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Dactylopteridae

2025-05-31T01:18:56Z

62.194.36.250:

{{Short description|Family of fishes}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Flying gurnards
| image = Flughahn.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Dactylopterus volitans]]''
| taxon = Dactylopteridae
| display_parents = 3
| authority = [[Theodore Gill|Gill]], 1861<ref name = WoRMS>{{cite WoRMS |title=Dactylopteridae Gill, 1861 |id=125591 |year=2017 |accessdate=14 June 2018 |db=FishBase}}</ref>
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision = *''[[Dactyloptena]]'' [[David Starr Jordan|D. S. Jordan]] & [[Robert Earl Richardson|R. E. Richardson]], 1908
*''[[Dactylopterus]]'' [[Bernard Germain de Lacépède|Lacépède]], 1801
}}

The '''flying gurnards''' are a [[family (biology)|family]], '''Dactylopteridae''', of [[ocean|marine]] [[fish]] notable for their greatly enlarged [[pectoral fin]]s. As they cannot literally fly or glide in the air (like [[flying fish]]), an alternative name preferred by some authors is '''helmet gurnards'''.<ref name=EoF/> They have been regarded as the only family in the suborder '''Dactylopteroidei''' of the [[Scorpaeniformes]]. However, more recent molecular classifications put them in the order [[Syngnathiformes]], in the superfamily [[Centriscoidea]].<ref name = Nelson5>{{cite web | url = https://81a86d48-a-62cb3a1a-s-sites.googlegroups.com/site/fotw5th/home/FotW5Classification.pdf?attachauth=ANoY7crnPmFXqnJpmRlpzLSdqx8GmsCmFXNBj8fAYuPuhFBvCfHo4TahH7eM_yruTzHI27nZRRWWJPRR7U9HopPBRlQK8iW_73EG6FVke6aUjl20fgZXiChDnl-xqMl4L2I-wHwV7D4qcPAQI1vSV6YfFYAm5qb7t5w0rJ_ierkZ91ezIvpQ_5f0kSbFiUx-YYGXP1US1GbwSf-G7sRx4XEikm73VqVA0idVnlkaFjzI53bkuIQY0OQ%3D&attredirects=0 | title = Classification of fishes from Fishes of the World 5th Edition | author1 = Nelson, JS | author2 = Grande, TC | author3 = Wilson, MVH | name-list-style = amp | year = 2016 | accessdate = 14 June 2018 | archive-date = 13 March 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200313140909/https://81a86d48-a-62cb3a1a-s-sites.googlegroups.com/site/fotw5th/home/FotW5Classification.pdf?attachauth=ANoY7coP7L850hc2KblijBZWJQpzKfQY5GAjnopzwval2xwnqist9WExZkxt7SF4OvVwR9AV965qa40-EYcVHCT05XcutxECBaraK4JiAiyzAxdDFtfYwmxnc4qgd7WRfrmAa9Tcd7C54K_LSySz6efxuNIrxKbUgiBWoJRxaW5HwFGnsUfIyPF6xng6Po7_GYRbA0tP9UW-XtL1aWLcrBineCR5HtI3Up70XgyfXNc6fAtPJOyGe5s%3D&attredirects=1 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

They have been observed to "walk" along sandy sea floors while looking for [[crustacean]]s, other small [[invertebrate]]s and small fish by using their pelvic fins. Like the true gurnards ([[sea robin]]s), to which they may be related, they possess a swim bladder with two lobes and a "drumming muscle" that can beat against the swim bladder to produce sounds. They have heavy, protective scales and the undersides of their huge pectoral fins are brightly coloured, perhaps to startle predators.<ref name=EoF>{{cite book |editor1=Paxton, J.R. |editor2=Eschmeyer, W.N. |author= Eschmeyer, William N.|year=1998|title=Encyclopedia of Fishes|publisher= Academic Press|location=San Diego|pages= 177|isbn= 0-12-547665-5}}</ref>

Most species are in the [[Indo-Pacific]] genus ''[[Dactyloptena]]'', but the single member of ''[[Dactylopterus]]'' is from warmer parts of the Atlantic. The adults live on the sea bottom, but many species have an extended [[larva]]l stage, which floats freely in the oceans.<ref name=EoF/>

==Taxonomy==
Morphological traits uniting the flying gurnards (Dactylopteridae) and the [[Syngnathiformes]] have long been noted. Most authors placed them with the [[Scorpaeniformes]], but [[DNA]] sequence data quite consistently support the view that the latter are [[paraphyletic]] with the [[Gasterosteiformes]] ''[[sensu lato]]''. Flying gurnards are particularly close to the [[Aulostomidae]] (trumpetfish) and [[Fistulariidae]] (cornetfish), and would have to be included with these.<ref name="Kawahara2008">{{cite journal|last=Kawahara|first=Ryouka|author2=Masaki Miya |author3=Kohji Mabuchi |author4=Sébastien Lavoué |author5=Jun G. Inoue |author6=Takashi P. Satoh |author7=Akira Kawaguchi |author8=Mutsumi Nishida |year=2008|title=Interrelationships of the 11 gasterosteiform families (sticklebacks, pipefishes, and their relatives): A new perspective based on whole mitogenome sequences from 75 higher teleosts|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=46|issue=1|pages=224–236|issn=1055-7903|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2007.07.009 |pmid=17709262}}</ref>

{{Clear}}
<gallery>
Image:Daori_u0.png|''[[Oriental flying gurnard|Dactyloptena orientalis]]''
Image:Dactyloptena orientalis (Oriental flying gurnard).gif|''D. orientalis''
Image:Dactyloptena_orientalis.JPG|''D. orientalis''
Image:SemiHB.jpg|''D. orientalis''
Image:Dactylopterus volitans.jpg|''[[Dactylopterus volitans]]''
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[List of fish families]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Dactylopteridae}}
* [http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/FamilySummary.cfm?ID=285 FishBase entry for Dactylopteridae]
* [http://www.starfish.ch/collection/benthicfishes.html#Dactylopteridae Photos of the Oriental Flying Gurnard (Oriental Searobin, Helmet Gurnard)]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ucZAQQ5jwBw Video of a Flying Gurnard from Wakatobi, Indonesia]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q767599}}

[[Category:Dactylopteridae| ]]
[[Category:Syngnathiformes]]
[[Category:Marine fish families]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque]]

Donald II of Scotland

2025-05-06T01:17:06Z

62.194.36.250:

{{Short description|King of Alba from 889 to 900}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Donald II
| image = Domnall Dásachtach.jpg
| succession = [[King of the Picts]] / [[King of Alba]]
| reign = 889 – April 900
| predecessor = [[Giric]]
| successor = [[Constantine II of Scotland|Constantine II]]
| birth_date = {{circa|30 June 862}} [[Fordoun]], [[Aberdeenshire]]
| death_date = April 900
| death_place = [[Forres]], [[Moray]]
| issue = [[Malcolm I of Scotland]]
| house = [[House of Alpin|Alpin]]
| father = [[Causantín mac Cináeda]], King of the Picts
| place of burial = [[Iona]]
}}

'''Domnall mac Causantín''' ([[Scottish Gaelic language|Modern Gaelic]]: {{lang|gd|Dòmhnall mac Chòiseim}}, IPA:[ˈt̪oːvnəɫ̪ˈmaʰkˈxoːʃɪm]),<ref>''Domnall mac Causantín'' is the Mediaeval Gaelic form.</ref> [[anglicised]] as '''Donald II''' (died 900), was [[King of the Picts]] or [[King of Alba]] in the late 9th century. He was the son of [[Causantín mac Cináeda|Constantine I]] (Causantín mac Cináeda). Donald is given the [[epithet]] '''Dásachtach''', "the Madman", by ''[[The Prophecy of Berchán]]''.<ref>''ESSH'', p. 358; Kelly, ''Early Irish Law'', pp. 92–93, 308: "The ''dásachtach'' is the person with manic symptoms who is liable to behave in a violent and destructive manner." The ''dásachtach'' is not responsible for his actions. The same word is used for enraged cattle.</ref>

Donald usurped the throne from his cousin, [[Giric]] in 889 who killed his uncle Àed Mac Cináeda(r. 877–879). He continuously fought the Vikings in The North, winning victories but would be killed in 900 at war, possibly against King [[Harald Fairhair]]. He was succeeded by his cousin Caustantín Mac Àeda (Constantine II)

== Life ==
Donald became king on the death or deposition of [[Giric]] (Giric mac Dúngail), the date of which is not certainly known but usually placed in 889. The ''[[Chronicle of the Kings of Alba]]'' reports:
{{blockquote|Doniualdus son of Constantini held the kingdom for 11 years [889–900]. The [[Northmen]] wasted [[Pictland]] at this time. In his reign, a battle occurred between Danes and Scots at Innisibsolian where the Scots had victory. He was killed at Opidum Fother [modern [[Dunnottar]]] by the Gentiles.<ref>''ESSH'', pp. 395–397.</ref>}}

It has been suggested that the attack on [[Dunnottar]], rather than being a small raid by a handful of pirates, may be associated with the ravaging of [[Scotland]] attributed to [[Harald Fairhair]] in the ''[[Heimskringla]]''.<ref>''ESSH'', p. 396, note 1; p. 392, quoting ''St Olaf's Saga'', c. 96.</ref> The Prophecy of Berchán places Donald's death at Dunnottar, but appears to attribute it to Gaels rather than Norsemen; other sources report he died at [[Forres]].<ref>''ESSH'', pp. 395–398.</ref> Donald's death is dated to 900 by the [[Annals of Ulster]] and the [[Chronicon Scotorum]], where he is called ''[[king of Alba]]'', rather than ''[[king of the Picts]]''. He was buried on [[Iona]]. Like his father, Constantine, he died a violent death at a premature age.

The change from ''king of the Picts'' to ''king of Alba'' is seen as indicating a step towards the [[kingdom of the Scots]], but historians, while divided as to when this change should be placed, do not generally attribute it to Donald in view of his epithet.<ref>Smyth, pp. 217–218, disagrees.</ref> The consensus view is that the key changes occurred in the reign of [[Constantine II of Scotland|Constantine II]] (Causantín mac Áeda),<ref>Thus Broun and Woolf, among others.</ref> but the reign of [[Giric]] has also been proposed.<ref>Duncan, pp. 14–15.</ref>

The Chronicle of the Kings of Alba has Donald succeeded by his cousin Constantine II. Donald's son [[Malcolm I of Scotland|Malcolm]] ([[Malcolm I of Scotland|Máel Coluim mac Domnall]]) was later king as Malcolm I. The Prophecy of Berchán appears to suggest that another king reigned for a short while between Donald II and Constantine II, saying "half a day will he take sovereignty". Possible confirmation of this exists in the Chronicon Scotorum, where the death of "Ead, king of the Picts" in a battle against the [[Uí Ímair]] is reported in 904. This, however, is thought to be an error, referring perhaps to [[Eadwulf I of Bamburgh|Ædwulf]], the ruler of [[Bernicia]], whose death is reported in 913 by the other [[Irish annals]].<ref>''ESSH'', p. 304, note 8; however, the Annals of Ulster, s.a. 904, report the death of [[Ímar ua Ímair]] (Ivar grandson of Ivar) in [[Fortriu]] in 904, making it possible that Ead (Áed ?) was a king, if not the High King.</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Kingdom of Alba]]
* [[Origins of the Kingdom of Alba]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
{{refbegin}}
* [[Alan Orr Anderson|Anderson, Alan Orr]]; ''Early Sources of Scottish History A.D. 500–1286'', volume 1. Reprinted with corrections, Stamford: Paul Watkins, 1990. {{ISBN|1-871615-03-8}}
* [[Marjorie Ogilvie Anderson|Anderson, Marjorie Ogilvie]]; ''Kings and Kingship in Early Scotland'', Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, revised edition 1980. {{ISBN|0-7011-1604-8}}
* [[Dauvit Broun|Broun, Dauvit]]; "National identity: 1: early medieval and the formation of Alba" in Michael Lynch (ed.), ''The Oxford Companion to Scottish History'', Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2001. {{ISBN|0-19-211696-7}}
* [[A. A. M. Duncan|Duncan, A. A. M.]]; ''The Kingship of the Scots 842–1292: Succession and Independence'', Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, 2002. {{ISBN|0-7486-1626-8}}
* {{Cite GEIL}}
* Smyth, Alfred P.; ''Warlords and Holy Men: Scotland AD 80–1000'', Reprinted, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, 1998. {{ISBN|0-7486-0100-7}}
* [[Sturluson, Snorri]]; ''Heimskringla: History of the Kings of Norway'', tr. Lee M. Hollander. Reprinted University of Texas Press, Austin, 1992. {{ISBN|0-292-73061-6}}
* [[Alex Woolf|Woolf, Alex]]; "Constantine II" in Michael Lynch (ed.) op. cit.
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* [http://celt.ucc.ie/index.html CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts] at [[University College Cork]] includes the ''Annals of Ulster'', ''Tigernach'', ''the Four Masters'' and ''Innisfallen'', the ''Chronicon Scotorum'', the ''Lebor Bretnach'' (which includes the ''Duan Albanach''), Genealogies, and various Lives of Saints. Most are translated into English or translations are in progress.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070606150144/http://www.arts.ed.ac.uk/scothist/booklets/sh1/documents-alba.html (CKA) The Chronicle of the Kings of Alba]
* [https://www.royal.uk/donald-ii-r-889-900 Donald II] at the official website of the [[British monarchy]]

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou | [[House of Alpin]]}}
{{s-reg | }}
{{succession box |
title=[[King of Alba]] |
before=[[Giric]] '''with''' [[Eochaid of Scotland|Eochaid]] ? |
after=[[Constantine II of Scotland|Constantine II]] | years=889–900}}
{{s-end}}

{{Pictish and Scottish Monarchs}}
{{English, Scottish and British monarchs}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Donald 02 of Scotland}}

[[Category:9th-century births]]
[[Category:900 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:House of Alpin]]
[[Category:9th-century Scottish monarchs]]
[[Category:Burials at Iona Abbey]]
[[Category:Gaelic monarchs in Scotland]]

House of Alpin

2025-05-06T01:10:06Z

62.194.36.250:

{{Short description|Early Medieval royal family}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox royal house
|surname=House of Alpin
|country=[[Kingdom of the Picts]]?
[[Dál Riata|Kingdom of Dál Riata]]?
|titles=[[King of Alba|High King of Alba]]<ref>{{cite web|first=Claire|last= Downham|title=Scottish Affairs and the Political Context of Cogadh Gaedhel Gallaibh|page=6|url=https://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3006531/1/SSNS%20Downham.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Cogadh Gaedhel re Gallaibh, Chapter XXV(25) (left side of the page)|page=232|url=https://archive.org/details/cogadhgaedhelreg00todd/page/232}}</ref> [[King of the Picts]] [[King of Scots|King of Picts and Scots]] [[King of Alba]] [[King of Dál Riata]] (possibly)
|founder=[[Alpín mac Echdach]]
|final ruler=[[Malcolm II of Scotland]]
|founding year=Before 763
|dissolution=1034
}}

{{graphical timeline
| title = House of Alpin
| height = 64
| from = 840| to = 1040
| bar1-from = 843 | bar1-to = 858 | bar1-text ={{bg|white|[[Kenneth MacAlpin|Cináed I]]}}
| bar2-from = 858 | bar2-to = 862 | bar2-text ={{bg|white|[[Domnall mac Ailpín|Domnall I]]}}
| bar3-from = 862 | bar3-to = 877 | bar3-text ={{bg|white|[[Causantín mac Cináeda|Constantine I]]}}
| bar4-from = 877 | bar4-to = 878 | bar4-text ={{bg|white|[[Áed mac Cináeda|Aedh]]}}
| bar5-from = 878 | bar5-to = 889 | bar5-text ={{bg|white|[[Eochaid of Scotland|Eochaid]] & [[Giric of Scotland|Giric]]}}
| bar6-from = 889 | bar6-to = 900 | bar6-text ={{bg|white|[[Domnall II of Scotland|Domnall II]]}}
| bar7-from = 900 | bar7-to = 943 | bar7-text ={{bg|white|[[Constantine II of Scotland|Constantine II]]}}
| bar8-from = 943 | bar8-to = 954 | bar8-text ={{bg|white|[[Máel Coluim I of Scotland|Máel Coluim I]]}}
| bar9-from = 954 | bar9-to = 962 | bar9-text ={{bg|white|[[Indulf of Scotland|Indulf]]}}
| bar10-from = 962 | bar10-to = 966 | bar10-text ={{bg|white|[[Dub of Scotland|Dub]]}}
| bar11-from = 966 | bar11-to = 971 | bar11-text ={{bg|white|[[Culen of Scotland|Culen]]}}
| bar12-from = 971 | bar12-to = 995 | bar12-text ={{bg|white|[[Cináed II of Scotland|Cináed II]]}}
| bar13-from = 995 | bar13-to = 997 | bar13-text ={{bg|white|[[Constantine III of Scotland|Constantine III]]}}
| bar14-from = 997 | bar14-to = 1005 | bar14-text ={{bg|white|[[Cináed III of Scotland|Cináed III]]}}
| bar15-from = 1005 | bar15-to = 1034 | bar15-text ={{bg|white|[[Malcolm II of Scotland|Máel Coluim II]]}}
}}

The '''House of Alpin''', also known as the '''Alpinid dynasty''', '''Clann Chináeda''', and '''Clann Chinaeda meic Ailpín''', was the kin-group which ruled in [[Picts|Pictland]], possibly [[Dál Riata]], and then the [[kingdom of Alba]] from [[Constantine II of Scotland|Constantine II]] (Causantín mac Áeda) in the 940s until the death of [[Malcolm II of Scotland|Malcolm II]] (Máel Coluim mac Cináeda) in 1034.

Kings traced their descent from [[Kenneth MacAlpin]] (and not from his father, [[Alpín mac Echdach]]), and Irish genealogies in the [[Book of Ballymote]] and the [[Book of Lecan]] refer to the kindred as ''Clann Cináeda meic Ailpín'' by prioritising descent from Kenneth.<ref>Woolf, ''Pictland to Alba'', pp. 222–224; Broun, ''Irish Identity, pp. 173–174.</ref>

The origins of the family are uncertain. Later genealogies make Kenneth a descendant of [[Áed Find]]. While plausible, such claims are unprovable and appear only in the late tenth century.<ref>Woolf, ''Pictland to Alba'', p. 173.</ref> The associated idea that Kenneth had been a king in [[Dál Riata]] before he contended successfully for power in Pictland in the 840s, following the death of [[Eóganán mac Óengusa]], is supported by nearly contemporary evidence.<ref>Woolf, ''Pictland to Alba'', pp. 93–98 & 116–117.</ref>

Early kings of ''Clann Cináeda meic Ailpín'' are described as [[List of kings of the Picts|kings of the Picts]], and the third king, Kenneth's son [[Causantín mac Cináeda|Constantine I]] (Causantín mac Cináeda), appears to have been regarded as the last of the 70 Pictish kings soon after his death. The descendants of Kenneth were ousted in 878, when Constantine I's brother, [[Áed mac Cináeda]], was killed by [[Giric|Giric mac Dúngail]], but they returned in 889, when Constantine I's son [[Donald II of Scotland|Donald II]] (Domnall mac Causantín) ascended the throne upon the death or deposition of Giric. Donald II and his successors are described as kings of Alba.<ref>Woolf, ''Pictland to Alba'', pp. 122–126.</ref>

During the tenth century, succession alternated between the descendants of Constantine I and those of Áed. Internecine strife in the late tenth and early eleventh centuries left the descendants of Constantine I unchallenged by male-line descendants of Kenneth MacAlpin, but Malcolm II left no male heirs. On Malcolm's death, the line of kings descended from Kenneth came to an end. [[House of Dunkeld|Future kings]], while still tracing their descent from Kenneth, were descended from Malcolm's daughter [[Bethóc]] and her husband [[Crinan of Dunkeld]].<ref>Woolf, ''Pictland to Alba'', pp. 225–230.</ref>

==See also==
*[[Scottish monarchs' family tree#House of Alpin]]
*[[Siol Alpin]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation |last=Anderson |first=Alan Orr |author-link=Alan Orr Anderson |title=Early Sources of Scottish History A.D. 500 to 1286 |volume=I |date=1922 |edition=1990 revised & corrected |publisher=Paul Watkins |location=Stamford|isbn=1-871615-03-8}}
* {{citation |last=Bannerman |first=John |contribution =The Scottish Takeover of Pictland and the relics of Columba |editor-last=Broun |editor-first=Dauvit |editor-link=Dauvit Broun |editor2-last=Clancy |editor2-first=Thomas Owen |editor2-link=Thomas Owen Clancy |title=Spes Scotorum: Hope of Scots. Saint Columba, Iona and Scotland |location=Edinburgh |publisher=T. & T. Clark |date=1999 |isbn=0-567-08682-8 |pages=71–94 }}
* {{citation |last=Broun |first=Dauvit |contribution =Dunkeld and the origins of Scottish Identity |editor-last=Broun |editor-first=Dauvit |editor-link=Dauvit Broun |editor2-last=Clancy |editor2-first=Thomas Owen |editor2-link=Thomas Owen Clancy |title=Spes Scotorum: Hope of Scots. Saint Columba, Iona and Scotland |location=Edinburgh |publisher=T. & T. Clark |date=1999 |isbn=0-567-08682-8 |pages=96–111}}
* {{citation |last=Broun |first=Dauvit |author-link=Dauvit Broun |title=The Irish Identity of the Kingdom of the Scots in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries |date=1999 |publisher=Boydell Press |location=Woodbridge |isbn=0-85115-375-5}}
* {{citation |last=Broun |first=Dauvit |author-link=Dauvit Broun |last2=Clancy |first2=Thomas Owen |author2-link=Thomas Owen Clancy |title=Spes Scotorum: Hope of Scots. Saint Columba, Iona and Scotland|date=1999 |publisher=T. & T. Clark |location=Edinburgh |isbn=0-567-08682-8}}
* {{citation |last=Duncan |first=A. A. M. |author-link=Archie Duncan (historian) |title=The Kingship of the Scots 842–1292: Succession and Independence |date=2002 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |location=Edinburgh |isbn=0-7486-1626-8}}
* {{citation |last=Herbert |first=Máire |contribution =''Ri Éirenn, Ri Alban'': kingship and identity in the ninth and tenth centuries |editor-last=Taylor |editor-first=Simon |title=Kings, clerics and chronicles in Scotland 500–1297 |location=Dublin |publisher=Four Courts Press |date=2000 |isbn=1-85182-516-9 |pages=62–72 }}
* {{citation |last=Smyth |first=Alfred P. |title=Warlords and Holy Men: Scotland AD 80–1000 |date=1989 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |location=Edinburgh |isbn=0-7486-0100-7 |orig-year=1984}}
* {{citation |editor-last=Taylor |editor-first=Simon |title=Kings, clerics and chronicles in Scotland 500–1297 |date=2000 |publisher=Four Courts Press |location=Dublin |isbn=1-85182-516-9}}
* {{citation |last=Woolf |first=Alex |author-link=Alex Woolf |title=From Pictland to Alba, 789–1070 |date=2007 |series=The New Edinburgh History of Scotland |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |location=Edinburgh |isbn=978-0-7486-1234-5}}
{{refend}}

{{Royal houses of Britain and Ireland}}

[[Category:House of Alpin| ]]
[[Category:843 establishments]]
[[Category:Medieval royal families|Alpin]]
[[Category:1030s disestablishments in Europe]]
[[Category:Scottish families|Alpin]]
[[Category:9th-century establishments in Scotland]]