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<div>{{Short description|Use of armed forces to suppress civilian conflict and create domestic tranquility}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}<br />
[[File:US Navy 100913-N-4973M-012 Lt. j.g. Craig Mueller, from St. Louis, Mo., and Lt. j.g. Zach Decker, from Boulder, Co., monitor the defense systems ab.jpg|thumb|300px|right|US Navy officers aboard the aircraft carrier [[USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN-72)|USS ''Abraham Lincoln'' (CVN-72)]] monitoring defense systems during [[maritime security operations]].]]<br />
'''Military operations other than war''' ('''MOOTW''') are [[military operation]]s that do not involve [[warfare]], [[combat]], or the threat or use of [[violence]]. They generally include [[peacekeeping]], [[peacebuilding]], [[disaster response]], [[humanitarian aid]], [[military engineering]], [[law enforcement]], [[arms control]], [[Deterrence theory|deterrence]], and [[multilateralism]].<br />
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The phrase and acronym were coined by the [[United States Armed Forces]] in the 1990s, but it has since fallen out of use. The [[British Armed Forces]] use an alternative term called '''peace support operations''' ('''PSO'''), which essentially refers to the same thing as MOOTW.<ref>Segal, Hugh. (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=UOQn51np-LEC&dq=united+kingdom+mootw&pg=PA275 ''Geopolitical Integrity,'' p. 275.]</ref> Similarly, the Chinese [[People's Liberation Army]] also uses a similar concept called '''non-war military activities''', which expands on MOOTW and includes a range of activities categorized as "Confrontational" ,"Law Enforcement", "Aid & Rescue", or "Cooperative".<ref>Bilms, Kevin. [https://mwi.usma.edu/beyond-war-and-peace-the-plas-non-war-military-activities-concept/ "Beyond War and Peace: The PLA "Non-War Military Activities" Concept"] ''[[United States Military Academy#Department of Military Instruction|Modern War Institute]], U.S. Military Academy.'' 26 January 2022.</ref><br />
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Special agreements exist which facilitate fire support operations within [[NATO]] and the [[ABCANZ Armies|ABCANZ]] quadripartite working group. Cooperation is organized in advance with NATO [[standardization agreement]]s (STANAGs) and quadripartite standardization agreements (QSTAGs). Many countries which need disaster support relief have no bilateral agreements already in place, and action may be required, based on the situation, to establish such agreements.<ref name="globalsecurity2009">{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/japan/ddh-x.htm|title=US Army Field Manual, "Military Operations Other Than War"|publisher=www.globalsecurity.org|access-date=28 September 2009}}</ref><br />
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The [[United Nations]] (UN) recognizes the vulnerability of civilians in armed conflict. [[United Nations Security Council resolution 1674]] (2006) on the protection of civilians in armed conflict enhances international focused attention on the protection of civilians in UN and other peace operations. The implementation of paragraph 16 anticipates that peacekeeping missions are provided with clear guidelines regarding what missions can and should do to achieve protection goals; that the protection of civilians is given priority in decisions about the use of resources; and that protection mandates are implemented.<ref name="dfat_peacekeeping">Australia, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade: [http://www.dfat.gov.au/facts/peacekeeping.html Peacekeeping and Related Peace Operations] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091010072109/http://www.dfat.gov.au/facts/peacekeeping.html |date=10 October 2009 }}</ref><br />
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==Overview==<br />
MOOTW purposes may include deterring potential aggressors, protecting national interests, and supporting UN objectives.<br />
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Peacetime and conflict represent two states of the range of military operations.<br />
* Peacetime is a state in which diplomatic, economic, informational, and military powers are employed in combination with each other to achieve national objectives.<br />
* Conflict is a unique environment in which the military works closely with diplomatic leaders to control hostilities; and the national objective is focused on the goal of returning to peacetime conditions.<ref name="globalsecurity2009"/><br />
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Planners are challenged to find ways to resolve or work around unique arrays of inter-related constraints (e.g. issues related to budgeting, training, and force structure). The uncertainties which are inherent or implied include the varying political aspects which are likely to affect unanticipated MOOTW.<ref name="taw1999">Taw, Jennifer Morris. [http://www.defence.gov.au/publications/dfj/adfj134.pdf "Planning for Military Operations Other Than War: Lessons from US Army Efforts,"] ''Australian Defence Force Journal'', No. 134, January/February 1999. pp.&nbsp;57–68.</ref><br />
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==Australia==<br />
The [[Australian Defence Force]] has turned attention to the study and understanding of a changing geo-strategic environment. MOOTW becomes more important where the options for traditional application of military instruments are growing more limited.<ref>Chairman's Report: 12th ASEAN Regional Forum, 21–23 October 2008.</ref><br />
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Australian participation in UN peacekeeping operations began in 1947.<ref name="dfat_peacekeeping"/><br />
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===Select Australian deployments===<br />
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* 1947 [[United Nations Consular Commission to Indonesia|UN Consular Commission to Indonesia]]<ref name="dfat_peacekeeping"/><br />
* 2005 Nias–Simeulue earthquake ("[[Operation Sumatra Assist]]"): Emergency relief and medical assistance.<ref>Australia, Department of Defense: [http://www.defence.gov.au/optsunamiassist/default.htm Operation Sumatra Assist]</ref><br />
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Current{{When|date=July 2015}} Australian deployments include the [[United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan|UN Assistance Mission in Afghanistan]] (UNAMA); the [[United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan|UN Assistance Mission for Iraq]] (UNAMI); the [[United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus|UN Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus]] (UNFICYP); the [[United Nations Truce Supervision Organization|UN Truce Supervision Organization]] (UNTSO); the [[United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste|UN Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste]] (UNMIT); the [[United Nations Mission in the Sudan|UN Mission in the Sudan]] (UNMIS); and the [[United Nations African Union Mission in Darfur|UN–African Union Mission in Darfur]] (UNAMID).<ref name="dfat_peacekeeping"/><br />
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==Canada==<br />
{{Further|Military history of Canada#Participation in peacekeeping missions}}<br />
The curriculum of the [[Canadian Armed Forces]]'s training programs includes MOOTW.<ref>Buschmann, Klaus. (2000). ''Training and Education: Essential Prerequisites for Sustainability in Operations Other Than War.'' <!--<br />
Toronto: Canadian Forces College --></ref> In the 20th century Canadian peacekeeping was well publicised in Canada.<ref>Jaxon, George. [https://web.archive.org/web/20121102044342/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-30148351.html "Quantity versus quality: dispelling some Canadian myths about peacekeeping,"] ''Esprit de Corps.'' 1 March 2000.</ref><br />
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===Select Canadian deployments===<br />
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* Cyprus, 1960s<br />
* Congo, 1960s<br />
* Afghanistan, 2001–2014<br />
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==China==<br />
{{main|Military operations other than war (China)}}<br />
The non-traditional missions of the [[People's Liberation Army]] have evolved as an increasingly used tool of statecraft.<ref>Watson, Cynthia. "The Chinese Armed Forces and Non-Traditional Missions: A Growing Tool of Statecraft", ''China Brief'', Vol. 9, No. 4, 20 February 2009.</ref><br />
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The People's Liberation Army (PLA) established specialized forces for military operations other than war. In the 2013 Science of Military Strategy, PLA writers articulated a Non-War Military Activities (NWMA) concept based on MOOTW which emphasizes "Confrontational," "Law Enforcement," "Aid & Rescue," and "Cooperative" military activities as a source of military strength alongside traditional deterrence and warfighting.<ref>Science of Military Strategy (2013). [https://airuniversity.af.edu/Portals/10/CASI/documents/Translations/2021-02-08%20Chinese%20Military%20Thoughts-%20In%20their%20own%20words%20Science%20of%20Military%20Strategy%202013.pdf?ver=NxAWg4BPw_NylEjxaha8Aw%3d%3d#page=217]. Beijing. 2013</ref><br />
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===Select Chinese deployments===<br />
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* Somali pirates, 2009: Naval escort missions in waters off Somalia.<ref>Chin Jie. [http://eng.mod.gov.cn/Database/MOOTW/2009-08/21/content_4076398.htm "Naval flotilla for escort mission in waters off Somalia, Gulf of Aden returns,"] Xinhua. 21 August 2009.</ref><br />
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== Indonesia ==<br />
{{Main|Military operations other than war (Indonesia)}}<br />
The military in Indonesia has evolved as an apparatus for defense based on political decisions.<br />
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The [[Indonesian National Armed Forces|Indonesian armed forces]] are tasked with military operations other than war, which include deterring radicalism and terrorism, securing critical infrastructure such as border controls, protecting dignitaries, providing disaster relief, and assisting the government in securing flight and maritime routes against hijacking, piracy, and trafficking.<br />
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=== Select Indonesian deployments ===<br />
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* [[Garuda Contingent]], 1956–Present.<br />
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==Japan==<br />
{{main|Military operations other than war (Japan)}}<br />
The [[Japan Self-Defense Forces]] are affected by the [[Constitution of Japan]], [[Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution|Article 9]] of which prohibits the use of war to resolve the country's disputes. This affects their operations, as well as the classifications of some equipment such as the [[Hyūga-class helicopter destroyer|''Hyūga''-class helicopter destroyer]], which are limited to the role of MOOTW.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/japan/ddh-x.htm|title=16DDH "13,500 ton" ton Class|publisher=www.globalsecurity.org|access-date=28 September 2009}}</ref><br />
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===Select Japanese deployments===<br />
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* [[Iraq War]] ("Operation Enduring Freedom"), 2003–2009: Ground Self-Defense Forces, water purification near Basra; Air Self-Defence Forces, cargo and personnel transport; Maritime Self-Defence Forces, supply ships servicing the international flotilla.<ref>Okamoto, Yukio. [https://web.archive.org/web/20081220055022/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Japan/JJ23Dh01.html "New US Leaders Need a Japanese 'Jolt',"] ''Asia Times'' (Hong Kong). 23 October 2008.</ref><br />
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==United Kingdom==<br />
{{main|Military operations other than war (UK)}}<br />
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The prescience of Sir [[Julian Corbett]] (1854–1922) and his strategic point of view are reflected in contemporary applications of MOOTW, which extend and reinvigorate Corbettian formulations.<ref>Till, Geoffrey. [https://books.google.com/books?id=mJAcR-FsUBgC&dq=uk+and+mootw&pg=PA66 ''Seapower: A Guide for the Twenty-First Century,'' p. 66.]</ref><br />
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The evolution of British tactics in the [[Malayan Emergency]] (1948–1960) illustrates lessons learned the hard way. The British developed a strategy with elements similar to MOOTW. Lieutenant General Sir [[Harold Rawdon Briggs|Harold Briggs]] proposed "two key goals to accomplish in order to end the insurgency—first, to protect the population, and second to isolate them from the guerrillas."<ref name="hamby2002">Hamby, Joel E. [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0KNN/is_32/ai_105853016/ "Civil-military operations: joint doctrine and the Malayan Emergency,"] ''Joint Force Quarterly'', Autumn 2002.</ref><br />
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British peacekeeping troops in Bosnia in the late 1990s attended to similar objectives in a process of re-establishing "normalcy."<ref name="brady1997">Brady, Pamela J. [http://ics.leeds.ac.uk/papers/pmt/exhibits/611/balkan1.pdf "Joint Endeavor—The Role of Civil Affairs."] ''Joint Force Quarterly.'' Summer 1997.</ref><br />
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===Selected British deployments===<br />
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* 1948–1960 [[Malayan Emergency]].<ref name="hamby2002"/><br />
* 1995 post-[[Bosnian War]] ("Operation Deliberate Force").<ref name="brady1997"/><br />
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==United States==<br />
{{main|Military operations other than war (US)}}<br />
In [[Military of the United States|United States military]] [[military doctrine|doctrine]], military operations other than war include the use of military capabilities across a range of operations that fall short of war. Because of political considerations, MOOTW operations normally have more restrictive [[rules of engagement]] (ROE) than in war.<br />
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Although the MOOTW acronym is new,{{When|date=July 2015}} the concepts are not. The [[RAND]] database identifies 846 military operations other than war between 1916 and 1996 in which the US Air Force or its predecessors played a noteworthy role.<ref>Vick, Allen ''et al.'' (1997). ''Preparing the U.S. Air Force for Operations Other than War'', [http://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR842/MR842.appa.pdf Appendix A: "USAF MOOTW Operations, 1916–1996," pp.&nbsp;79–162.]</ref><br />
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===Select American deployments===<br />
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* [[2005 Nias–Simeulue earthquake]]: Emergency relief and medical assistance.<ref>Kellerhals, Merle D. [http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900SID/EGUA-6BKLCD?OpenDocument "Indonesia: U.S. Navy hospital ship treats nearly 10,000 earthquake victims; Crewmembers work closely with civilian groups to provide medical aid,"] United States Department of State press release. 15 April 2005.</ref><br />
* 1990–1994 Operation Promote Liberty: Occupation and peacekeeping mission in Panama after the 1989 [[United States invasion of Panama]].<br />
* 1991 [[Operation Eastern Exit]]: Noncombatant evacuation operation to evacuate diplomatic staff and civilians, from the US and 29 other countries, from the [[Embassy of the United States, Mogadishu|US Embassy in Mogadishu, Somalia]] as the city plunged into near-anarchy during the [[Somali Civil War]].<br />
* 2001–2014 [[Operation Enduring Freedom]]: Bush Doctrine continuous operation across numerous countries, mainly Afghanistan, Pakistan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan.<br />
* [[2011 military intervention in Libya]]: UN-authorized no-fly zone enforcement in defense of rebel factions in Libya.<br />
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==Singapore==<br />
The Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) anticipates a continuing need for conventional military competence into the foreseeable future, but missions in which the use of minimal{{Clarify|reason=vague|date=July 2015}} force is the rule rather than the exception are expected to grow in importance. Proficiency in MOOTW requires a much greater and somewhat different set of skill sets than traditional war-fighting. In this context, the SAF is developing new training programmes for small unit leaders. The process of educating and preparing a professional SAF capable of handling a wide spectrum of operations anticipates an increase in MOOTW.<br />
<ref>Singapore Ministry of Defense, SAFTI Military Institute: [http://www.mindef.gov.sg/imindef/mindef_websites/atozlistings/saftimi/events/2008/12th_ARF.html "12th ARF Heads of Defence Universities/Colleges/Institutions Meeting,"]. 21–23 October 2008.</ref> These men will need to ready to become "peacekeepers, goodwill ambassadors and winners of hearts and minds."<ref name="weichong2009">Weichong, Ong. [http://www.rsis.edu.sg/publications/Perspective/RSIS0052009.pdf "More than Warfighters: Role of 'Strategic Corporals' in the SAF,"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726085135/http://www.rsis.edu.sg/publications/Perspective/RSIS0052009.pdf |date=26 July 2011 }} ''RSIS Commentaries'' (S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore). 12 January 2009.</ref><br />
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In 1999, the Singapore contingent of UN peacekeepers in [[East Timor]] was the most extensive MOOTW mission attempted by the SAF. The commitment included three landing ship tanks (LSTs), medical teams, C-130s, military observers and logistics support.<ref name="ho2004">Ho, Joshua and Manjeet S. Pardesi. [http://dr.ntu.edu.sg/bitstream/10220/4058/1/RSIS-COMMENT_221.pdf "Singapore's Security Challenges: How Does the RMA Fit In?"] ''RSIS Commentaries.'' 23 July 2004.</ref><br />
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===Select Singapore deployments===<br />
{{dynamic list}}<br />
* [[United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor]], 1999–2002. Peacekeeping, medical assistance, logistical support.<ref name="ho2004"/><br />
* 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake and Tsunami, Aceh Province, Sumatra, Indonesia ("Operation Flying Eagle" or OFE): Emergency relief, medical assistance and temporary relocation of victims.<ref name="weichong2009"/><br />
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==Sweden==<br />
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===Select Swedish deployments===<br />
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* Swedish Armed Forces conducted supporting operations during the [[forest fires]] of 2014 and 2018.<br />
* [[Operation Gloria]], 2020–2023. Supporting Swedish civil authorities during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Sweden]].<br />
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== India ==<br />
The [[Indian Army]] is tasked with many operations other than war such as [[Operation Sadbhavana (Goodwill)]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and Operation Samaritan in [[Northeast India|north-east]] India. Operation Sadbhavana aims to limit the alienation faced by the population and infrastructure destruction in Jammu and Kashmir in areas where the government administration has not been successful due to insurgency. Welfare initiatives include [[Army Goodwill Schools]], educational and motivational tours, health camps, women and youth empowerment and infrastructure development.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=P.|first1=Cariappa, Mudera|last2=V.|first2=Bonventre, Eugene|last3=K.|first3=Mohanti, Bikash|date=1 August 2008|title=Operation Sadbhavana: Winning Hearts and Minds in the Ladakh Himalayan Region|journal=Military Medicine|language=en|volume=173|issue=8|pages=749–753|doi=10.7205/MILMED.173.8.749|pmid=18751591|issn=0026-4075|doi-access=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/feacontent.aspx?relid=93711|title=Operation Sadbhavana|last=Ministry of Defence|website=Public Information Bureau, Government of India|access-date=19 February 2018}}</ref><br />
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The Indian defence forces also takes part in various [[Indian Army United Nations peacekeeping missions|UN Peacekeeping missions]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2013/12/un-praise-indian-peacekeepers-s-sudan-2013122374237681429.html|title=UN praise for Indian peacekeepers in S Sudan|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=19 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/troop-and-police-contributors|title=Troop and police contributors {{!}} United Nations Peacekeeping|website=peacekeeping.un.org|language=en|access-date=19 February 2018}}</ref><br />
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==See also==<br />
* [[Counter-insurgency]]<br />
* [[Fourth-generation warfare]]<br />
* [[Low intensity conflict]]<br />
* [[Grey-zone (international relations)]]<br />
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==Notes==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
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==References==<br />
* Bonn, Keith E. and Anthony E Baker. (2000). ''Guide to Military Operations Other than War: Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Stability and Support operations, Domestic and International.'' Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books. {{ISBN|978-0-8117-2939-0}}; {{OCLC|231842432}}<br />
* Frantzen, Henning-A. (2005). ''NATO and peace support operations, 1991–1999: policies and doctrines.'' London: [[Routledge]]. {{ISBN|978-0-415-34996-3}}<br />
* Segal, Hugh. (2005). ''Geopolitical Integrity''. [[Institute for Research on Public Policy]] (IRPP). {{ISBN|978-0-88645-189-9}}; {{OCLC|145767700}}<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041014202739/http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jrm/mootw.pdf "U.S. Joint Doctrine, Joint Force Employment Briefing Modules."]<br />
* Vick, Allen, John William Stillion and Abram N. Shulsky. (1997). ''Preparing the U.S. Air Force for Operations Other than War.'' Santa Monica, California: RAND. {{ISBN|978-0-8330-2492-3}}; {{OCLC|231771508}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=July 2015}}<br />
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[[Category:Military operations other than war| ]]<br />
[[Category:Military terminology]]</div>84.248.108.208