La forza del destino

2025-09-08T16:40:18Z

73.12.0.244:

{{short description|Opera by Giuseppe Verdi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox opera
| name = {{Lang|it|La forza del destino}}
| composer = [[Giuseppe Verdi]]
| image = Alexandre Charles Lecocq - Giuseppe Verdi - La forza del destino.jpg
| image_upright =
| caption = c. 1870 poster by [[Charles Lecocq]]
| librettist = [[Francesco Maria Piave]]
| language = Italian
| based_on = [[Ángel de Saavedra]]'s ''Don Álvaro o la fuerza del sino'' of 1835
| premiere_date = {{Start date|1862|11|10|df=y}} [[Old Style and New Style dates|N.S.]]
| premiere_location = [[Bolshoi Kamenny Theatre]], Saint Petersburg
}}

'''''{{Lang|it|La forza del destino}}''''' ({{IPA|it|la ˈfɔrtsa del deˈstiːno}}; ''The Power of Fate'',<ref>Sadie 2006, p. 231</ref> often translated as ''The Force of Destiny'') is an Italian opera by [[Giuseppe Verdi]]. The [[libretto]] was written by [[Francesco Maria Piave]] based on a Spanish drama, ''{{Lang|es|Don Álvaro o la fuerza del sino}}'' (1835), by [[Ángel de Saavedra, 3rd Duke of Rivas]], with a scene adapted from [[Friedrich Schiller]]'s ''[[Wallenstein (trilogy of plays)#Wallenstein's Camp|Wallensteins Lager]]'' (''Wallenstein's Camp''). It was first performed in the [[Bolshoi Kamenny Theatre]] of [[Saint Petersburg]], Russia, on 29 October 1862 [[Old Style and New Style dates|O.S.]] (N.S. 10 November).
[[File:La Forza del Destino - Premiere Poster.tif|thumb|Poster of the Premiere at Bolshoi Kamenny Theatre, Saint Petersburg on 10 November 1862 (N.S.) (O.S. 29 October 1862) ]]

''{{Lang|it|La forza del destino}}'' is frequently performed, and there have been a number of complete recordings. In addition, the [[overture]] (to the revised version of the opera) is part of the standard [[Musical repertoire|repertoire]] for [[orchestra]]s, often played as the opening piece at concerts.

==Performance history==
[[File:Forza-prima.jpg|thumb|upright|First edition (1862) of the libretto of ''La forza del destino'', Saint Petersburg, with bilingual Italian and Russian text]]
[[File:Verdi in 1859.jpg|thumb|200px|Verdi in 1859]]

===Revisions===
After its premiere in Russia, ''La forza'' underwent some revisions and made its debut abroad with performances in Rome in 1863 under the title ''Don Alvaro''. Performances followed in Madrid (with the Duke of Rivas, the play's author, in attendance) and the opera subsequently travelled to New York, Vienna (1865), Buenos Aires (1866), and London (1867).{{cn|date=November 2020}}

Following these productions, Verdi made further, more extensive revisions to the opera with additions to the libretto by [[Antonio Ghislanzoni]]. This version, which premiered at [[La Scala]], Milan, on 27 February 1869, has become the standard performance version. The most important changes were a new overture (replacing a brief prelude); the addition of a final scene to act 3, following the duel between Carlo and Alvaro; and a new ending, in which Alvaro remains alive, instead of throwing himself off a cliff to his death. The opera in this version is frequently performed in the world's opera houses today.<ref>{{cite web|title=La Forza del Destino|url=http://operabase.com/oplist.cgi?id=none&lang=en&is=la+forza+del+destino&by=verdi&loc=&stype=abs&sd=1&sm=1&sy=2016&etype=abs&ed=31&em=12&ey=2020|website=Operabase|access-date=26 March 2018}}</ref>

===Recent critical editions===
[[Critical edition (opera)|Critical editions]]<ref>Patricia Brauner, [http://humanities.uchicago.edu/orgs/ciao/Introductory/Rcritical%20edition.html "What is a Critical Edition? How Does it Happen?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217102754/http://humanities.uchicago.edu/orgs/ciao/Introductory/Rcritical%20edition.html |date=17 February 2012 }}, University of Chicago website</ref> of all versions of the opera (including material from the original 1861 score) have been prepared by [[musicologist]] [[Philip Gossett]] of the [[University of Chicago]].<ref>[http://www.operatoday.com/content/2006/10/settling_the_sc.php "Settling The Score: An Interview With Philip Gossett"], ''Opera Today'', 8 October 2006</ref>

In November 2005, the critical edition of the 1869 version was first performed by the [[San Francisco Opera]] whose program book included an essay by Gossett on the evolution of the various versions: "''La forza del destino'': Three States of One Opera".<ref>[[Philip Gossett|Gossett, Philip]] 2005, "''La forza del destino'': Three States of One Opera", San Francisco Opera program book, 2005/06 season, pp. x–xiii</ref> The [[Caramoor International Music Festival]] gave a concert performance of the critical edition of the 1862 version, plus never-performed vocal pieces from the 1861 version, in July 2008.{{cn|date=November 2020}}

==Roles==
{| class="wikitable"
!Role
![[Voice type]]
!Premiere cast 10 November 1862 St. Petersburg Conductor: Edoardo Bauer (Baveri)<ref>Mazza Schiantarelli, p. ??</ref>
!Revised version {{Nowrap|27 February 1869}}<ref name="Budden">Budden 1984, p. 427</ref> Milan Conductor: Eugenio Terziani<ref>{{Almanacco|dmy=27 February 1869|match=La forza del destino|label=Source of cast for revised version}}</ref>
|-
|Il Marchese di Calatrava
|[[bass (voice type)|bass]]
|Meo
|Giuseppe Vecchi
|-
|Leonora, ''his daughter''
|[[soprano]]
|[[Caroline Barbot]]
|[[Teresa Stolz]]
|-
|Don Carlo di Vargas, ''his son''
|[[baritone]]
|[[Francesco Graziani (baritone)|Francesco Graziani]]
|Luigi Colonnese
|-
|Don Alvaro, ''Leonora's suitor''
|[[tenor]]
|[[Enrico Tamberlik]]
|[[Mario Tiberini]]
|-
|Preziosilla, ''a young gypsy''
|[[mezzo-soprano]]/[[contralto]]
|[[Constance Nantier-Didiée]]
|{{ill|Ida Benza-Nagy|hu|Benza Ida}}
|-
|Curra, ''Leonora's maid''
|mezzo-soprano
|Lagramante
|Ester Neri
|-
|Mayor
|bass
|[[Ignazio Marini]]
|Luigi Alessandrini
|-
|Maestro Trabuco, ''a muleteer and peddler''
|tenor
|Geremia Bettini
|Antonio Tasso
|-
|Il Padre Guardiano (The Father Superior), ''a Franciscan''
|bass
|{{Interlanguage link multi|Gian Francesco Angelini|it}}
|Marcel Junca
|-
|Fra Melitone, ''a Franciscan''
|baritone
|[[Achille De Bassini]]
|Giacomo Rota
|-
|A surgeon
|bass
|[[Alessandro Polonini]]
|Vincenzo Paraboschi
|-
| colspan="4"|''Peasants, servants, pilgrims, soldiers, [[vivandière]]s and friars''
|}

==Instrumentation==
{{col-float}}
'''[[Woodwind]]s''':
:2 [[Western concert flute|flute]]s (2nd doubling [[piccolo]])
:2 [[oboe]]s
:2 [[clarinet]]s (2nd doubling [[bass clarinet]])
:2 [[bassoon]]s

'''[[Brass instrument|Brass]]''':
:4 [[French horn|horn]]s
:2 [[trumpet]]s
:3 [[trombone]]s
:[[cimbasso]]

'''[[Percussion instrument|Percussion]]''':
:[[timpani]]
:[[side drum]]
:[[cymbals]]
:[[bass drum]]
{{col-float-break}}
'''[[String section|Strings]]''':
:2 [[harp]]s
:[[violin]]s I, II
:[[viola]]s
:[[cello]]s
:[[double bass]]es

Onstage:
:[[Organ (music)|organ]]
:6 trumpets
:4 side drums.<ref>
David Kimbell 2001, in Holden p. 1000</ref>
{{col-float-end}}

==Synopsis==
:Place: Spain and Italy
:Time: around 1750<ref>Melitz and Osborne, Charles: sources of the synopsis</ref>
[[File:Francesco Maria Piave - Granger.jpg|thumb|Francesco Maria Piave, librettist of the opera]]

===Overture===
The music begins with the opera's "Fate" [[Motif (music)|motif]], an ominous three note [[E (musical note)|E]] [[unison]] in the brass.

===Act 1===
''The mansion of Leonora's family, in [[Seville]]''

Don Alvaro, a young nobleman from South America (presumably Peru), has settled in [[Seville, Spain]], where he is looked down on by many because of his Inca background. There, he and Donna Leonora, the daughter of the haughty Marchese di Calatrava,<ref>The [[Order of Calatrava]] was a Military Order which had a major role in Spanish history, but in actual history there had never been an individual noble family with that title.</ref> have fallen in love. But her father the Marchese violently opposes a match he feels is dishonorable and beneath her, believing her to have been seduced. Notwithstanding her tender regard for her father, who until now has always been kind to her, Leonora is ready to give up family and country in order to elope with Alvaro. Aided by her confidante, Curra (''Me pellegrina ed orfana'' – "Exiled and orphaned far from my childhood home"), she prepares to leave.

When Alvaro arrives to fetch her, however, Leonora hesitates, begging for one last day with her father. Alvaro, stunned, releases her from their engagement, saying that she cannot love him as much as he loves her. Leonora then relents and they agree to escape as planned. At that moment the Marchese suddenly enters and discovers the couple together. Assuming the worst, he draws his weapons and threatens the young man with death. To remove any suspicion as to Leonora's purity, Alvaro surrenders himself. As he flings down his pistol, it goes off, mortally wounding the Marchese, who dies, uttering a curse on his daughter. The horrified lovers rush out of the room.

===Act 2===
''Scene 1: An inn in the village of [[Hornachuelos]]''

About a year has passed since the death of the Marchese di Calatrava. In their flight, Leonora and Alvaro were separated and have lost track of each other, unable to reunite or learn of each other's whereabouts.

The act opens in the crowded dining room of an inn, where the guests include the ''alcalde'' (town mayor) and several muleteers among others gathered in the dining room as dinner is about to be served. Leonora's brother Don Carlo di Vargas then enters, bent on avenging the family honor and the death of his father. Carlo has disguised himself as a student from [[Salamanca]] by the name of Pereda. During the supper, Preziosilla, a pretty gypsy fortune teller, joins them and sings a song urging them to enlist in the army (''Al suon del tamburo'' – "When side drums rattle") for Italy's freedom.{{efn|The actual war referred to – the [[War of Austrian Succession]] – could hardly be described as "a war for Italy's freedom"; the reference is anachronistic, reflecting the struggle for [[Italian Unification]] taking place at the time when the opera was written.{{OR|date=November 2023}}}} Leonora arrives in male attire accompanied by Trabuco, a muleteer, on their way to a Franciscan monastery where Leonora plans to seek refuge. Recognizing her brother, who she knows wants to kill her, she hides. Carlo grills Trabuco about the identity of his traveling companion, but the company lets him know they don't like his prying questions. They turn the tables by asking Carlo who he is. He claims to be a University student helping a friend track down the friend's sister and her seducer, who, he claims has returned to his native America (''Son Pereda son ricco d'onore'' – "I am Pereda, of honorable descent"). The gypsy girl laughs and says she doesn't believe this story. Overhearing this, Leonora realizes that Alvaro is still alive. She concludes he has betrayed and abandoned her, and she slips away without being discovered.

''Scene 2: A monastery nearby''
[[File:Cortile del Chiostro, bozzetto di Carlo Ferrario per La Forza del destino (1869) - Archivio Storico Ricordi ICON000195 B.jpg|thumb|Set design for Act 2 Secene 2 by Carlo Ferrario for ''La forza del destino'' (Milan 1869)]]
Outside the monastery of the Madonna of Angels, Leonora, seeking sanctuary and solitary atonement, has come to take refuge in the monastery intending to live the rest of her life as a hermit ''(Son giunta! Grazie, o Dio!''
''Estremo asil quest'è per me! ... Madre, pietosa Vergine'', – "I've arrived! Thank heaven! My last resort and hope"... "Mother, merciful Virgin".) After a somewhat surly reception by Fra Melitone, she tells the abbot, Padre Guardiano, her true name and her wish to spend the remainder of her life in the monastery's hermitage. The abbot recounts the trials she will have to undergo. Padre Guardiano agrees to direct her to a secret cave in the mountains, where he alone will bring her food and where she will find a bell which she is to ring only in times of great danger or if she is on the point of death. Leonora, Padre Guardiano, Fra Melitone, and the other monks join in prayer as she is formally accepted as tenant of the hermitage.

===Act 3===
''Scene 1: A forest near Velletri, in Italy''

Meanwhile, Alvaro, believing Leonora to be dead, has joined the Spanish army under the name of Don Federico Herreros and has distinguished himself for bravery (''La vita è inferno all'infelice ... O tu che in seno agli angeli'' – "Life is a hell to an unhappy man." ... "Oh, you who dwell with the angels"). He is interrupted by cries for help and rescues a man from two assassins. It is Don Carlo, who has newly joined the same regiment, also under an assumed name: Don Felice de Bornos. The two become friends and march off side by side to fight in the [[Battle of Velletri (1744)|Battle of Velletri]], a historical event which occurred in 1744.

''Scene 2: The officers' quarters''

Alvaro is brought into the officers' quarters, gravely wounded in the chest. Thinking he is about to die, he entrusts the key to a casket to his friend "Don Felice" (Carlo). The box contains a packet of letters, which Alvaro says contain a secret. He makes his friend swear to burn them without reading them: (''Solenne in quest'ora'' – "Swear to me in this solemn hour"). Felice/Carlo assures Alvaro that he won't die and that he will be decorated with the Order of Calatrava for his bravery. At the name Calatrava Alvaro shudders and exclaims, "No!". Carlo is taken aback. He is afraid that "Don Federico" (Alvaro) may, in truth, be the mysterious seducer who killed his father. He resolves to look at the letters to settle his doubts. (''Morir! Tremenda cosa! ... Urna fatale del mio destino'' – "To die! An immense thing... Begone, fatal vessel of my destiny!"). As his wounded friend is taken away on the surgeon's stretcher, he opens the casket, finds his sister's portrait, and realizes Alvaro's true identity. At that moment a surgeon brings word that Don Alvaro may recover. Don Carlo exults at the prospect of avenging his father's death.
{{Listen|type=music
|title="Nè gustare m'è dato un'ora..."
|filename=Enrico Caruso, Giuseppe de Luca, Giuseppe Verdi, Nè gustare m'è dato un'ora (La forza del destino).ogg
|description=Opening of act 3, scene 3; [[Enrico Caruso]] and [[Giuseppe De Luca]]
}}
''Scene 3: A camp near the battleground''

Having recovered, Alvaro is confronted by Carlo. They begin to duel, but are pulled away from each other by the soldiers. As they restrain Carlo, the anguished Don Alvaro vows to enter a monastery.

The soldiers gather. Trabucco, the peddler, tries to sell them his wares; Fra Melitone chastises them for their godless ways; and Preziosilla leads them in a chorus in praise of the military life (''Rataplan, rataplan, della gloria'' – "Rum-tum-tum on the drum is the music that makes a soldier's martial spirit rise").

===Act 4===
''Scene 1: The monastery''
[[File:Forza del Destino.png|thumb|1860s postcard showing act 4]]

Impoverished peasants from the region approach Fra Melitone at the monastery at Hornachuelos for food and Padre Guardiano gently scolds Melitone for his less than charitable behavior towards them. Don Carlo then approaches, having learned of the presence of Don Alvaro there. Under the name of Father Raphael, Alvaro has indeed entered the monastery, near which is Leonora's cave. Alvaro offers peace, but when Carlo taunts him as a half-breed Alvaro takes up the challenge and the two rush from the monastery. (''Le minacce, i fieri accenti'' – "May the winds carry off with them").

''Scene 2: A desolate spot near Leonora's hermitage''
[[File:Ponselle Caruso Forza del Destino.jpg|thumb|{{ill|Jose Mardones|es}}, [[Enrico Caruso]] and [[Rosa Ponselle]] in a 1918 Metropolitan Opera performance]]
Leonora, longing for the peaceful release of death, restates her love for Alvaro and begs God for peace. (''Pace, pace, mio Dio!'' – "Peace, O mighty Father, give me peace!"). The duel between the two men spills over onto the neighboring crags in the vicinity of Leonora's isolation. Upon hearing the clashing of swords she takes refuge in her cave. Carlo is mortally wounded by Alvaro, who invades the hermit's sanctuary to request the last offices for the dying man. Leonora and Alvaro recognize each other. Alvaro tells her of what has happened, and she rushes to embrace her dying brother. As she bends over him, he stabs her in the heart. The Father Superior, who has come in answer to Leonora's alarm bell, orders Alvaro to stop cursing fate and to humble himself before God. The dying Leonora joins him in this plea, and Alvaro declaims that he is now redeemed.

:[Original version: Overcome by the guilt of having killed or caused the death of all the Calatravas, Alvaro jumps to his death into the nearby ravine, cursing humankind, over the protests of Father Guardiano].

==Superstition==
Over the years ''La forza'' has acquired a reputation for being cursed, following some unfortunate incidents.<ref>Tim Smith, 30 September 2007, "Baltimore Opera tests superstition: Company to take on Verdi's ''La forza del destino'', despite its history of bad luck", ''The Baltimore Sun'' (Baltimore, Maryland): "Superstition comes easily to the colorful, slightly crazy world of the performing arts ... Opera houses seem just as susceptible to superstitious thinking"</ref> In 1960 at the [[Metropolitan Opera]], the noted baritone [[Leonard Warren]] collapsed and died during a performance of the opera.{{sfn|Bing|1972|p={{page needed|date=February 2020}}}} The supposed curse reportedly kept [[Luciano Pavarotti]] from ever performing the opera, and the tenor [[Franco Corelli]] used to follow small rituals during performances to avoid bad luck.<ref>Mike Mitchell, " 'Cursed' opera to be performed", ''The Beacon News'' (Aurora, Illinois), 15 April 2007</ref>

==Other media==
The main theme in the musical scores for the films ''[[Jean de Florette]]'' and ''[[Manon des Sources (1986 film)|Manon des Sources]]'' (both 1986) was adapted by [[Jean-Claude Petit]] from the duet "Invano, Alvaro" in ''La forza del destino''. The Korean film ''[[The Scarlet Letter (2004 film)|The Scarlet Letter]]'' (2004) opens with "Pace, pace mio Dio", introducing a film about intensely powerful obsession which brings its lovers to the brink of madness.{{citation needed|date=January 2015}} ''La forza del destino'' also plays a thematic role in the novel series ''[[A Series of Unfortunate Events]]'' (1999–2006).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thesnicketfile.tumblr.com/post/33372114957/i-remember-that-evening-well-it-was-a|title=I remember that evening well. It was a performance of ''La Forza del Destino''. Your mother was wearing a red shawl, with long features along the edges. During intermission I followed them to the snack...|website=The Snicket File}}</ref>

==Recordings==
{{Main|La forza del destino discography}}
Noted recordings include the 1953 performance in Florence with Renata Tebaldi, Mario del Monaco, Aldo Protti, and Cesare Siepi; as well as the legendary 1958 Naples performance with Renata Tebaldi, Franco Corelli, Ettore Bastianini, and Boris Christoff.

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

'''Cited sources'''
*{{cite book|last=Bing|first=Rudolf|author-link=Rudolf Bing|year=1972|title=5000 Nights at the Opera|location=New York|publisher=Doubleday}}
*[[Julian Budden|Budden, Julian]] (1984). ''The Operas of Verdi'', Volume 2: From ''Il trovatore'' to ''La forza del destino''. London: Cassell. {{ISBN|978-0-19-520068-3}} (hardcover) {{ISBN|978-0-19-520450-6}} (paperback).
*[[Philip Gossett|Gossett, Philip]] (2006). ''Divas and Scholars: Performing Italian Opera'', Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. {{ISBN|0-226-30482-5}}
*Kimbell, David (2001). in [[Amanda Holden (writer)|Holden, Amanda]] (Ed.), ''The New Penguin Opera Guide'', New York: Penguin Putnam. {{ISBN|0-14-029312-4}}
*{{cite book|last=Mazza Schiantarelli|first=Simona|title=Un viaggio tra dominante e tonica negli anni del risorgimento|year=2011|publisher=Polaris|location=Tirano, Italy}}
*Melitz, Leo (1921). ''The Opera Goer's Complete Guide''.{{ISBN?}}
*[[Charles Osborne (music writer)|Osborne, Charles]] (1969). ''The Complete Operas of Verdi'', New York: Da Capo Press, 1969. {{ISBN|0-306-80072-1}}
*[[Stanley Sadie|Sadie, Stanley]] and Laura Macy (2006). ''The Grove Book of Operas''. New York: Oxford Univ. Press. {{ISBN|978-0-19-530907-2}}
*[[Francis Toye|Toye, Francis]] (1931). ''Giuseppe Verdi: His Life and Works'', New York: Knopf.{{ISBN?}}
*Walker, Frank (1962). ''The Man Verdi'', New York: Knopf; Chicago: University of Chicago Press. {{ISBN|0-226-87132-0}}

'''Other sources'''
*Chusid, Martin, (ed.) (1997). ''Verdi's Middle Period, 1849 to 1859'', Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. {{ISBN|0-226-10658-6|0-226-10659-4}}
*De Van, Gilles (trans. Gilda Roberts) (1998). ''Verdi's Theater: Creating Drama Through Music''. Chicago & London: University of Chicago Press. {{ISBN|0-226-14369-4}} (hardback), {{ISBN|0-226-14370-8}}
*Martin, George (1983). '' Verdi: His Music, Life and Times'', New York: Dodd, Mead and Company. {{ISBN|0-396-08196-7}}
*[[Roger Parker|Parker, Roger]] (2007). ''The New Grove Guide to Verdi and His Operas'', Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-19-531314-7}}
*[[Danièle Pistone|Pistone, Danièle]] (1995). ''Nineteenth-Century Italian Opera: From Rossini to Puccini'', Portland, Oregon: Amadeus Press. {{ISBN|0-931340-82-9}}
*[[Mary Jane Phillips-Matz|Phillips-Matz, Mary Jane]] (1993). ''Verdi: A Biography'', London & New York: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-313204-4}}
*[[John Warrack|Warrack, John]] and West, Ewan (1992). ''The Oxford Dictionary of Opera'' New York: OUP. {{ISBN|0-19-869164-5}}
*[[Franz Werfel|Werfel, Franz]] and [[Paul Stefan|Stefan, Paul]] (1973). ''Verdi: The Man and His Letters'', New York: Vienna House. {{ISBN|0-8443-0088-8}}

==External links==
*{{IMSLP|work=La forza del destino (Verdi, Giuseppe)|cname=''La forza del destino''}}
*[http://www.giuseppeverdi.it/en/works/list-of-operas/la-forza-del-destino/ Synopsis, libretto], giuseppeverdi.it
*[http://impresario.ch/libretto/libverfor_i.htm Italian libretto]
*[http://impresario.ch/libretto/libverfor_e.htm English libretto]
*[http://www.aria-database.com/cgi-bin/aria-search.pl?opera=La+forza+del+destino List of arias] from aria-database.com
*{{YouTube|nXGl8hSmujU|"Pace, pace mio Dio"}}, performed by [[Renata Tebaldi]] for RAI Telecast, Teatro San Carlo di Napoli, 1958
*{{YouTube|n-mhkACf22E|"La vergine degli angeli"}}, performed by [[Renata Tebaldi]], [[Firenze]], 1956

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La forza del destino