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Gayo language
2025-11-03T15:53:08Z
<p>67.104.146.34: </p>
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<div>{{Short description|Austronesian language spoken in Sumatra, Indonesia}}<br />
{{Infobox language<br />
|name = Gayo<br />
|nativename = Basa Gayo<br />
|states = [[Indonesia]]<br />
|region = [[Sumatra]]<br />
|ethnicity = 335,000 [[Gayo people|Gayo]] (2010 census)<ref name=e26/><br />
|date = 2010 census<br />
|ref = e26<br />
|familycolor = Austronesian<br />
|fam2 = [[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]]<br />
|fam3 = [[Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands languages|Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands]]<br />
|iso2 = gay<br />
|iso3 = gay<br />
|glotto = gayo1244<br />
|glottorefname = Gayo<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Languages of Northern Sumatra en.svg|thumb|right|The map of Gayo language in Northern Sumatra.]]<br />
'''Gayo''' (alternatively rendered as Gajo) is an endangered Austronesian language spoken by some 275,000 people in the mountainous region of the Indonesian province [[Aceh]] on the Northern tip of the island of [[Sumatra]], specifically around the [[Central Aceh]], [[Bener Meriah]] and [[Gayo Lues]] [[Regency (Indonesia)|regencies]]. It is classified as belonging to the [[Western Malayo-Polynesian languages|Western Malayo-Polynesian]] branch of the [[Austronesian languages]], but is not closely related to other languages. Ethnologue lists ''Bukit'', ''Dëret'', ''Lues'', ''Lut'', and ''Serbejadi-Lukup'' as dialects.<br />
<br />
Gayo is distinct from other languages in Aceh. The art and culture of the [[Gayo people]] is also significantly different compared with other ethnic groups in Aceh.<br />
<br />
In 1907, G.A.J. Hazeu wrote a first Gayo–Dutch dictionary for the colonial authorities of the Dutch East Indies.<ref>Gajosch-Nederlandsch Woordenboek, by G.A.J. Hazeu, Landsdrukkerij Batavia 1907. It is available online as a Google scan.</ref><br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
|+Consonants<ref name=Eades>{{citation<br />
|last1=Eades<br />
|first1=Domenyk<br />
|last2=Hajek<br />
|first2=John<br />
|year=2006<br />
|title=Gayo<br />
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association<br />
|volume=36<br />
|issue=1<br />
|pages=107–115<br />
|doi=10.1017/S0025100306002416<br />
|doi-access=free<br />
}}</ref><br />
! colspan="2" |<br />
! [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]<br />
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]<br />
! [[Postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]]<br />
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]<br />
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]<br />
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]<br />
! [[Labial-velar consonant|Labial-velar]]<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]<br />
| /{{IPA link|m}}/ {{angle bracket|m}}<br />
| {{IPA link|n}} {{angle bracket|n}}<br />
|<br />
| {{IPA link|ɲ}} {{angle bracket|ny}}<br />
| {{IPA link|ŋ}} {{angle bracket|ng}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |[[Plosive]]<br />
!<small>[[voiceless]]</small><br />
| /{{IPA link|p}}/ {{angle bracket|p}}<br />
| /{{IPA link|t}}/ {{angle bracket|t}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| /{{IPA link|k}}/ {{angle bracket|k}}<br />
| /{{IPA link|ʔ}}/ {{angle bracket|'}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!<small>[[voiced]]</small><br />
| /{{IPA link|b}}/ {{angle bracket|b}}<br />
| /{{IPA link|d}}/ {{angle bracket|d}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| /{{IPA link|ɡ}}/ {{angle bracket|g}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]<br />
|<br />
| /{{IPA link|s}}/ {{angle bracket|s}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| /{{IPA link|h}}/ {{angle bracket|h}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]<br />
!<small>[[voiceless]]</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
| /{{IPA link|t͡ʃ}}/ {{angle bracket|c}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!<small>[[voiced]]</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
| /{{IPA link|d͡ʒ}}/ {{angle bracket|j}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |[[Trill consonant|Trill]]<br />
|<br />
| /{{IPA link|r}}/ {{angle bracket|r}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant]]<br />
|<br />
| /{{IPA link|l}}/ {{angle bracket|l}}<br />
|<br />
| /{{IPA link|j}}/ {{angle bracket|y}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| /{{IPA link|w}}/ {{angle bracket|w}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+Vowels<ref name=Eades/><br />
!<br />
! [[Front vowel|Front]]<br />
! [[Central vowel|Central]]<br />
! [[Back vowel|Back]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[Close vowel|Close]]<br />
| /{{IPA link|i}}/ {{angle bracket|i}}<br />
|<br />
| /{{IPA link|u}}/ {{angle bracket|u}}<br />
|-<br />
! [[Near-close vowel|Near-Close]]<br />
| ({{IPA link|ɪ}})<br />
|<br />
| ({{IPA link|ʊ}})<br />
|-<br />
! [[Close-mid vowel|Close-Mid]]<br />
| /{{IPA link|e}}/ {{angle bracket|é}}<br />
| rowspan="2" |/{{IPA link|ə}}/ {{angle bracket|e}}<br />
| /{{IPA link|o}}/ {{angle bracket|ô}}<br />
|-<br />
! [[Open-mid vowel|Open-Mid]]<br />
| /{{IPA link|ɛ}}/ {{angle bracket|è}}<br />
| /{{IPA link|ɔ}}/ {{angle bracket|o}}<br />
|-<br />
! [[Open vowel|Open]]<br />
|<br />
| /{{IPA link|a}}/ {{angle bracket|a}}/{{angbr|ë}}<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
* {{Cite book |url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/146732/1/PL-567.pdf |title=A Grammar of Gayo: A Language of Aceh, Sumatra |first=Domenyk |last=Eades |year=2005 |publisher=Pacific Linguistics |series=Pacific Linguistics 567 |isbn=978-0-85883-553-5 |doi=10.15144/pl-567 |hdl=1885/146732 |hdl-access=free}}<br />
* {{citation<br />
|last1=Eades<br />
|first1=Domenyk<br />
|last2=Hajek<br />
|first2=John<br />
|year=2006<br />
|title=Gayo<br />
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association<br />
|volume=36<br />
|issue=1<br />
|pages=107–115<br />
|doi=10.1017/S0025100306002416<br />
|doi-access=free<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{Commons category|Gayo language}}<br />
* [http://catalog.paradisec.org.au/collections/DE1 An open access of recordings] in Gayo are available through [[Paradisec]], including traditional stories, historical narratives and conversation.<br />
<br />
{{Incubator|code=gay}}<br />
{{Languages of Indonesia}}<br />
{{Western Malayo-Polynesian languages}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands languages]]<br />
[[Category:Languages of Indonesia]]<br />
[[Category:Gayonese people]]<br />
[[Category:Languages of Aceh]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{austronesian-lang-stub}}</div>
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