Fresnillo

2025-05-02T11:50:04Z

87.116.179.219: /* Climate */

{{Short description|City in the Mexican state of Zacatecas}}
{{For|the mining company|Fresnillo plc}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2012}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Fresnillo, Zacatecas
| official_name = Fresnillo de González Echeverría
| settlement_type = [[City]]
| image_skyline = Parroquia de la Purificación 04.JPG
| imagesize =
| image_caption = Templo de la Purificación in Fresnillo
| image_flag =
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| image_seal =
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| city_logo =
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| pushpin_map = Mexico Zacatecas#Mexico
| pushpin_label_position = 
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| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{MEX}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States of Mexico|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Zacatecas]]
| subdivision_type2 = Municipality
| subdivision_name2 =
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name4 =
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name = Saul Monreal
| established_title = Founded
| established_date = September 2, 1554
| area_blank1_title = Municipality
| area_blank1_km2 =
| area_blank1_sq_mi = 1910
|population_blank1=240532
|population_blank1_title=Municipality
| population_as_of = 2020<ref>[https://www.inegi.org.mx/app/cpv/2020/resultadosrapidos/default.html?texto=Fresnillo Fresnillo on Censo de Población y Vivienda]</ref>
| population_total = 143281
| population_blank2_title = [[Demonym]]
| population_blank2 = Fresnillense
| timezone = [[Time in Mexico|Central]] [[Central Standard Time Zone|(US Central)]]
| utc_offset = -6
| timezone_DST = Central
| utc_offset_DST = -5
| coordinates = {{coord|23|10|30|N|102|52|03|W|region:MX|display=inline,title}}
| elevation_m = 2210
| postal_code = 99000
| area_code = 493
| blank_name =
| blank_info =
| blank1_name =
| blank1_info =
| website = [http://www.fresnillo.gob.mx Official website]
| population_density_km2 = 47,12
| population_density_sq_mi = auto
}}

'''Fresnillo''' ({{IPA|es|fres'nijo}}) is a city in north central [[Mexico]], founded in 1554 by [[Francisco de Ibarra]]. It is the second largest city in [[Zacatecas]] state and the seat of Fresnillo municipality. As a rail and highway junction, Fresnillo is the center of a rich mining area known especially for silver, and the location of one of the world's richest silver mines, the [[Mina Proaño]] or Fresnillo Mine, which belongs to the [[Peñoles]] mining company. Other important economic activities include agriculture (cereals, beans), cattle raising, and a mining school. Fresnillo is also the municipal seat of the [[municipalities of Mexico|municipality]] of the same name which surrounds it. The municipality had a population of 196,538 and an areal extent of {{convert|4947|km2}}.

It is the location of religious [[pilgrim]]ages to see the famous ''[[Santo Niño de Atocha]]'' ("Holy Child of Atocha"), a Roman Catholic devotional statue brought to Mexico from Spain.

== History ==
{{more citations needed|section|date=November 2022}}
Between 1551 and 1552, [[Diego Fernández de Proaño]] embarked on several explorations in the [[Zacatecas]] region, searching for a legendary hill purported to contain great mineral wealth. He discovered a hill, which despite not matching the descriptions given, bore evidence of rich mineral deposits, which he named "Cerro de Proaño" ("Proaño's Hill"). He returned to the city of Zacatecas to report his findings to the [[Viceroy]], but apparently there was not much interest in his discovery and Proaño's Hill was forgotten over the years.<ref name=municipios>{{cite web|title="Fresnillo"|series=Enciclopedia de los Municipios y Delagaciones de México|language=Spanish|url=http://www.inafed.gob.mx/work/enciclopedia/EMM32zacatecas/municipios/32010a.html|access-date=January 13, 2020|archive-date=February 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227092253/http://www.inafed.gob.mx/work/enciclopedia/EMM32zacatecas/municipios/32010a.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

A second expedition, headed by 15-year-old [[Francisco de Ibarra]], arrived on September 2, 1554 at a place where there was a freshwater spring, in whose border was a "Pequeño Fresno" (small ash). They decided to spend the night, and Francisco de Ibarra wrote his name for the place in his daily journal: "Ojo de Agua del Fresnillo" ("spring of the small ash").
[[File:Hacienda_Nueva_de_Fresnillo.jpg|thumb|left|250px|[[Housing estate|Estate]] Proaño]]
In the early years after its foundation, the town suffered incursions by [[Guachichil]] Indians who were nomadic and bellicose. Due to the heavy losses suffered by the settlers in those early years, the Viceroy, [[Martín Enríquez de Almanza]], ordered the construction of a presidio in the town. Captain Rodrigo Río de Loza was assigned to lead the garrison of eight soldiers. The military outpost was built where the current municipal palace stands today. Among the first mayors of Fresnillo were Captain Diego Núñez de Miranda, Cristóbal Caldera and Juan de Avellaneda.

Between 1682 and 1757, the mines were worked constantly. There were several mines, mostly on the foothills of Proaño's Hill. In 1757, the mine shafts had reached fifty meters in depth and flooding began to be a major problem. The mines were abandoned as it was economically unviable to mitigate the flooding and the area went into an economic crisis. The mine owners lost their mines as a result of seizure by the Spanish Crown for failure to repay loans. The Crown named a new administrator for the mines, but they continued to lie idle.

In 2013, Fresnillo became the first municipality in Mexican history to elect an openly [[gay]] mayor, with the election of [[Benjamín Medrano]].<ref name=abc>[https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/mexicos-1st-gay-mayor-elected-rough-north-19705423 "Mexico's 1st Openly Gay Mayor Elected"]. [[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]], July 18, 2013.</ref> The municipal palace was burned during a protest against the kidnapping, torture, and murder of a 12-year-old girl known as Sofía Alejandra N. on November 22, [[2020 in Mexico|2020]]. The girl was kidnapped and held for eleven days but the family could not come up with the money needed to pay the ransom.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Valadez Rodríguez |first1=Alfredo |title=Incendian presidencia municipal de Fresnillo por asesinato de menor |url=https://www.jornada.com.mx/ultimas/estados/2020/11/23/incendian-presidencia-municipal-de-fresnillo-por-asesinato-de-menor-7586.html#.X7wG1nOW25w.facebook |access-date=November 23, 2020 |publisher=La Jornada |date=November 23, 2020 |language=es}}</ref>

In the summer of 2021, it was reported that 96% of the residents of Fresnillo felt unsafe, primarily due to the violence from drug cartels.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Lopez|first=Oscar|date=2021-08-03|title='We're Living in Hell': Inside Mexico's Most Terrified City|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/03/world/americas/inside-mexicos-most-terrified-city-fresnillo.html|access-date=2021-08-03|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

==Geography==
===Climate===
{{Weather box
|location = Fresnillo
|metric first = yes
|single line = Yes
|collapsed = Y
|Jan record high C = 31.0
|Feb record high C = 30.0
|Mar record high C = 33.0
|Apr record high C = 39.0
|May record high C = 38.0
|Jun record high C = 38.5
|Jul record high C = 34.0
|Aug record high C = 34.0
|Sep record high C = 33.0
|Oct record high C = 33.0
|Nov record high C = 31.0
|Dec record high C = 29.0
|Jan high C = 19.9
|Feb high C = 21.9
|Mar high C = 24.7
|Apr high C = 26.8
|May high C = 29.4
|Jun high C = 28.5
|Jul high C = 26.0
|Aug high C = 25.5
|Sep high C = 24.7
|Oct high C = 24.4
|Nov high C = 22.7
|Dec high C = 20.4
|year high C = 24.6
|Jan mean C = 12.1
|Feb mean C = 13.5
|Mar mean C = 16.2
|Apr mean C = 18.3
|May mean C = 21.1
|Jun mean C = 21.2
|Jul mean C = 19.6
|Aug mean C = 19.3
|Sep mean C = 18.5
|Oct mean C = 17.2
|Nov mean C = 14.8
|Dec mean C = 12.8
|year mean C = 17.1
|Jan low C = 4.3
|Feb low C = 5.1
|Mar low C = 7.6
|Apr low C = 9.8
|May low C = 12.9
|Jun low C = 13.9
|Jul low C = 13.1
|Aug low C = 13.0
|Sep low C = 12.3
|Oct low C = 10.1
|Nov low C = 6.9
|Dec low C = 5.1
|year low C = 9.5
|Jan record low C = -5.5
|Feb record low C = -7.0
|Mar record low C = -2.0
|Apr record low C = 0.0
|May record low C = 4.0
|Jun record low C = 4.5
|Jul record low C = 7.0
|Aug record low C = 7.0
|Sep record low C = 4.0
|Oct record low C = 1.0
|Nov record low C = -3.0
|Dec record low C = -10.5
|precipitation colour= green
|Jan precipitation mm = 15.6
|Feb precipitation mm = 5.2
|Mar precipitation mm = 1.2
|Apr precipitation mm = 3.4
|May precipitation mm = 17.4
|Jun precipitation mm = 74.5
|Jul precipitation mm = 87.0
|Aug precipitation mm = 96.5
|Sep precipitation mm = 60.6
|Oct precipitation mm = 32.9
|Nov precipitation mm = 12.4
|Dec precipitation mm = 12.3
|year precipitation mm = 419.0
|unit precipitation days= 0.1 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 2.4
|Feb precipitation days = 1.0
|Mar precipitation days = 0.8
|Apr precipitation days = 1.0
|May precipitation days = 3.6
|Jun precipitation days = 8.8
|Jul precipitation days = 10.7
|Aug precipitation days = 11.9
|Sep precipitation days = 9.2
|Oct precipitation days = 5.2
|Nov precipitation days = 2.0
|Dec precipitation days = 2.7
|year precipitation days= 59.3
|source 1 = Servicio Meteorologico Nacional<ref name = SMN >[http://smn.cna.gob.mx/climatologia/normales/estacion/zac/NORMAL32020.TXT NORMALES CLIMATOLÓGICAS 1971-2000], National Meteorological Service of Mexico. Retrieved August 7, 2012 .</ref>
|date=August 2012
}}

==The Coat of Arms of Fresnillo==
{{Unreferenced section|date=November 2022}}
[[File:Fresnillo - Palacio municipal.jpg|thumb|Fresnillo municipal palace]]
In the superior part of the shield is the Latin phrase: "Orat Atque Laborat Ab Urbe Condita", which means: "Since its Founding a City that Works and Prays". The lower part reads, "Real de Minas del Fresnillo (Royal Mine of Fresnillo)". In the center the horizontal bar reads: "2 de Septiembre de 1554".

The coat of arms is divided into three boxes: first in the left superior part, there appears the Virgin of Candlemas, Pattern of Fresnillo, which is identified by the candle in her right hand. In the box on the right superior part, there is a rodela or shield and the arms used by the natives and the Spaniards during the Conquest. In the inferior part (the third box) there appears a spring, in whose margin there is an [[Ash tree]], and a depiction of the bottom of the Proaño Hill with some clouds, symbolizing the rainy month of September. "2 of September of 1554".

==Plateros==
{{Unreferenced section|date=November 2022}}
[[File:Iglesia del Sagrado Corazon.jpg|thumb|upright|Parish of [[Sacred heart of Jesus]]]]
Fresnillo, Zacatecas is often connected with [[Plateros, Zacatecas|Plateros]], a nearby mining town that attracts many religious believers to the area. The church was built in the late 1690s in commemoration of Spanish miners finding a miraculous silver crucifix. The crucifix is said to have appeared in a wooden crate without knowledge of its creation. Spiritual devotion and respect resulted in the cross-Atlantic travel of a statue of the Our Lady of Atocha. The statue has the [[Virgin Mary]] carrying an infant Jesus in her arms. This infant statue became known as the [[Santo Nino de Atocha|Holy Child of Atocha]].

Many claim that miracles result from the devout prayer to this Holy Child. Those who truly believe that the Holy Child worked in their favor will often bring back a gift in gratitude. In 1883, a separate building was constructed to house the various gifts followers brought back to him.

Today, many families who have religious connections to this saint will travel far in pilgrimage and attend mass as they visit the shrine. The saint itself is said to be a Zacatecas iconic piece, as well as a guardian of miners.

==Agriculture==
{{Unreferenced section|date=April 2023}}
[[Image:Fresnillo - agricultura 1.jpg|thumb|Agriculture in Fresnillo, Zacatecas]]
Agriculture is of great importance. The city is a great producer of various crops, including corn, pepper, tomato, among others. The neighboring towns and villages will focus on exporting its goods to the main city, as well as others. Economic sustainability is often connected to its agricultural success, along with silver mining.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
*The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia 2003
*Enciclopedia de Municipios del Estado de Zacatecas [https://web.archive.org/web/20060716230732/http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/zacatecas/municipios/32010a.htm]
*[[National Institute of Statistics, Geography, and Data Processing|INEGI]] Census Data, Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070328224939/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/sistemas/conteo2005/localidad/iter/ Link to tables of population data from Census of 2005] INEGI: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática
*[http://www.e-local.gob.mx/wb2/ELOCAL/EMM_Zacatecas Zacatecas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070422215150/http://www.e-local.gob.mx/wb2/ELOCAL/EMM_Zacatecas |date=April 22, 2007 }} Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México
*[http://www.ninoatocha.com/history_spanish.html Santo Nino de Atocha] Historia del Santo Nino de Atocha

==External links==
{{Portal|Mexico}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070318012823/http://www.fresnillo.gob.mx/ Presidencia Municipal de Fresnillo] (official website)

{{Zacatecas}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Populated places in Zacatecas]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1554]]
[[Category:1554 establishments in the Spanish Empire]]
[[Category:Municipality seats in Zacatecas]]

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Fresnillo