Nikolai Kuznetsov (admiral)

2025-09-18T11:44:55Z

75.1.244.193: I spelled the name correctly.

{{Short description|Soviet naval officer (1904–1974)}}
{{Family name hatnote|Gerasimovich|Kuznetsov|lang=Eastern Slavic}}
{{Multiple issues|{{more citations needed|date=February 2013}}
{{POV|date=January 2025}}}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Nikolai Kuznetsov
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Nikolai Kuznetsov 3.jpg
| alt =
| native_name = Николай Герасимович Кузнецов
| other_name =
| birth_name = Nikolay Gerasimovich Kuznetsov
| birth_date = {{birth date|1904|07|24|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Medvedki, Arkhangelsk Oblast|Medvedki]], Russia
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1974|12|06|1904|7|24|df=y}}
| death_place = Moscow, Soviet Union
| placeofburial = [[Novodevichy Cemetery]]
| placeofburial_label =
| placeofburial_coordinates = 
| allegiance = {{USSR}}
| branch = {{navy|USSR}}
| branch_label = Branch/Service
| serviceyears = 1919–1956
| serviceyears_label =
| rank = [[Admiral of the fleet of the Soviet Union]]
| rank_label =
| servicenumber =
| unit =
| commands = [[Soviet Navy]] [[Soviet Pacific Fleet]]
| battles = {{tree list}}
* [[Spanish Civil War]]
* [[World War II]]
** [[Winter War]]
** [[Black Sea campaigns (1941–1944)|Black Sea campaigns]]
{{tree list/end}}
| battles_label =
| awards = [[Hero of the Soviet Union]]
| memorials =
| children =
| relations =
| laterwork = [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] (1924–1956)
| signature = Sign of Nikolai Kuznetsov 1952.png
| signature_size = 150px
| signature_alt =
| website = 
| module = {{Infobox officeholder
|embed = yes
|predecessor3 = Himself (as [[People's Commissariat of the Navy of the Soviet Union|People's Commissar for the Navy of the Soviet Union]])
|office = [[File:USSR, Flag commander 1938 narkom.svg|37px]] [[People's Commissariat of the Navy of the Soviet Union|3rd People's Commissar for the Navy of the Soviet Union]]
|termstart = 28 April 1939
|termend = 25 February 1946
|predecessor = [[Mikhail Frinovsky]]
|successor = [[Joseph Stalin]] (as People's Commissar for the Armed Forces)
|2blankname = [[Premier of the Soviet Union|Premier]]
|2namedata = [[Vyacheslav Molotov]] [[Joseph Stalin]]
|1blankname = [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|General Secretary]]
|1namedata = [[Joseph Stalin]]
|office2 = [[File:USSR, Flag commander 1950 minister.svg|37px]] [[Minister of Defence (Soviet Union)#Ministers of the Navy (1950–1953)|2nd Minister of Navy of the Soviet Union]]
|2blankname2 = [[Premier of the Soviet Union|Premier]]
|2namedata2 = [[Joseph Stalin]] [[Georgy Malenkov]]
|1blankname2 = [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|General Secretary]]
|1namedata2 = [[Joseph Stalin]]<ref>Vacant since 16 October 1952</ref> [[Georgy Malenkov]]<ref>As acting General Secretary after [[Stalin's death]] until 14 March 1953</ref>
|predecessor2 = [[Ivan Yumashev]]
|successor2 = [[Nikolai Bulganin]] (as Minister of Defence)
|termstart2 = 20 July 1951
|termend2 = 15 March 1953
|office3 = [[File:USSR, Flag commander 1950 minister.svg|37px]] [[Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Navy#Commanders-in-Chief of the Soviet Navy (1939–1991)|1st and 3rd Commander-in-Chief of the Soviet Navy]]
|termstart3 = 24 July 1939
|termend3 = 17 January 1947
|5blankname3 = [[Minister of Defence (Soviet Union)#Ministers of the Armed Forces (1946–1950)|Minister of the Armed Forces]]<ref>Since 15 March 1946</ref>
|5namedata3 = [[Joseph Stalin]]
|4blankname3 = [[Minister of Defence (Soviet Union)#People's Commissar for the Armed Forces (1946)|People's Commissar for the Armed Forces]]<ref>From 25 February until 15 March 1946</ref>
|4namedata3 = [[Joseph Stalin]]
|3blankname3 = [[People's Commissariat of the Navy of the Soviet Union#People's Commissars of the Navy|People's Commissar of the Navy]]<ref>Until 25 February 1946</ref>
|3namedata3 = Himself
|2blankname3 = [[Premier of the Soviet Union|Premier]]
|2namedata3 = [[Vyacheslav Molotov]] [[Joseph Stalin]]
|1blankname3 = [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|General Secretary]]
|1namedata3 = [[Joseph Stalin]]
|successor3 = [[Ivan Yumashev]]
|termstart4 = 20 July 1951
|termend4 = 5 January 1956
|4blankname4 = [[Minister of Defence (Soviet Union)#Ministers of the Navy (1950–1953)|Minister of the Navy]]<ref>Until 15 March 1953</ref>
|4namedata4 = Himself
|5blankname4 = [[Minister of Defence (Soviet Union)#Ministers of Defence (1953–1992)|Minister of Defence]]<ref>Since 15 March 1953</ref>
|5namedata4 = [[Nikolai Bulganin]] [[Georgy Zhukov]]
|3blankname4 = [[Premier of the Soviet Union|Premier]]
|3namedata4 = [[Joseph Stalin]] [[Georgy Malenkov]] [[Nikolai Bulganin]]
|1blankname4 = [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|General Secretary]]
|1namedata4 = [[Joseph Stalin]]<ref>Vacant since 16 October 1952</ref> [[Georgy Malenkov]]<ref>As acting General Secretary after [[Stalin's death]] until 14 March 1953</ref>
|2blankname4 = [[First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|First Secretary]]
|2namedata4 = [[Nikita Khrushchev]]<ref>Since 7 September 1953</ref>
|predecessor4 = [[Ivan Yumashev]]
|successor4 = [[Sergey Gorshkov]]
}}
}}
'''Nikolai Gerasimovich Kuznetsov''' ({{langx|ru|Никола́й Гера́симович Кузнецо́в}}; 24 July 1904 – 6 December 1974) was a [[Soviet Navy|Soviet naval]] officer who achieved the rank of [[Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union]] and served as [[People's Commissar]] of the Navy during the [[Winter War]] and the [[World War II|Second World War]]. The [[N. G. Kuznetsov Naval Academy]] and the [[Russian Navy|Russian]] aircraft carrier {{ship|Russian aircraft carrier|Admiral Kuznetsov||2}}, as well as the [[Kuznetsov-class aircraft carrier|Kuznetsov-class]] carrier class, are named in his honor.

==Biography==

=== Early years and career ===
Kuznetsov was born in a peasant family of Serbian paternal ancestry in the village of [[Medvedki]], [[Velikoustyuzhsky Uyezd]], [[Vologda Governorate]], [[Russian Empire]] (now in [[Kotlassky District]] of [[Arkhangelsk Oblast]], [[Russia]]).

In 1919, Kuznetsov joined the Northern Dvina Naval Flotilla, having added two years to his age to make himself eligible to serve. In 1920, he was stationed at [[Petrograd]] and in 1924, as a member of a naval unit, he attended the funeral ceremony of [[Vladimir Lenin]].<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hMUPDgAAQBAJ&q=nikolay+kuznetsov%3A+serb&pg=PA702 |title = Stalin: Waiting for Hitler, 1929-1941|isbn = 9780735224483|last1 = Kotkin|first1 = Stephen|date = 2017-10-31| publisher=Penguin }}</ref>

That same year, he joined the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Communist Party]].

Upon graduation from the [[Frunze Higher Naval School]] in 1926, Kuznetsov served on the [[cruiser]] {{ship|Soviet cruiser| Chervona Ukraina||2}}, first as watch officer and then as First Lieutenant. In 1932, he graduated from the Naval College after studying operational tactics. Upon graduation, he was offered two options – a desk job with the general staff or a command post on a ship.

Kuznetsov successfully applied for the post of [[executive officer]] on the [[cruiser]] {{ship|Soviet cruiser| Krasnyi Kavkaz||2}}. Within a year, the young officer earned his next promotion. In 1934, he returned to the ''Chervona Ukraina'', this time as her commander. Under Kuznetsov, the ship became an outstanding example of discipline and organization, quickly drawing attention to her young captain.

From 5 September 1936 to 15 August 1937, Kuznetsov served as the Soviet naval attaché and chief naval advisor to [[Second Spanish Republic|Republican Spain]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=MCCANNON|first=JOHN|date=1995|journal=Russian History|volume=22|issue=2|pages=154–180|issn=0094-288X|jstor=24657802|title=Soviet Intervention in the Spanish Civil War, 1936–39: A Reexamination|doi=10.1163/187633195X00070}}</ref>{{Rp|165}} During the early stages of the [[Spanish Civil War]] of 1936-1939 he developed a strong dislike of [[fascism]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Memoirs of wartime Minister of the Navy|last=Kuznet︠s︡ov|first=Nikolaĭ Gerasimovich|publisher=Progress Publishers|location=Moscow|date=1990}}</ref>

On returning home, on January 10, 1938, he was promoted to the rank of [[flag officer]], 2nd rank, and given command of the [[Pacific Fleet (Russia)|Pacific Fleet]]. While in this position, he came face to face with [[Great Purge#Purge of the army|Stalin's purge of the military]]. Kuznetsov himself was never implicated, but many of the officers under his command were. Kuznetsov resisted the purges at every step, and his intervention saved the lives of many Soviet officers.

On 28 April 1939, Kuznetsov, still only thirty-four, was appointed the [[People's Commissariat of the Navy of the Soviet Union|People's Commissar (Minister) of the Navy]], a post he would hold throughout the [[Second World War]] until 1946. In 1939, despite Stalin's negative attitude to the [[Military Engineering-Technical University|Nikolaevsky Engineering Academy]], Nikolay Gerasimovich Kuznetsov ordered the return of the Naval Engineering faculty from Moscow to Leningrad, and set up the Military Engineering-Technical University to educate engineers for the construction of naval bases.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.sovinformburo.com/organization/detail/?item_id=1478&type=0|title= Текст приказа Н. Г. Кузнецова|website= sovinformburo.com}}
</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url= http://www.online812.ru/2009/03/24/002/pda.html
|script-title= ru:Кто и как ошибался в надписях на петербургских памятниках?
|trans-title= Who made mistakes and how in the inscriptions on Petersburg monuments?
|website= online812.ru
|date= 24 March 2009
|access-date= 4 April 2018
|archive-date= 4 April 2018
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180404073816/http://www.online812.ru/2009/03/24/002/pda.html
|url-status= dead
}}</ref>

===The Second World War===
Kuznetsov played a crucial role during the first hours of the war – at this pivotal moment, his resolve and blatant disregard for orders averted the destruction of the [[Soviet Navy]].{{citation needed|date=January 2025}} By June 21, 1941, Kuznetzov was convinced of the inevitability of war with Nazi Germany. On the same day [[Semyon Timoshenko]] and [[Georgy Zhukov]] issued a directive prohibiting Soviet commanders from responding to "German provocations". The Navy, however, constituted a distinct ministry ([[narkomat]]), and thus Kuznetsov held a position which was technically outside the direct chain of command. He utilized this fact in a very bold move.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

Shortly after midnight on the morning of June 22, Kuznetsov ordered all Soviet fleets to battle readiness. At 3:15 am that same morning, the [[Wehrmacht]] began [[Operation Barbarossa]].{{sfn|Kirchubel|2007|pp=33–34}} The Soviet Navy was the only branch of the military in the highest state of combat readiness at the start of the initial German push.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

In the following two years, Kuznetsov's primary concern was the protection of the Caucasus from a German invasion. Throughout the war, the [[Black Sea campaigns (1941–44)|Black Sea remained the primary theater of operations for the Soviet Navy]]. During the war years Kuznetsov honed Soviet methods of [[Amphibious warfare|amphibious assault]]. A notable subordinate in the Black Sea and in command of the Azov Flotilla was [[Sergey Gorshkov|S.G. Gorshkov]] who would later succeed him as Commander-in-Chief of the Navy. In May 1944 he was given the rank of Admiral of the Fleet – a newly created position initially equated to that of a four-star general. In the same year, Kuznetsov was given the title of [[Hero of the Soviet Union]]. On May 31, 1945, his rank was equated to the rank of [[Marshal of the Soviet Union]] with a similar insignia. In August 1945, he took part in [[Operation August Storm]] in the [[Far East]], helping to provide functions for the Soviet Navy fleet for Commander-in-Chief of USSR Forces in the Far East [[Marshal of the Soviet Union|Marshal]] [[Aleksandr Vasilevsky]].{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

===The first fall===
From 1946 to 1947 he was the Deputy Minister of the USSR Armed Forces and [[Commander-in-Chief]] of the Naval Forces.

In 1947 he was removed from his post on Stalin's orders and in 1948 he, as well as several other admirals were put on trial by the Naval Tribunal. Kuznetsov was demoted to [[vice-admiral]], while the other admirals received prison sentences of varying length.

In 1951 Stalin ended Kuznetsov's pariah status, once again placing him in command of the Navy (as the Minister of the Navy of the USSR), but without restoring his military rank, which was returned to him upon Stalin's death in 1953. In the same year, he became the First Deputy Minister of Defense of the USSR. In 1955, Kuznetsov was made Commander-in-Chief of the Naval Forces. His rank was raised to [[Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union]] and he was awarded the [[Marshal's Star]].

===The second fall and retirement===
His newfound prominence brought him into direct conflict with now Defense Minister Marshal Zhukov, with whom he had clashed during the war years. On December 8, 1955, using the loss of the [[battleship]] {{ship|Soviet battleship|Novorossiysk||2}} as a pretext, Zhukov removed the Admiral from his post. The commission that inspected the ship's loss was headed by [[Vyacheslav Malyshev]] and its findings were used by Zhukov to blame Kuznetsov. In February 1956 he was again demoted to the rank of vice-admiral, retired and expressly forbidden "any and all work connected with the navy."{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

During his retirement he wrote and published many essays and articles, as well as several longer works, including his memoirs and an officially sanctioned book, "With a Course for Victory", which dealt with the Patriotic War. His memoirs, unlike those of many other prominent leaders, were written by him personally and are noted for their style.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}{{who|date=January 2025}}

Kuznetsov also authored several books on the war, on Stalin's repressions, and on the navy which were published [[Posthumous work|posthumously]]. In these he was highly critical of the Party's interference in the internal affairs of the military, and insisted that "the state must be ruled by law."{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

===Rehabilitation and legacy===
After the retirement of Zhukov in 1957, and of Khrushchev in 1964, a group of naval veterans began a campaign addressed to the Soviet leadership to restore Kuznetsov's rank, with all benefits, and to make him one of the General Inspectors of the Ministry of Defence. Not until July 26, 1988, under [[Andrei Gromyko|Andrey Gromyko]] did the [[Presidium of the Supreme Soviet]] of the USSR reinstate Kuznetsov to his former rank of [[Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union]]. Kuznetsov is now recognized as one of the most prominent men in the history of the Soviet and, today, of the [[Russian Navy]]. In recognition, the [[Russian aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov|Russian Navy's largest surface warship]], its only remaining [[Russian aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov|aircraft carrier]], is named in his honor.

===Death===
Kuznetsov died on 6 December 1974 in [[Moscow]], at aged 70 and was buried with full [[military honors]] at the [[Novodevichy Cemetery]].

==See also==
*{{Sclass|Kuznetsov|aircraft carrier|2}}
**{{ship|Russian aircraft carrier|Admiral Kuznetsov || 2}}
* [[Marko Voinovich]]
* [[Marko Ivelich]]
* [[Matija Zmajević]]
* [[Nikolai Dimitrievich Dabić]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*{{cite book|last=Kirchubel|first=Robert|title=Operation Barbarossa 1941: Army Group Center|publisher=Osprey Publishing|year=2007|isbn=978-1-84603-107-6}}
*Kuznetsov, Admiral ''Memoirs of the Wartime Minister of the Navy'' Moscow Progress Publishers 1990 {{ISBN|5010025566}}

==External links==
*[http://admiral.centro.ru/start_e.htm Information page, including memoirs]
*[http://www.ets.ru/e/pk000087.htm Colour photo and biography from site of ETS Publishing House] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214102709/http://www.ets.ru/e/pk000087.htm |date=2009-02-14 }}

{{S-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{succession box|before=[[Mikhail Frinovsky|Mikhail Petrovich Frinovsky]]|title=[[People's Commissariat of the Navy of the Soviet Union|People's Commissar of the Soviet Navy]]|years=1939–1946|after=[[Joseph Stalin]] (as [[Ministry of Defense (Soviet Union)|People's Commissar for the Armed Forces]])}}
{{succession box|before=[[Mikhail Frinovsky|Mikhail Petrovich Frinovsky]]|title=[[Soviet Navy|Commander-in-Chief of the Soviet Navy]]|years=1939–1947|after=[[Ivan Yumashev (admiral)]]}}
{{succession box|before=[[Ivan Yumashev (admiral)]]|title=[[Minister of Defence of the Soviet Union|Minister of the Navy]]|years=1951–1953|after=[[Nikolai Bulganin]] (as Minister of Defence )
}}
{{succession box|before=[[Ivan Yumashev (admiral)]]|title=[[Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Navy|Commander-in-Chief of the Soviet Navy]]|years=1951–1956|after=[[Sergey Gorshkov]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{SovietAdmiralsoftheFleet}}
{{Soviet Defence Ministers}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kuznetsov, Nikolai}}
[[Category:1904 births]]
[[Category:1974 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Kotlassky District]]
[[Category:People from Velikoustyuzhsky Uyezd]]
[[Category:Bolsheviks]]
[[Category:Members of the Central Committee of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)]]
[[Category:Members of the Central Committee of the 19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Ministers of defence of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Second convocation members of the Soviet of the Union]]
[[Category:Fourth convocation members of the Soviet of Nationalities]]
[[Category:Naval attachés for the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Soviet admirals]]
[[Category:Admirals of the Fleet of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:N. G. Kuznetsov Naval Academy alumni]]
[[Category:Soviet people of the Spanish Civil War]]
[[Category:Russian people of the Spanish Civil War]]
[[Category:Soviet military personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Heroes of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Lenin]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Ushakov, 1st class]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Marshal's Star]]
[[Category:Commanders of the Order of Polonia Restituta]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Polonia Restituta (1944–1989)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Grunwald]]
[[Category:Admirals of World War II]]
[[Category:Soviet military writers]]
[[Category:Saint Petersburg Naval Institute alumni]]

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Nikolai Kuznetsov (admiral)