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Al-Waqi'a

2025-09-05T20:00:49Z

77.29.242.111:

{{Short description|56th chapter of the Qur'an}}
{{infobox surah
| number = 56
| number-3 = 056
| name = Al-Wāqiʻah
| name-ar = الواقعة
| name-en = The Event
| prev_sura = Quran 55
| next_sura = Quran 57
| classification = Meccan
| othernames-ar = 
| othernames =
| juz = 27
| rukus = 4
|Hizb_number =54
| verses = 96
| words = 428
| letters = 1723
| muqattaat = 
| sajdahs = 
| audio = Chapter 56, Al-Waqi'a (Mujawwad) - Recitation of the Holy Qur'an.mp3
}}
{{Quran}}
[[File:Unknown, North Africa, 10th Century - Qur'an Page - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Page from the Qur'an manuscript with the fragment of the surah Al-Waqi'a. [[Kufic]] script, North Africa, 10th century. [[Museum of Islamic Art, Doha]]]]
[[File:Folio from a Qur’an, sura 56,75-77 (F1932.1).jpg|thumb|Right-hand half of a double-page frontispiece of the [[Mamluk Sultanate|Mamluk]] Qur'an with verses 75-77 of the surah Al-Waqi'a in [[Kufic|kufic script]]. This frontispiece marks the beginning of the 3rd section of the surah. Egypt, late 14th century. [[Freer Gallery of Art]]]]

'''Al-Wāqiʻa'''<ref name = "Quran 4 U">{{cite web|url=http://www.quran4u.com/Tafsir%20Ibn%20Kathir/056%20Waqiah.htm |title=Tafsir Ibn Kathir (English): Surah Al Waqiah |work=Quran 4 U|author= Ibn Kathir|author-link= Ibn Kathir|access-date=27 January 2020}}</ref> ({{langx|ar| الواقعة}}; "The Inevitable"<ref name=WDL1>{{cite web|title=Qur'anic Verses (56:77-9) on Carpet Page|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/6801|publisher=[[World Digital Library]]|access-date=1 March 2013}}</ref> or "The Event"{{sfn|The Study Quran|p=1319}}) is the [[List of chapters in the Quran|56th]] [[surah]] (chapter) of the Quran. [[Muslims]] believe it was revealed in [[Mecca]] (see [[Meccan surah]]), specifically around 7 years before the [[Hijrah]] (622), the migration of [[Muhammad]] to Medina.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Message of the Quran, M. Asad, 1982, Introduction Surah Al-Waqi'a|quote=According to all available evidence, this surah was revealed about seven years before the Prophet's hijrah.}}</ref> The total number of [[ayah|verses]] in this surah is 96. It mainly discusses the afterlife according to Islam, and the different fates people will face in it.

== Summary ==
The [[afterlife]] (''[[akhirah]]'') is the main topic discussed in the chapter. Picking up from the preceding chapter, [[Ar-Rahman]], which discusses the rewards of [[Paradise]] (''[[jannah]]''), this chapter also mentions them and then contrasts them with the punishment of [[hell#Islam|hell]]. The chapter also distinguishes the three classes of people in the afterlife, "the foremost", "the companions of the right" and "the companions of the left": the first two groups will enter paradise while the companions of the left will go to hell.{{sfn|The Study Quran|p=1319}} Here, "the right" is associated with goodness, the righteous will be seated to the right of God's throne and receive their records of deeds in their right hand.{{sfn|The Study Quran|p=1320, vv.8–9 commentaries}} The "foremost" refers to a special group of people who will have an even better fate than the companions of the right in the afterlife. Quranic commentators differ on understanding who the foremost is. They variously identify the foremost with the prophets, the saints, the truthful, the martyrs, the first to accept Islam, and others.{{sfn|The Study Quran|p=1321, v.10 commentary}}

==Ayat (verses)==
*'''1-2''' The coming of the [[Judgement Day in Islam|Judgment Day]] inevitable
*'''3-7''' Its terrors described
*'''8-11''' Its coming shall separate men into three classes
*'''12-39''' Joys of the [[Muslim heaven]] described
*'''40-56''' The punishment of the [[wicked in Islam|wicked]] in [[hell in Islam|hell]] depicted
*'''57-73''' Arguments for the resurrection of the dead drawn from God’s work in creation and providence
*'''74-81''' Oath by the stars that the Qurán is divinely-inspired
*'''82-96''' Men should believe in God since they cannot save the dying from death <ref>{{cite book |last1=Wherry |first1=Elwood Morris |author1-link=Elwood Morris Wherry |title=A Complete Index to [[Sale's Text]], Preliminary Discourse, and Notes |date=1896 |publisher=Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, and Co |location=London}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

== Revelation history ==
According to Quranic [[tafsir|commentators]], the chapter is a [[Meccan sura]], that is, it was revealed during the [[Muhammad in Mecca|Meccan period]] of Muhammad's prophethood. Some commentators, although not in the majority, argue that part of it was revealed during the [[Muhammad in Medina|Medinan period]]. Some of such commentators maintain that verses 39–40 are the verses that was from the Medinan period, while some say 81–82, and others say 83.{{sfn|The Study Quran|p=1319}}

The traditional Egyptian chronology puts the chapter as the 41st chapter by the order of revelation (after [[At-Tur]]), while the [[Nöldeke Chronology]] (by the [[Oriental studies|orientalist]] [[Theodor Nöldeke]]) puts it as the 46th.<ref>{{cite book|first=Carl W. |last=Ernst|title=How to Read the Qur'an: A New Guide, with Select Translations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pi2lPiUgEnIC|date=5 December 2011|publisher=Univ of North Carolina Press|isbn=978-0-8078-6907-9 |page=39}}</ref> The chapter's position in the Quran, which is not determined by the revelation order, is as the 56th chapter, right after [[Ar-Rahman]] which discusses partly related topic.

==Exegesis==
===Q56:22 Houri===
{{Main Article |Houri}}
{{See also|Ar-Rahman#Verses 55:70 - 77}}
{{quote|56:22 And (there will be) [[Houri]] with wide lovely eyes.<ref name = "Quran 4 U"/>{{rp|56:22}}}}

According to [[Ibn Kathir]], in [[Jannah|paradise]] there will be, {{quote|"[[Houri]] (fair females) with wide lovely eyes, like preserved pearls. Therefore, God's statement, (Verily, We have created them), meaning, in the other life, after they became old in this life, they were brought back while virgin, youthful, being delightfully passionate with their husbands, beautiful, kind and cheerful".<ref name = "Quran 4 U"/>{{rp|56:22}}}}

In ''[[The Message of The Qur'an]]'', Muhammad Asad asserts that the "noun hur - rendered as 'companions pure' - is a plural of both ahwar (masculine) and hawra' (female), either of which describes a person distinguished by hawar', which latter term primarily denotes 'intense whiteness of the eyeballs and lustrous black of the iris'. Asad as well as Yusuf Ali and [[Marmaduke Pickthall]] translate this verse as:<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Message of the Quran, Muhammad Asad, 1982, Commentary on 56:22. And [with them will be their] companions pure, most beautiful of eye, like unto pearls [still] hidden in their shells. [And this will be] a reward for what they did [in life].}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Quran, tranl. by Pickthall, Surah 56:22. "And (there are) fair ones with wide, lovely eyes"}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Holy Quran, Yusuf Ali, Surah 56:22 "And (there will be) Companions with beautiful big and lustrous eyes"}}</ref>

{{quote| And [with them will be their] companions pure, most beautiful of eye, like unto pearls [still] hidden in their shells. [And this will be] a reward for what they did [in life].}}

The ''Enlightening Commentary into the Light of the Holy Qur'an'' says, "the people of Paradise shall have spouses from amongst [[houri]] with fair complexions and wide black eyes who are preserved like pearls in shells".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.al-islam.org/printpdf/book/export/html/29731 |title=An Enlightening Commentary into the Light of the Holy Qur'an vol. 17 |page= 380|work=Al Islam.org|access-date=27 January 2020}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://alwaqiahh.com/|title= Surah Al-Waqiah}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TUj6lTXGIVM&ab Surah Al Waqiah Complete recitation with translation]
* [https://almuhammadiacademy.com/surah-al-waqiah-theme-virtues-how-to-learn/ Surah Al Waqia]
* [https://faizeislam.net/quran/surah-al-waqiah/ Read Surah Waqiah]

== Bibliography ==
{{commons category}}
* {{cite book|editor1=Seyyed Hossein Nasr|editor2=Caner K. Dagli|editor3=Maria Massi Dakake|editor4=Joseph E.B. Lumbard|editor5=Mohammed Rustom|title=The Study Quran: A New Translation and Commentary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GVSzBgAAQBAJ|date=2015|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=978-0-06-112586-7|location=[[New York City|New York, NY]]|ref={{SfnRef|The Study Quran}}}}

{{Sura|56|[[Ar-Rahman]]|[[Al-Hadid]]}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Chapters in the Quran|Waqia]]
[[Category:Islamic eschatology]]

Hud (surah)

2025-09-05T19:39:15Z

77.29.242.111:

{{Short description|11th chapter of the Qur'an}}

{{Infobox surah
|Name_of_Surah=Hūd
|Arabic_name={{lang|ar|هُود}}
|Screenshot_of_Surah=
|Caption=
|Classification=[[Makkan sura|Makkan]]
|Meaning_of_the_name=[[Hud (prophet)|Hud]]
|Other_names=
|Time_of_revelation=
|Sura_number=11
|Number_of_verses=123
|Juz'_number=11 to 12
|Hizb_number=22 to 24
|Number_of_Rukus=10
|Number_of_words=1946
|Number_of_letters=7817
|Harf-e-Mukatta'at= ʾAlif Lām Rā الر
|Subjectwise_ayat=
|Previous_Sura=Quran 10
|Next_Sura=Quran 12
|sound = Chapter 11, Hud (Murattal) - Recitation of the Holy Qur'an.mp3
|sound_title =
}}
{{Quran}}
'''Hud''' ({{langx|ar|هود}}, {{transliteration|ar|Hūd}})<ref name = "Quran 4 U">{{cite web|url=http://www.quran4u.com/Tafsir%20Ibn%20Kathir/011%20Hud.htm |title=Tafsir Ibn Kathir (English): Surah Hud |work=Quran 4 U|author= Ibn Kathir (d.1373)|author-link= Ibn Kathir|publisher=[[Tafsir]]|access-date=18 December 2019}}</ref> is the [[List of chapters in the Quran|11th chapter]] (''[[Surah]]'')<ref name="HookerOthman2003">{{cite book|author1=Virginia Hooker|author2=Norani Othman|title=Malaysia: Islam, Society and Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0W5t5lxigh8C&pg=PA211|year=2003|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|isbn=978-981-230-161-1|pages=211}}</ref> of the [[Quran]] and has 123 verses (''[[ayat]]''). It relates in part to the prophet [[Hud (prophet)|Hud]]. Regarding the timing and contextual background of the revelation (''[[asbāb al-nuzūl]]''), it is an earlier "[[Meccan surah]]", which means it is believed to have been [[Revelation in Islam|revealed]] in Mecca, instead of later in Medina.

Verses '''105-112''' are preserved in the [[Ṣan‘ā’1 lower text]].<ref>Behnam Sadeghi & Mohsen Goudarzi, "[https://bible-quran.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Sadeghi-Goudarzi-sana-Origins-of-the-Quran.pdf Sana'a and the Origins of the Qu'ran]", ''Der Islam'', '''87''' (2012), 37.</ref>

==Summary==
[[File:Salih and the she camel.jpg|thumb|[[illuminated manuscript|Illumination]] of Salih and the she-camel, 427 AH (mid-11th century CE)]]

=== Opening ===
*'''1-2''' The Quran a [[Waḥy|revelation]] from God
*'''3-5''' [[Muhammad]] a warner and a preacher of goodness
*'''6''' [[Infidels in Islam|Infidels]] cannot hide their [[Islamic views on sin|sin from God]]
*'''7-8''' God the Creator and Preserver of all creatures
*'''8''' The resurrection rejected by the infidels as [[sorcery in Islam|sorcery]]
*'''9''' They scoff at threatened punishment
*'''10-11''' Mercy and judgment alike disregarded by infidels
*'''12''' Those who persevere in good works shall be rewarded
*'''13''' The unbelievers demand a sign from heaven
*'''14''' Muhammad charged with forging the Qurán
*'''14-15''' He challenges the infidels to produce ten chapters like it, or to become Muslims
*'''16-17''' The miserable fate of those who live for this present world
*'''18''' Moses and the Jews attest the truth of the Qurán
*'''19-23''' The maligners of prophets shall be cursed
*'''24''' The blessed portion of believers
*'''25''' Comparison of believers and nonbelievers

=== History of [[Noah in Islam|Noah]] ===

* '''26-27''' He is sent as a public preacher
* '''28''' The chiefs of his people reject him as a liar
* '''29-32''' Noah protests his integrity - Refuses to drive away his poor followers - Deprecates being thought a seer or an angel
* '''33''' His people challenge him to bring on the threatened judgment
* '''34-35''' Noah declares that God destroys and saves whom he pleaseth
* '''36''' Noah's people declare his message a forgery
* '''37''' God tells Noah that no more of his people will believe on him
* '''38''' He is commanded to make an ark
* '''39''' Noah builds the ark and is derided by the people
* '''40-41''' Embarks with his followers and one pair each of the animals
* '''42-43''' Noah in vain entreats his unbelieving son to embark
* '''44''' The waters abate and the ark rests on [[Al Júdi]]
* '''45''' Noah pleads with God for his son
* '''46''' God reproves him for his intercession for his son
* '''47''' Noah repents and asks pardon for his fault
* '''48''' He descends from the ark
* '''49''' This history a secret revealed to Muhammad

=== History of [[Hud (prophet)|Hūd]] ===

* '''50-52''' He is sent to call Ád from idolatry
* '''53''' The Ádites reject him as a liar
* '''54-57''' Hūd protests his integrity, and declares his trust in God to save him from their plots
* '''58''' God delivers Hūd and his followers
* '''59-60''' The Ádites reject their messenger and are destroyed

=== History of [[Sálih]] ===

* '''61''' He is sent to call the [[Thamúdites]] from idolatry
* '''62''' They reject his message
* '''63-64''' Sálih protests his integrity, and gives them a [[she-camel]] as a sign from God
* '''65''' They kill the [[camel in Islam|camel]], and are threatened with destruction
* '''66''' Sálih and his followers are saved from destruction
* '''67-68''' The Thamúdites are miserably destroyed

=== History of [[Abraham in Islam|Abraham]] and [[Lot (biblical person)#Islamic view|Lot]] ===

* '''69''' God's messengers sent to Abraham—He entertains them
* '''70''' He is filled with fear because they refuse to eat his meat
* '''70-71''' The angels quiet his fears and tell him they are sent to the people of Lot
* '''71-73''' [[Sarah in Islam|Sarah]] receives the promise of Isaac and Jacob
* '''74''' Abraham intercedes for the people of Lot
* '''75''' The angels refuse his request
* '''76''' Lot is anxious for the safety of his angel visitors
* '''77-79''' The Sodomites attack his house
* '''80''' The angels warn Lot to leave the city and inform him of the destruction impending over his people and his wife
* '''81-82''' The cities are overthrown and the people killed by a shower of bricks

=== History of [[Shuaib]] ===

* '''83''' He is sent to call the Midianites from idolatry
* '''84-86''' He reproaches them for dishonest weights and measures
* '''87''' The people reject him, refusing to leave their idols
* '''88-90''' Shuaib protests his integrity, and exhorts them to flee the fate of the people of Noah, Hūd, Sálih, and Lot
* '''91''' The people threaten to stone him
* '''92-94''' Shuaib threatens them with Divine judgment
* '''95-96''' God destroys the infidels, but saves Shuaib and his followers

=== History of [[Moses in Islam|Moses]] ===

* '''97''' He is sent with signs to Pharaoh and his princes
* '''98-100''' They reject him, and are consigned to hell-fire
* '''101-105''' Exhortation and warning drawn from the fate of these cities
* '''106-109''' The condition of the righteous and wicked in judgment
* '''110''' Muhammad not to doubt about the religion of the Quraish

=== Conclusion ===
*'''111''' The [[Quraish]] doubt the Quran as the Jews did the [[Pentateuch in Islam|Pentateuch]]
*'''112''' God will punish their evil deeds
*'''113-114''' Muhammad [[exhorted]] to be steadfast
*'''115''' An exhortation to [[prayer in Islam|prayer]]
*'''116-118''' God just in destroying the unbelieving cities
*'''119''' The unbelievers predestinated to damnation
*'''120''' The whole history of the prophets related to Muhammad
*'''121-122''' Unbelievers threatened
*'''123''' Muhammad exhorted to put his trust in God<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wherry |first1=Elwood Morris |author1-link=Elwood Morris Wherry |title=A Complete Index to [[Sale's Text]], Preliminary Discourse, and Notes |date=1896 |publisher=Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, and Co |location=London}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

==Exegesis==
{{More citations needed|date=February 2020}}
Quran 11 opens with a discussion on the nature of man and the punishment that awaits those who defy God. Thereafter, the main content of the surah is a series of stories of prophets who warned their people to follow God, the people persisting in defying God, and God punishing and killing them.

===25-49 The story of Noah===
Verses 11:25-49 tell the story of [[Noah in Islam|Noah]] and how his people did not believe his commands to follow God. The non-believers are drowned in a [[Noah's Ark|flood]], which includes Noah's son; Noah asks God about this act, but God rebukes Noah as being ignorant and says that Noah's son is "not a member of his family." Surah 66, [[At-Tahrim]], elaborates on this and says that Noah's wife is a non-believer in hell who was unfaithful to her husband.<ref name = "Quran 4 U"/>{{rp|11:25–49}}

===50-60 The prophet Hud is sent to the ʿĀd===
Verses 11:50-60 deal with the prophet [[Hud (prophet)|Hud]], the namesake of the Surah. He was sent to the [[ʿĀd]], an Omani tribe which according to history crumbled sometime between the 3rd and 6th century AD. The ʿĀd did not believe Hud. While, Hud and those who do believe are rescued by God, followed by God inflicting a "dreadful doom" on them so that they were "accursed in the world."

===61-68 The people of Thamud and the prophet Saleh===
Verses 11:61-68 concern the people of [[Thamud]] and the prophet [[Salih|Saleh]]. Saleh tries to convince Thamud to repent, but once more the unbelievers ignore the prophet. Saleh offers a she-camel as an offering of peace, but says that it should be left alone. If anything befalls it, the people will be punished. They did not listen to the prophet and they killed the Camal. The camel is hamstrung, Saleh and those who believe are rescued, and the unbelievers are smitten by a "blast from heaven."

===69-84 Sodom and Gomorrah ===
The story of [[Sodom and Gomorrah]] is in Verses 11:69-84. [[Abraham in Islam|Abraham]] and [[Sarah]] are given the news of their son and grandson's forthcoming birth ([[Isaac in Islam|Isaac]] and [[Jacob in Islam|Jacob]]), after which they plead for mercy for Lot's people. God refuses the request, saying that the punishment cannot be averted. [[Lot in Islam|Lot]] offers his daughters( for marriage )to the men of Sodom, but they respond with disinterest and say "you know what we want."

===80-84 Homosexuality===
Verses 11:80-84 confirms the Biblical account of [[Homosexuality and Islam|homosexuality]] as being the crime of Lot's people. Angels descend to protect Lot and his daughters, and the city is destroyed by a stone rain. Lot's wife perishes as well.

===85-95 The prophet Shu'aib sent to Midian===
Verse 11:85-95 deal with the prophet [[Shuaib|Shu'aib]] sent to [[Midian]]. Once more, the people ignore the prophet's warnings; this time, Shu'aib reminds the people of the fate of the people of Noah, Hud, Saleh, and Lot. It doesn't work, and the people spare Shu'aib from death by stoning only. This is because he comes from a powerful clan. Shu'aib and those who believe are rescued by God. Afterward, the unbelievers "[were] seized by a punishment from heaven, and lay overturned in their homes in the morning as though they had not dwelt there at all."

'''<big>The Ending</big>'''

The remaining verses discuss the general theme once more, with occasional references to [[Moses in Islam|Moses]]. The harsh punishment is explained as "We did not wrong them; they wronged themselves." Other gods are decried as false, powerless, and useless. Believers are commanded to walk the straight path and follow God, and those who disbelieve will suffer in Hell.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
*[https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/11/1/ Q11:1], 50+ translations, islamawakened.com
*[https://quran.com/11 Quran 11] [[Clear Quran translation]]
*{{wikisource-inline|The Holy Qur'an (English Translation Of Holy Quran Surah 11 Hud (Hood))/11. Hud}}

{{Sura|11|[[Hud (sura)|Hud]]|[[Hud (sura)|Hud]]}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Chapters in the Quran]]
[[Category:Muqattaʿat suras|Hud]]

Yunus (surah)

2025-09-05T19:38:15Z

77.29.242.111:

{{Short description|10th chapter of the Qur'an}}
{{Infobox surah
|Name_of_Surah=Yūnus
|Arabic_name= {{lang|ar|يُونُس}}
|Screenshot_of_Surah=
|Caption=
|Classification=[[Makkan sura|Makkan]]
|Meaning_of_the_name=[[Islamic view of Jonah|Jonah]]
|Other_names=
|Time_of_revelation=
|Sura_number=10
|Number_of_verses=109
|Juz'_number=11
|Hizb_number=21 to 22
|Number_of_Rukus=11
|Number_of_words=1839
|Number_of_letters=7589
|Harf-e-Mukatta'at= ʾAlif Lām Rā الر
|Subjectwise_ayat=
|Previous_Sura=Quran 9
|Next_Sura=Quran 11
|sound = Chapter 10, Yunus (Murattal) - Recitation of the Holy Qur'an.mp3
|sound_title =
}}
{{Quran}}
'''Yunus''' ({{langx|ar|يونس}}, {{Transliteration|ar|Yūnus}}; Arabic synonym of "Jonas" or "Jonah"),<ref name = "Quran 4 U">{{Qtaf|en:ibk|10|1}}</ref> is the [[List of chapters in the Quran|10th chapter]] ([[surah]]) of the [[Quran]] with 109 verses (''[[ayat]]''). Yunus is named after the prophet [[Islamic view of Jonah|Yunus]] ([[Jonah]]). According to [[tafsir]] chronology (''[[asbāb al-nuzūl]]''), it is believed to have been [[Revelation|revealed]] before the migration of the Islamic prophet Muhammed and his followers from [[Mecca]] to [[Medina]] ([[Hegira|Hijra]]). As such, it is known as a [[Meccan surah]].

[[Surah]] [[Jonah in Islam|Yunus]] is the first of six surahs which open with the [[Muqattaʿat|tri-letters]] ''alif'', ''lam'' and ''ra'''.{{sfn|The Study Quran|p=543}}

==Summary==
[[File:Jonah and the Whale, Folio from a Jami al-Tavarikh (Compendium of Chronicles).jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Jonah and the giant fish in the ''[[Jami' al-tawarikh]]'' (c. 1400), [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]]]
[[File:Istanbul, TİEM, Manuscript 1973, Zübdet-üt Tevarih, fol 38r Irmiya, Yunus and Uzayr uncropped.jpg|thumb|Jonah (top-right) in the 1583 Ottoman manuscript ''[[Zubdat al-Tawarikh]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Turkish Treasures Culture /Art / Tourism Magazine|year=1978|url=http://kilyos.ee.bilkent.edu.tr/~history/Ext/Zubdat.html|author=G’nsel Renda|title=The Miniatures of the Zubdat Al- Tawarikh}}</ref>]]
The initial verses of the chapter (1–70) present an argumentative dialogue between Islam and its unbelievers. The remaining verses contain the stories of [[Noah in Islam|Noah]], [[Moses in Islam|Moses]] and [[Jonah]], all considered prophets in Islam.{{sfn|The Study Quran|p=544}}{{sfn|Johns|2003|p=62}}
*'''1-2''' The Makkans charge their Prophet with [[sorcery in Islam|sorcery]] because he is a man from among them
*'''3''' The [[Creator in Islam|Creator]] and Ruler of the universe the only true God
*'''4''' Believers rewarded at death for good deeds
*'''4''' Unbelievers punished after death
*'''5-6''' God's works are signs to all men
*'''7-11''' Rewards and punishments of the faithful and the unbelieving
*'''12''' People stop thanking God when there is no need.
*'''13''' Men pray to God in affliction, but forget Him with the return of prosperity
*'''14-15''' The people of Makkah warned by the example of former generations
*'''16-18''' The [[Quraysh]] desire a different Quran — Muhammad protests his inability to alter it
*'''19''' Idolaters trust intercessors who can neither profit nor harm them
*'''20''' All men originally professed one religion
*'''21''' The people demand of Muhammad a sign
*'''22''' When men despise the judgments of God he threatens greater suffering
*'''23-24''' Unbelievers remember God in distress by land and sea, but forget Him when delivered
*'''25''' Life likened to water which sustains vegetable life
*'''26-28''' Paradise for Muslims and hell for the infidels
*'''29-31''' Idolaters will be deserted by their gods in the judgment-day
*'''32-37''' Idolaters exhorted to worship him whom they recognise as their Creator, Preserver, and Governor
*'''38''' The Quran no forgery; it confirms [[Scriptures in Islam|the former Scriptures]]
*'''39-40''' Those who charge Muhammad with imposture challenged to produce a chapter like it
*'''41''' Some believe in the Quran, others reject it
*'''42-47''' The unbelieving Quraish declared to be reprobate
*'''48''' An apostle is sent to every nation
*'''49''' Unbelievers mock at the threatenings of their prophet
*'''50''' Every nation has its fixed period of existence
*'''51-55''' Infidels will believe when their punishment comes upon them
*'''56-57''' God is the Author of life and death
*'''58-59''' The Quran an admonition and direction to the unbelievers
*'''60-61''' Lawful food not to be prohibited
*'''62''' Muhammad ever under Divine guidance
*'''63-65''' The blessedness of those who believe and fear God
*'''66-68''' Unbelievers cannot harm the Prophet
*'''69-71''' Those rebuked who say that God hath begotten children
*'''72-75''' Muhammad likened to [[Noah in Islam|Noah]] and other [[prophets and messengers in Islam|prophets]]
*'''76''' Moses and [[Aaron in Islam|Aaron]] sent to Pharaoh and his princes
*'''77-82''' They are rejected as sorcerers and perverters of the national religion
*'''83''' A few of the people only believe on them
*'''84-86''' Moses and Aaron with the believers put their trust in God
*'''87''' The Israelites commanded to be constant in prayer to God
*'''88-89''' Moses's prayer, that God would destroy the Egyptians, is heard
*'''90''' Pharaoh and his people drowned in the sea
*'''90-92''' He [[repentance in Islam|repents]] and is raised out of the sea for a sign to the people
*'''93''' The Israelites are provided with a habitation and blessing
*'''94-95''' Jews and Christians appealed to in confirmation of the statements of the Quran
*'''96-98''' No kind of miracle will suffice to make the reprobate believe
*'''99-103''' Infidels do not believe on Muhammad because God does not permit them to do so
*'''104-107''' The people of Makkah exhorted to accept the true orthodox faith
*'''108''' Muhammad not responsible for the faith or unbelief of the people
*'''109''' The Prophet exhorted to be patient<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wherry |first1=Elwood Morris |author1-link=Elwood Morris Wherry |title=A Complete Index to [[Sale's Text]], Preliminary Discourse, and Notes |date=1896 |publisher=Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, and Co |location=London}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

The chapter presents the Meccan pagans' objections against the Quran, and responds to them.{{sfn|The Study Quran|p=543}}{{sfn|Johns|2003|p=63}} The pagans said that Muhammad was a "manifest sorcerer" and that he fabricated the Quran.{{sfn|The Study Quran|p=543}} They also challenged Muhammad to immediately bring the punishment of God, if his claim was true.{{sfn|The Study Quran|p=543}} They also demanded that Muhammad change the Quran to no longer condemn their practice of idolatry and using intercessors when worshipping God.{{sfn|The Study Quran|p=543}}{{sfn|Johns|2003|p=64}}

The chapter's response to these objection is a mix of "argument, threat, promise and reproach".{{sfn|Johns|2003|p=63}} It defends the Quran's divine origin, not a fabrication of Muhammad's, and says that Muhammad could not change it even if he wanted to.{{sfn|The Study Quran|p=548, v. 15 commentary}}{{sfn|The Study Quran|p=543}}{{sfn|Johns|2003|p=63}} As for the challenge to bring God's punishment, the chapter says that God may defer punishment in this world if he wants to.{{sfn|Johns|2003|p=63}} It also tells of the punishment against unbelievers in the past, such as the people of Noah and Moses.{{sfn|Johns|2003|p=64}} It says that if the pagans waited for the punishment before believing, it would be too late, as was the case with the Pharaoh of Moses.{{sfn|Johns|2003|pp=64–65}} According to the Quran, the Pharaoh only believed in God just before drowning, and that belief was too late and did not benefit him.{{sfn|Johns|2003|pp=64–65}}

The chapter also mentions the People of Jonah, who at first rejected Jonah's message, but then repented and believed.{{sfn|Johns|2003|p=62}} Therefore, unlike the people of Noah and Moses, they were averted from God's punishment.{{sfn|Johns|2003|p=62}} The mention of Jonah in verse 98 gives the chapter its name.{{sfn|The Study Quran|p=544}} The chapter then instructs Muhammad if he had any doubt about the truth of what was revealed to him, he could ask other [[People of the Book]] (i.e. the Jews and the Christians) who would be able to confirm the Quran's account of these people of the past.{{sfn|The Study Quran|p=544, vv. 94–95 commentary}}{{sfn|Johns|2003|p=62}}

==Revelation==
According to the Islamic tradition, the chapter is predominantly revealed during the [[Muhammad in Mecca|Meccan phase]] (610–622) of Muhammad's prophethood (before [[Hegira|his move to Medina]]), therefore, a [[Meccan sura]].{{sfn|The Study Quran|p=543}} Based on its context, some verses appeared to date to when Muhammad just started his call to Islam.{{sfn|The Study Quran|p=543}} According to the fifteenth century commentary ''[[Tafsir al-Jalalayn]]'', some said that the surah was revealed sometime after Muhammad's [[Isra and Mi'raj|Night Journey]] (c. 621).{{sfn|The Study Quran|p=543}} Verses 40 and 94–96 appeared to be an exception and were revealed in Medina.{{sfn|The Study Quran|p=543}} The congruity of the topic unmistakably shows this doesn't contain separated sections or talks that were uncovered at various occasions or on various events. Actually, it is, from the starting point to end, a firmly associated talk which more likely than not been uncovered at one sitting. Other than this, the nature of its subject is itself a reasonable confirmation that the Surah has a place with the Makkan time frame.

We have no tradition as to the hour of its disclosure, yet its topic gives a clear sign that it probably been uncovered during the last phase of Muhammad's living at Makkah. For the method of the talk recommends that at the hour of its disclosure, the hostility of the rivals of the Message had become so exceptional that they couldn't endure even the nearness of Muhammad and his supporters among themselves, and that left no expectation that they could ever comprehend and acknowledge the message of Muhammad. This shows the last admonition like in this surah had to be given. These attributes of the talk are clear confirmation that it was uncovered during the last phase of the movement at Makkah.

Something else that decides all the more explicitly for the Surahs of the last stage at Makkah is the notice (or nonattendance) of some open or incognito insight about Hijrat (Emigration) from Makkah. As this Surah doesn't contain any clue at about this, it is a proof that it was revealed before those surahs which contain it.<ref>[[Abul A'la Maududi]] - [[Tafhim-ul-Quran]]</ref>

==Name==
The chapter is named after [[Jonah]] who was known as ''[[Jonah in Islam|Yunus]]'' in the Islamic tradition, who is mentioned in the verse 98. Despite the chapter being named after him, this verse is the only one (out of 109) where the chapter mentions him.{{sfn|Johns|2003|p=66}} This is not unusual in the Quran, a chapter's name is usually taken from a prominent or unusual word in it, which might or might not relate to its subject matter.{{sfn|Johns|2003|p=66}}

==Principal subjects==
The first ayat {{qref|10|1}} contains greeting towards the Right Way is reached out to the individuals who were thinking about it a strange thing that Allah's message was being presented on by a person (Muhammad). They were accusing Muhammad of witchcraft, though there is neither anything strange in it nor makes them anything to do with magic or soothsaying. Muhammad is just educated humanity these two realities:

* [[Allah]], Who has made the universe, is, indeed, your Rabb, and He Alone is qualified for be worshipped.
*
* That after the life right now, will be another life in the following scene, where you will need to render full record of this current world's life. You will be compensated or rebuffed by whether you adopt the righteous attitude required by Allah in the wake of recognizing Him as your Rabb, or act against His commandments.

Both of these realities will be real factors in themselves, regardless of whether you recognize them in that capacity or not. On the off chance that you acknowledge these, you will have an extremely honored end; else you will meet the shrewd outcomes of your offenses. The significant issues, divine laws, and instructions in the surah can be listed as follows:-

# Allah is the only Creator of this universe.
#
# Deities worshiped by [[mushrik]]in, other than Allah, have no capacity to either profit or mischief anybody.
#
# Deities other than Allah are not in any case mindful that they are being worshiped.
#
# Allah sent a Rasool for guidance to each nation.
#
# Al-Qur'an gives a fix to all the issues of humankind.
#
# Mushrikin follow only guesses and
#
# The tale of the Prophet [[Noah in Islam|Nuh]] and his kin.
#
# The tale of the Prophet [[Moses in Islam|Musa]], Fir'on, and his chiefs.
#
# Believing in the wake of seeing the scourge didn't profit any nation aside from the people of the Prophet [[Jonah#Jonah in Islam|Yunus]].
#
# Forbiddance against compelling anybody to change over to [[Islam]].

==Exegesis==
===Verse 10:25===
{{See also|Peace in Islamic philosophy}}
{{blockquote|And Allah invites ˹all˺ to the Home of Peace and guides whoever He wills to the Straight Path.<ref name = "Quran 4 U"/>}}
The ideal society according to the [[Quran]] is Dar as-Salam, literally, ''"the house of peace"'' of which it intones: ''And Allah invites to the 'abode of peace' and guides whom He pleases into the right path.''<ref>[http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/010.qmt.html Qur'an 10:25] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081128054750/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/010.qmt.html |date=2008-11-28 }}; Lewis, Bernard, The Crisis of Islam, 2001 Chapter 2</ref>

===Verse 10:101===
It is narrated that when [[Ja'far al-Sadiq]] was asked about verse [10:101]: ...the signs and warnings are of no avail to the disbelieving people, he replied the signs are the Imams and the warnings are the Prophets.<ref name="Kulayni">{{cite book |last1=Al-Kulayni |first1=Abu Ja’far Muhammad ibn Ya’qub |title=Kitab al-Kafi |date=2015 |publisher=The Islamic Seminary Inc. |location=South Huntington, NY |isbn=9780991430864 }}</ref>

==Placement and coherence with other surahs==
The idea of textual relation between the verses of a chapter has been discussed under various titles such as ''nazm'' and ''munasabah'' in non-English literature and ''coherence'', ''text relations'', ''intertextuality'', and ''unity'' in English literature. [[Hamiduddin Farahi]], an [[Islamic]] scholar of the [[Indian subcontinent]], is known for his work on the concept of nazm, or coherence, in the Quran. [[Fakhruddin al-Razi]] (died 1209 CE), Zarkashi (died 1392) and several other classical as well as contemporary Quranic scholars have contributed to the studies.<ref name=farrahi>{{cite book|last=Hamiduddin Farahi|author-link=Hamiduddin Farahi|first=translated by Tariq Mahmood Hashmi|title=Exordium to coherence in the Quran : an English translation of Fātiḥah Niẓām al-Qurʼān|year=2008|publisher=al-Mawrid|location=Lahore|isbn=978-9698799571|edition=1st}}</ref> The entire Qur'an thus emerges as a well-connected and systematic book.<ref>{{Citation
| contribution = Islahi, Amin Ahsan
| year = 2003
| editor-link = John Esposito
| title = [[The Oxford Dictionary of Islam]]
| editor-last = Esposito
| editor-first = John
| publisher = [[Oxford University Press]]
| isbn = 0-19-512558-4
| contribution-url = http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1086
| access-date = 2022-04-11
| archive-date = 2014-12-28
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141228201612/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1086
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> Each division has a distinct theme. Topics within a division are more or less in the order of revelation. Within each division, each member of the pair complements the other in various ways. The seven divisions are as follows:

{|class="wikitable"
! Group !! From !! To !! Central theme
|-
| 1 || [[Al-Fatiha]] {{qref|1|1|b=y|s=y}} || [[Al-Ma'ida]] {{qref|5|1|b=y|s=y}} || [[Sharia|Islamic law]]
|-
| 2 || [[Al-An'am]] {{qref|6|1|b=y|s=y}} || [[At-Tawba]] {{qref|9|1|b=y|s=y}} || The consequences of denying [[Muhammad]] for the [[polytheists]] of [[Mecca]]
|-
| 3 || [[Yunus (sura)|Yunus]] {{qref|10|1|b=y|s=y}} || [[An-Nur]] {{qref|24|1|b=y|s=y}} || Glad tidings of Muhammad's domination
|-
| 4 || [[Al-Furqan]] {{qref|25|1|b=y|s=y}} || [[Al-Ahzab]] {{qref|33|1|b=y|s=y}} || Arguments on the prophethood of Muhammad and the requirements of faith in him
|-
| 5 || [[Saba (sura)|Saba]] {{qref|34|1|b=y|s=y}} || [[Al-Hujraat]] {{qref|49|1|b=y|s=y}} || Arguments on [[monotheism]] and the requirements of [[faith]] in it
|-
| 6 || [[Qaf (sura)|Qaf]] {{qref|50|1|b=y|s=y}} || [[At-Tahrim]] {{qref|66|1|b=y|s=y}} || Arguments on [[afterlife]] and the requirements of faith in it
|-
| 7 || Al-Mulk {{qref|67|1|b=y|s=y}} || [[An-Nas]] {{qref|114|1|b=y|s=y}} || Admonition to the [[Quraysh (tribe)|Quraysh]] about their fate in the Herein and the Hereafter if they deny Muhammad
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite journal|title=Jonah in the Qur'an: An Essay on Thematic Counterpoint|url=http://www.euppublishing.com/doi/abs/10.3366/jqs.2003.5.2.48|jstor=25728109|publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]]|pages=48–71|volume=5|issue=2|date=2003|journal=Journal of Qur'anic Studies|first=A. H.|last=Johns|doi=10.3366/jqs.2003.5.2.48|url-access=subscription}}
* {{cite book|editor1=Seyyed Hossein Nasr|editor2=Caner K. Dagli|editor3=Maria Massi Dakake|editor4=Joseph E.B. Lumbard|editor5=Mohammed Rustom|title=The Study Quran: A New Translation and Commentary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GVSzBgAAQBAJ|date=2015|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=978-0-06-112586-7|location=[[New York City|New York, NY]]|ref={{SfnRef|The Study Quran}}}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/10/38/ Q10:38], 50+ translations, islamawakened.com
*[https://quran.com/10 Quran 10] [[Clear Quran translation]]
{{Sura|10|[[At-Tawba]]|[[Hud (sura)|Hud]]}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yunus}}
[[Category:Chapters in the Quran|Yunus]]
[[Category:Jonah]]
[[Category:Muqattaʿat suras|Yunus]]

At-Tawbah

2025-09-05T19:37:51Z

77.29.242.111:

{{Short description|9th chapter of the Quran}}
{{Infobox Sura
|Name_of_Surah=at-Tawbah
|Arabic_name={{lang|ar|ٱلتَّوْبَة}}
|Screenshot_of_Surah=Tawba.pdf
|caption= from 15th century Mamluk Scribes<ref>{{cite wdl|6789}}</ref>
|Classification=[[Madinan sura|Madinan]]
|Meaning_of_the_name=The Repentance
|Other_names=al-Bara'ah ("the Release")
|Time_of_revelation=
|Sura_number=9
|Number_of_verses=129
|Juz'_number=10 to 11
|Hizb_number=19 to 21
|Number_of_Rukus=16
|Number_of_letters=11115
|Harf-e-Mukatta'at=
|Subjectwise_ayah=
|Previous_Sura=Quran 8
|Next_Sura=Quran 10
|sound = Chapter 9, At-Tawbah (Murattal) - Recitation of the Holy Qur'an.wav
|sound_title =
|Number_of_words=2505}}
{{Quran}}
'''At-Tawbah''' ({{langx|ar|ٱلتوبة|lit=the Repentance}}) is the [[List of chapters in the Quran|ninth chapter]] ({{Transliteration|ar|[[Surah|sura]]}}) of the [[Quran]]. It contains 129 verses ({{Transliteration|ar|[[ayat]]}}) and is one of the last [[Medinan surah]]s. This Surah is also known as '''Al-Bara'ah''' ({{Langx|ar|البراءة|4=the Release|links=no}}). It is called At-Tawbah in light of the fact that it articulates [[tawbah]] ([[repentance]]) and informs about the conditions of its acceptance ([[Āyah|verse]] {{qref|9|102|pl=y}}, {{qref|9|118|pl=y}}). The name Bara'at (release) is taken from the opening word of the Surah.<ref>{{Cite web |title=9. Surah At Taubah (The Repentance) - Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi - Tafhim al-Qur'an - The Meaning of the Qur'an |url=https://www.englishtafsir.com/Quran/9/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530164127/http://englishtafsir.com/Quran/9/index.html |archive-date=2024-05-30 |access-date=2021-02-20 |website=www.englishtafsir.com}}</ref>

It is believed by [[Muslims]] to have been [[Waḥy|revealed]] at the time of the [[Expedition of Tabuk]] in [[Medina]] in the 9th year of the ''[[Hijrah]]''. The [[Sanaa manuscript]] preserves some verses, on parchment [[radiocarbon dated]] to between 578 CE (44 [[Before Hijra|BH]]) and 669 CE (49 AH).<ref name="UoB">{{cite web |url= http://www.birmingham.ac.uk/news/latest/2015/07/quran-manuscript-22-07-15.aspx |title=Birmingham Qur'an manuscript dated among the oldest in the world |date=22 July 2015 |publisher= [[University of Birmingham]] |access-date=22 July 2015}}</ref><ref name="BBC-33436021">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-33436021|title='Oldest' Koran fragments found in Birmingham University|date=22 July 2015|publisher=[[BBC]]|access-date=22 July 2015}}</ref>

It is the only Surah of the Quran that [[At-Tawbah#Omission of Bismillah|does not begin]] with [[Basmala|''Bismillah'']], the usual opening formula, ''In the name of [[God in Islam|God]], the All-Merciful, the All-Compassionate''. It deals with almost the same topics as those dealt with in [[Al-Anfal|Surat al-Anfal]]. In contrast to all other surahs, the [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad in Islam|Muhammad]] did not order that this formula should be put at the beginning of this surah.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Ünal, Ali.|title=The Qurʼan with annotated interpretation in modern English|date=2008|publisher=Tughra Books|isbn=978-1-59784-144-3|location=Somerset, N.J.|pages=385|oclc=234244740}}</ref><ref name="Quran 4 U">{{cite web |author=Ibn Kathir |author-link=Ibn Kathir |title=Tafsir Ibn Kathir (English): Surah Al Tawbah |url=http://www.quran4u.com/Tafsir%20Ibn%20Kathir/009%20Taubah.htm |access-date=22 December 2019 |work=Quran 4 U |publisher=[[Tafsir]]}}</ref> At-Tawba's verse 40 refers to [[Abu Bakr]] as {{Transliteration|ar|thaniya ithnayn}} ('Second of the Two').{{Sfn|Muir|1878|p=143}}

==Summary==
*'''1''' Allah makes a declaration of disassociation from the polytheists.
*'''2''' they can travel freely for 4 months
*'''3''' It would be better if they repent
*'''4''' Polytheists who didn’t break any treaty are to be spared and treated with respect until time of treaty is over
*'''5''' after the Sacred months have passed Polytheists are to be killed but if they repent they are accepted
*'''6''' Any Polytheist who goes to Muslims and asks for protection is to be granted protection so they can hear the words of Allah
*'''7''' Polytheists who upheld treaties not to be harmed
*'''8''' Polytheists rebuked for not observing treaty believing they have the upper hand
*'''9''' Polytheists rebuked for exchanging the signs of Allah and averting from his way
*'''10''' Those who broke the treaties are the transgressors
*'''11''' If those who broke the treaties become Muslims they are regarded as brothers to the believers
*'''12''' Muslims are told to fight the leaders of disbelief
*'''13-16''' Muslims exhorted to fight against the truce-breakers
*'''17-18''' All but Muslims to be excluded from the sacred temples
*'''19''' [[Abbás]] rebuked for his vainglory
*'''20-22''' The [[Muhajirun]] assigned the first rank among Muslims—their reward
*'''23-24''' True believers to refuse friendship with nearest kin if they be infidels
*'''25-27''' The [[Battle of Hunayn]] victory due to God's help
*'''28''' Idolators excluded from the [[Kaaba]]
*'''[[At-Tawba 29|29]]''' The [[People of the Book|Jews and Christians]] to be attacked (if they refuse to pay the [[Jizya]] tax)
*'''30''' Jews and Christians reproved for applying the epithet “[[Son of God#Islam|Son of God]]” to [[Uzair|Uzayr]] and [[Jesus in Islam|Jesus]]
*'''31-32''' They take their priests and monks and Jesus as Lords besides Allah.
*'''33''' Islam superior to all other religions
*'''34-35''' Stingy Muslims likened to covetous monks—their punishment
*'''36''' Infidels may be attacked in sacred months
*'''37''' The sacred months not to be transferred
*'''38–41''' Muslims exhorted to go on expedition to [[Tabuk, Saudi Arabia|Tabuk]] by reference to God's help to Muhammad and [[Abu Bakr]] in the cave; Abu Bakr is referenced as {{Transliteration|ar|thaniya ithnayn}} ('Second of the Two')
*'''42''' The lukewarm Muslims rebuked for wishing to stay at home
*'''43''' Muhammad rebuked for excusing some of these from going
*'''44-46''' Willingness to fight for Muhammad, a test of faith
*'''47-50''' Seditious Muslims rebuked
*'''51-52''' The sure reward of the [[faithful in Islam|faithful]]
*'''53-55''' God refuses the offerings of infidels and [[hypocrites in Islam|hypocrites]]
*'''55''' The wealth and prosperity of infidels a sign of their reprobation
*'''56-57''' Half-hearted Muslims reproved
*'''58-59''' Those who had spread libellous reports regarding Muhammad's use of [[alms in Islam|alms]] rebuked
*'''60''' [[Alms in Islam|How alms should be expended]]
*'''61-69''' Grumblers and hypocrites threatened
*'''70''' They are warned by the example of the wicked in former ages
*'''71-72''' The faithful described—their rewards
*'''73-74''' Hypocrites denounced and threatened
*'''76-78''' Prosperity of infidels a prelude to their destruction
*'''79''' God shall scoff at the scoffers
*'''80''' The defamers of the faithful shall never be forgiven
*'''81-83''' Punishment of the “stayers at home”
*'''84''' Muhammad forbidden to pray at the grave of unbelievers and hypocrites
*'''85-87''' The Prophet not to wonder at the prosperity of the wicked
*'''88-89''' Reward of those who assist the Apostle in his wars
*'''90''' Hypocritical Arabs of the desert reproved
*'''91-92''' Who may lawfully remain at home in time of war
*'''93-96''' Other hypocrites reproved
*'''97-98''' The [[Bedouin]], the worst of hypocrites
*'''99''' Some of them true believers
*'''100''' The reward of the [[Ansar (Islam)|Ansars]] and Muhájjirín
*'''101''' The desert Arabs and some of the people of Madína reproved
*'''102-105''' The penitent confessors in Madína are pardoned
*'''106''' Others await God's decision in their case
*'''107-110''' Denunciation against those who built a Masjid in opposition to Muhammad and his faithful ones
*'''111-112''' True believers are sold to God
*'''113''' Muslims not to pray for idolatrous relatives
*'''114''' Why Abraham prayed for his idolatrous parents
*'''115-117''' God merciful to the faithful
*'''118''' The three recreant Ansars pardoned
*'''119-121''' The people of Madína rebuked for want of loyalty to Muhammad
*'''122''' Some believers excused from going to war
*'''123''' True believers to war against neighbouring infidels and hypocrisy
*'''124-127''' Reproof of those who doubt the revelations of God and Muhammad
*'''128-129''' The Apostle trusts in the help of God <ref>{{cite book |last1=Wherry |first1=Elwood Morris |author1-link=Elwood Morris Wherry |title=A Complete Index to Sale's Text, Preliminary Discourse, and Notes |date=1896 |publisher=Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, and Co |location=London}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

== Omission of Bismillah ==
Out of all 114 Surahs of the Quran this is the only one to which Bismillah is not prefixed.<ref name=":1" /> Among the explanations put forward for his not doing so, the most commonly accepted according to Unal is that, like the Islamic salutation, ''Peace be upon you'', the expression, ''In the Name of God, the All-Merciful, the All-Compassionate'' conveys security and giving of quarter to those addressed.<ref name=":1" /> However, ''Surat at-Tawbah'' begins with an ultimatum to certain polytheists in Arabia. It deals, for the most part, with a re-evaluation of the relations with the polytheists who were frequently violating their agreements, the campaign to Tabuk, a disclosure of the intrigues of the hypocrites in Madinah(9:64-67, 101), the importance of ''jihad'' in God's cause(9:24), and relationships with the People of the Book.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Saheeh International.|title=The Qur'ān : English meanings and notes|date=2012|publisher=Al-Muntada Al-Islami Trust|isbn=978-9960-792-63-7|pages=Surah 9: at–Tawbah|oclc=840114255}}</ref>

==Sanaa manuscript folio 22, Q9:122-129==
Verses 122-129 are preserved in [[Folio 22]] of the [[Sanaa manuscript]]. The sequence of [[Sanaa 1]] chapters do not follow any other known quranic order and folio 22 is shared with [[Chapter 19 (Mary)]].{{sfn|Sadeghi|Goudarzi|2012}} Saudi-based experts in Quranic history emphasize that while Muhammad was alive, Quranic texts did not follow any standard sequence of surahs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentid=20150727251595 |title=Experts doubt oldest Quran claim |date=27 July 2015 |newspaper=Saudi Gazette |access-date=27 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906130646/http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentid=20150727251595 |archive-date=6 September 2015 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! scope="col" width="32%" | [[Folio 22]], recto{{sfn|Sadeghi|Goudarzi|2012|p=62|ps=. The hypothetical interpolation of texts for the missing parts in this and the next row are based on Sadeghi & Goudarzi's fn. 216 and 218.}}

! scope="col" width="24%" | Visible Traces
! scope="col" width="22%" | Reconstruction
! scope="col" width="22%" | Standard Text
|-
| [[Quran 9 (al-Tawbah)]], Verse 122 Line 3, p. 62 || ما [كـ]ﺎ ﮞ || مَا كَانَ || {{fontcolor|red|وَ}}مَا كَانَ
|-
| Quran 9:122 Line 4 || مں كل ا ﻣﻪ || مِن كُلِّ {{fontcolor|red|أُمَّةٍ}} || مِن كُلِّ {{fontcolor|red|فِرْقَةٍ}}
|-
| Quran 9:124 Line 9 || و ا د ا ا ٮر لٮ || وَإِذَا أُنزِلَتْ || وَإِذَا {{fontcolor|red|مَا}} أُنزِلَتْ
|-
| Quran 9:125 Line 12 || ڡی ٯلو ٮهم ر حس || فِى قُلُوبِهِم {{fontcolor|red|رِجْسٌ}} || فِى قُلُوبِهِم {{fontcolor|red|مَرَضٌ}}
|-
| Quran 9:125 Line 13 || ر حر ا ا لی ر ﺣﺴ[ﻬ]ـﻢ || {{fontcolor|red|رِجزاً}} إِلَىٰ رِجْسِهِمْ || {{fontcolor|red|رِجساً}} إِلَىٰ رِجْسِهِمْ
|-
| Quran 9:125 Line 13 || و ما ٮو ا و هم ڡـ(ـﺴٯـ)[ـﻮ] ﮞ || وَمَاتُوا۟ وَهُمْ {{fontcolor|red|فَـٰسِقُونَ}} || وَمَاتُوا۟ وَهُمْ {{fontcolor|red|كَـٰفِرُونَ}}
|-
| Quran 9:126 Line 13 || ا [و] / / ٮر و || أَوَلَا {{fontcolor|red|يَرَوْ}} || أَوَلَا {{fontcolor|red|يَرَوْنَ}}
|-
| Quran 9:126 Line 15 || و لا ٮـ(ـٮـ)ـﺪ كر و ﮞ || وَلَا يَتَذَكَّرُونَ || وَلَا هُمْ يَذَّكَّرُونَ
|-
| Quran 9:127 Line 15 || و ا د ا ا [ٮـ]ـﺮ (ﻟ)ـٮ || وَإِذَا أُنزِلَتْ || وَإِذَا {{fontcolor|red|مَا}} أُنزِلَتْ
|-
| Quran 9:127 Line 16 || هل ٮر ٮٮا || هَلْ {{fontcolor|red|يَرَىٰنَا}} || هَلْ {{fontcolor|red|يَرَىٰكُم}}
|-
| Quran 9:127 Line 17 || ڡا ٮـ[ـﺼ](ـﺮ) ڡـ(ـﻮ) ا || {{fontcolor|red|فَـ}}ﭑنصَرَفُوا || {{fontcolor|red|ثُمَّ}} انصَرَفُوا
|-
| Quran 9:127 Line 17 || ڡصر ڡ ا ﻟـﻠـﻪ || {{fontcolor|red|فَـ}}ـصَرَفَ اللهُ || صَرَفَ ٱللَّـهُ
|-
| Quran 9:127 Line 17 || د لک ٮـ(ﺎ ٮـ)//[ـﻢ] (ٯـ)ـﻮ م لا ٮڡٯهو ﮞ || {{fontcolor|red|ذَٰلِكَ}} بِأَنَّهُمْ قَوْمٌ لَّا يَفْقَهُونَ || بِأَنَّهُمْ قَوْمٌ لَّا يَفْقَهُونَ
|-
| Quran 9:128 Line 18 || و لٯد حا کم || {{fontcolor|red|وَ}}لَقَدْ جَاءَكُمْ || لَقَدْ جَاءَكُمْ
|-
| Quran 9:128 Line 18 || ر سو ل ﻣٮـ(ﮑ)ـﻢ || رَسولٌ {{fontcolor|red|مِنْكُمْ}} || رَسُولٌ {{fontcolor|red|مِنْ أَنْفُسِکُمْ}}
|-
| Quran 9:128 Line 19 || عر ٮر (ﻋ)ﻠ[ـٮـ](ﻪ) ما عٮٮکم || عَزِيزٌ عَلَيْهِ مَا {{fontcolor|red|عَنَّتَكُمْ}} || عَزِيزٌ عَلَيْهِ مَا {{fontcolor|red|عَنِتُّمْ}}
|-
| Quran 9:129 Line 20 || ڡا / / (ٮـ)ـﻮ لو ا [ﻋ](ـٮـ)ـﮏ || فَإن تَوَلَّوْا {{fontcolor|red|عَنْكَ}} || فَإن تَوَلَّوْا
|-
| Quran 9:129 Line 21 || ا لد ی لا ا ﻟ[ﻪ] ا لا ﻫﻮ || {{fontcolor|red|الَّذي}} لَا إِلَـٰهَ إِلَّا هُوَ || لَا إِلَـٰهَ إِلَّا هُوَ
|-
|}

== Three Discourses ==
From opening up to the 37th ayat, the initial talk,<ref>(vv. 1-37)</ref> was uncovered in Zil-Qa'adah A.H. 9. As the significance of the subject of the talk required its affirmation on the event of Hajj Muhammad dispatched Ali to follow Abu Bakr, who had just left for Makkah to lead the Pilgrims to the Ka'abah. He trained Ali to convey the talk before the representatives of the various clans of Arabia in order to advise them regarding the new policy guidelines pertinent to the mushriks.

Starting from ayat 38 up to 72nd ayat the subsequent talk<ref>(vv., 38-72)</ref> was revealed during Rajab A.H. 9 or a little before this, when Muhammad was occupied with getting ready for the Campaign of Tabuk. The Believers were encouraged to take a dynamic part in Jihad, and the shirkers were seriously reproached for keeping down their riches and for wavering to forfeit their lives in the path for Allah due to their hypocrisy, powerless belief(iman) or carelessness.

The final section of ayaat 73rd to last,<ref>(vv. 73-129)</ref> was uncovered on his return from the Campaign of Tabuk. There are a few pieces revealed in different events during the same time frame and were incorporated by Muhammad into the Surah as per instructions from Allah. This talk cautions the hypocrites of their malevolent deeds and censures those Believers who had remained behind in the Campaign of Tabuk. At that point in the wake of berating them, Allah exculpates those genuine Believers who had not partaken in the Jihad in the Way of Allah for one explanation or the other.

In the middle of the ayat 97 In other words, apart from hypocrisy, one of their defects is that they did not even keep in touch with the Muslims of Madinah through which they would have known the rules of Sharia.

That is, these people want the Muslims to fall into such a cycle of trouble that these people get freedom from the kind of commands that they find very difficult to follow. Especially on the occasion of the Battle of Tabuk, these people had the hope that this time the Muslims were facing the great power of Rome, so maybe this time they would lose all their power after being defeated by the Romans. Further, Allah Ta'ala said that in reality these people are lying in the cycle of self-hypocrisy, which will cause them to be disgraced both in this world and in the hereafter.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Surah falaq-in english translation |url=https://www.islamicinfomation.com/2023/11/surah-al-falaq.html |access-date=2023-11-18}}</ref>

== Exegesis ==
=== Battle of Badr ===
Some parts of the chapter are believed to be speaking about the help of [[Allah]] by sending the invisible army of war, particularly mentioning the [[battle of Badr]].<ref name="Tafsirweb Religious affair ministry Surat at-Tawbah Ayat 40">{{cite web |author1=Omar Al-Muqbil |author1-link=Omar Al-Muqbil |author2=professor Shalih bin Abdullah bin Humaid from Riyadh Tafsir center |author3=Imad Zuhair Hafidz from Markaz Ta'dhim Qur'an Medina |title=Surat at-Tawbah Ayat 40 |url=https://tafsirweb.com/3056-surat-at-taubah-ayat-40.html |access-date=30 January 2022 |website=Tafsirweb |publisher=[[Islamic University of Madinah]]; [[Ministry of Religious Affairs (Indonesia)]]; [[Ministry of Islamic Affairs, Dawah and Guidance]] |language=Indonesian, Arabic}}</ref> According to Muhammad Sulaiman al-Ashqar from [[Islamic University of Madinah]], who quoted several contemporary and classical scholars, the invisible army here were the Angels army consisted of [[Gabriel in Islam|Gabriel]],<ref name="Quran 4 U" /><ref name="Misri; Sirah Sahabah: Zubair bin Awwam">{{cite book |last1=al-Misri |first1=Mahmud |url=https://onesearch.id/Record/IOS3644.slims-9450 |title=Sahabat-Sahabat Rasulullah vol 1: Zubair bin Awwam |date=2015 |publisher=Pustaka Ibnu Katsir |isbn=9789791294386 |page=[https://kalemtayeb.com/safahat/item/36531 Shaja'ah Zubayr ibn al-Awwam Radhiyallahu anh (bravery of Zubayr ibn al-Awwam]; by {{ill|Mahmud al-Misri|ar|محمود المصري}}; official Book review by [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pS1qvPSxq34 Basalamah]; quoting various supplementary sources such as Sahih Bukhari, [[Sahih Muslim]], Siyar A'lam Nubala, [[Al-Tirmidhi]], [[Prophetic biography]] of Ibn Hisham, etc. |language=id, ar |trans-title=Companion of the Prophet vol 1: Zubair bin Awwam |access-date=6 November 2021}}</ref> [[Michael (archangel)|Michael]], [[Israfil|Raphael]]<ref name="Israfil" /> {{notetag|found in Mustadrak al Sahihayn.<ref>{{cite book |last1=al-Nishapuri |first1=al-Hakim |title=al Mustadrak ala Sahihayn |publisher=Islamweb |location=Islamweb |url=https://islamweb.net/ar/library/index.php?page=bookcontents&idfrom=4305&idto=4307&bk_no=74&ID=1899 |access-date=13 December 2021 |chapter=Kitabu Ma'rifat Shahabatu Radhiyallahu Anhum: Gabriel, Michael and Israfil descend in the Battle of Badr. |quote=4488 - Narrated Abu Abdullah Muhammad ibn Ya'kub, through Ibrahim bin Abdullah Al Saadi, on the authority of Muhammad bin Khalid bin Athmah, on the authority of Musa bin Yaqub, who reported Abu Huwayrith, that Muhammad bin Jabir bin Mut'im, told him}}</ref> The complete narration from [[Al-Hakim al-Nishapuri]] were:... ''Abu Abdullah Muhammad bin Yaqoub has reported from Ibrahim bin Abdullah Al-Saadi, who told us Muhammad bin Khalid bin Uthma, told us Musa bin Yaqoub, told me Abu Al-Huwairith, that Muhammad bin Jubayr bin Mut’im told him, that he heard Ali - may God be pleased with him - addresses the people, and he said: While I was leaving from the well of Badr, a strong wind came, the like of which I had never seen, then it left, then came a strong wind, the like of which I have never seen except for the one before it, then it went, then came a strong wind that I did not see before. I have never seen anything like it except for the one before it, and the first wind was Gabriel descended among a thousand angels with the Messenger of God - may God bless him and grant him peace - and the second wind was Michael who descended among a thousand angels to the right of the Messenger of God - may God bless him and his family and grant them peace - and Abu Bakr was On his right, and the third wind was Israfil. He descended with a thousand angels on the side of the Messenger of God - may God’s prayers and peace be upon him and his family - and I was on the right side. When God Almighty defeated his enemies, the Messenger of God - may God’s prayers and peace be upon him and his family - carried me on his horse, I blew up, and I fell On my heels, I prayed to God Almighty''... {{ill|Ibn al Mulqin|id|Ibnu Al-Mulaqqin}}, Hadith scholar from Cordoba of 13-14 AD century, evaluate this hadith tha he found weaknesses in Musa ibn Yaqoub and Abu al Huwairith chain, so he deemed there is weakness about this hadith.<ref name="Al Mulqin Mukhtaras">{{cite web |last1=Abu Hafs Umar bin Ali bin Ahmad bin Muhammad bin Abdullah Al-Anshari Al-Wadi Asyi Al-Andalusi At-Tukuruwi Al-Mishri Asy-Syafi`i |first1=Sirajuddin |title=كتاب مختصر تلخيص الذهبي|trans-title=kitab mukhtasar talkhis aldhahabii |url=https://al-maktaba.org/book/33911/1160 |website=Islamweb |publisher=Islamweb |access-date=14 December 2021}}</ref> However, recent scholarship from Ali Hasan al-Halabi has noted there is another hadith which supported the participation of Raphael in Badr<ref name="Israfil">{{cite web |last1=Hakim |first1=Saifuddin |title=Apakah Malaikat Israfil Bertugas Meniup Sangkakala pada Hari Kiamat? (1) |url=https://muslim.or.id/24549-apakah-malaikat-israfil-bertugas-meniup-sangkakala-pada-hari-kiamat-1.html |website=Muslim.or.id |publisher=Muslim.or.id |access-date=14 December 2021 |language=id|date=2015 |quote=[ يا آدم بر حجك ] " ما يروى عن آدم -عليه السلام- أنه لما حج قالت له الملائكة: «يا آدم بر حجك»: غير ثابت. " [من فوائد جلسة مع طلبة العلم /16/ذو الحجة/1432 ] __________________ " ... فهل يحسن بنا وقد أنضينا قرائحنا في تعلم هذه السنة المطهرة، وبذلنا في العمل بها جهد المستطيع، وركبنا المخاطر في الدعوة إليها؛ هل يحسن بنا بعد هذا كله أن نسكت لهؤلاء عن هذه الدعوى الباطلة، ونوليهم منا ما تولوا ونبلعهم ريقهم، وهل يحسن بنا أن لا يكون لنا في الدفاع عنها ما كان منا في الدعوة إليها؟ إنا إذن لمقصرون!..."}}</ref>}}{{notetag|According to Islamic belief in weak chain of Hadith, Raphael were acknowledged as angel who were tasked to blower of [[Armageddon]] trumpet, and one of archangels who bear the [[Throne of God]] on their back.<ref name="Israfil2">{{cite web |last1=Hakim |first1=Saifuddin |title=Apakah Malaikat Israfil Bertugas Meniup Sangkakala pada Hari Kiamat? (2)|trans-title=Does angel Raphael tasked to blow the trumpet of Armageddon in the day of judgment? (2) |url=https://muslim.or.id/24567-apakah-malaikat-israfil-bertugas-meniup-sangkakala-pada-hari-kiamat-2.html |website=Muslim.or.id |publisher=Muslim.or.id |access-date=14 December 2021 |language=id|date=2015 |quote=Tafsir Al-Qurthubi, 7/20 (Maktabah Syamilah); At-Tadzkirah bi Ahwaalil Mauta wa Umuuril Akhirah, 1/488 (Maktabah Syamilah).; Fathul Baari 11/368 (Maktabah Syamilah); see Al-Imaan bimaa Ba’dal Maut, p. 112.; Syarh Al-Ibanah: Al-Imaan bin Nafkhi Ash-Shuur, 5/33.; Syarh Al-‘Aqidah Al-Washithiyyah, 1/59-60 (Maktabah Asy-Syamilah). while in another book: وذلك أن الله سبحانه وتعالى يأمر اسرافيل وهو أحد الملائكة الموكلين بحمل العرش أن ينفخ في الصور (Syarh Al-‘Aqidah As-Safariyaniyyah, 1/467).}}</ref>}} and thousands of [[Angels in Islam|best angels]] from the third level of heaven, all came to the battle of Badr by impersonating the appearance of [[Zubayr ibn al-Awwam]], [[companion of Muhammad]].{{notetag|According to one Hadith, Muhammad was told that the angels that appeared in the battle of Badr were highest in status and the "best of angels" according to Gabriel.<ref name="Lives Of The Sahaba 39 – Az-Zubayr Ibn Al-Awwam – PT 01">{{cite web |last1=Qadhi |first1=Yasir|author-link1=Abu Ammaar Yasir Qadhi |title=Lives Of The Sahaba 39 – Az-Zubayr Ibn Al-Awwam – PT 01 |url=https://muslimcentral.com/yasir-qadhi-lives-sahaba-az-zubayr-ibn-al-awwam/ |website=Muslim Central Audio |publisher=Muslim Central Audio |access-date=4 December 2021 |date=2016}}</ref>}}<ref name="Tarikh Dimashq 2">{{harvtxt|Bin Al-Hassan|Al-Dimashqi|first2=Ibn Asaker|2012|p=622, Al-Zubayr told us, he said: And Abu Al-Makarram Uqbah bin Makram Al-Dhabi told me, Musab bin Salam Al-Tamimi told me, on the authority of Saad bin Tarif, on the authority of Abu Jaafar Muhammad bin Ali, he said: On the day of Badr, Al-Zubayr bin Al-Awwam had a yellow turban}}</ref> are deemed as his other personal virtue and venerable status according to Islamic belief.{{sfn|Rizqullah|2005|p=410}}{{sfn|Abasoomar|Abasoomar|2016 }}{{notetag|According to one narration, during the battle, Muhammad found an angel whom he though was Zubayr standing next to him, which then prompted Muhammad to command him to attack, to which the angel simply replied, "I am not Zubayr." Thus, according to one Hadith expert this is another indication that the angels truly came down with the appearance of Zubayr during Badr.<ref name="Kisah Teladan 20 Shahabat Nabi untuk Anak">{{cite book |last1=Ahmad Ath-Thahir |first1=Hamid |type=Doctor |title=Kisah Teladan 20 Shahabat Nabi untuk Anak |date=2017 |publisher=Hikam Pustaka |isbn=9786236843703 |page=103 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-61VEAAAQBAJ |access-date=29 December 2021 |language=id}}</ref>}}<ref name="Muhammad Nasrulloh; Al-Qur'an history">{{cite book |last1=Nasrulloh |first1=Muhammad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wi1CEAAAQBAJ |title=PERISTIWA DIBALIK TURUNNYA AL-QURAN: Fakta Sejarah Pengantar Turunnya Ayat-Ayat Al-Quran |date=2020 |publisher=Aghitsna Publisher |isbn=9786236865101 |pages=92–93 |language=Indonesian, Arabic |trans-title=EVENTS BEHIND THE DECENT OF THE QURAN: Historical Facts Introduction |chapter=46: Doa Rasulullah SAW ketika perang Badar |type=Religion / Islam / History |format=ebook |quote=Hadith from [[Sahih Muslim]] no.1763; [[Sahih al-Bukhari]] no.2915; [[Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal]] no.1161; [[al-Tabarani]] vol 10 p.18110270; compiled in the book of Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani vol.7 p.289 |access-date=2 February 2022}}</ref><ref name="Tafsirweb Religious affair ministry Ali Imran 125">{{cite web |author1=Omar Al-Muqbil |author1-link=Omar Al-Muqbil |author2=professor Shalih bin Abdullah bin Humaid from Riyadh Tafsir center |author3=Imad Zuhair Hafidz from Markaz Ta'dhim Qur'an Medina |date=2016 |title=Surat Ali-Imran ayat 125 |url=https://tafsirweb.com/1257-surat-ali-imran-ayat-125.html |access-date=30 January 2022 |website=Tafsirweb |publisher=[[Islamic University of Madinah]]; [[Ministry of Religious Affairs (Indonesia)]]; [[Ministry of Islamic Affairs, Dawah and Guidance]] |language=Indonesian, Arabic}}</ref> Meanwhile, Mahdi Rizqullah has compiled the commentary from classical Islamic scholars, that the verse narration about the angels attendance in the battle were also supported by hadiths from hadith collection from [[Muslim ibn Hajjaj]], [[Ahmad ibn Hanbal]], and the also from Quranic historiography work by [[Ibn Kathir]].<ref name="Biografi Rasulullah Sebuah Studi Analitis Berdasarkan Sumber-sumber yang Otentik |trans-title=Biography of the Prophet An Analytical Study Based on Authentic Sources">{{cite book |author1=Mahdi Rizqullah Ahmad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YwOwDgAAQBAJ |title=Biografi Rasulullah Sebuah Studi Analitis Berdasarkan Sumber-sumber yang Otentik |author2=Anis Maftukhin |author3=Yessi HM. Basyaruddin |date=2017 |publisher=Qisthi Press |isbn=9789793715568 |editor1-last=Maftukhin |editor1-first=Anis |pages=441–443 |language=id |trans-title=Biography of the Prophet An Analytical Study Based on Authentic Sources |type=Biography & Autobiography / Religious, Religion / Islam / General, Muhammad, Prophet, d. 632 -- Biography |format=ebook |access-date=9 March 2022}}</ref> [[Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani]] gave commentary of another supportive narration from [[al-Baihaqi]] and [[Ibn Ishaq]], through various hadith narration chains about the testimony from several different [[sahabah]].<ref name="Biografi Rasulullah Sebuah Studi Analitis Berdasarkan Sumber-sumber yang Otentik |trans-title=Biography of the Prophet An Analytical Study Based on Authentic Sources" /> This included the narration of [[Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib]] who at that time fought on the side of Qurayshite polytheist, who testified that he has been taken captive on the aftermath of the battle by a horse rider whom he did not recognize at all from Muslims rank. According to the hadith authority from Ahmad ibn Hanbal, The captor of Abbas were confirmed by Muhammad as one of the angel who helped the Muslims during this battle.<ref name="Biografi Rasulullah Sebuah Studi Analitis Berdasarkan Sumber-sumber yang Otentik |trans-title=Biography of the Prophet An Analytical Study Based on Authentic Sources" />{{notetag|Biography of the Prophet An Analytical Study Based on Authentic Sources by Mahdi Rizqullah which published in Indonesian language were praised by Jonathan E. Brockopp from [[Cambridge University Press]] for providing more details of [[Prophetic biography]] narration which does not offered by [[Mohammed Hussein Heikal]] biography works.<ref name="The Cambridge Companion to Muhammad">{{cite book |author1=Jonathan E. Brockopp |title=The Cambridge Companion to Muhammad |date=2010|type=History / Middle East / General, Religion / Islam / General, Social Science / Islamic Studies |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781139828383 |page=257 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o58K2t344YQC |access-date=9 March 2022 |language=en |format=ebook}}</ref>}}

===Verses 9:2 - 9:6===
{{Main|Sword Verse}}
The [[Quran]], [[Surah|chapter]] 9 ([[At-Tawba]]), [[Āyah|verses]] 2–6:
{{Blockquote|
*9:2 “You ˹polytheists˺ may travel freely through the land for four months, but know that you will have no escape from Allah, and that Allah will disgrace the disbelievers.”
*9:3 A declaration from Allah and His Messenger ˹is made˺ to all people on the day of the greater pilgrimage that Allah and His Messenger are free of the polytheists. So if you ˹pagans˺ repent, it will be better for you. But if you turn away, then know that you will have no escape from Allah. And give good news ˹O Prophet˺ to the disbelievers of a painful punishment.
*9:4 As for the polytheists who have honoured every term of their treaty with you and have not supported an enemy against you, honour your treaty with them until the end of its term. Surely Allah loves those who are mindful ˹of Him˺.
*9:5 But once the Sacred Months have passed, kill the polytheists ˹who violated their treaties˺ wherever you find them, capture them, besiege them, and lie in wait for them on every way. But if they repent, perform prayers, and pay alms-tax, then set them free. Indeed, Allah is All-Forgiving, Most Merciful.
*9:6 And if anyone from the polytheists asks for your protection ˹O Prophet˺, grant it to them so they may hear the Word of Allah, then escort them to a place of safety, for they are a people who have no knowledge.
|{{qref|9|2-6|b=y}}}}

{{qref|9|5}} is termed as the ''Sword Verse''. The journalist [[Arun Shourie]] has criticized this and many other verses from the Quran contending that the [[Sunnah]] and the [[Hadith]] are equally evocative in their support of [[Jihad]].<ref>[[Arun Shourie|Shourie, Arun]]. ''Indian Controversies, Essays in Religion and Politics'', ASA Publications, New Delhi-110021</ref> Many mainstream Islamic scholars, however, assert that this verse relates to a very specific event in early Islamic history i.e. the covenant that was made and consecutively broken by the polytheist tribes of Mecca<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tpwdajIJjDUC|title=Striving in the Path of God: Jihad and Martyrdom in Islamic Thought|last=Afsaruddin|first=Asma|date=2013-06-27|publisher=OUP USA|isbn=978-0-19-973093-3|language=en|author-link=Asma Afsaruddin}}</ref>:74-91. Some think they very easily bypass the fact that Quran is often quoted by Islamic scholars to be the book perfect for all times and all places and all humans, and if it is so, its verses never need a historical context at all. On the other hand, even if the Quran are not supposed to have a historic contextual explanation the context provided (such as the unfaithfulness in pacts and treatises) are mentioned in the previous verses, thus a part of the Quran itself instead of an "out-world" context relations. According to [[Asma Afsaruddin]], citing various early exegetes' opinions regarding the Arab polytheists, the consensus among the earliest commentators has been that this does not translate into indiscriminate killing.<ref name=":0" />:88-89
{{Blockquote|Mujāhid said that this verse guarantees the safety of people in general (insān) who came to listen to the Prophet recite from the Qurān until they had returned to the place of refuge whence they came. The Tanwīr al-miqbās says that the verse commands the Prophet to grant safe conduct to anyone from among the polytheists who asks for it, so that he may hear the recitation of the speech of God. If he does not believe (sc. embrace Islam), then he is to be granted safe passage back to his land (waṭanahu). This is so because they are people ignorant of the commandments of God and His oneness.|source=''Striving in the Path of God: Jihad and Martyrdom in Islamic Thought'', 2013, pp. 88-89|sign=[[Asma Afsaruddin]]}}
Similarly, Western Islam-scholar [[Rudolph F. Peters]] also asserts that indiscriminate killing is not supported in this verse.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Jihad in Classical and Modern Islam|last=Peters|first=Rudolph|year=2005}}</ref>

===Verse 9:29===
{{Main|At-Tawba 29}}
At-Tawbah also contains: {{Blockquote|Fight against those who believe not in Allah, nor in the Last Day, nor forbid that which has been forbidden by Allah and His Messenger, and those who acknowledge not the religion of truth among the People of the Scripture, until they pay the [[Jizya]]h with willing submission, and feel themselves subdued.<ref name = "Quran 4 U"/>}}

[[Fakhr al-Din al-Razi|Al-Rāzī]] (d. 606/1210), on this occasion quoted an early exegetical authority, Abū Rawq (d. 140/757), who explained that this verse was not a unilateral condemnation of all Jews and Christians, but those "who do not heed the prescriptions contained in the Torah and the Gospel, respectively". Similarly [[Al-Qurtubi|Al-Qurṭubī]] (d. 671/1273) "did not read into Qurān 9:29 a wholesale denunciation of the People of the Book as an undifferentiated collectivity".<ref name=":0" />:278<ref>{{Cite book|title=Tafsir al-Kabir, al-Razi, التفسير الكبير}}</ref> Modern Muslim scholars like [[Muhammad Abduh]] shared similar views, agreeing that this verse was revealed on the occasion of the military campaign in Tabuk, and this verse specifically deals with the People of the Book", and also that "the only kind of legitimate war on which there is unanimity among Muslim scholars is the defensive war when proclaimed by the Imām in the event of an attack upon Muslim territory". The [[Grand Imam of al-Azhar]] from 1935 to 1945, [[Mustafa Al-Maraghi]], notes that 9:29 means: "fight those mentioned when the conditions which necessitate fighting are present, namely, aggression against you or your country, oppression and persecution against you on account of your faith, or threatening your safety and security, as was committed against you by the Byzantines, which was what led to Tabuk."<ref>{{Cite book|title=Mustafa, al-Maraghi. Tafsir al-Maraghi. 10. p. 95. محمد مصطفى المراغي}}</ref>

===Verse 9:103===
In [[Kitab al-Kafi]], [[Ja'far al-Sadiq]] has narrated that Imams are not needy to what people own but rather collect religious tax on accord that Allah said, "Take from their wealth (religious tax) and charity by which you purify them and cause them to increase and invoke blessings upon them." Therefore, it is the people who need that the Imam accepts from them.<ref name="Kulayni">{{cite book|title=Kitab al-Kafi|last1=Al-Kulayni|first1=Abu Ja’far Muhammad ibn Ya’qub|date=2015|publisher=The Islamic Seminary Inc.|isbn=9780991430864|location=South Huntington, NY}}</ref>

==Hadith==
{{religious text primary|section|date = March 2020}}
* Abu Ishaq said that he heard al-Bara' b. 'Azib (Allah be pleased with him) say: The last complete sura revealed (in the Holy Qur'an) is Sura At-Tawbah (i e. al-Bara'at, ix.), and the last verse revealed is that pertaining to Kalala.<ref>[[Sahih Muslim]] The Book of the Rules of Inheritance. (3)Chapter: The Last Verse To Be Revealed Was The Verse Of Kalalah 1618 c
In-book reference : Book 23, Hadith 15
USC-MSA web (English) reference : Book 11, Hadith 3941
(deprecated numbering scheme)</ref>

* Narrated [[Sa'id ibn Jubayr]]: I asked [[Ibn `Abbas]] about Surat At-Tawbah, and he said, "Surat Al-Tauba? It is exposure (of all the evils of the infidels and the hypocrites). And it continued revealing (that the oft-repeated expression): '...and of them ...and of them.' till they started thinking that none would be left unmentioned therein." I said, "What about) Surat[[Al-Anfal]]?" He replied, "Surat Al-Anfal was revealed in connection with the [[Battle of Badr]]." I said, "(What about) Surat [[Al-Hashr]]?" He replied, "It was revealed in connection with [[Banu Nadir]]."<ref>[[Sahih al-Bukhari]] » Prophetic Commentary on the Qur'an (Tafseer of the Prophet (pbuh)) USC-MSA web (English) reference : Vol. 6, Book 60, Hadith 404
Arabic reference : Book 65, Hadith 4882</ref><ref>[[Sahih Muslim]] » The Book of Commentary on the Qur'an 3031
In-book reference : Book 56, Hadith 35
USC-MSA web (English) reference : Book 43, Hadith 7185
(deprecated numbering scheme)</ref>

* Narrated [[Zayd ibn Thabit]] Al-Ansari: who was one of those who used to write the Divine Revelation: Abu Bakr sent for me after the (heavy) casualties among the warriors (of the battle) of Yamama (where a great number of Qurra' were killed). `Umar was present with Abu Bakr who said, `Umar has come to me and said, The people have suffered heavy casualties on the day of (the battle of) Yamama, and I am afraid that there will be more casualties among the Qurra' (those who know the Qur'an by heart) at other battle-fields, whereby a large part of the Qur'an may be lost, unless you collect it. And I am of the opinion that you should collect the Qur'an." Abu Bakr added, "I said to `Umar, 'How can I do something which Allah's Apostle has not done?' `Umar said (to me), 'By Allah, it is (really) a good thing.' So `Umar kept on pressing, trying to persuade me to accept his proposal, till Allah opened my bosom for it and I had the same opinion as `Umar." (Zaid bin Thabit added:) `Umar was sitting with him (Abu Bakr) and was not speaking. me). "You are a wise young man and we do not suspect you (of telling lies or of forgetfulness): and you used to write the Divine Inspiration for Allah's Messenger. Therefore, look for the Qur'an and collect it (in one manuscript). " By Allah, if he (Abu Bakr) had ordered me to shift one of the mountains (from its place) it would not have been harder for me than what he had ordered me concerning the collection of the Qur'an. I said to both of them, "How dare you do a thing which the Prophet has not done?" Abu Bakr said, "By Allah, it is (really) a good thing. So I kept on arguing with him about it till Allah opened my bosom for that which He had opened the bosoms of Abu Bakr and `Umar. So I started locating Qur'anic material and collecting it from parchments, scapula, leaf-stalks of date palms and from the memories of men (who knew it by heart). I found with Khuza`ima two Verses of Surat At-Tawbah which I had not found with anybody else, (and they were):-- "Verily there has come to you an Apostle (Muhammad) from amongst yourselves. It grieves him that you should receive any injury or difficulty He (Muhammad) is ardently anxious over you (to be rightly guided)" (9.128) The manuscript on which the Qur'an was collected, remained with Abu Bakr until Allah took him unto Him, and then with `Umar till Allah took him unto Him, and finally it remained with Hafsa, `Umar's daughter.<ref>[[Sahih al-Bukhari]] » Prophetic Commentary on the Qur'an (Tafseer of the Prophet (pbuh)) USC-MSA web (English) reference : Vol. 6, Book 60, Hadith 201
Arabic reference : Book 65, Hadith 4679</ref><ref>[[Sahih al-Bukhari]] » Book of Judgments (Ahkaam) (37)Chapter: It is desirable that a scribe should be honest and wise 7191
In-book reference : Book 93, Hadith 53
USC-MSA web (English) reference : Vol. 9, Book 89, Hadith 301
(deprecated numbering scheme)</ref><ref>[[Sahih al-Bukhari]] » Book of Virtues of the Qur'an (3)Chapter: The collection of the Qur'an 4986
In-book reference : Book 66, Hadith 8
USC-MSA web (English) reference : Vol. 6, Book 61, Hadith 509
(deprecated numbering scheme)</ref><ref>[[Sahih al-Bukhari]] 7425
In-book reference : Book 97, Hadith 53
USC-MSA web (English) reference : Vol. 9, Book 93, Hadith 521
(deprecated numbering scheme)</ref><ref>[[Sahih al-Bukhari]] 4989
In-book reference : Book 66, Hadith 11
USC-MSA web (English) reference : Vol. 6, Book 61, Hadith 511
(deprecated numbering scheme)</ref>

==Placement and coherence with other surahs==
The idea of textual relation between the verses of a chapter has been discussed under various titles such as ''nazm'' and ''munasabah'' in non-English literature and ''coherence'', ''text relations'', ''intertextuality'', and ''unity'' in English literature. [[Hamiduddin Farahi]], an [[Islamic]] scholar of the [[Indian subcontinent]], is known for his work on the concept of nazm, or coherence, in the Quran. [[Fakhruddin al-Razi]] (died 1209 CE), Zarkashi (died 1392) and several other classical as well as contemporary Quranic scholars have contributed to the studies.<ref name=farrahi>{{cite book|last=Hamiduddin Farahi|author-link=Hamiduddin Farahi|first=translated by Tariq Mahmood Hashmi|title=Exordium to coherence in the Quran : an English translation of Fātiḥah Niẓām al-Qurʼān|year=2008|publisher=al-Mawrid|location=Lahore|isbn=978-9698799571|edition=1st}}</ref> The entire Qur'an thus emerges as a well-connected and systematic book.<ref>{{Citation
| contribution = Islahi, Amin Ahsan
| year = 2003
| editor-link = John Esposito
| title = [[The Oxford Dictionary of Islam]]
| editor-last = Esposito
| editor-first = John
| publisher = [[Oxford University Press]]
| isbn = 0-19-512558-4
| contribution-url = http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1086 }}</ref> Each division has a distinct theme. Topics within a division are more or less in the order of revelation. Within each division, each member of the pair complements the other in various ways. The seven divisions are as follows:

{|class="wikitable"
! Group !! From !! To !! Central theme
|-
| 1 || [[Al-Fatiha]] {{qref|b=y|s=y|1}} || [[Al-Ma'ida]] {{qref|b=y|s=y|5}} || [[Sharia|Islamic law]]
|-
| 2 || [[Al-An'am]] {{qref|b=y|s=y|6}} || [[At-Tawba]] {{qref|b=y|s=y|9}} || The consequences of denying [[Muhammad]] for the [[polytheists]] of [[Mecca]]
|-
| 3 || [[Yunus (surah)|Yunus]] {{qref|b=y|s=y|10}} || [[An-Nur]] {{qref|b=y|s=y|24}} || Glad tidings of Muhammad's domination
|-
| 4 || [[Al-Furqan]] {{qref|b=y|s=y|25}} || [[Al-Ahzab]] {{qref|b=y|s=y|33}} || Arguments on the prophethood of Muhammad and the requirements of faith in him
|-
| 5 || [[Saba (sura)|Saba]] {{qref|b=y|s=y|34}} || [[Al-Hujurat]] {{qref|b=y|s=y|49}} || Arguments on [[monotheism]] and the requirements of [[faith]] in it
|-
| 6 || [[Qaf (sura)|Qaf]] {{qref|b=y|s=y|50}} || [[At-Tahrim]] {{qref|b=y|s=y|66}} || Arguments on [[afterlife]] and the requirements of faith in it
|-
| 7 || [[Al-Mulk]] {{qref|b=y|s=y|67}} || [[An-Nas]] {{qref|b=y|s=y|114}} || Admonition to the [[Quraysh]] about their fate in the Herein and the Hereafter if they deny Muhammad
|}

==See also==
* [[Repentance in Islam]]
* [[Salat al-Tawbah]]

== Appendix ==
=== Notes ===
{{NoteFoot}}

=== References ===
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
* {{cite web |last1=Abasoomar |first1=Moulana Muhammad |last2=Abasoomar |first2=Moulana Haroon |title=Virtue of Sayyiduna Zubayr (radiyallahu 'anhu) |url=https://hadithanswers.com/virtue-of-sayyiduna-zubayr-radiyallahu-anhu/ |date=2016 |website=Hadith Answers |publisher=Darul Hadith |access-date=9 November 2021 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Bin Al-Hassan |first1=Abi Al-Qasim Ali |last2=Al-Dimashqi |first2=Ibn Asaker|author-link2=Ibn Asakir |title=تاريخ مدينة دمشق 1-37 ج10 |trans-title=History of the city of Damascus |date=2012 |publisher=Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah دار الكتب العلمية }}
* {{cite book |last1=Rizqullah |first1=Ahmad Mahdi |title=A Biography of the Prophet of Islam In the Light of the Original Sources, an Analytical Study · Volume 1 |date=2005 |publisher=[[Darussalam Publishers]] |page=410 |isbn=9789960969022 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G7YA55Ih59oC |access-date=9 November 2021 }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Sadeghi |first1=Behnam |last2=Goudarzi |first2=Mohsen |year=2012 |title=Ṣan'ā' 1 and the Origins of the Qur'ān |url=http://pl.scribd.com/doc/110978941/Sanaa-1-and-the-Origins-of-the-Qur-An |journal=[[Der Islam]] |volume=87 |issue=1–2 |location=[[Berlin]] |publisher=[[Walter de Gruyter|De Gruyter]] |pages=1–129 |doi=10.1515/islam-2011-0025 |s2cid=164120434|url-access=subscription }}
*{{Cite book |last=Muir |first=William |title=The Life of Muhammad from Original Sources |publisher=Princeton University |year=1878}}

==External links==
*[https://quran.com/9 Quran 9] [[Clear Quran translation]]
*[https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/9/5/ Q9:5], 50+ translations, islamawakened.com
{{Sura|9|[[Al-Anfal]]|[[Yunus (sura)|Yunus]]}}
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[[Category:At-Tawba| ]]
[[Category:Jihad]]
[[Category:Chapters in the Quran|Tawba]]