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Malmedy massacre trial

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{{Short description|Trial of WWII Nazi Germany war criminal soldiers}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
[[File:Malmedy 1 court.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|General Josiah Dalby (with head turned) presides over the Malmedy massacre trial at Dachau]]

The '''Malmedy massacre trial''' (''U.S. vs. Valentin Bersin, et al.'') was held in May–July 1946 in the former [[Dachau concentration camp]] to try the [[Germany|German]] [[Waffen-SS]] soldiers accused of the [[Malmedy massacre]] of 17 December 1944. The highest-ranking defendant was the former Waffen-SS general [[Sepp Dietrich]].

==Malmedy massacre==
{{Main|Malmedy massacre}}
The Malmedy massacre (17 December 1944) was a series of [[war crime]]s committed by the Waffen-SS ''[[Kampfgruppe Peiper]]'' against American [[prisoners of war]] and [[Belgium|Belgian]] civilians during the [[Battle of the Bulge]] (16 December 1944 – 25 January 1945). The Waffen-SS massacre of 84 U.S. Army POWs near [[Baugnez]] was the primary subject of the trial, one of a series of war crimes that the Waffen-SS ''Kampfgruppe Peiper'' committed between mid-December 1944 and mid-January 1945.<ref name="Subcommittee">[http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/pdf/Malmedy_report.pdf Malmedy massacre Investigation] — Report of the Subcommittee of Committee on Armed Services. United States Senate Eighty-first Congress, first session, pursuant to S. res. 42, Investigation of Action of Army with Respect to Trial of Persons Responsible for the Massacre of American Soldiers, Battle of the Bulge, near Malmedy, Belgium, December 1944. 13 October 1949.</ref> In the course of their massacres, the Waffen-SS murdered POWs with close-range gunshots to the head; the actual number of dead was 362 American POWs and 111 Belgian civilians.<ref name=Subcommittee/>
[[File:Malmedy Massacre.jpg|thumb|right|The corpses of the U.S. soldiers murdered by the Waffen-SS in the Malmedy massacre were covered and preserved with snow until Allied forces recaptured the area in January 1945.]]

The U.S. soldiers who survived the Malmedy massacre said that on 17 December 1944, in the vicinity of Baugnez, the armored advance of the Waffen-SS ''Kampfgruppe Peiper'' surprised approximately 120 U.S. Army soldiers from the [[285th Field Artillery Observation Battalion]] (FAOB) who surrendered after a brief battle.<ref name="cole">{{cite book |series=United States Army in World War II, The European Theater of Operations |title=The Ardennes |first=Hugh M. |last=Cole |publisher=Office of the Chief of Military History |location=Washington, D.C. |year=1965 |chapter-url=http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/7-8/7-8_5.htm |chapter=Chapter V: The Sixth Panzer Army Attack |access-date=29 December 2013 |archive-date=7 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100807183545/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/7-8/7-8_5.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="MacDonald">{{cite book |first=Charles |last=MacDonald |year=1984 |title=A Time For Trumpets: The Untold Story of the Battle of the Bulge |url=https://archive.org/details/timefortrumpetsu00macd |url-access=registration |publisher=Bantam Books |isbn=0-553-34226-6}}</ref> The Waffen-SS then assembled their U.S. POWs in a field near the Baugnez crossroads, and then used machine guns to kill them.<ref name="cole"/><ref name="MacDonald"/>

The SS machine gun fire alerted and panicked the U.S. Army POWs; some soldiers fled the killing field, other soldiers were killed where they stood; and other soldiers ran to and hid in a café at the Baugnez crossroads, which the Waffen-SS soldiers set afire, and then shot dead every U.S. soldier who tried to escape the burning building.<ref name="MacDonald"/> Meanwhile, at the killing field, the Waffen-SS soldiers walked among the American corpses to find and kill any G.I. pretending to be dead.<ref name="MacDonald"/><ref name="Reynolds"/> Among the 84 murdered soldiers, many corpses had head-shot wounds consistent with a massacre rather than with wounds suffered in self-defense or with wounds suffered while escaping summary execution by machine gun.<ref name="Glass">{{cite web |url=http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps1786/malmedy.html |title=Mortuary Affairs Operations At Malmedy — Lessons Learned From a Historic Tragedy |first=MAJ Scott T. |last=Glass}}</ref>

On 13 January 1945, the U.S. Army secured the crossroads at Baugnez where the Waffen-SS ''Kampfgruppe Peiper'' had massacred their U.S. Army POWs. The corpses of the soldiers of the 285th Field Artillery Observation Battalion were recovered on 14–15 January 1945; the winter weather preserved the flesh and the wounds.<ref name="Judge2">{{cite web |title=Review and Recommendation of the Deputy Judge Advocate for War Crimes, 20 October 1947 |url=http://137.248.11.66/attachments?lang=de&barcode=06-024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20070929133325/http://137.248.11.66/attachments?lang=de&barcode=06-024 |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 September 2007}}</ref> The [[autopsy|autopsies]] revealed that approximately twenty of the murdered American soldiers had close-range [[gunshot wound]]s to the head — the ''coup de grâce'' that ends the life of a fatally-wounded soldier.<ref name="Glass"/> The head-shot wounds were additional to the gunshot wounds made by the machine guns of the initial gunfire of the massacre. Twenty other soldier corpses showed small-calibre gunshot wounds to the head, without powder-burn residue;<ref name="Glass"/> 10 corpses had blunt-trauma injuries, likely from having been butt-stroked to death;<ref name="Glass"/> some corpses showed a single gunshot wound, either to the temple or behind the ear.<ref>Roger Martin, L'Affaire Peiper, Dagorno, 1994, pg. 76</ref>

U.S. Army investigators established that most of the G.I. corpses were in a very small area, which location suggested that the Waffen-SS had assembled and summarily executed their U.S. POWs as quickly as possible after capture.<ref name=cribamort>{{cite web |url=http://www.criba.be/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=64&Itemid=4 |title=Mortuary Affairs Operations at Malmedy |access-date=22 March 2007 |last=Glass |first=Lt. Col. Scott T. |date=22 November 1998 |publisher=Centre de Recherches et d'Informations sur la Bataille des Ardennes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927080809/http://www.criba.be/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=64&Itemid=4 |archive-date=27 September 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Later, under custody of the U.S. Army, Waffen-SS POWs testified that some American POWs had tried to escape the shootings; other Waffen-SS POWs said that some of the American POWs had recovered their own weapons, and then fired upon Waffen-SS soldiers en route to [[Ligneuville]].<ref name="Reynolds">{{cite book |title=Massacre at Malmédy during the Battle of the Bulge |first=Michael |last=Reynolds |publisher=World War II Magazine |date=February 2003 |url=http://www.historynet.com/magazines/world_war_2/3030591.html?page=1&c=y |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070307200416/http://www.historynet.com/magazines/world_war_2/3030591.html?page=1&c=y |archive-date=7 March 2007}}</ref><ref name="Alenus">[http://members.cox.net/honorguard2/Battle_of_the_Bulge.html Wholesale Slaughter at Baugnez-lez-Malmedy, Willy D. Alenus] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070505030431/http://members.cox.net/honorguard2/Battle_of_the_Bulge.html |date=5 May 2007}}</ref>

==Trial proceedings==
[[File:Malmedy 5 Joachim Peiper.jpg|thumb|right|The Malmedy Massacre Trial: ''Waffen-SS'' Lt. Col. Joachim Peiper testifies through his interpreter about his participation in the [[Malmedy Massacre]] (1944).]]
[[File:Josef-Diefenthal-Portrait-Insubrica-Historica.webp|150px|thumb|right|Defendent Josef-Diefenthal sentenced to death but later released]]
The trial of ''US vs. Valentin Bersin et al.'', Case Number 6-24 (May–July 1946), was one of the [[Dachau Trials]] that were held from 1945 to 1947. The tribunal of U.S. Army officers tried 74 ''Waffen-SS'' officers and soldiers, most of whom had been members of the 1st SS Division Adolf Hitler Bodyguard. The defendants included ''SS-Oberst-Gruppenführer'' [[Sepp Dietrich]], commander of the 6th Panzer Army, ''SS-Brigadeführer'' [[Fritz Krämer]], ''SS-Gruppenführer'' [[Hermann Priess]], commander of the I SS Panzer Corps, and ''SS-Standartenführer'' [[Joachim Peiper]], commander of the 1st SS Panzer Regiment – the principal unit of ''Kampfgruppe Peiper'', who committed the massacre at Malmedy, Belgium.{{fact|date=March 2025}}

There were originally 75 suspects. However, one of them, 18-year-old Arvid Freimuth, killed himself before the trial started. Another, Marcel Boltz, had his case withdrawn upon the request of the French government since he was a French national. They were going to prosecute Boltz themselves, but dropped the case since they didn't think the evidence was strong enough.<ref>{{cite book |last=Weingartner |first=James J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UXihg5puU_YC&dq=Arvid+Freimuth&pg=PT134 |title=A Peculiar Crusade: Willis M. Everett and the Malmedy Massacre |date=2000-12-01 |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=978-0-8147-8473-0 |language=en}}</ref>

Col. Willis M. Everett Jr. (USA) led the defence team, and Col. Burton Ellis (USA) led the prosecution team in the trial of the ''Waffen-SS'' war criminals indicted for the massacres of more than 300 US Army POWs "in the vicinity of Malmedy, Honsfeld, Büllingen, Ligneuville, Stoumont, La Gleize, Cheneux, Petit Thier, Trois Ponts, Stavelot, Wanne and Lutrebois" and the massacre of 100 Belgian civilians at Stavelot, during the 16 December 1944—13 January 1945 period at the time of the [[Battle of the Bulge]].<ref name="US Army R&R">{{cite web |author=War Crimes |title=Case Number 6-24 (US vs. Valentin Bersin et al.) |work=U.S. Army Trial Reviews and Recommendations |publisher=United States Department of War |year=1948 |url=http://www1.jur.uva.nl/junsv/JuNSVEng/DTRR/DTCasesfr.htm |access-date=18 December 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070217205751/http://www1.jur.uva.nl/junsv/JuNSVEng/DTRR/DTCasesfr.htm |archive-date=17 February 2007 |url-status=dead}} See the [http://www1.jur.uva.nl/junsv/JuNSVEng/DTRR/Dachau%20Trials%20intro.htm site's introduction] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061219131311/http://www1.jur.uva.nl/junsv/JuNSVEng/DTRR/Dachau%20Trials%20intro.htm |date=19 December 2006}} for more information. The URL is to a HTML frame, you must select "US011" in the left pane to get to case "6–24". The direct URL to the case page is [http://www1.jur.uva.nl/junsv/JuNSVEng/DTRR/files/us011.htm here] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070723050447/http://www1.jur.uva.nl/junsv/JuNSVEng/DTRR/files/us011.htm |date=23 July 2007}}.</ref>

In the course of the Malmedy Massacre Trial, six ''Waffen-SS'' defendants, including Peiper, complained to the tribunal that they had been victims of physical violence and threats of violence meant to compel them to confessions of their war crimes.<ref name="US Army R&R"/> The military tribunal asked the defendants to confirm their sworn statements;<ref name="US Army R&R"/> of the nine ''Waffen-SS'' officers who testified, three claimed to have been mistreated by U.S. Army jailers.<ref>[https://www.loc.gov/item/2011525356/ Malmedy Massacre Investigation, pg. 27.]</ref>

For the majority of the Nazis on trial, the defense argued they either had not participated in the massacres, or that [[superior orders]] had compelled them to participate in the massacres.<ref name="Judge2"/>

==Verdicts==
On 16 July 1946 the verdict was delivered on 73 members of the Kampfgruppe Peiper. 43 were sentenced to death by hanging, including Peiper.{{sfn|Westemeier|2007|p=171}} Peiper's sentence was commuted to 35 years in 1954, and he was released in December 1956.{{sfn|Smelser|Davies|2008|p=169}}

Approximately sixteen months after the end of the trial, almost all the defendants presented affidavits repudiating their former confessions and alleging aggravated duress of all types.<ref>[https://www.loc.gov/item/2011525356/ Malmedy Massacre Investigation, pg. 4.]</ref>

===Review procedure===
Pursuant to procedure, an in-house review was undertaken by the American Occupation Army in Germany; the trial was carefully examined by a deputy judge. Colonel Everett was convinced that a fair trial had not been granted to the defendants: in addition to alleged mock trials, he claimed that "to extort confessions, U.S. prosecution teams 'had kept the German defendants in dark, solitary confinement at near starvation rations up to six months; had applied various forms of torture, including the driving of burning matches under the prisoners' fingernails; had administered beatings which resulted in broken jaws and arms and permanently injured testicles'."<ref name="Clemency">[https://web.archive.org/web/20090505162531/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,780092,00.html Clemency], ''[[Time Magazine]]'', 17 January 1949 {{registration required}}.</ref>

===The Simpson Commission===
The turmoil raised by this case caused the [[Secretary of the Army]], [[Kenneth Royall]], to create a commission, chaired by Justice Gordon Simpson of the Texas Supreme Court, to investigate. The commission supported Everett's accusations regarding mock trials{{specify|date=December 2013}} and neither disputed nor denied his charges of torture of the defendants.<ref name="Clemency"/> The Commission expressed the opinion that the pre-trial investigation had not been properly conducted and that the members felt no death sentence should be executed in any instance where such doubts existed.<ref>[https://www.loc.gov/item/2011525356/ Malmedy Massacre Investigation, pg. 28.]</ref>

One member of the commission, Judge Edward L. Van Roden of Pennsylvania, allegedly made several public statements claiming that physical violence had been inflicted on the accused and questioned the validity of the hearings. James Finucane, an official of the National Council for the Prevention of War, said that he heard Van Roden "had made some shocking statements" at a meeting of the [[Federal Bar Association]], and that when Finucane approached Van Roden to verify the report, Van Roden invited him to hear him speak on the same subject at the [[Rotary International|Rotary Club]]. The National Council for the Prevention of War made a press release on 18 December 1948, publicizing this speech, which the editor of ''[[The Progressive]]'' asked to run as a partly-[[ghostwriter|ghostwritten]] article under Van Roden's byline. After Finucane spoke with Van Roden by telephone to get his permission and discuss revisions to the article, it ran in the February 1949 issue of the magazine.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Van Roden |first=Edward L. |date=February 1949 |title=American atrocities in Germany |magazine=The Progressive}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k1NFAQAAMAAJ |title=Malmedy Massacre Investigation: Hearings Before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Armed Services |publisher=Government Printing Office |year=1949 |location=Washington |pages=952, 959–63 |access-date=25 February 2023}}</ref>

The press release and article greatly inflamed the public scandal, especially with the statement that "all but two of the Germans in the 139 cases we investigated had been kicked in the testicles beyond repair. This was standard operating procedure with our American investigators." Finucane later testified that this was what he understood Van Roden to have said, albeit he had used "the Army language, which a person like he would use," and that he had read the statement back to Van Roden over the telephone and Van Roden had not corrected it.<ref>{{cite book |title=Malmedy Massacre Investigation: Hearings Before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Armed Services |location=Washington |publisher=Government Printing Office |year=1949 |page=963 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k1NFAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA963 |access-date=25 February 2023}}</ref> However, Van Roden denied under oath ever making statements found in the article, including the specific claim about 137 cases of damaged testicles.<ref name=":0"/>

Van Roden refused to commute the six remaining death sentences, including that of Peiper, but the executions were postponed. By 1951, most of the men were released and the only remaining death sentences, those of Peiper and five others, were commuted. Sepp Dietrich was paroled in 1955. Joachim Peiper was paroled in 1956.<ref>{{cite web |date=2020-03-20 |title=How a Convicted Nazi War Criminal and 72 of His Men Walked Free |url=https://www.historynet.com/how-a-convicted-nazi-war-criminal-and-72-of-his-men-walked-free/ |access-date=2022-10-09 |website=HistoryNet |language=en-US}}</ref> In 1956, Dietrich was re-arrested for his role in the [[Night of the Long Knives]]. In 1957, he was convicted of being an accessory to manslaughter and sentenced to 18 months in prison. After his appeals failed, Dietrich reported to prison in August 1958. He was released on health grounds in February 1959.<ref>{{cite news |title=Site Map - February 7, 1959 |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/sitemap/1959/02/07/ |access-date=2022-10-09 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

===The Senate Subcommittee and Sen. Joseph McCarthy===
Eventually, the [[United States Senate]] decided to investigate. Ultimately, the case was entrusted to the [[United States Senate Committee on Armed Services|Committee on Armed Services]] over the [[United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary|Judiciary Committee]] and the Committee on Expenditures in the Executive Departments. The investigation was entrusted to a subcommittee of three senators chaired by [[Raymond E. Baldwin]] (R-CT). The subcommittee was set up on 29 March 1949. Its members went to Germany and during its hearings, the commission heard from no fewer than 108 witnesses.{{citation needed|date=December 2013}}

[[Joseph McCarthy]] (R-WI) had obtained from the subcommittee's chairman authorization to attend the hearings. McCarthy's state, [[Wisconsin]], had [[German Americans|a large population of German heritage]], spurring allegations that McCarthy was politically motivated in his work on behalf of the Malmedy defendants.<ref>''The Politics of Fear: Joseph R. McCarthy and the Senate'', Robert Griffith, [[University of Massachusetts Press]], 1987, pg. 22</ref> He used an extremely aggressive questioning style during the proceedings.<ref>''The Nightmare Decade: The Life and Times of Senator Joe McCarthy'', Fred J. Cook, Random House, 1971, pg. 133.</ref>

McCarthy's actions further inflamed a split between the [[American Legion]], which took a hardline position after Malmedy and generally supported upholding the death sentences, and the [[Veterans of Foreign Wars]], who supported more lenient penalties for the Waffen-SS members under Peiper.<ref>"Bitburg in moral and political perspective", Geoffrey H. Hartman, Indiana University Press (1986), pp. 68–73.</ref> The last clash took place in May 1949 when he asked that Lieutenant [[William R. Perl]] be given a [[lie detection|polygraph test]]. As this had been rejected by Baldwin, McCarthy left the session claiming Baldwin was trying to whitewash the American military.<ref>''The Nightmare Decade: The Life and Times of Senator Joe McCarthy'', cité ci-dessus, pg. 133</ref>

In May and June 1949, Van Roden indicated that he had been misquoted in the statements that 137 Germans had been "kicked in the testicles beyond repair" and that this was "standard operating procedure." He testified to the subcommittee that the statement that all but two of the men had been injured for life was "exaggerated" and "absolutely wrong," that the Commission "did not find that," that some of the men had been injured in their testicles but the commission could not find out how many, that he never said a specific number of men were kicked, that he did not know how many were kicked, that what he had said was that the commission had recommended commutation of the death sentences to life imprisonment in all but two cases (with commutation to finite prison sentences recommended in the last two), that he categorically denied that all but two were kicked in the testicles, that these two sentences should have been deleted from the article before publication, and that his failure to object to them earlier was an "oversight."<ref>{{cite book |title=Malmedy Massacre Investigation: Hearings Before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Armed Services |location=Washington |publisher=Government Printing Office |year=1949 |pages=244, 312, 1112–3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k1NFAQAAMAAJ |access-date=25 February 2023}}</ref>

Chairman Senators Raymond Baldwin and [[Lester C. Hunt]] (D-WY) were later accused by historian David Oshinsky of being ''"determined to exonerate the Army at all costs"''.<ref>"Throughout the hearings, McCarthy bullied witnesses, made scores of erroneous statements, exaggerated his evidence, and turned almost every session into a barroom brawl. At the same time, however, he demonstrated that Baldwin and Hunt were no more interested in an impartial investigation than he was. Their manners were better, their tone more subdued, but they were determined to exonerate the Army at all costs, just as Joe was determined to prove its culpability." David M. Oshinsky, ''A conspiracy so immense: the world of Joe McCarthy'', pp. 76–77.</ref> Oshinsky alleged the third member of the three man committee, Senator [[Estes Kefauver]] (D-TN), displayed a lack of interest in the case, attending only two of the first fifteen hearings.<ref>Oshinsky, pg. 76.</ref> McCarthy sought to denounce Baldwin in front of the whole Senate, {{according to whom|date=December 2013}} but his efforts were repudiated by the Commission on Armed Forces, which clearly showed its support for Baldwin and eventually adopted the subcommittee's official report.{{citation needed|date=December 2013}}

It was later found that McCarthy had received "evidence" of the false torture claims from {{Interlanguage link|Rudolf Aschenauer|de}}, a prominent Neo-Nazi agitator who often served as a defense attorney for Nazi war criminals, such as Einsatzgruppen commander [[Otto Ohlendorf]].<ref>Richard Halworth Rovere: ''Senator Joe McCarthy''. University of California Press, Berkeley 1996, {{ISBN|0-520-20472-7}}, S. 112. (Reprint der Originalausgabe erschienen bei Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, New York 1959.)</ref>

===The subcommittee report===
In its report, the subcommittee rejected the most serious charges, including beatings, torture, mock executions, and starvation of the defendants.<ref name="tye_smithsonian">{{cite news |last1=Tye |first1=Larry |title=WHEN SENATOR JOE MCCARTHY DEFENDED NAZIS |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/senator-mccarthys-nazi-problem-180975174/ |access-date=24 January 2021 |work=SMITHSONIAN MAGAZINE |date=July–August 2020}}</ref> In addition, the subcommittee determined that commutations of sentences pronounced by General Clay had occurred because of the U.S. Army's recognition that procedural irregularities could have occurred during the trial.<ref name="tye_smithsonian"/> The commission did not exonerate the defendants or absolve them of guilt and it endorsed the conclusions General Clay issued in the particular case of Lieutenant Christ. In summary, Clay had written that "he was personally convinced of the culpability of Lieutenant Christ and, that for this reason his death sentence was fully justified. But, to apply this sentence would be equivalent accepting a bad administration of justice, which led <nowiki>[him]</nowiki>, not without reserve, to commute the death penalty to life imprisonment".<ref>[https://www.loc.gov/item/2011525356/ Malmedy Massacre Investigation, pg. 31.]</ref>

==See also==
* [[McCarthyism and antisemitism]]
* [[Nuremberg trials]]
* [[Biscari massacre]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book
|last1=Smelser
|first1=Ronald
|last2=Davies
|first2=Edward J.
|author-link1=Ronald Smelser
|author-link2=Edward J. Davies
|year=2008
|title=[[The Myth of the Eastern Front]]: The Nazi-Soviet war in American popular culture
|location=New York
|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]
|isbn=9780521833653
}}
* {{cite book
|last=Westemeier
|first=Jens
|author-link=Jens Westemeier
|year=2007
|title=Joachim Peiper: A Biography of Himmler's SS Commander
|publisher=[[Schiffer Publishing |Schiffer Publications]]
|isbn=978-0-7643-2659-2
}}

==Further reading==
* Steven P. Remy, ''The Malmedy Massacre: The War Crimes Trial Controversy'' (Harvard University Press, 2017), x, 342 pp.
* James J. Weingarten, ''A Peculiar Crusade: Willis M. Everett and the Malmedy Massacre'' (NYU Press, 1 December 2000); {{ISBN|978-0814793664}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090505162531/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,780092,00.html "Clemency"], (17 January 1949), ''[[Time magazine]]'' {{registration required}}
* [[Freda Utley|Utley, Freda]], (November 1954) [http://www.fredautley.com/malmedy.htm "Malmedy and McCarthy"], Printed in ''[[The American Mercury]]''
* The Malmedy massacre trial discussed in [https://www.msnbc.com/msnbc-podcast/rachel-maddow-presents-ultra/season-2-episode-3-malmedy-rcna158538 Season 2, Episode 3] and [https://www.msnbc.com/msnbc-podcast/rachel-maddow-presents-ultra/season-2-episode-4-spectacle-rcna160639 Season 2, Episode 4] of Rachel Maddow's ''Ultra'' podcast (2024)

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{{Authority control}}
[[Category:1946 in case law]]
[[Category:May 1946 in Europe]]
[[Category:June 1946 in Europe]]
[[Category:July 1946 in Europe]]
[[Category:1940s trials]]
[[Category:Aftermath of World War II in Germany]]
[[Category:Dachau trials]]
[[Category:Historical negationism in Germany]]
[[Category:Joseph McCarthy]]
[[Category:Malmedy massacre trial| ]]
[[Category:Bavaria in World War II]]

Cairns State High School

2025-10-25T14:43:00Z

89.241.68.84: Fixing lint errors Special:LintErrors/bogus-image-options. |thumb| is not a valid option.

{{Use Australian English|date=June 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Cairns State High School
| image = File:Cairns State Highschool.jpg
| alt = Entrance of Block A
| motto = {{langx|la|Vincit Qui Se Vincit}}
| motto_translation = One who conquers oneself conquers all<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-07-17|title=Activities|url=https://cairnsshs.eq.edu.au/extra-curricular/activities|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Cairns State High School|language=en}}</ref>
| location = [[Cairns]], [[Queensland]]
| country = [[Australia]]
| coordinates = {{coord|16|54|59|S|145|46|05|E|type:edu_region:AU-QLD|display=inline,title}}
| type = [[Public school (government funded)|State school]]
| established = {{Start date and age|1917}}
| principal = Christopher Zilm
| teaching_staff = 133<ref>{{Cite web|last=ACARA|title=My School provides information that helps parents and the community in understanding the performance of schools over time.|url=https://www.myschool.edu.au/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=My School|language=en-AU}}</ref>
| grades = Year 7 to Year 12
| enrolment = 1,665<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cairns State High School {{!}} Department of Education|url=https://schoolsdirectory.eq.edu.au/Details/2005|access-date=2021-09-07|website=schoolsdirectory.eq.edu.au}}</ref>
| colours = White and royal blue {{color box|#FFFFFF}}{{color box|#002366}}
| website = {{URL|https://cairnsshs.eq.edu.au}}
}}
{{Infobox historic site
| name = Cairns Technical College and High School Building
| caption = Street corner of Block A
| built = 1939–1941
| architect = Nigel Laman Thomas
| architecture = [[Classical architecture|Classicism]]
| designation1 = Queensland Heritage Register
| designation1_number = 602834
}}

'''Cairns State High School''' ('''CSHS''') is an independent public secondary school in the suburb of [[Cairns North]] in the city of [[Cairns]], [[Queensland]], [[Australia]]. It was founded in 1917 and is the oldest high school in Cairns. The school caters for grades 7 though 12 and has the capacity for 1,607 enrolled students.{{When|date=August 2025}}<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-04-06|title=Cairns State High School|url=https://education.qld.gov.au/parents-and-carers/enrolment/management-plans/cairns-state-high-school|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Education|language=en}}</ref> The principal of the school is Christopher Zilm.{{When|date=August 2025}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cairnsshs.eq.edu.au/Ourschool/Ourstaff/Pages/Ourstaff.aspx|title=Our staff|last=|first=|work=Cairns State High School |date=|access-date=15 August 2016}}</ref>

== History ==
Cairns State High School was founded in 1917 as an annex of the Cairns Central State School, and moved to its current location in 1924 as a joint high school and technical college. In 1980, the technical college relocated, thus the site became solely a high school. In May 2014, Block A of Cairns State High School - the [[Cairns Technical College and High School Building]] - was listed on the [[Queensland Heritage Register]]. This building was designed by Nigel Laman Thomas of the [[Department of Housing and Public Works]] in 1938,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-01-15|title=Heritage listing for the Cairns Technical College and High School building {{!}} State Library Of Queensland|url=https://www.slq.qld.gov.au/blog/heritage-listing-cairns-technical-college-and-high-school-building|access-date=2021-09-07|website=www.slq.qld.gov.au|language=en}}</ref> and built in 1939 though 1941.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cairns Technical College and High School Building {{!}} Environment, land and water {{!}} Queensland Government|url=https://apps.des.qld.gov.au/heritage-register/detail/?id=602834|access-date=2021-09-07|website=apps.des.qld.gov.au}}</ref>

== Curriculum ==
Cairns State High School participates in various interschool and representative sport associations, including Peninsula School Sport.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-01|title=Trinity Coast Central|url=https://peninsulaschoolsport.eq.edu.au/DistrictSport/OurDistricts/Pages/Trinity-Coast-Central.aspx|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Peninsula School Sport|language=en}}</ref> The school also performs dance, drama, and music productions, hosts study tours and student exchanges, and operates programmes for high-achieving students in STEM, sports, and the arts.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cairns State High School|url=https://eqi.com.au/findaschool/schools/cairnsshs/Pages/default.aspx|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Education Queensland International|language=en}}</ref>

As of 2021, Cairns State High School no longer offers the International Baccalaureate Diploma Program which was introduced in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-05-30|title=International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme at Cairns State High|url=https://cairnsshs.eq.edu.au/international/enrolments/international-baccalaureate-diploma-programme-at-cairns-state-high|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Cairns State High School|language=en}}</ref>

== Campus ==
The facilities available on site include:<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-05-13|title=Facilities|url=https://cairnsshs.eq.edu.au/facilities|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Cairns State High School|language=en}}</ref>
*Auditorium
*Events hall
*Sports complex
*Volleyball and multi-purpose courts
*Science and computer laboratories
*Art rooms (including kiln, printing, and photography rooms)
*Practical arts rooms
*Performing arts rooms (including dance studios)
*Swimming pool

== Awards and recognition ==
The school has received the following awards:
*Best Orchestra Regional Area 2006 – The Orchestras of Australia Network Awards<ref name="education">{{cite web |title=Education Queensland International |url=http://education.qld.gov.au/marketing/eqi/pdfs/eqi_sp_cairns.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070910144028/http://education.qld.gov.au/marketing/eqi/pdfs/eqi_sp_cairns.pdf |archive-date=10 September 2007 |access-date=2007-10-10}}</ref>
*Finalists – Minister’s Awards for Excellence in Art<ref name="education" />
*Two High Distinctions, 25 Distinctions – Australasian English Competition<ref name="education" />
*Three Distinctions, Three Credits – Australasian Schools Writing Competition<ref name="education" />
*Cairns State High School Symphony Orchestra has also been winners of the competition FANFARE in 1992, 1994, 1996, 2002, 2004, 2016<ref name=fanfare>{{cite web|url=http://education.qld.gov.au/community/fanfare/about/history.html|title=History|first=Department of Education and|last=Training|access-date=2016-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019024048/http://education.qld.gov.au/community/fanfare/about/history.html|archive-date=2016-10-19|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Cairns State High School Chorale has won the Creative Generation Choral Fanfare in 2017, 2019, 2021 and 2025.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

===AFL Queensland Schools Cup Achievements===
The [[AFL Queensland Schools Cup]] is the premier [[Australian Rules Football]] competition for schools in Queensland, it is run by [[AFL Queensland]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}
==== Senior Male (Years 10-12) ====
*'''[[AFL Queensland Schools Cup|State Championships]]'''
: {{Bronze3}} Third Place: 2018{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}
*'''[[AFL Queensland Schools Cup#North Queensland Championships|North Queensland Championships]]'''
: {{Gold1}} Champions: 2018{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}
==== Junior Male (Years 7-9) ====
*'''[[AFL Queensland Schools Cup|State Championships]]'''
: {{Bronze3}} Third Place: 2017{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}
*'''[[AFL Queensland Schools Cup#North Queensland Championships|North Queensland Championships]]'''
: {{Gold1}} Champions: 2017{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

== Notable alumni ==
*[[Aron Baynes]], NBA basketball player{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}
*[[Cam Cairncross]], former Major League Baseball player{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}
*[[Matthew Deane (actor)|Matthew Deane]], Thai-Australian singer, model, actor and television presenter{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}
*[[Charlie Dixon (Australian footballer)|Charlie Dixon]], AFL player for the Suns and Power{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}
*[[Erin Holland]], beauty pageant model{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}
*[[Bob Manning (mayor)|Bob Manning]], ex-mayor of the [[Cairns Region|Cairns Regional Council]]{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}
*[[Dan Sultan]], musician and activist<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cairnspost.com.au/entertainment/former-cairns-musician-dan-sultan-gets-set-to-support-bruce-springsteen-by-announcing-new-album-blackbird/news-story/64671e4f59eeb59e1c26894bd3cb0a6b|title=Dan Sultan's Blackbird set to fly|last=|first=|date=2014-02-11|website=[[Cairns Post]]|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-12-29}}</ref>
*[[Brenton Thwaites]], actor{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Cairns Technical College and High School Building, 2013.jpg|Block A from quadrangle
File:Cairns State High School quadrangle.jpg|alt=Quadrangle from Block A|Quadrangle from Block A
File:Cairns State High School-BlockE-window.jpg|Block E at night
File:Cairns State High School-BlockF-bubblers.jpg|Walkway near Block F
File:Cairns State High School-choir performance.jpg|Choir performance in Crosswell Hall
File:Queensland State Archives 2994 Technical College Cairns July 1940.png|Block A under construction, 1940
File:CSHS MUSICAL 2025 MAMAMIA!.jpg|Fish (Fish) Prop (Property) used for Mama Mia rendition at Cairns State High School 2025.
File:Cshs example student id.png|A series of photographs documenting a Cairns State High School student from Year 10 to Year 12, capturing the school’s changing uniforms, not only from junior to senior levels, but also from informal to more formal policies.
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[List of schools in Far North Queensland]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{official|https://cairnsshs.eq.edu.au/ }}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Public high schools in Australia]]
[[Category:Public high schools in Queensland]]
[[Category:Schools in Cairns]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1917]]
[[Category:Queensland Heritage Register]]

Australian funnel-web spider

2025-10-25T07:41:23Z

89.241.68.84: Fixing lint errors Special:LintErrors/wikilink-in-extlink.

{{short description|Family of mygalomorph spiders}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name =
| image = Hadronyche infensa 270070581.jpg
| image_caption = ''Hadronyche infensa''
| image2 = AustralianMuseum spider specimen 05.JPG
| image2_caption = ''Atrax sutherlandi''
| taxon = Atracidae
| authority = [[Henry Roughton Hogg|Hogg]], 1901
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision = {{linked genus list
|''[[Atrax]]''|O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1877
|''[[Hadronyche]]''|L. Koch, 1873
|''[[Illawarra wisharti|Illawarra]]''|Gray, 2010}}
| range_map = Atracidae distribution map.png
| diversity = [[#Genera|3 genera]], [[List of Atracidae species|36 species]]
}}

'''Atracidae''' is a [[Family (biology)|family]] of [[Mygalomorphae|mygalomorph]] [[spider]]s, commonly known as '''Australian funnel-web spiders''' or '''atracids'''. It has been included as a subfamily of the [[Hexathelidae]], but is now recognised as a separate family.<ref name=WSC_f124 /> All members of the family are native to [[Australia]].<ref name=WSC_f124 /><ref name=ausmus /> Atracidae consists of three genera: ''[[Atrax]]'', ''[[Hadronyche]]'', and ''[[Illawarra wisharti|Illawarra]]'', comprising 35 species.<ref name=WSC_f124 /> Some members of the family produce [[venom]] that is dangerous to humans, and bites by spiders of six of the species have caused severe injuries to victims. The bites of the [[Sydney funnel-web spider]] (''Atrax robustus'') and northern tree-dwelling funnel-web spider (''[[Hadronyche formidabilis]]'') are potentially deadly, but no fatalities have occurred since the introduction of modern first-aid techniques and [[antivenom]].<ref name="fix1" />

==Description==
Spiders in the family Atracidae are medium to large in size, with body lengths ranging from {{convert|1|to|5|cm|in|abbr=on}}, with one exceptional specimen reaching {{convert|8|cm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name="fix2" /> They have a hairless carapace covering the front part of their bodies. Some atracids have relatively long [[Spinneret (spider)|spinnerets]]; this is especially true of the Sydney funnel-web spider (''A. robustus''). Males have a large mating spur projecting from the middle of their second pair of legs.<ref name=ausmus />
Like other [[Mygalomorphae]] – an [[infraorder]] of [[spider]]s that includes the tropical [[tarantula]]s<ref name="fix3" /> – these spiders have [[fang]]s that point straight down the body and do not point towards each other (cf. [[Araneomorphae]]). They have ample venom glands that lie entirely within their [[chelicerae]]. Their fangs are large and powerful, capable of penetrating fingernails and soft shoes.<ref name="fix4" />

Australian funnel-web spiders make their burrows in moist, cool, sheltered habitats – under rocks, in and under rotting logs, and some in rough-barked trees (occasionally meters above ground). They are commonly found in suburban rockeries and shrubberies, rarely in lawns or other open terrain. A burrow characteristically has irregular silk trip-lines radiating from the entrance.<ref name=ausmus /> Unlike some related [[trapdoor spider]]s, they do not build lids to their burrows.

==Distribution==
The primary range of the Australian funnel-web spiders is the eastern coast of Australia, with specimens found in [[New South Wales]], [[South Australia]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], [[Tasmania]] and [[Queensland]].<ref name=ausmus /><ref name=csiro1 /> The only Australian states or territories without members of this family are Western Australia<ref name="fix5" /> and the Northern Territory.

==Taxonomy==
The first atracid spider to be described was ''[[Hadronyche cerberea]]'', by [[Carl Ludwig Koch]] in 1873. [[Octavius Pickard-Cambridge]] described another atracid species, ''A. robustus'', four years later. For a considerable time, confusion existed as to the limits of the genera ''Hadronyche'' and ''Atrax'', not helped by the destruction of the type specimens of ''Hadronyche cerberea'' during World War II. In 1980, [[Robert J. Raven]] merged the two genera under ''Atrax''. In 1988, [[Michael R. Gray]] separated them again, and in 2010, added a third genus, ''[[Illawarra wisharti|Illawarra]]''.<ref name=ausmus />

The family placement of the group has varied. In 1892, [[Eugène Simon]] placed ''Atrax'' and ''Hadronyche'' in the family [[Dipluridae]]. In 1901, [[Henry Roughton Hogg|Henry R. Hogg]] considered them to be sufficiently distinctive to form a separate group, which he called "Atraceae"<ref name=Hogg01 /> – the basis of the modern family name Atracidae. When in the 1980s, [[Robert Raven|Raven]] elevated part of [[Eugène Simon|Simon]]'s Dipluridae to the family [[Hexathelidae]], he included the atracine group. [[Molecular phylogenetics|Molecular phylogenetic studies]] consistently threw doubt on the [[monophyly]] of the Hexathelidae.<ref name=ausmus /><ref name=WheeCoddCrowDimi16 /> In 2018, the group was restored to a full family as Atracidae. The following [[cladogram]] shows the relationship found between Atracidae and related taxa. Its sister taxon is [[Actinopodidae]].<ref name=HediDerkRamiVink18 />

{{clade|style=line-height:100%
|1={{clade
|1=Dipluridae|state1=double
|2={{clade
|1=[[Hexathelidae]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Porrhothelidae]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Macrothelidae]]
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Calisoga]]'' (Nemesiidae)
|2=''[[Hebestatis]]'' (Halonoproctidae)
}}
|2={{clade
|1='''Atracidae'''
|2=[[Actinopodidae]]
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}

==Genera==
{{as of|2025|10}}, this family includes three genera:<ref name="wsc" />
{{Div col}}
* ''[[Atrax]]'' [[Octavius Pickard-Cambridge|O. Pickard-Cambridge]], 1877 – [[Australia]]
* ''[[Hadronyche]]'' [[Ludwig Carl Christian Koch|L. Koch]], 1873 – Australia
* ''[[Illawarra]]'' Gray, 2010 – Australia
{{Div col end}}

{{anchor|Venom}}

==Medical significance==

Australian funnel-web spiders are one of the most medically significant groups of spiders in the world and are regarded by some to be the most deadly, both in terms of clinical cases and venom toxicity.<ref name="MJA2005-Isbister" /><ref name="Vetter" /> Six species have caused severe injuries to human victims: the Sydney funnel-web spider (''[[Sydney funnel-web spider|Atrax robustus]]''), the northern tree-dwelling funnel-web spider (''[[Hadronyche formidabilis]]''), the southern tree-dwelling funnel-web spider (''[[Hadronyche cerberea|H. cerberea]]''),<ref name="lancet" /> the Blue Mountains funnel-web spider (''[[Hadronyche versuta|H. versuta]]''), the Darling Downs funnel-web spider (''[[Hadronyche infensa|H. infensa]]''), and the Port Macquarie funnel-web spider (''[[Hadronyche macquariensis|H. macquariensis]]'').

Examination of [[Spider bite|bite]] records has implicated wandering males in most, if not all, fatal Australian funnel-web spider bites to humans. Adult males, recognised by the modified terminal segment of the [[Pedipalp|palp]], tend to wander during the warmer months of the year, looking for receptive females for mating.<ref name="fix6" /> They are attracted to water, hence are often found in swimming pools, into which they often fall while wandering. The spiders can survive immersion in water for several hours and can deliver a bite when removed from the water.<ref name=gray /> They also show up in garages and yards in suburban Sydney. Contrary to a commonly held belief, Australian funnel-web spiders are not able to jump, although they can run quickly.<ref name=gray />

While some very venomous spiders do not always inject venom when they bite, these spiders most often do.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009|reason=Give dry bites more frequently, or less frequently?}} The volume of venom delivered to large animals is often small, possibly due to the angle of the fangs, which are not horizontally opposed, and because contact is often brief before the spider is brushed off. About 10 to 25% of bites are claimed to produce significant toxicity,<ref name="MJA2005-Isbister" /> but the likelihood cannot be predicted and all bites should be treated as potentially life-threatening.

Bites from Sydney funnel-web spiders have caused 13 documented deaths (seven in children).<ref name="MJA2005-Isbister" /> In all cases where the sex of the biting spider could be determined, it was found to be the male of the species.<ref name="ClinExp2002-Nicholson" /> One member of the genus ''Hadronyche'', the northern tree-dwelling funnel-web spider, has also been claimed to cause fatal envenomation,<ref name=csiro1 /> but to date, this lacks the support of a specific medical report. Assays of venom from several ''Hadronyche'' species have shown it to be similar to ''Atrax'' venom.

In 2021 researchers from the [[University of Queensland]] announced that the venom from funnel-web spiders found on [[Fraser Island]] contains the molecule [[Hi1a]] that could block the cell death message after a heart attack, protecting the heart after major injury and potentially preventing or minimising muscle damage.<ref name="fix7" />

===Toxins===
Many different [[toxin]]s are found in the venom of ''Atrax'' and ''Hadronyche'' spiders. Collectively, these [[spider toxin]]s are given the name atracotoxins (ACTX), as all these spiders belong to the family Atracidae. The first toxins isolated were the [[Delta atracotoxin|δ-ACTX toxins]] present in the venom of both ''A. robustus'' (δ-ACTX-Ar1, formerly known as [[robustoxin]] or atracotoxin) and ''H. versuta'' (δ-ACTX-Hv1a, formerly known as [[versutoxin]]). Both of these toxins produce the same effects in monkeys as those seen in humans, suggesting that they are responsible for the physiological effects seen with crude venom.<ref name="ClinExp2002-Nicholson" />

[[File:Atrax robustus.jpg|thumb|Female Sydney funnel-web spider (''A. robustus'') in a warning posture]]
These toxins are thought to induce spontaneous, repetitive firing and prolongation of action potentials, resulting in continuous acetylcholine neurotransmitter release from somatic and autonomic [[presynaptic]] nerve endings. This leads to slower [[voltage-gated sodium channel]] inactivation and a hyperpolarizing shift in the voltage-dependence of activation. This in turn inhibits neurally mediated transmitter release, resulting in a surge of endogenous [[acetylcholine]], [[noradrenaline]], and [[adrenaline]].<ref name="fix8" />

Although extremely toxic to primates, the venom appears to be fairly harmless to many other animals. These animals may be resistant to the venom's effects due to the presence of [[Immunoglobulin G|IgG]], and possibly cross-linked IgG and [[IgM]] inactivating factors in their [[blood plasma]] that bind to the toxins responsible and neutralise them.<ref name="fix9" />

The female's venom was thought to be only about a sixth as potent to humans as that of the male's.<ref name="fix10" /><ref name="fix11" /> The bite of a female or juvenile may still be serious, but considerable variability occurs in venom toxicity between species, together with assumed degrees of inefficiency in the method of venom delivery.

===Symptoms===
Envenomation symptoms observed following bites by these spiders are very similar. The bite is initially very painful, due to the size of the fangs penetrating the skin.<ref name="lancet" /> Puncture marks and local bleeding are also usually visible. If substantial envenomation occurs, symptoms generally occur within minutes and progress rapidly.

Early symptoms of systemic envenomation include [[goose bumps]], [[Perspiration|sweating]], [[Paresthesia|tingling around the mouth and tongue]], [[Fasciculation|twitching]] (initially facial and [[Intercostal muscle|intercostal]]), salivation, [[Lacrimation|watery eyes]], [[Tachycardia|elevated heart rate]], and [[Hypertension|elevated blood pressure]]. As systemic envenomation progresses, symptoms include [[nausea]], [[vomiting]], [[dyspnoea|shortness of breath]] (caused by airway obstruction), [[Psychomotor agitation|agitation]], [[confusion]], writhing, grimacing, [[muscle spasm]]s, [[pulmonary oedema]] (of [[neurogenic]] or hypertensive origin), [[metabolic acidosis]], and extreme hypertension. The final stages of severe envenomation include [[Mydriasis|dilation of the pupils]] (often [[Blown pupil|fixed]]), uncontrolled generalised muscle twitching, [[unconsciousness]], elevated [[intracranial pressure]], and death. Death generally is a result of progressive [[hypotension]] or possibly elevated intracranial pressure consequent on [[cerebral oedema]].<ref name="MJA2005-Isbister" /><ref name="UoS" /><ref name="fix12" />

The onset of severe envenomation can be rapid. In one prospective study, the median time to onset of envenomation was 28 minutes, with only two cases having onset after two hours (both had pressure immobilisation bandages applied).<ref name="MJA2005-Isbister" /> Death may occur within a period ranging from 15 minutes<ref name="ClinExp2002-Nicholson" /> (this occurred when a small child was bitten) to three days.

===Treatment===
Owing to the severity of symptoms, and the speed with which they progress, in areas where these spiders are known to live, all bites from large, black spiders should be treated as though they were caused by Australian funnel-web spiders. First-aid<ref name="fix13" /> treatment for a suspected Australian funnel-web spider bite consists of immediately applying a [[Pressure immobilisation technique|pressure immobilization]]<ref name="fix14" /> bandage; a technique which consists of wrapping the bitten limb with a crepe bandage, as well as applying a [[Splint (medicine)|splint]] to limit movement of the limb. This technique was originally developed for [[snakebite]]s, but has also been shown to be effective at slowing venom movement and preventing systemic envenomation in case of an Australian funnel-web spider bite. Some evidence suggests that periods of prolonged localisation may slowly inactivate the venom.<ref name="UoS" /><ref name="fix15" />

Further supportive care may be necessary, but the mainstay of treatment is antivenom. Venom from the male Sydney funnel-web spider (''A. robustus'') is used in producing the antivenom, but it appears to be effective against the venom of all species of atracids.<ref name="fix16" /> Australian funnel-web spider antivenom has also been shown, ''in vitro'', to reverse the effects of eastern [[mouse spider]] (''Missulena bradleyi'') venom.<ref name="fix17" />

Before the introduction of antivenom, envenomation resulted in significant morbidity and mortality.<ref name="fix18" /> The purified rabbit [[Immunoglobulin G|IgG]] antivenom was developed in 1981 through a team effort led by Dr. [[Struan Sutherland]], head of immunology at the [[CSL Limited|Australian Commonwealth Serum Laboratories]] in [[Melbourne]].<ref name="fix19" /> The antivenom is fast-acting and highly and globally effective.<ref name="fix20" /> Antivenom therapy has shortened the course of envenomation effects; prior to its availability, the average length of hospital treatment for severe bites was about 14 days. Today, antivenom-treated patients are commonly discharged from hospital within one to three days.<ref name="ClinExp2002-Nicholson" /> No deaths are known since it became available.<ref name="MJA2005-Isbister" />

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="wsc">{{cite web | url=https://wsc.nmbe.ch/family/124 | title=Family: Atracidae Hogg, 1901 | publisher=World Spider Catalog | doi=10.24436/2 | accessdate=2025-10-24}}</ref>
<ref name="ausmus">{{cite journal|last=Gray|first=Michael R.|title=A revision of the Australian funnel-web spiders (Hexathelidae: Atracinae)|journal=Records of the Australian Museum|date=24 November 2010|volume=62|issue=3|pages=285–392|doi=10.3853/j.0067-1975.62.2010.1556|issn=0067-1975|doi-access=free}}</ref>
<ref name="ClinExp2002-Nicholson">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nicholson G, Graudins A | title = Spiders of medical importance in the Asia-Pacific: atracotoxin, latrotoxin and related spider neurotoxins | journal = Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol | volume = 29 | issue = #9 | pages = 785–94 | year = 2002 | pmid = 12165044 | doi = 10.1046/j.1440-1681.2002.03741.x| s2cid = 12620544 }}</ref>
<ref name="csiro1">[http://www.csiro.au/resources/Funnelweb-Spider-Facts.html Fact sheet: Funnel-web spider] [[CSIRO]] Note: Though formerly well resourced in entomology, CSIRO acknowledges on this site that it currently does no research into Australian funnel-web spiders.</ref>
<ref name="fix1">{{cite web|title=Funnel-web Spiders|url=http://australianmuseum.net.au/Funnel-web-Spiders-Group|work=[[Australian Museum]]|access-date=24 January 2012|location=Sydney}}</ref>
<ref name="fix10">{{cite journal | author = Wiener S | title = The Sydney funnel-web spider (''Atrax robustus''): II. Venom yield and other characteristics of spiders in captivity | journal = Med J Aust | volume = 46 | issue = #2 | pages = 678–82 | year = 1959| pmid = 13844638| doi = 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1959.tb129426.x | s2cid = 2131853 }}</ref>
<ref name="fix11">{{Cite book |last=Sutherland |first=Struan K. |title=Australian Animal Toxins |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0195506433 |location=Melbourne |language=EN}}</ref>
<ref name="fix12">{{cite journal |vauthors=Torda T, Loong E, Greaves I | title = Severe lung oedema and fatal consumption coagulopathy after funnel-web bite | journal = Med J Aust | volume = 2 | issue = #8 | pages = 442–4 | year = 1980 | pmid = 7010098| doi = 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1980.tb131914.x | s2cid = 20647927 }}</ref>
<ref name="fix13">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-09-22 |title=The Funnel-web Spider: Australia's Most Dangerous Arachnid |url=https://www.australiawidefirstaid.com.au/resources/funnel-web-spider |access-date=2023-09-29 |website=Australia Wide First Aid |language=en}}</ref>
<ref name="fix14">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2014-03-06 |title=Pressure Immobilisation Technique |url=https://www.australiawidefirstaid.com.au/resources/pressure-immobilisation-technique |access-date=2023-09-29 |website=Australia Wide First Aid |language=en}}</ref>
<ref name="fix15">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sutherland S, Duncan A | title = New first-aid measures for envenomation: with special reference to bites by the Sydney funnel-web spider (''Atrax robustus'') | journal = Med J Aust | volume = 1 | issue = #8 | pages = 378–9 | year = 1980 | pmid = 6771503| doi = 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1980.tb134931.x | s2cid = 24213819 }}</ref>
<ref name="fix16">{{cite journal |vauthors=Graudins A, Wilson D, Alewood P, Broady K, Nicholson G | title = Cross-reactivity of Sydney funnel-web spider antivenom: neutralization of the ''in vitro'' toxicity of other Australian funnel-web (''Atrax'' and ''Hadronyche'') spider venoms | journal = Toxicon | volume = 40 | issue = #3 | pages = 259–66 | year = 2002 | pmid = 11711122 | doi = 10.1016/S0041-0101(01)00210-0| bibcode = 2002Txcn...40..259G }}</ref>
<ref name="fix17">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rash L, Birinyi-Strachan L, Nicholson G, Hodgson W | title = Neurotoxic activity of venom from the Australian eastern mouse spider (''Missulena bradleyi'') involves modulation of sodium channel gating | journal = Br J Pharmacol | volume = 130 | issue = #8 | pages = 1817–24 | year = 2000 | pmid = 10952670 | pmc = 1572261 | doi = 10.1038/sj.bjp.0703494}}</ref>
<ref name="fix18">{{cite journal |vauthors=Isbister G, Graudins A, White J, Warrell D | title = Antivenom treatment in arachnidism | journal = J Toxicol Clin Toxicol | volume = 41 | issue = #3 | pages = 291–300 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12807312 | doi = 10.1081/CLT-120021114| s2cid = 37946164 }}</ref>
<ref name="fix19">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fisher M, Raftos J, McGuinness R, Dicks I, Wong J, Burgess K, Sutherland S | title = Funnel-web spider (''Atrax robustus'') antivenom. 2. Early clinical experience | journal = Med J Aust | volume = 2 | issue = #10 | pages = 525–6 | year = 1981 | pmid = 7321948| doi = 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1981.tb112973.x }}</ref>
<ref name="fix2">{{Cite web|date=12 November 2021|title=Press Release: MEGASPIDER – "What nightmares are made of!"|url=https://us14.campaign-archive.com/?u=3cb5d1db2eba822be67e2c3fb&id=dde2d75c2f|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116060642/https://us14.campaign-archive.com/?u=3cb5d1db2eba822be67e2c3fb&id=dde2d75c2f|archive-date=16 November 2021|access-date=21 November 2021|website=[[Australian Reptile Park]]}}</ref>
<ref name="fix20">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hartman L, Sutherland S | title = Funnel-web spider (''Atrax robustus'') antivenom in the treatment of human envenomation | journal = Med J Aust | volume = 141 | issue = #12–13 | pages = 796–9 | year = 1984| pmid = 6503783| doi = 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1984.tb132953.x | s2cid = 22059048 }}</ref>
<ref name="fix3">Mygalomorph tarantulas are a different family from the original 'tarantula', an araneomorph lycosid from Europe. —Rod and Ken Preston-Mafham. ''Spiders of the World''. Blandford Press, 1989, England, p. 47</ref>
<ref name="fix4">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130528170428/http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/media/funnel-web-fangs/?ar_a=1 Funnel-web Fangs] ''National Geographic''. Retrieved 4 May 2014.</ref>
<ref name="fix5">Raymond Mascord ''Australian Spiders in Colour'' Reed Press NSW, 1991, p. 14</ref>
<ref name="fix6">{{cite journal |vauthors=Isbister G, Gray M | title = Bites by Australian mygalomorph spiders (Araneae, Mygalomorphae), including funnel-web spiders (Atracinae) and mouse spiders (Actinopodidae: Missulena spp) | journal = Toxicon | volume = 43 | issue = #2 | pages = 133–40 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15019472 | doi = 10.1016/j.toxicon.2003.11.009| bibcode = 2004Txcn...43..133I }}</ref>
<ref name="fix7">{{Cite web|last=Hamilton-Smith|first=Lexy|date=2021-07-15|title=This funnel-web spider from Queensland has one of the world's deadliest venoms. It could also save lives|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-07-16/qld-funnel-web-venom-life-saving-treatment-heart-attack-fraser-i/100293714|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-16|website=www.abc.net.au|language=en-AU|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715213808/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-07-16/qld-funnel-web-venom-life-saving-treatment-heart-attack-fraser-i/100293714 |archive-date=2021-07-15 }}</ref>
<ref name="fix8">{{cite journal |vauthors=Harris J, Sutherland S, Zar M | title = Actions of the crude venom of the Sydney funnel-web spider (''Atrax robustus'') on autonomic neuromuscular transmission | journal = Br J Pharmacol | volume = 72 | issue = #2 | pages = 335–40 | year = 1981 | pmid = 6260279 | pmc = 2071519 | doi=10.1111/j.1476-5381.1981.tb09132.x}}</ref>
<ref name="fix9">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sheumack D, Comis A, Claassens R, Mylecharane E, Spence I, Howden M | title = An endogenous antitoxin to the lethal venom of the funnel web spider, ''Atrax robustus'', in rabbit sera | journal = Comp Biochem Physiol C | volume = 99 | issue = #1–2 | pages = 157–61 | year = 1991 | pmid = 1675965 | doi = 10.1016/0742-8413(91)90093-9}}</ref>
<ref name="gray">Gray, M. "The Distribution of Funnel-Web Spiders in Australia" in ''Toxic Plants and Animals: A Guide for Australia''. Queensland Museum Press, 1987. Page 313-22</ref>
<ref name="HediDerkRamiVink18">{{cite journal|last1=Hedin |first1=M. |last2=Derkarabetian |first2=S. |last3=Ramírez |first3=M.J. |last4=Vink |first4=C. |last5=Bond |first5=J.E. |date=2018 |title=Phylogenomic reclassification of the world's most venomous spiders (Mygalomorphae, Atracinae), with implications for venom evolution |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=8 |issue=1636 |pages=1636 |doi=10.1038/s41598-018-19946-2 |pmid=29374214 |name-list-style=amp|pmc=5785998 |bibcode=2018NatSR...8.1636H }}</ref>
<ref name="Hogg01">{{cite journal |last1=Hogg |first1=H.R. |date=1901 |title=On Australian and New Zealand spiders of the suborder Mygalomorphae |journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London |volume=1901 |pages=218–279 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1901.tb08176.x }}</ref>
<ref name="lancet">{{cite journal|author1=Isbister, Geoffrey K. |author2=Fan, Hui Wen |year=2011|title=Spider Bite|journal=The Lancet|volume=378|issue=9808|pages=2039–47|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62230-1|pmid=21762981|s2cid=27408940 }}</ref>
<ref name="MJA2005-Isbister">{{cite journal |vauthors=Isbister G, Gray M, Balit C, Raven R, Stokes B, Porges K, Tankel A, Turner E, White J, Fisher M | title = Funnel-web spider bite: a systematic review of recorded clinical cases | journal = Med J Aust | volume = 182 | issue = #8 | pages = 407–11 | year = 2005 | pmid = 15850438|url=https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2005/182/8/funnel-web-spider-bite-systematic-review-recorded-clinical-cases?iframe=true | doi=10.5694/j.1326-5377.2005.tb06760.x| hdl = 2440/17349 | s2cid = 18066524 | hdl-access = free }}</ref>
<ref name="UoS">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110228150754/http://www.anaes.med.usyd.edu.au/venom/spiders.html Australian Spider and Insect Bites]; [[University of Sydney]]</ref>
<ref name="Vetter">{{cite journal |author1=Vetter, Richard S. |author2=Isbister, Geoffrey K. |title=Medical Aspects of Spider Bites |journal=[[Annual Review of Entomology]] |volume=53 |pages=409–29 |year=2008 |pmid=17877450 |doi= 10.1146/annurev.ento.53.103106.093503}}</ref>
<ref name="WheeCoddCrowDimi16">{{Citation |last1=Wheeler |first1=Ward C. |last2=Coddington |first2=Jonathan A. |last3=Crowley |first3=Louise M. |last4=Dimitrov |first4=Dimitar |last5=Goloboff |first5=Pablo A. |last6=Griswold |first6=Charles E. |last7=Hormiga |first7=Gustavo |last8=Prendini |first8=Lorenzo |last9=Ramírez |first9=Martín J. |last10=Sierwald |first10=Petra |last11=Almeida-Silva |first11=Lina |last12=Alvarez-Padilla |first12=Fernando |last13=Arnedo |first13=Miquel A. |last14=Benavides Silva |first14=Ligia R. |last15=Benjamin |first15=Suresh P. |last16=Bond |first16=Jason E. |last17=Grismado |first17=Cristian J. |last18=Hasan |first18=Emile |last19=Hedin |first19=Marshal |last20=Izquierdo |first20=Matías A. |last21=Labarque |first21=Facundo M. |last22=Ledford |first22=Joel |last23=Lopardo |first23=Lara |last24=Maddison |first24=Wayne P. |last25=Miller |first25=Jeremy A. |last26=Piacentini |first26=Luis N. |last27=Platnick |first27=Norman I. |last28=Polotow |first28=Daniele |last29=Silva-Dávila |first29=Diana |last30=Scharff |first30=Nikolaj |last31=Szűts |first31=Tamás |last32=Ubick |first32=Darrell |last33=Vink |first33=Cor J. |last34=Wood |first34=Hannah M. |last35=Zhang |first35=Junxia |date=2016 |title=The spider tree of life: phylogeny of Araneae based on target-gene analyses from an extensive taxon sampling |journal=Cladistics |volume=33 |issue=6 |pages=574–616 |doi=10.1111/cla.12182 |pmid=34724759 |s2cid=35535038 |name-list-style=amp|doi-access=free }}</ref>
<ref name="WSC_f124">{{citation |title=Family Atracidae Hogg, 1901 |work=World Spider Catalog |publisher=Natural History Museum Bern |url=http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/family/124 |access-date=2018-05-14 }}</ref>
}}

==External links==
* {{inaturalist taxon}}

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20031208183121/http://www.arachnology.org/Arachnology/Pages/Araneae.html Arachnology Home Pages: Araneae]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060415075002/http://www.arachnology.org/Arachnology/Pages/Atrax.html Arachnology Home Pages: Atrax]
* [[Norman I. Platnick|Platnick]], [http://research.amnh.org/entomology/spiders/catalog81-87/index.html N.I. 2003. World Spider Catalog]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050515232341/http://www.amonline.net.au/factsheets/funnelweb.htm Funnel-web spider info]
* [http://www.deh.gov.au/cgi-bin/species-bank/sbank-treatment.pl?id=75618 Information, distribution and pictures of ''A. robustus'']
* [http://ednieuw.home.xs4all.nl/australian/Mygalomorphae/Mygalomorphae.htm Australian Mygalomorphae or primitive spiders]

{{Taxonbar|from1=Q52687525|from2=Q98807}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Australian Funnel-Web Spider}}
[[Category:Spiders of Australia]]
[[Category:Mygalomorphae families]]
[[Category:Atracidae| ]]
[[Category:Spiders described in 1901]]

Valkenswaard

2025-10-24T20:58:21Z

89.241.68.84: Fixing lint errors Special:LintErrors/bogus-image-options.

{{Infobox settlement


| name = Valkenswaard
| settlement_type = [[List of municipalities of the Netherlands|Municipality]]

| image_skyline = Valkenswaard - Markt 53 St. Nicolaaskerk.JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Church in Valkenswaard
| image_flag = Flag of Valkenswaard.svg
| flag_size = 100x67px
| flag_alt =
| image_shield = Valkenswaard wapen.svg
| shield_size = 100x80px
| shield_alt =

| image_map = Map - NL - Municipality code 0858 (2009).svg
| map_alt = Highlighted position of Valkenswaard in a municipal map of North Brabant
| map_caption = Location in North Brabant
| coordinates = {{coord|51|21|N|5|28|E|region:NL|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = [[Netherlands]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of the Netherlands|Province]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[North Brabant]]
| government_footnotes = <ref name="mayor_now">{{cite web
|url = http://www.valkenswaard.nl/internet/samenstelling-college-van-bw_3317/
|title = Samenstelling college van B&W
|trans-title = Members of the board of mayor and aldermen
|language = nl
|publisher = Gemeente Valkenswaard
|access-date = 5 June 2014
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140714213922/http://www.valkenswaard.nl/internet/samenstelling-college-van-bw_3317/
|archive-date = 14 July 2014
}}</ref>
| governing_body = [[Municipal council (Netherlands)|Municipal council]]
| leader_party = [[Christian Democratic Appeal|CDA]]
| leader_title = [[Burgemeester|Mayor]]
| leader_name = [[Anton Ederveen]]

| unit_pref = Metric


| area_footnotes = <ref>{{Dutch municipality total area|dataref}}</ref>

| area_total_km2 = {{Dutch municipality total area|Valkenswaard}}
| area_land_km2 = {{Dutch municipality land area|Valkenswaard}}
| area_water_km2 = {{Dutch municipality water area|Valkenswaard}}
| elevation_footnotes = <ref name="AHN">{{cite web
|url = http://www.ahn.nl/postcodetool
|title = Postcodetool for 5554DA
|language = nl
|author = 
|work = Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland
|publisher = Het Waterschapshuis
|access-date = 5 June 2014
|archive-date = 21 September 2013
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053543/http://www.ahn.nl/postcodetool
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>
| elevation_m = 25
| elevation_max_footnotes = 
| elevation_max_m =
| elevation_min_footnotes = 
| elevation_min_m =

| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Dutch municipality population|dataref}}</ref>
| population_total = {{Dutch municipality population|Valkenswaard}}
| population_as_of = {{MONTHNAME|{{Dutch municipality population|popbasemonth}}}} {{Dutch municipality population|popbaseyear}}
| population_density_km2 = {{Dutch municipality population density|Valkenswaard}} 
| population_demonym = Valkenswaarder / Valkenswaardenaar

| timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset = +1
| timezone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset_DST = +2
| postal_code_type = [[Postal codes in the Netherlands|Postcode]]
| postal_code = 5550–5556
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in the Netherlands|Area code]]
| area_code = 040
| website = {{URL|1=http://www.valkenswaard.nl}}
| footnotes =
}}
[[File:Valkenswaard, tijdelijke sculpturen op de Hofnar IMG 7486 2020-09-14 11.37.jpg|Temporar sculptures in front of the townhall|thumb|280px]]
'''Valkenswaard''' ({{IPA|nl|ˌvɑlkə(n)sˈʋaːrt|-|229 Valkenswaard.ogg}}) is a [[Municipalities of the Netherlands|municipality]] and a town in the southern [[Netherlands]], in the [[Metropoolregio Eindhoven]] of the province of [[North Brabant]]. The municipality had a population of {{formatnum:{{Dutch municipality population|Valkenswaard}}}} in {{YEAR|{{Dutch municipality population|popbaseyear}}}}, with an area of {{convert|{{Dutch municipality total area|Valkenswaard}}|km2|abbr=on}} of which {{convert|{{Dutch municipality water area|Valkenswaard}}|km2|abbr=on}} is water.

The name Valkenswaard stems from its history of [[falconry|falconers]], who caught wild [[falcon]]s there; ''valk'' is [[Dutch language|Dutch]] for "falcon". It lay on a route where falcons migrated south each year. In the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries, Valkenswaardian falconers were active at many European courts, in which falconing was a beloved pastime. Valkenswaard's falcon-catching area has now been built over and falcons are no longer caught there.

In the 19th and 20th century, a number of large [[cigar]] factories were founded in Valkenswaard, the two most renowned of which being [[William II, Prince of Orange|Willem II]] and Hofnar.

A [[Valkenswaard War Cemetery|Second World War cemetery]] containing 220 British soldiers was created near Valkenswaard in October 1944. It is now maintained by the [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]].

The spoken language is [[Campine|Kempenlands]] (an [[East Brabantian]] dialect, which is very similar to colloquial [[Dutch language|Dutch]]).<ref>Jos & Cor Swanenberg: Taal in stad en land: Oost-Brabants, {{ISBN|9012090105}}</ref>

The [[Eurocircuit Valkenswaard]] is a motorsport racetrack that has hosted the [[European Rallycross Championship]] and the [[FIM Motocross World Championship]].

== Economy ==

[[File:VDL Citea SLF-120 Electric in Nes (Ameland).jpg|alt=VDL_Citea_SLF-120_Electric_in_Nes_(Ameland)|thumb|[[VDL Citea]] SLF-120 Electric in Nes (Ameland)]]
Companies, that are headquartered in Valkenswaard include [[Brabantia]], a residential use product manufacturer, and [[VDL Bus & Coach]], a vehicle manufacturer specializing in constructing buses.

==Population centres==
*[[Borkel en Schaft]]
*[[Dommelen]]
*Valkenswaard

===Topography===
[[File:Gem-Valkenswaard-OpenTopo.jpg|300px]] ''Map of the municipality of Valkenswaard, June 2015''

==Partner municipalities==
{| class="wikitable"
|- valign="top"
|
* {{flagicon|Portugal}} [[Salvaterra de Magos]], [[Portugal]]
* {{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Tienen]], [[Flanders]], [[Belgium]]
|}

==Notable people born in Valkenswaard==
[[File:Linda Williams 1.jpg|135px|thumb|Linda Williams, 1981]]
* [[Henk van den Breemen]] (1941–2024) a Dutch military officer
* [[Pieter van Geel]] (born 1951) a retired Dutch politician
* [[Linda Williams (singer)|Linda Williams]] (born 1955) a Dutch singer, participated in the [[1981 Eurovision Song Contest]]
* [[Ine Gevers]] (born 1960) a Dutch curator of contemporary art, writer and activist
* [[Jeroen Mettes]] (1978–2006) a Dutch poet, essayist and blogger
* [[Dominique van Hulst]] (born 1981), singer, known by her stage name ''Do''<ref> [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1567196/ IMDb Database] retrieved 20 November 2019 </ref>
=== Sport ===
* [[Jan Tops]] (born 1961) an equestrian, gold medallist at the [[1992 Summer Olympics]]
* [[Jens van Son]] (born 1987) a Dutch professional footballer with over 250 club caps
* [[Lidewij Welten]] (born 1990) a Dutch field hockey player
* [[Daniëlle van de Donk]] (born 1991) a Dutch professional footballer

== Gallery ==
<gallery mode=packed>
File:Notariskantoor Valkenswaard 01.jpg|Notary office, Valkenswaard
File:Pintenwipper standbeeld Martinusplein Dommelen.jpg|Pintenwipper statue, Martinusplein Dommelen
File:Winnaar 2008 - Buurtschap Hazestraat - Flying pirates on music.jpg|Winnaar 2008 - Buurtschap Hazestraat - Flying pirates on music
File:Valkenswaard Zuil van de Eendracht Erich Reischke.jpg|Column of Unity by Erich Reischke, Valkenswaard
</gallery>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}
*[http://www.valkenswaard.nl Official website]

{{Geographic location
| Centre = Valkenswaard
| North = [[Waalre]]
| East = [[Heeze-Leende]]
| Southeast = [[Hamont-Achel]] ([[Belgium|BE]]-[[Limburg (Belgium)|VLI]])
| South = [[Pelt (municipality)|Pelt]] ([[Belgium|BE]]-[[Limburg (Belgium)|VLI]])
| West = [[Bergeijk]]
}}
{{North Brabant Province}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Valkenswaard| ]]
[[Category:Municipalities of North Brabant]]
[[Category:Populated places in North Brabant]]

{{NorthBrabant-geo-stub}}