Lamellar armour

2024-12-09T21:47:35Z

63.111.19.5: fix dating to original

{{Short description|Armour made of overlapping scales, without a solid backing}}
[[File:Terracotta Army 5.jpg|thumb|[[Qin dynasty]] [[Terracotta Army]] soldier wearing [[lamellar]] armour]]

'''Lamellar armour''' is a type of [[body armour]] made from small rectangular plates (scales or ''lamellae'') of iron, steel, leather ([[rawhide (material)|rawhide]]), bone, or bronze laced into horizontal rows. Lamellar armour was used over a wide range of time periods in [[Central Asia]], [[Eastern Asia]] (especially in [[ancient China|China]], [[Japan]], [[Korea]], [[Mongolia]], and [[Tibet]]), [[Western Asia]], and [[Eastern Europe]]. The earliest evidence for lamellar armour comes from sculpted artwork of the [[Neo-Assyrian Empire]] (911–609 [[Common Era|BC]]) in the [[Near East]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}

Lamellar armour should not be confused with [[laminar armour]], a related form of plate armour which is made from horizontal overlapping rows or bands of solid armour plates (called [[Lame (armor)|lames]]) rather than scales. By comparison, lamellar armour is made from individual armour scales which are laced together to form a strip of armour which appears to be solid but is not.

==Description==
[[File:Lamellar lacing.gif|thumb|One example of how lamellar armour is laced together]]

Lamellar armour consists of small platelets known as "lamellae" or "lames", which are punched and laced together, typically in horizontal rows. Lamellae can be made of metal, leather ''[[boiled leather|cuir bouilli]]'', horn, stone, bone or more exotic substances. Metal lamellae may be lacquered to resist corrosion or for decoration. Unlike [[scale armour]], which it resembles, lamellar armour is not attached to a cloth or leather backing (although it is typically worn over a padded undergarment).{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}

In Asia, lamellar armor eventually overtook scale armour in popularity as lamellar restricted the user's movements much less than scale armour.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Kh-to448NTEC&dq=scale+armour&pg=PA7 ''Oriental Armour'', H. Russell Robinson, Publisher Courier Dover Publications, 2002], {{ISBN|0-486-41818-9}}, {{ISBN|978-0-486-41818-6}} P.6-7</ref>

==Use and history==
[[File:Koryak armor.jpeg|thumb|left|Lamellar armour worn by [[Koryak people]]]]

The earliest evidence points to the early-[[Iron Age]] [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]] as the people responsible for the early development and spread of this form of [[armour]], during the [[Neo-Assyrian Empire]]. In the numerous battle scenes depicted in the reliefs from [[Nineveh|Niniveh]] and [[Nimrud]], commemorating the victories of [[Ashurnasirpal II|Ashurnasirpal]] and [[Ashurbanipal]] from the 8th and 7th centuries BC, hundreds of Assyrian soldiers, both infantry and cavalry, are represented wearing [[cuirass]]es constructed of [[wikt:lamella#Noun|lamellae]]. These cuirasses reach from shoulder to waist, and in many instances they have short, close sleeves. If we accept the representations as correct and translate the method of construction literally, then we are confronted with a type of lamellar armour quite different from later specimens.<ref>H. Russell Robinson, ''Oriental Armour'', Dover Publications, Inc., Mineola, New York, 2002.</ref>

Lamellar armour was often worn by itself or as an augmentation to other armour, such as over a mail [[hauberk]]. The lamellar [[cuirass]] was especially popular with the [[Rus' (people)|Rus]], as well as [[Mongols]], [[Turkic peoples|Turks]], [[Pannonian Avars|Avars]], other steppe peoples, as well as migratory groups such as the [[Lombards|Langobards]] as it was simple to create and maintain. [[Lamellar helmets]] were also employed by [[Migration Era]] and [[Early Medieval]] peoples.{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}}

Lamellar armour has been found in Egypt in a 17th-century BC context.<ref>Albert Dien: A Brief Survey of Defensive Armor Across Asia, ''Journal of East Asian Archaeology'', 2, 3–4, 2000, p. 2</ref> [[Sumer]]ian and [[Ancient Egypt]]ian bas-reliefs depicting soldiers have been argued as portraying the earliest examples of lamellar armour, particularly on chariot drivers, but it is not until the time of the [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]] (circa 900–600 BC) that possible examples of lamellar appear in the archaeological record. Among finds of Assyrian armour (often individual or unconnected scales), there are examples that can clearly be classified as [[scale armour]] as well as others that appear to be lamellar, and there exist a large number of finds whose function has proven difficult to determine.{{Citation needed|date=May 2007}}

The extent to which either type was used is a debated topic. Lamellar was used by various cultures from this time up through the 19th century. Lamellar armour is often associated with the [[samurai]] class of feudal Japan, but was commonly used in ancient and medieval [[China]], [[Korea]], and [[Mongolia]]. Lamellar was also used in the [[Russian Far East]], the tribes of [[Siberia]] and the [[Sarmatians]]. Evidence of lamellar armour has also been found in various European countries.{{sfn|Robinson|2002|p=10}}

==Chinese lamellar armour==
[[File:Han Iron Lamellar Plates.jpg|thumb|[[Han dynasty]] lamellae pieces]]
[[File:10th century chinese wall panel.jpg|thumb|[[Song dynasty]] period deity wearing lamellar armoured skirt from the tomb of Wang Chuzhi]]
In ancient China, lamellar armour appeared by the 5th century BC. It consisted of individual armour pieces (lamellae, lamella singular) that were either riveted or laced together to form a suit of armour.{{sfn|Peers|2006|p=39}} Iron helmets constructed with multiple lamellae began to replace the one piece bronze helmets of old. One sample discovered in [[Yi County, Hebei|Yi county]], [[Hebei Province]] was composed of 89 lamellae, averaging {{convert|5|x|4|cm|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Dien|1981|p=7}} For example, the [[Terracotta Army]] of the [[Qin dynasty]] is portrayed as wearing six (6) or seven (7) different categories of lamellar armor corresponding to rank and military division.{{sfn|Portal|2007|p=170, 181}} Many different types of lamellar armor have also been uncovered through excavations of [[Han dynasty]] archeological sites. Lamellar was used from the ancient period through the medieval period, and was used all the way up to the [[Qing dynasty]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}

<gallery class="left" widths="180" heights="180">
File:铁札甲徐州.jpg|One variant of [[Han dynasty]] lamellar armour
File:铠甲徐州汉墓.jpg|Another variant of [[Han dynasty]] lamellar armour
File:Late Warring States & Han Iron Armor Replica (9873774074).jpg|Modern copy of one variant of lamellar armor, called "sleeved armor" (lit. tǒngxiùkǎi", 筒袖铠), dating to Western Han dynasty era
File:Han shieldbearers 01.jpg|Lamellar armored Han dynasty soldiers with armored hoods
File:Song soldiers from a tomb in Pengshan, Sichuan.png|Song dynasty soldiers with lamellar armour
File:Stone armour, Warring States period, Shaanxi Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology Research.jpg|Qin dynasty stone representations of lamellar armor
File:Qin_Terra_Cotta_Armored_Sleeves.jpg|Qin dynasty charioteer with lamellar armour, including armored sleeves
</gallery>

==Byzantine lamellar armour==

Lamellar is pictured in many historical sources on [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] warriors, especially [[heavy cavalry]]. Recent studies by Timothy Dawson of the [[University of New England, Australia]], suggest that Byzantine lamellar armour was significantly superior to mail armour.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dawson |first1=Tim |title=Kremasmata, Kabadion, Klibanion: Some aspects of middle Byzantine military equipment reconsidered |journal=Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies |date=1998 |volume=22 |issue=1 |page=45 |doi=10.1179/byz.1998.22.1.38 |s2cid=162126718 |url=http://www.levantia.com.au/pdf/Dawson_KKK.pdf |access-date=9 March 2020}}</ref>

<gallery class="left" widths="180" heights="180">
File:Byzantine klivanium (Κλιβάνιον).jpg|Modern reconstruction of an Eastern Roman ''klivanion'' (κλιβάνιον), suggested as a predecessor of Ottoman [[mirror armour]]
File:Byzantine_fresca_from_St-Lucas.jpg|Byzantine painting depicting Byzantine forms of lamellar armor
</gallery>

==Japanese lamellar armour==
Lamellar armour reached Japan around the 5th century, predating the rise of the [[samurai]] caste.{{sfn|Robinson|2002|p=10}} Early Japanese lamellar armour, called ''keiko'', took the form of a sleeveless jacket and a helmet.{{sfn|Robinson|2002|pp=169-170}} The middle of the [[Heian period]] was when lamellar armour started to take the shape that would be associated with samurai armour. By the late Heian period Japanese lamellar armour developed into full-fledged samurai armour called ''[[Ō-yoroi]]''.{{sfn|Robinson|2002|p=173}} Japanese lamellar armour was made from hundreds or even thousands of individual leather (rawhide) or iron scales or lamellae known as ''kozane'', that were lacquered and laced together into armour strips. This was a very time-consuming process.<ref>{{cite book|author1-link=Karl Friday|author=Friday, Karl F.|title=Samurai, Warfare and the State in Early Medieval Japan|url=https://archive.org/details/samuraiwarfarest00frid_779|url-access=limited|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|year=2004|isbn=978-0-415-32963-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/samuraiwarfarest00frid_779/page/n108 94]}}</ref> The two most common types of scales which made up the Japanese lamellar armour were ''[[Commons:Category:Hon kozane dou (dō) gusoku|hon kozane]]'', which were constructed from narrow or small scales/lamellae, and ''[[Commons:Category:Iyozane dou (dō) gusoku|hon iyozane]]'', which were constructed from wider scales/lamellae.

<gallery class="left" widths="180" heights="180">
File:Nerigawa hon kozane (close up).JPG|Close up view of Japanese lamellar armour, constructed with small individual scales/lamellae known as ''kozane''
File:Karuta tatami dou 3.JPG|Japanese lamellar cuirass
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Mail and plate armour]], an armour combining [[Chain mail|mail]] and lamellar-style metal plates in its construction
* [[Laminar armour]], an early form of plate armour made from horizontal overlapping rows or bands of solid armour plates called lames

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book
| last = Robinson
| first = H. Russell
| year = 2002
| title = Oriental Armour
| publisher = Courier Dover
| isbn = 978-0-486-41818-6
}}

*{{citation|last=Portal|first=Jane|year=2007|title=The First Emperor: China's Terracotta Army|publisher=Harvard University Press}}
*{{citation|last=Peers|first=C. J.|year=2006|title=Soldiers of the Dragon: Chinese Armies 1500 BC - AD 1840|publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd}}
*{{citation|last=Dien|first=Albert|year=1981|title=A Study of Early Chinese Armor}}

== External links ==
{{commons category multi|Lamellar armour|Laminar armour|Scale armour}}

{{Types of armour}}
{{Japanese (samurai) weapons, armour and equipment}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lamellar Armour}}
[[Category:Body armor]]
[[Category:Byzantine military equipment]]
[[Category:East Asian armour]]
[[Category:Medieval armour]]
[[Category:Plate armour]]

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Lamellar armour