/after-the-storm-thousands-on-guam-lose-homes-in-typhoon.html?pagewanted=1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=U.S.S ''White Plains'' |url=http://www.hullnumber.com/AFS-4 |website=HullNumber.com |access-date=11 December 2016 |archive-date=20 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220091527/http://www.hullnumber.com/AFS-4 |url-status=live }}</ref>

According to some historians, the [[Headless Horseman]] depicted in [[Washington Irving]]'s short story "[[The Legend of Sleepy Hollow]]" was inspired by a real-life Hessian soldier who lost his head by cannon fire during this battle.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Smith |first1=Jacqueline |title=Halloween History: The Legend of Sleepy Hollow |url=http://historydetectives.nyhistory.org/2013/10/halloween-history-the-legend-of-sleepy-hollow/ |website=New-York Historical Society Museum & Library: History Detectives |date=October 25, 2013 |access-date=August 17, 2015 |archive-date=September 21, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921125600/http://historydetectives.nyhistory.org/2013/10/halloween-history-the-legend-of-sleepy-hollow/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="180px">
File:Battle of White Plains 1926 Issue-2c.jpg|{{center|''~ Battle of White Plains ~''<br />150th Anniversary [[Postage stamps and postal history of the United States#Two Cent Red Sesquicentennial Issues of 1926 - 1932|Issue]] of 1926}}
File:USS White Plains (CVE-66) at San Diego, 8 March 1944.jpg|{{USS|White Plains|CVE-66}}
</gallery>

== See also ==

* [[List of American Revolutionary War battles]]
* [[American Revolutionary War#British New York counter-offensive|American Revolutionary War §British New York counter-offensive]]. The 'Battle of White Plains' placed in overall sequence and strategic context.

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=24em}}

== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Alden |first=John |title=A History of the American Revolution |year=1989 |publisher=Da Capo Press |ref=Alden |isbn=978-0-306-80366-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Atwood |first=Rodney |title=The Hessians: Mercenaries from Hessen-Kassel in American Revolution |year=1980 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |ref=Atwood |isbn=0-8061-2530-6}}
* {{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/westchestercoun00dawsgoog |page=[https://archive.org/details/westchestercoun00dawsgoog/page/n282 259] |quote=chatterton. |title=Westchester County, New York in the American Revolution |first=Henry Barton |last=Dawson |year=1886 |publisher=self-published |location=Morrisania, New York |ref=Dawson }}
* {{cite book |last=Boatner |first=Mark Mayo |title=Cassell's Biographical Dictionary of the American War of Independence, 1763–1783 |year=1966 |publisher=Cassell and Company, Ltd. |location=London |ref=Boatner}}
* Major Francis Duncan (1873). ''History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery, Volume II''. London: John Murray.
* [[David Hackett Fischer|Fischer, David Hackett]] (2004). [[Washington's Crossing (book)|''Washington's Crossing'']]. New York: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-19-517034-4}}. {{OCLC|186017328}}.
* {{cite book |last=Greene |first=Francis Vinton |title=The Revolutionary War and the Military Policy of the United States |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |year=1911 |url=https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=6248065 |access-date=2017-08-24 |archive-date=2009-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719080338/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=6248065 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book |last=Lengel |first=Edward |title=General George Washington |url=https://archive.org/details/generalgeorgewas00leng |url-access=registration |location=New York |publisher=Random House Paperbacks |year=2005 |author6=Edward G. Lengel |isbn=9781400060818 }}
* {{cite book |last=Roads |first=Samuel Jr. |author-link=Samuel Roads Jr. |title=The History and Traditions of Marblehead |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924025963277 |location=Boston |publisher=Osgood |year=1880 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Savas |first1=Theodore P. |author-link1=Theodore P. Savas |last2=Dameron |first2=J. David |title=A Guide to the Battles of the American Revolution |year=2006 |publisher=Savas Beattie LLC |location=New York and El Dorado Hills, CA |ref=Savas and Dameron |isbn=978-1-932714-12-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Schecter |first=Barton |title=The Battle for New York |publisher=Walker |location=New York |year=2002 |isbn=0-8027-1374-2 |ref=Schecter |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/battlefornewyork00sche }}
* [[Digby Smith]], Kevin E. Kiley, and [[Jeremy Black (historian)|Jeremy Black]] (2017). ''An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Uniforms of the American War of Independence''. London: Lorenz Books. {{ISBN|978-0-7548-1761-1}}.
* {{cite web |url=http://www.whiteplainshistory.org/calendar.html |title=White Plains Historical Society Event Calendar |access-date=2009-12-17 |publisher=White Plains Historical Society |ref=WPHS_Calendar |archive-date=2010-10-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101030233854/http://www.whiteplainshistory.org/calendar.html |url-status=dead }}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Battle of White Plains}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050310002828/http://theamericanrevolution.org/battles/bat_wpla.asp The Battle of White Plains]
* [http://www.whiteplainshistory.org/ White Plains Historical Society]

{{New York in the American Revolutionary War}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1776 in New York (state)]]
[[Category:Battles involving Great Britain|White Plains]]
[[Category:Battles involving Hesse-Kassel|White Plains]]
[[Category:Battles involving the United States|White Plains]]
[[Category:Battles of the New York Campaign|White Plains]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1776|White Plains]]
[[Category:Harrison, New York]]
[[Category:The Legend of Sleepy Hollow]]
[[Category:Organized events in White Plains, New York]]

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Battle of White Plains