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Telephone card

2025-10-08T19:44:25Z

76.67.174.179:

{{Short description|Card used to pay for telephone services}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2011}}
[[File:Phonecards from found in Olneyville Rhode Island 2008.tif|thumb|Phonecards from [[Olneyville]], Rhode Island, 2008]]

A '''telephone card''' (also '''telecard''', '''teleca''', '''calling card''' or '''phone card''' for short) is a [[credit card]]-size plastic or paper card used to pay for [[telephone]] services (often international or long-distance calling). It is not necessary to have the physical card except with a stored-value system; knowledge of the access telephone number to dial and the PIN is sufficient. Standard cards which can be purchased and used without any sort of account facility give a fixed amount of credit and are discarded when used up; [[Rechargeable calling card|rechargeable cards]] can be topped up, or collect payment in [[arrears]]. The system for payment and the way in which the card is used to place a [[telephone call]] vary from card to card.

Calling cards usually come equipped with [[Personal identification number|PIN]] for user protection and security. Most companies require user to enter the PIN before granting access to the calling card's funds. PINs often are printed on a piece of paper found inside the calling card's packaging. Once the users makes their first call, some companies offer the option of eliminating the PIN altogether to speed up the calling process. Companies that sell virtual calling cards online typically send the PIN via email.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://traveltips.usatoday.com/calling-card-work-103162.html | title=How Does a Calling Card Work? | publisher=USA Today | work=Demand Media | access-date=5 December 2014 | author=Gosford, Jane | archive-date=30 November 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130101422/https://traveltips.usatoday.com/calling-card-work-103162.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Stored-value phone cards==

A stored-value phone card stores the available credit balance in an analog or digital memory physically embedded in the card. This balance can be read by a public [[payphone]] when the card is inserted into the card reader. This is superficially similar to a bank [[automated teller machine]], but a stored-value card is more closely analogous to a change purse. While ATMs (as well as the remote memory systems discussed below) use the card merely to identify the associated account and record changes in a central database, stored-value systems make a physical alteration to the card, or write data to an embedded chip or magnetic stripe to reflect the new balance after a call. Some magnetic cards also show the remaining value.

Used primarily for payphones, stored-value systems avoid the time lag and expense of communication with a central database, which would have been technically complex before the 1990s.

There are several ways in which the value can be encoded on the card:

The earliest system used a [[magnetic stripe]] as information carrier, similar to the technology of ATMs and key cards, and the first magnetic strip phonecard, manufactured by SIDA, was issued in 1976 in [[Italy]].

[[File:TWK (1).jpg|thumb|right|Optical phonecards from Austria. The balance is shown by the vertical marks on the white bar.]]
The next technology used optical storage. Optical phonecards get their name from optical structure embossed inside the cards. This optical structure is heated and destroyed after use of the units. Visible marks are left on the top of the cards, so that the user can see the balance of remaining units. Optical cards were produced by [[Landis+Gyr]] and Sodeco from Switzerland and were popular early phonecards in many countries with first optical phonecards successfully introduced in 1977 in [[Belgium]]. Such technology was very secure and not easily hackable but chip cards phased out the optical phone cards around the world and the last [[Landis+Gyr]] factory closed in May 2006 when optical phonecards were still in use in few countries like [[Austria]], [[Israel]] and [[Egypt]].

The third system of stored-value phone cards are [[smart card|smart cards]] and use an embedded microchip. These were first launched on a large scale in 1986 in [[Germany]] by [[Deutsche Bundespost]] after three years of testing, and in [[France]] by [[Orange S.A.|France Télécom]]. Many other countries followed suit, including Ireland in 1990 and the [[United Kingdom|UK]] circa 1994–1995, which phased out the old green Landis+Gyr cards in favor of the chip (smart) cards. The initial microchips were easy to hack, typically by scratching off the programming-voltage contact on the card, which rendered the phone unable to reduce the card's value after a call. But by the mid-to-late 1990s, highly secure technology aided the spread of chip phonecards worldwide.

By the 2010s, the rise in the use of [[Mobile phone|mobile phones]] led to the withdrawal of phone cards by some operators, with [[BT Group|BT]] in the UK withdrawing phone cards from sale in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Allen |first=Richard |date=2012-04-12 |title=BT scraps phonecards after slump |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/hp/front/bt-scraps-phonecards-after-slump-6303851.html |access-date=2025-07-17 |website=The Standard |language=en}}</ref>

==Remote memory systems==

Making a remote memory [[Prepaid telephone calls|prepaid]] or calling card call requires the user to make two calls. It is necessary to dial an access telephone number to connect to the calling card system. There are several methods. One is via a toll-free number, with larger companies offering this internationally. Access through a local number has become increasingly popular in recent years. Toll-free calls are paid for by the recipient (the calling card company), which passes on the cost through higher call charges; total cost of a call to the user is often lower using a local number. When travelling through several local areas a toll-free service may be preferable.

Once connected to the access number, the account is identified by keying in a PIN (the most popular method) or by swiping a card with embedded chip or magnetic stripe. After validation the balance remaining on the card may be announced, and the desired number may be keyed in. The available minutes may be announced, and the call is connected. Many cards make a verbal announcement if credit is running out.

Prepaid or calling cards are usually much cheaper than other telephone services, particularly for travelers who do not have easy access to other services. Hotel telephones can be very expensive, particularly for long-distance calls. Cellular services are flexible, but may attract high [[roaming]] charges away from the home area.

===Telephone accounts symbolized by a card===
The second main technology of phonecards is remote memory, which uses a toll or toll-free access number to reach the database and check for balance on product.

The first public prepaid remote memory phonecard was issued in the United States in December 1980 by Phone Line. As telecom industries around the world became deregulated, remote memory cards were issued in various countries. Remote memory phonecards can be used from any [[Dual-tone multi-frequency signaling|tone-mode]] phone and do not require special card readers. Since remote memory cards are more accessible and have lower costs, remote memory phone cards have proliferated. However, the utility of these cards is reduced by the large number of digits that need to be entered during usage. To call a long-distance number, the user first dials the local access number, then keys in the secret code, followed by the actual long-distance number. Based on the long-distance number entered, the time remaining on the card is announced, and the call is finally processed through.

Remote memory phonecards are in essence text; requiring an access number, a unique PIN and instructions. Therefore, the instructions can be printed on virtually anything, or can be delivered via e-mail or the Internet. Currently many websites post phone card details through e-mail.

Phone cards are available in most countries in retail stores, retail chains and commonly post offices or corner stores. In general, remote memory phonecards can be issued by any company and come in countless varieties. They can focus on calling to certain countries or regions and have specific features such as rechargeability, pinless dial, speed dial and more. Phone cards may have connection fees, taxes and maintenance fees, all influencing the rates.

===Accounts without a card (Virtual phonecards)===
Since the early 2000s calling card service providers have introduced calling accounts not associated with a physical card. Calling accounts can be purchased over the Internet using credit cards and are instantly delivered to the customer via e-mail. This e-mail contains the PIN and instructions for using the service. The service may be prepaid, or may take payment from a credit card or by [[direct debit]]. Some prepaid card companies allow accounts to be recharged online manually or automatically via a method called auto-top-up.

Some virtual cards offer [[Personal identification number|PIN]]<nowiki>less</nowiki> Dialing, either by dialling a number unique to the customer, or by recognising the telephone number which originated the call by [[Caller ID]] and relating it to the appropriate account. Some virtual phone cards allow customers to view their call detail reports (CDRs) online by logging into their account.

The virtual phonecard has become a multi-billion US dollar industry as of 2009{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}, with a number of large corporations and smaller dot com companies.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.sfgate.com/business/press-releases/article/The-Best-Way-to-Make-International-Calls-4753020.php| title = Eliminating the Calling Card [SFGate]| work = SFGate}}</ref> While long-distance inland calls have been offered by calling cards, by the mid-2000s conventional carriers reduced their rates to be competitive; however in many countries calling-card type indirect services can be much cheaper than normal calls.

==Phonecard as an artifact or collectible==
Telecom companies have placed [[advertising]] on phonecards, or featured [[celebrity]] portraits, artwork, or attractive photography.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://colnect.com/phonecards/themes|title=Phonecard catalog : Themes List|website=colnect.com|language=en|access-date=2018-12-20}}</ref> As the supply of any one design is limited, this has led some people to [[collecting|collect]] disposable phonecards. Due to the large number of phonecards, collectors prefer to specialize and collect cards in a certain way. Some collect phonecards that have only one specific chip type or were issued in the same country, while others prefer to get one of everything. Online clubs and catalogs provide collectors with detailed information on phonecards. In addition, these clubs include forums to assist with discussions between collectors.

==Support in telephones==
Most modern telephones, both mobile and fixed, have memory locations in which telephone numbers can be stored. Some telephones have facilities to make calls through a calling card service whose access details and PIN are also stored in the telephone's memory. This may be implemented in different ways, often by pressing one button before making a call; some telephones support "chain dialing", allowing additional numbers to be dialed when on a call (e.g., dial a PIN and a second number after connecting to an access number). So long as long enough sequences can be stored it is possible to store an access number, pause, PIN, and ultimate telephone number in a single normal phone memory location. Software applications which add calling card support are available for a small charge or free for some [[smartphone]]s.

==See also==
* [[Telephone token]]
* [[Prepaid mobile phone]]
* [[SIM card]]
* {{portal-inline|Telephones}}

==Notes and references==
{{Commons category|Telephone cards}}
{{Reflist}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Telephone Card}}
[[Category:Telephone services]]
[[Category:Telecommunications economics]]
[[Category:Payment cards]]

Marriage in Canada

2025-09-28T13:16:30Z

76.67.174.179:

{{Short description|none}}
The Parliament of [[Canada]] has exclusive legislative authority over marriage and divorce in Canada under section 91(26) of the ''[[Constitution Act, 1867]]''. However, section 92(12) of the Constitution Act, 1867 gives the provincial legislatures the power to pass laws regulating the solemnization of marriage.

The marriage rate in Canada has been declining over the years. In 2001, there were 146,618 marriages in Canada, down 6.8% from 157,395 in 2000,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/031120/dq031120c-eng.htm |work= |date=December 12, 2022 |title=Marriage: "I do"? More like "I don’t" |publisher=[[Statistics Canada]]}}</ref> but by 2020, there were only 98,355 marriages registered in Canada, which was the lowest total since 1938.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.statcan.gc.ca/o1/en/plus/2507-marriage-i-do-more-i-dont |work=The Daily |date=November 20, 2003 |title=Marriages |publisher=[[Statistics Canada]]}}</ref> [[Prince Edward Island]] had the highest crude marriage rate (6.5 per 1,000 people) and [[Quebec]] had the lowest (3.0).

Marriage ceremonies in Canada can be either [[civil marriage|civil]] or religious. Marriages may be performed by members of the clergy, marriage commissioners, judges, justices of the peace or clerks of the court, depending on the laws of each province and territory regulating marriage solemnization. In 2001, the majority of Canadian marriages (76.4%) were religious, with the remainder (23.6%) being performed by non-clergy.

[[Same-sex marriage in Canada|Same-sex marriage]] has been legal in Canada nationally since 2005. Court decisions, starting in 2003, had already legalized same-sex marriage in eight out of ten provinces and one of three territories.

==Restrictions==
===Consanguinity===
The federal ''Marriage (Prohibited Degrees) Act'', Section 2<ref>[http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/M-2.1/page-1.html ''Marriage (Prohibited Degrees) Act''], SC 1990, c. 46.</ref> prevents the following persons from getting married:

#Subject to subsection (2), persons related by [[consanguinity]], [[Affinity (law)|affinity]] or [[adoption]] are not prohibited from marrying each other by reason only of their relationship.
#No person shall marry another person if they are related lineally, or as brother or sister or half-brother or half-sister, including by adoption.

===Consent of spouses===
Both parties must freely consent. Forcing somebody to get married is a criminal offence under s. 293.1 of the ''[[Criminal Code (Canada)|Criminal Code]]''.<ref name="Criminal Code">[http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-46/page-70.html Criminal Code, RSC 1985, c. C-46.]</ref> In addition, s. 2.1 of the ''[[Civil Marriage Act]]'' stipulates, "Marriage requires the free and enlightened consent of two persons to be the spouse of each other."<ref name="Civil Marriage Act">[http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/c-31.5/page-1.html ''Civil Marriage Act'', SC 2005, c. 33.]</ref>

===Age of spouses===
Since 2015, federal law has set the absolute minimum [[marriageable age]] at 16.<ref>''[http://canlii.ca/t/52m2q Zero Tolerance for Barbaric Cultural Practices Act]'', SC 2015, c 29, http://canlii.ca/t/52m2q retrieved on 2018-06-24</ref> Provinces and territories may set a minimum age higher than that.<ref name=Leg-Sum-BillS7>{{cite web |url=https://lop.parl.ca/sites/PublicWebsite/default/en_CA/ResearchPublications/LegislativeSummaries/412S7E|title=Legislative Summary of Bill S-7: An Act to amend the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, the Civil Marriage Act and the Criminal Code and to make consequential amendments to other Acts |date=2015-01-26 |access-date=2018-06-24 |publisher=Library of Parliament |author=Julie Béchard |author2=Sandra Elgersma |author3=Julia Nicol}}</ref> In Canada the [[age of majority]] is set by province/territory at 18 or 19, so persons under this age have additional restrictions (i.e. parental and court consent). Section 293.2 of the ''Criminal Code'' also addresses marriages of individuals under the age of 16, reading: ''Everyone who celebrates, aids or participates in a marriage rite or ceremony knowing that one of the persons being married is '''under the age of 16 years''' is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding five years.''<ref name="Criminal Code"/> Section 2.2 of the ''Civil Marriage Act'' also states: ''No person who is '''under the age of 16 years''' may contract marriage.''<ref name="Civil Marriage Act"/> These provisions were enacted in 2015.<ref>{{cite press release |publisher=Government of Canada |url=http://news.gc.ca/web/article-en.do?nid=989099 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623052734/http://news.gc.ca/web/article-en.do?nid=989099 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2015-06-23 |title=Zero Tolerance for Barbaric Cultural Practices Act receives Royal Assent |date=2015-06-18 |access-date=2015-06-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.gazette.gc.ca/rp-pr/p2/2015/2015-07-17-x3/html/si-tr67-eng.html |title=Zero Tolerance for Barbaric Cultural Practices Act: Order Fixing the Day on which this Order is registered as the Day on which Part 3 of the Act Comes into Force |magazine=Canada Gazette Extra |volume=149 |issue=3 |date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2018-06-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/barbaric-cultural-practices-bill-debate-limited-by-conservatives-1.2992181 |quote=The legislation, bill S-7, originated in the Senate and would make it illegal for anyone under 16 to get married. |title='Barbaric cultural practices' bill debate limited by Conservatives |work=CBC.ca |date=2015-03-12 |access-date=2018-06-24 |author=Laura Payton }}</ref> Before 2015, it was possible for children less than 16 years old to get married in some jurisdictions of Canada, with parental consent or a court order.<ref name="Leg-Sum-BillS7"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/03/child-marriage-map/387214/ |title=A Strange Map of the World's Child-Marriage Laws |work=The Atlantic |author=Olga Khazan |date=2015-03-09 |access-date=2018-06-24 }}</ref> (The legal marriage age with parental consent was possibly as low as 7 in some Canadian jurisdictions.<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=National Post |author=Stewart Bell |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/politics/conservatives-propose-increasing-legal-marriage-age-to-16-say-it-will-keep-barbaric-cultural-practices-out-of-canada |title=Conservatives propose increasing legal marriage age to 16, say it will keep 'barbaric cultural practices' out of Canada |date=2014-11-05 |access-date=2018-06-24 }}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |quote=The minimum age of 16 for marriage, below which no marriage can be contracted, is currently contained in federal legislation that applies in the Province of Quebec only. For the other provinces and territories, the minimum age is not currently provided for in federal legislation and there is some debate about the minimum age in common law, with some establishing the age at 12 for girls and 14 for boys, and others at age seven for all. |url=http://news.gc.ca/web/article-en.do?mthd=tp&crtr.page=1&nid=900359&crtr.tp1D=930 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106211137/http://news.gc.ca/web/article-en.do?mthd=tp&crtr.page=1&nid=900359&crtr.tp1D=930 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2014-11-06 |access-date=2014-11-06 |date=2014-11-05 |title=Backgrounder: Comparative overview of proposed changes in the Zero Tolerance for Barbaric Cultural Practices Act |publisher=Government of Canada }}</ref>)

====Minimum age by province and territory====
* British Columbia: 19, or 16 with parental consent.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Marriage Act|url=http://www.bclaws.ca/civix/document/id/complete/statreg/96282_01|website=bclaws.ca|access-date=2020-05-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Formal Marriage Requirements|url=http://bclearningnetwork.com/LOR/media/law12/COURSE_2573710_M/my_files/module4/section1/lesson2/topic1.html|website=bclearningnetwork.com|access-date=2020-05-20}}</ref>
* Alberta: 18, or 16 with consent of all parents and legal guardians.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Get a marriage licence|url=https://www.alberta.ca/get-marriage-licence.aspx|website=alberta.ca|language=en-CA|access-date=2020-05-20}}</ref>
* Saskatchewan: 18, or 16 with a "Consent to Marriage of a Minor" form signed and completed by the parent(s) or guardian(s) in the presence of a Saskatchewan marriage licence issuer, clergy or any person authorized to take affidavits. "If the parent(s) or guardian(s) refuse to consent to the marriage, the minor can apply to a judge of either the provincial or Queen's Bench court for an order dispensing with their consent. The minor may obtain the judge's order by applying to a court house in Saskatchewan."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Marriage Licences {{!}} Marriages|url=https://www.saskatchewan.ca/residents/births-deaths-marriages-and-divorces/marriages/get-a-marriage-licence#minors|website=Government of Saskatchewan|language=en|access-date=2020-05-20}}</ref>
* Manitoba: 18, or 16 (with judicial consent).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marriage and Common-Law Relationships {{!}} Province of Manitoba |url=https://www.gov.mb.ca/familylaw/relationships/marriage-and-common-law-relationships.html#:~:text=Persons%20under%20the%20age%20of,out%20in%20The%20Marriage%20Act. |access-date=2020-05-20 |website=Province of Manitoba - Manitoba Vital Statistics Agency |language=en}}</ref>
* Ontario: 18, or 16 with written consent from both sets of parents.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ontario.ca/page/getting-married|website=ontario.ca|access-date=2020-05-20|title=Getting married }}</ref>
* Quebec: 18, or 16 with authorization from the courts.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Legal age for marriage|url=https://www.justice.gouv.qc.ca/en/couples-and-families/marriage-civil-union-and-de-facto-union/marriage/conditions-of-marriage/legal-age-for-marriage|website=Ministère de la justice|language=en|access-date=2020-05-20}}</ref>
* New Brunswick: 18, or 16 with an affidavit of consent signed by parents or guardians.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Getting Married - Frequently Asked Questions|url=https://www2.snb.ca/content/snb/en/sites/vitalstatistics/gmfaq.html#13|last=Government of New Brunswick|first=Canada|date=2017-10-16|website=www2.snb.ca|language=en|access-date=2020-05-20}}</ref>
* Nova Scotia: 19, or 16 with a signed consent form.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Apply for a Marriage Licence|url=https://beta.novascotia.ca/apply-marriage-licence|last=Scotia|first=Communications Nova|date=2018-05-01|website=novascotia.ca|language=en|access-date=2020-05-20}}</ref>
* Prince Edward Island: 18, or 16 with a consent form signed by parent(s).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-12-20 |title=Are you old enough? - Prince Edward Island Government |url=https://www.princeedwardisland.ca/en/information/justice-and-public-safety/are-you-old-enough# |access-date=2020-05-20 |website=princeedwardisland.ca}}</ref>
* Newfoundland and Labrador: 19, or younger wherein "special consents may be required."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Getting Married|url=https://www.gov.nl.ca/snl/birth/getting-married/|website=Service NL|language=en-CA|access-date=2020-05-20}}</ref>
* Yukon: 19, or younger with consent of parent(s) or legal guardian(s).<ref>{{Cite web|title=MARRIAGE ACT|url=http://www.gov.yk.ca/legislation/acts/marriage.pdf|website=gov.yk.ca/|access-date=2020-05-20}}</ref>
* Northwest Territories: 19, or younger with parental consent.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Marriage|url=https://www.justice.gov.nt.ca/en/marriage/|website=justice.gov.nt.ca|language=en-CA|access-date=2020-05-20}}</ref>
* Nunavut: 19, or 16 with parental consent.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nunavut Marriage FAQs|url=https://www.canadianbirthcertificate.com/FAQDetails/Marriage/NunavutMarriageFAQs#Faq11|website=canadianbirthcertificate.com|access-date=2020-05-20}}</ref>

==Divorce==
{| class="wikitable sortable floatright mw-collapsible" style="width:200px;font-size:small;line-height:1;"
|+ {{nowrap|Divorce rates in Canada per 100,000{{efn|Divorce rates are per 100,000 residents in Canada}}<ref name="1950-2008 Canadian Divorce Rates">{{cite web |url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/82-624-x/2012001/article/desc/11696-08-desc-eng.htm |title=Divorce and suicide rates, per 100,000, Canada, 1950 to 2008 |publisher=[[Statistics Canada]]}}</ref>}}<ref name="2008-2020">{{cite web |title=Number of divorces and divorce indicators |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=3910005101&pickMembers%5B0%5D=1.1&cubeTimeFrame.startYear=2008&cubeTimeFrame.endYear=2020&referencePeriods=20080101%2C20200101 |website=Statistics Canada |publisher=Statistics Canada |access-date=11 March 2025}}</ref>
! style="width:50%;" | Year
!Rate
|-
|1950 || 39.3
|-
|1951 || 37.6
|-
|1952 || 39.1
|-
|1953 || 41.5
|-
|1954 || 38.7
|-
|1955 || 38.6
|-
|1956 || 37.3
|-
|1957 || 40.3
|-
|1958 || 36.8
|-
|1959 || 37.4
|-
|1960 || 39.1
|-
|1961 || 36.0
|-
|1962 || 36.4
|-
|1963 || 40.6
|-
|1964 || 44.7
|-
|1965 || 45.7
|-
|1966 || 51.2
|-
|1967 || 54.8
|-
|1968 || 54.8
|-
|1969 || 124.2
|-
|1970 || 139.8
|-
|1971 || 135.2
|-
|1972 || 145.8
|-
|1973 || 163.2
|-
|1974 || 197.4
|-
|1975 || 218.7
|-
|1976 || 231.2
|-
|1977 || 233.4
|-
|1978 || 238.5
|-
|1979 || 245.7
|-
|1980 || 253.0
|-
|1981 || 272.6
|-
|1982 || 280.4
|-
|1983 || 270.3
|-
|1984 || 254.5
|-
|1985 || 239.8
|-
|1986 || 300.0
|-
|1987 || 363.8
|-
|1988 || 311.7
|-
|1989 || 296.9
|-
|1990 || 283.4
|-
|1991 || 274.7
|-
|1992 || 278.6
|-
|1993 || 272.7
|-
|1994 || 272.0
|-
|1995 || 264.9
|-
|1996 || 241.6
|-
|1997 || 225.4
|-
|1998 || 229.1
|-
|1999 || 233.2
|-
|2000 || 231.8
|-
|2001 || 229.2
|-
|2002 || 223.8
|-
|2003 || 223.9
|-
|2004 || 218.0
|-
|2005 || 221.0
|-
|2006 || 229.3
|-
|2007 || 222.2
|-
|2008 || 210.8
|-
|2009 || 206.9
|-
|2010 || 204.9
|-
|2011 || 199.6
|-
|2012 || 197.4
|-
|2013 || 187.6
|-
|2014 || 177.0
|-
|2015 || 170.8
|-
|2016 || 172.8
|-
|2017 || 170.4
|-
|2018 || 165.5
|-
|2019 || 151.4
|-
|2020 || 112.9
|-
|}
Termination of marriage in Canada is covered by the federal ''[[Divorce Act (Canada)|Divorce Act]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/D-3.4/index.html |title=Divorce Act, RSC 1985, c. 3 (2nd Supp.) |year=2007 |work=Justice Laws Website |publisher=[[Department of Justice (Canada)]]}}</ref>

A [[divorce]] may be granted for one of the following reasons:
* the marriage has irretrievably broken down, and the two parties have been living apart for a year (s.8(2)(a) of the ''Act'')
* one party has committed adultery (s.8(2)(b)(i) of the ''Act'')
* one party has treated the other party "with physical or mental cruelty of such a kind as to render intolerable the continued cohabitation of the spouses" (s.8(2)(b)(ii) of the ''Act'')

Key headings of the ''Divorce Act'':

*Interpretation<ref>[http://canlii.ca/en/ca/laws/stat/rsc-1985-c-3-2nd-supp/latest/rsc-1985-c-3-2nd-supp.html#sec1 Interpretation]. [[Canadian Legal Information Institute]].</ref>
*Jurisdiction<ref>[http://canlii.ca/en/ca/laws/stat/rsc-1985-c-3-2nd-supp/latest/rsc-1985-c-3-2nd-supp.html#sec2subsec6 Jurisdiction]. [[Canadian Legal Information Institute]].</ref>
*Divorce<ref>[http://canlii.ca/en/ca/laws/stat/rsc-1985-c-3-2nd-supp/latest/rsc-1985-c-3-2nd-supp.html#sec7 Divorce]. [[Canadian Legal Information Institute]].</ref>
*Child support orders<ref>[http://canlii.ca/en/ca/laws/stat/rsc-1985-c-3-2nd-supp/latest/rsc-1985-c-3-2nd-supp.html#sec15 Child support orders]. [[Canadian Legal Information Institute]].</ref>
*Spousal support orders<ref>[http://canlii.ca/en/ca/laws/stat/rsc-1985-c-3-2nd-supp/latest/rsc-1985-c-3-2nd-supp.html#sec15.1subsec8 Spousal support orders]. [[Canadian Legal Information Institute]].</ref>
*Priority<ref>[http://canlii.ca/en/ca/laws/stat/rsc-1985-c-3-2nd-supp/latest/rsc-1985-c-3-2nd-supp.html#sec15.2subsec6 Priority]. [[Canadian Legal Information Institute]].</ref>
*Custody orders<ref>[http://canlii.ca/en/ca/laws/stat/rsc-1985-c-3-2nd-supp/latest/rsc-1985-c-3-2nd-supp.html#sec15.3subsec3 Custody orders]. [[Canadian Legal Information Institute]].</ref>
*Variation, rescission or suspension of orders<ref>[http://canlii.ca/en/ca/laws/stat/rsc-1985-c-3-2nd-supp/latest/rsc-1985-c-3-2nd-supp.html#sec16subsec10 Variation, rescission or suspension of orders]. [[Canadian Legal Information Institute]].</ref>
*Provisional orders<ref>[http://canlii.ca/en/ca/laws/stat/rsc-1985-c-3-2nd-supp/latest/rsc-1985-c-3-2nd-supp.html#sec17.1 Provisional orders]. [[Canadian Legal Information Institute]].</ref>
*Appeals<ref>[http://canlii.ca/en/ca/laws/stat/rsc-1985-c-3-2nd-supp/latest/rsc-1985-c-3-2nd-supp.html#sec20.1subsec2 Appeals]. [[Canadian Legal Information Institute]].</ref>
*General<ref>[http://canlii.ca/en/ca/laws/stat/rsc-1985-c-3-2nd-supp/latest/rsc-1985-c-3-2nd-supp.html#sec21subsec6 General]. [[Canadian Legal Information Institute]].</ref>

===Divorce rates by year===
This chart, with data from [[Statistics Canada]], shows the amount of divorces per 100,000 residents of Canada from 1950 to 2020.<ref name="1950-2008 Canadian Divorce Rates"/><ref name="2008-2020" />
{{Graph:Chart
| width = 600
| height = 300
| type = line
| xAxisTitle = Divorce year
| yAxisTitle = Divorces per 100,000 Canadians
| yGrid =
| yAxisMax = 400
| x = {{for loop|,|call=1x|pv=1|start=1950|stop=2008}}
| y = 39.3,37.6,39.1,41.5,38.7,38.6,37.3,40.3,36.8,37.4,39.1,36.0,36.4,40.6,44.7,45.7,51.2,54.8,54.8,124.2,
139.8,135.2,145.8,163.2,197.4,218.7,231.2,233.4,238.5,245.7,253.0,272.6,280.4,270.3,254.5,239.8,300.0,363.8,311.7,296.9,
283.4,274.7,278.6,272.7,272.0,264.9,241.6,225.4,229.1,233.2,231.8,229.2,223.8,223.9,218.0,221.0,229.3,222.2,210.8
}}

===Divorce rates in Canada by year of marriage===
This chart, with data from [[Statistics Canada]], shows the amount of marriages from 1955 to 2004 that ultimately ended in divorce. The data was collected in 2004.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=3910002801 |title=Divorce rates, by year of marriage |year=2018 |publisher=[[Statistics Canada]] |doi=10.25318/3910002801-eng |doi-access=free }}</ref>
{{Graph:Chart
| width = 600
| height = 200
| type = line
| xAxisTitle = Marriage year
| yAxisTitle = Divorces by 2004 per 1,000 marriages
| yGrid =
| yAxisMax = 30
| x = {{for loop|,|call=1x|pv=1|start=2004|by=-1|stop=1955}}
| y = 0.34,3.89,15.74,26.08,25.83,23.42,22.41,20.78,19.57,18.17,16.86,15.98,14.61,13.59,13.21,12.26,11.27,11.13,10.18,9.97,9.33,9.23,8.95,8.42,8.21,7.02,6.43,5.59,5.21,4.88,4.52,3.86,3.55,3.05,2.70,2.51,2.29,2.03,1.72,1.50,1.19,1.16,0.97,0.76,0.70,0.70,0.39,0.44,0.36,0.27
}}

==Polygamy==
{{main|Polygamy in North America}}
In Canada, [[polygamy]] is a criminal offence,<ref name="Criminal Code"/> but prosecutions are rare. In March 2014, [[Winston Blackmore]] and [[James Oler]] were charged with polygamy;<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/bountiful-sect-members-face-polygamy-child-related-charges-1.2735785 | title = Bountiful sect members face polygamy, child-related charges | date = 2014-08-13 | website = CBC News | access-date = 2018-07-19}}</ref> their prosecutions were the first such cases in Canada in over sixty-five years.<ref name=Lak2009-1-21>{{cite news |url= https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/canada-s-polygamy-legislation-1.856477 |title= Canada's polygamy legislation |date= January 21, 2009 |first= Daniel |last= Lak |publisher= [[CBC News]] |access-date= 2011-12-05}}</ref> In 2007, an independent prosecutor in [[British Columbia]] recommended that Canadian courts be asked to rule on the constitutionality of laws against polygamy.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSN3127523520070801 |work= Reuters |title= Canada urged to review legality of polygamy ban |first= Allan |last= Dowd |date= August 1, 2007 |access-date= 2011-12-05}}</ref> The [[Supreme Court of British Columbia]] upheld Canada's polygamy laws in a 2011 [[reference question|reference case]].<ref>{{cite news |title= Canada's polygamy laws upheld by B.C. Supreme Court |url= https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/canada-s-polygamy-laws-upheld-by-b-c-supreme-court-1.856480 |publisher= CBC News |date= November 23, 2011 |access-date= 2011-12-05 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |contribution= Reference re: Section 293 of the Criminal Code of Canada |title= 2011 [[Supreme Court of British Columbia|BCSC]] 1588 |contribution-url= http://canlii.ca/t/fnzqf |publisher=[[Canadian Legal Information Institute]] }}</ref>

On March 9, 2018, the Supreme Court of British Columbia reaffirmed the constitutionality of Canada's anti-polygamy laws,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/polygamy-conviction-bc-winston-blackmore-james-oler-1.4569158 | title = Judge tosses convicted B.C. polygamists' constitutional challenge | date = 2018-03-09 | website = CBC News | access-date = 2018-07-19 | quote = Winston Blackmore and James Oler were found guilty of having multiple wives in B.C. Supreme Court last July. They returned to court to argue their convictions were null because the law itself was unconstitutional under the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. On Friday, B.C. Supreme Court Justice Sheri Ann Donegan rejected the argument, stating that Blackmore and Oler considered their lifestyles above the law when they continued to marry women in Bountiful, B.C.}}</ref> upholding the July 2017 polygamy convictions of [[Winston Blackmore]] and [[James Oler]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/bc-polygamy-trial-1.4218735 | title = Winston Blackmore and James Oler found guilty of polygamy by B.C. judge | date = 2017-07-24 | website = CBC News | access-date = 2018-07-19 | quote = Two former religious leaders in B.C. have been found guilty of polygamy after marrying more than two dozen women over the course of 25 years.}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Concubinage in Canada]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{North America topic|Marriage in}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Marriage In Canada}}
[[Category:Marriage in Canada| ]]