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Ronald George Wreyford Norrish

2025-10-20T11:41:56Z

93.97.135.187: /* Education and early life */

{{Short description|British chemist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Ronald George Wreyford Norrish
| image = Ronald George Wreyford Norrish.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date|1897|11|9|df=y}}
| birth_place = Cambridge, England
| death_date = {{death date and age|1978|6|7|1897|10|9|df=y}}
| death_place = Cambridge, England
| field = Chemistry
| work_institutions = University of Cambridge
| alma_mater = [[University of Cambridge]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[PhD]])
| doctoral_advisor = [[Eric Rideal]]<ref name=frs/>
| thesis_title = Radiation and chemical reactivity
| thesis_year = 1924
| thesis_url = http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=35259
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = [[Flash photolysis]] [[Norrish reaction]] [[Autoacceleration|Trommsdorff–Norrish effect]]
| influences =
| influenced =
| prizes = {{Plainlist|
* [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]] (1936)<ref name="frs">{{cite journal|last1=Dainton|first1=F.|last2=Thrush|first2=B. A.|title=Ronald George Wreyford Norrish. 9 November 1897-7 June 1978|journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society|volume=27|year=1981|pages=379–424|issn=0080-4606|doi=10.1098/rsbm.1981.0016|s2cid=72584163|doi-access=free}}</ref>
* [[Davy Medal]] {{small|(1958)}}
* [[Faraday Lectureship Prize]] {{small|(1965)}}
* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] (1967)}}
}}
'''Ronald George Wreyford Norrish''' [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]]<ref name="frs"/> (9 November 1897 – 7 June 1978) was a British [[chemist]] who was awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] in 1967.<ref>Norrish's [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1967/norrish-bio.html Nobel Foundation biography]</ref><ref>Norrish's Nobel Lecture [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1967/norrish-lecture.pdf Some Fast Reactions in Gases Studied by Flash Photolysis and Kinetic Spectroscopy]</ref><ref>{{AcademicSearch|18047590}}</ref>

==Education and early life==
Norrish was born in [[Cambridge]] and was educated at [[The Perse School]] and [[Emmanuel College, Cambridge]].<ref name="emmanuel">{{cite web | url=http://www.emma.cam.ac.uk/about/famous/index.cfm?id=12 | title=Ronald George Wreyford Norrish (1897 – 1978) | publisher=[[Emmanuel College, Cambridge]] | access-date=25 January 2012}}</ref> He was a former student of [[Eric Rideal]].<ref name=frs/> From an early age he was interested in chemistry, walking up and down Cambridge University chemical laboratory admiring all the equipment. His father encouraged him to construct and equip a small laboratory in his garden shed in his garden and supplied all the chemicals he needed to conduct experiments.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Dainton|first1=Frederick Sydney|last2=Thrush|first2=Brian Arthur|date=November 1981|title=Ronald George Wreyford Norrish, 9 November 1897 - 7 June 1978|journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society|language=en|volume=27|pages=379–424|doi=10.1098/rsbm.1981.0016|s2cid=72584163 |issn=0080-4606|doi-access=free}}</ref> This apparatus now forms part of the Science Museum collections - reference shows copper water tank. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Copper water tank, from Ronald G. W. Norrish's garden shed chemical laboratory {{!}} Science Museum Group Collection|url=https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co8622574/copper-water-tank-from-ronald-g-w-norrishs-garden-shed-chemical-laboratory|access-date=2021-11-21|website=collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk|language=en}}</ref> He used to enter competitions for the analysis of mixtures sent round by the Pharmaceutical Journal and often won prizes.<ref name=":0" /> In 1915 Norrish won a Foundation Scholarship to Emmanuel College, but by adding a little to his age joined the [[Royal Field Artillery]] and served as a Lieutenant, first in Ireland and then on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]].<ref name=":0" />

==Career and research==
Norrish was a prisoner in [[World War I]] and later commented, with sadness, that many of his contemporaries and potential competitors at Cambridge had not survived the War. Military records show that 2nd Lieutenant Norrish of the Royal Artillery went missing (captured) on 21 March 1918.

Norrish rejoined Emmanuel College as a Research Fellow in 1925 and later became [[1920 Chair of Physical Chemistry|Head of the Department of Physical Chemistry]] at the [[University of Cambridge]].

The skill which Norrish displayed in his laboratory work problems marked him out amongst his contemporaries as an unusually gifted and energetic experimentalist, capable of making significant advances in photo-chemistry and gas kinetics.<ref name=":0" />

==Awards and honours==
Norrish was elected a [[List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1936|Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1936]].<ref name=frs/> As a result of the development of [[flash photolysis]], Norrish was awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] in 1967 along with [[Manfred Eigen]] and [[George Porter]]<ref name="FlemingPhillips2004">{{cite journal|last1=Fleming|first1=G. R.|last2=Phillips|first2=D.|title=George Porter KT OM, Lord Porter of Luddenham. 6 December 1920 – 31 August 2002: Elected F.R.S. 1960|journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society|volume=50|year=2004|pages=257–283|issn=0080-4606|doi=10.1098/rsbm.2004.0017|doi-access=free}}</ref> for their study of extremely fast chemical reactions.<ref name="emmanuel" /> One of his accomplishments is the development of the [[Norrish reaction]].{{citation needed|date=April 2023}}

At Cambridge, Norrish supervised [[Rosalind Franklin]], future DNA researcher and colleague of [[James Watson]] and [[Francis Crick]], and experienced some conflict with her.<ref>Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA. New York: HarperCollins, 2002. {{ISBN|0-06-018407-8}}, p. 72</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links==
* {{Nobelprize|name=Ronald G.W. Norrish}} including the Nobel Lecture, 11 December 1967 ''Some Fast Reactions in Gases Studied by Flash Photolysis and Kinetic Spectroscopy''
{{Nobel Prize in Chemistry Laureates 1951-1975}}
{{1967 Nobel Prize winners}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Norrish, Ronald George Wreyford}}
[[Category:1897 births]]
[[Category:1978 deaths]]
[[Category:Scientists from Cambridge]]
[[Category:People educated at The Perse School]]
[[Category:Alumni of Emmanuel College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Fellows of Emmanuel College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Nobel laureates in Chemistry]]
[[Category:British Nobel laureates]]
[[Category:English physical chemists]]
[[Category:World War I prisoners of war held by Germany]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:English Nobel laureates]]
[[Category:British World War I prisoners of war]]
[[Category:Professors of Physical Chemistry (Cambridge)]]
[[Category:20th-century English chemists]]

Edward Luttwak

2025-10-13T10:25:32Z

93.97.135.187: Undid revision 1316433463 by Erixcson8 (talk) Reverted pointless edit

{{Short description|Romanian–American military strategist (born 1942)}}
{{Like resume|date=January 2024}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2011}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Edward N. Luttwak
| image = Edward Luttwak.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1942|11|04|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Arad, Romania|Arad]], Romania
| death_date =
| death_place =
| education =
| alma_mater = [[London School of Economics|London School of Economics and Political Science]] [[Johns Hopkins University]]
| nationality =
| other_names =
| occupation =
| known_for = ''[[Coup d'État: A Practical Handbook]]'' (1968) ''Strategy: The Logic of War and Peace'' (1987) ''The Rise of China vs. the Logic of Strategy (2012)''
}}

'''Edward Nicolae Luttwak''' (born 4 November 1942) is an American author known for his works on [[grand strategy]], [[military strategy]], [[geoeconomics]], [[military history]], and [[international relations]]. He is best known for being the author of ''[[Coup d'État: A Practical Handbook]]''. His book ''Strategy: The Logic of War and Peace'', also published in Chinese, Russian and ten other languages, is widely used at war colleges around the world. His books are currently published in 29 languages besides English.<ref name=meaney>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/09/edward-luttwak-machiavelli-of-maryland? |title=The Machiavelli of Maryland |work=[[The Guardian]] |author=Meaney, Thomas |date=September 9, 2015 |access-date=December 10, 2015}}</ref>

==Early life==
Luttwak was born into a [[Jewish]]<ref name="MaxRaskin" />{{Failed verification|date=October 2025}} family in [[Arad, Romania|Arad]], in Romania that fled Soviet occupation after World War II. He was thereafter raised in Italy and England.<ref name=meaney />

==Career==
After attending a boarding school in Berkshire, where he joined the British Army cadet corps, Luttwak moved to London at the age of 16 and went to a [[grammar school]]. He then studied analytical economics at the [[London School of Economics]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/commencement1975/page/68?q=%22Force+and+Diplomacy+in+Roman+Strategies+of+Imperial+Security%22|title=The Johns Hopkins University 1975 Commencement Program |author= The Johns Hopkins University |date=1975|publisher=Johns Hopkins University }}</ref> In 1968, when he was 26 and working in London as a consultant for the [[Petroleum industry|oil industry]], he published the book ''[[Coup d'État: A Practical Handbook]]'', a [[pastiche]] of a military manual. The book explains in detail how to overthrow the [[government]] of a [[State (polity)|state]], looking in particular at coups d'état on the African continent and in the Middle East. The [[spy fiction]] author [[John le Carré]] praised the book and compared Luttwak to [[Machiavelli]]. Luttwak graduated from the London School of Economics in 1969.<ref name=meaney/>

Luttwak was a war volunteer in [[Israel]] in 1967 and later worked for the [[Israel Defense Forces]]. In 1972 he moved to the [[United States]] for graduate studies at [[Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies|Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS)]]. He graduated with a PhD in International Relations in 1975. The title of his dissertation was ''Force and Diplomacy in Roman Strategies of Imperial Security''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://forward.com/culture/13515/the-operator-the-double-life-of-a-military-strate-01959/|title=The Operator: The Double Life of a Military Strategist|last=Rozen|first=Laura|date=June 5, 2008|website=The Forward|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/commencement1975/page/68?q=%22Force+and+Diplomacy+in+Roman+Strategies+of+Imperial+Security%22|title=The Johns Hopkins University 1975 Commencement Program |author= The Johns Hopkins University |date=1975|publisher=Johns Hopkins University }}</ref> Earlier, during a two-month visit to Washington, D.C. in 1969, Luttwak and [[Richard Perle]], his former roommate in London, joined a [[think tank]], the [[Committee to Maintain a Prudent Defence Policy]], assembled by [[Dean Acheson]] and [[Paul Nitze]] to lobby Congress for [[anti-ballistic missile]] systems.<ref name=meaney/><ref>Mann, James. [https://books.google.com/books?id=wcljXYTZVnUC&pg=PA32 ''Rise of the Vulcans: The History of Bush's War Cabinet'']. New York, N.Y.: Penguin Books, 2004, pp. 31-32. {{ISBN|9780143034896}}</ref>

In late 1974 and into 1975 a series of articles was published by [[neoconservative]] intellectuals discussing whether the [[US military]] should seize the [[Oil reserves in Saudi Arabia|oilfields in Saudi Arabia]]. In March 1975, ''[[Harper's Magazine]]'' published an article that Luttwak had written under the [[pseudonym]] "Miles Ignotus" with the title "Seizing Arab Oil." Luttwak had previously published the gist of his argument on how to break Arab power under the title "Obsolescent Elites", using his real name, in ''[[The Times Literary Supplement]]''. He suggested that [[U.S. Marines]], assisted by the [[82nd Airborne Division]], should storm the eastern beaches of Saudi Arabia. The article and the author attracted considerable attention, but there is no evidence that the [[Ford administration]] ever considered such an intervention. [[James E. Akins|James Akins]], then U.S. Ambassador to Saudi Arabia, publicly denounced the "invasion scenario" as a product of "sick minds." In 2004 Luttwak told the ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'' that he had written the article "after discussion with several like-minded consultants and officials in the Pentagon."<ref>{{cite book|first=Salim |last=Yaqub|title=Imperfect Strangers: Americans, Arabs, and U.S.–Middle East Relations in the 1970s|publisher = Cornell University Press|date=2016|isbn=9781501706882| pages=192–193, 392}}</ref>

In 1976 Luttwak published ''The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire from the First Century AD to the Third'', which generated controversy among professional historians who saw Luttwak as an outsider and a non-specialist in the field. However, the book is recognized as seminal because it raised basic questions about the [[Roman Army]] and [[Defence-in-depth (Roman military)|its defense of the Roman frontier]]. Kimberly Kagan, writing in the ''Journal of Military History'', states "Ancient historians have demonstrated that Edward Luttwak's The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire does not accurately describe Roman grand strategy, and many conclude that there was no Roman imperial grand strategy."<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://doi.org/10.1353/jmh.2006.0104 | doi=10.1353/jmh.2006.0104 | title=Redefining Roman Grand Strategy | date=2006 | last1=Kagan | first1=Kimberly | journal=The Journal of Military History | volume=70 | issue=2 | pages=333–362 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> Tanner Greer writes "So conclusively wrong is this book that I do not think it should be included on any syllabus. Since Luttwak published that book in 1976, a dozen studies of Roman frontier deployments, Roman strategic culture, and Roman decision making have been published. All offer a steady refutation of Luttwak’s work. However, not one of those books or articles would have been written without Luttwak’s work. Luttwak was wrong in every particular except the questions he asked—but those questions were good enough to create an entire subfield of research."<ref name="Greer">{{cite web | url=https://scholars-stage.org/science-proceeds-one-question-at-a-time/ | title=Science Proceeds One Question at a Time | date=January 2025 }}</ref>

Later Luttwak started researching the Byzantine empire, beginning with its earliest surviving texts.<ref name=meaney/> According to [[Harry Sidebottom]], the majority of scholars were hostile to Luttwak's enthusiasm for fighting wars on [[client state]] territory and the book made uncomfortable reading in some circles in [[western Europe]] because in the 1980s Luttwak became a security consultant to U.S. President [[Ronald Reagan]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Harry |last=Sidebottom|title=Ancient Warfare: A Very Short Introduction|publisher = OUP Oxford|date=2004 |isbn=9780191577970 | page=72}}</ref>

In 1987 Luttwak published ''Strategy: The Logic of War and Peace''.<ref name=meaney/> According to Luttwak's publisher, [[Harvard University Press]], the book has been widely acclaimed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674007031|title=Strategy — Edward N. Luttwak |publisher= Harvard University Press|language=en|access-date=2018-10-23}}</ref> Luttwak became known for his innovative ideas. He suggested, for example, that attempts by major powers to quell regional wars actually make conflicts more protracted.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Luttwak |first=Edward |s2cid=150572796 |date=July–August 1999 |title=Give War a Chance |journal=Foreign Affairs |volume=78 |issue=4 |pages=36–44 |doi=10.2307/20049362 |jstor=20049362 }}</ref>

Luttwak went on to provide consulting services to [[multinational corporations]] and government agencies, including various branches of the U.S. government and the U.S. military.<ref>[http://www.idcitalia.com/downloads/bio/luttwak_edward.pdf Professional Profile: Edward Luttwak] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121224135301/http://www.idcitalia.com/downloads/bio/luttwak_edward.pdf |date=December 24, 2012 }}. Idcitalia.com. Accessed March 11, 2012.</ref>

Luttwak has served on the editorial boards of ''Géopolitique'' (France), the ''[[Journal of Strategic Studies]]'', ''[[The European Journal of International Affairs]]'', and the ''[[Washington Quarterly]]''. He speaks English, French, [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], Italian, and Spanish, in addition to his native Romanian.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://igs.berkeley.edu/people/edward-n-luttwak|title=Edward N. Luttwak |publisher= Institute of Governmental Studies - UC Berkeley|website=igs.berkeley.edu|date=August 26, 2013 |language=en|access-date=2018-10-23}}</ref> In 1997, with three partners, he purchased 19,000 hectares of land in the Bolivian Amazon, where he set up a [[cattle ranch]].<ref name=meaney/>

Luttwak was a lecturer in economics at the [[University of Bath]] from 1964 to 1966.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Luttwak |first1=Edward |date=November–December 1973 |title=The Political Application of Naval Force: A Precis |journal=Naval War College Review |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=38–40 |jstor=44641436 }}</ref> In 2004 Luttwak was awarded an [[honorary doctorate degree]] (LLD) from the [[University of Bath]]. He has also received honorary degrees from a university in [[Arad, Romania]] and another from Timisoara's University as well as the [[University of Bucharest]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bath.ac.uk/corporate-information/honorary-graduates-2000-to-2009/|title=The names of our honorary graduates and which degrees were conferred upon them. |website=www.bath.ac.uk|language=en|access-date=2019-10-29}}</ref> His book ''The Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire'' was published in late 2009.<ref name=meaney/>

[[Leon Wieseltier]], who got to know Luttwak during the Reagan years, wrote: "Edward was this figure out of a Werner Herzog film. He was not some person who had read a bit of Tacitus and now worked at the Pentagon. He knew all the languages, the geographies, the cultures, the histories. He is the most bizarre humanist I have ever met."<ref name=meaney/> Luttwak has said that he has used [[Akira Kurosawa]]'s film ''[[Seven Samurai]]'' to train men to fight in war, including villagers in El Salvador.<ref name="MaxRaskin" />
[[File:Luttwick compagno.jpg|thumb|alt=Edward Luttwak holds an issue of ''[[Lotta Comunista]]'', Italian Left Communist monthly.|Edward Luttwak holds an issue of ''[[Lotta Comunista]]'', Italian Left Communist monthly.]]

==Predictions==
Before the first [[Persian Gulf War]] Luttwak incorrectly predicted that Iraqi President [[Saddam Hussein]] would evacuate Kuwait "after a week or two of bombing" [the bombing continued for six weeks without inducing him to do so] and warned that the use of ground forces without heavy preliminary bombing "could make [[Operation Desert Storm|Desert Storm]] a bloody, grinding combat with thousands of (US) casualties." Writing a month into the bombing, Luttwak still opposed a ground campaign. He forecast that it would lead inevitably to a military occupation of Iraq from which the United States would be unable to disengage without disastrous foreign policy consequences.<ref>{{cite book|title=Public Intellectuals|first=Richard A.|last=Posner|date=2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674042278|page=143}}</ref>

In the 1999 book ''Turbo-Capitalism: Winners and Losers in the Global Economy'' Luttwak predicted that dynamic economic growth would increase ugly social phenomena such as higher [[crime rate]]s and [[job insecurity]], as anticipated in his ''London Review of Books'' article "Why Fascism is the Wave of the Future".<ref>{{cite book|title=Public Intellectuals|first=Richard A.|last=Posner|date=2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674042278|page=142}}</ref> ''[[New York Magazine]]'' described Luttwak's article as forecasting the rise of [[Donald Trump]] to the American presidency, citing his article's predictions about a political vacuum emerging from the neglect of workers from political party establishments.<ref>{{cite web|title=These Academics Foresaw That Working-Class Resentment Would Lead to Trump|date=November 10, 2016|work = New York Magazine|url = https://nymag.com/vindicated/2016/11/these-scholars-predicted-globilization-would-lead-to-trump.html}}</ref>

In 2009, [[Richard Posner]] analyzed intellectuals with a public profile in the U.S. Posner claimed that Luttwak sees many affinities between the United States and the declining [[Roman Empire]], leading Luttwak to predict a dark age in which the U.S. population will experience decline into [[third world]] status. According to Posner, Luttwak retained his economic pessimism when the [[economy of the United States]] stood at the turn of the century.<ref>{{cite book|title=Public Intellectuals|first=Richard A.|last=Posner|date=2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674042278|page=294}}</ref>

Luttwak predicted in a 2016 op-ed in ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' that the [[First presidency of Donald Trump|Trump administration]] would pursue a foreign policy "unlikely to deviate from standard conservative norms", withdrawing troops from Afghanistan and Iraq, avoiding involvement in Syria and Libya, eschewing trade wars, and modestly reducing spending — in short, "changes at the margin".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Luttwak |first=Edward N. |title=Suffering From Trumphobia? Get Over It |url=http://www.wsj.com/articles/suffering-from-trumphobia-get-over-it-1457565216 |access-date=2023-04-11 |newspaper=Wall Street Journal |date=March 9, 2016 |language=en-US}}</ref> In fact, Trump initiated his first trade war during his first term in office in January 2018, and his second trade war in February 2025.

==On grand strategy==
[[Image:Edward Luttwak in 2011.jpg|thumb|right|Edward Luttwak in 2011]]
Luttwak has long insisted on the necessity of a [[grand strategy]], but he moved beyond preoccupation with military intervention,<ref>{{cite book|first=Lukas |last=Milevski |title=The Evolution of Modern Grand Strategic Thought|publisher = Oxford University Press|date=2016|isbn=9780198779773| pages=111}}</ref> and started to theorize [[diplomacy]] and [[military alliance]]s. His ''Grand Strategy of the Soviet Union'' (1983) was the first English-language text that recognized the different nationalities that were re-emerging in the USSR and were ignored by both "Kremlinologists" and U.S. intelligence. Luttwak concluded that the Soviet Union relied entirely on military instruments for its grand strategy.<ref>{{cite book|first=Lukas |last=Milevski |title=The Evolution of Modern Grand Strategic Thought|publisher = Oxford University Press|date=2016|isbn=9780198779773| pages=115}}</ref>

Luttwak argued that [[Carl von Clausewitz]]'s warning against aggressive wars was no longer relevant in the post-World War II era. He reasoned that when confronted with [[weapons of mass destruction]], [[Power in international relations|statecraft]] needed a grand strategy, that is, "the firm subordination of tactical priorities, material ideals, and warlike instincts to political goals". For Luttwak, grand strategy was no longer a [[military doctrine]], but a political issue, and diplomacy was needed to achieve the security of the [[state (polity)|state]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Lukas |last=Milevski |title=The Evolution of Modern Grand Strategic Thought|publisher = Oxford University Press|date=2016|isbn=9780198779773| pages=116}}</ref>

Writing in 2007 for the ''[[National Review Online|National Review]]'', former [[George W. Bush]]'s speechwriter [[David Frum]] said of Luttwak: "His book on the grand strategy of the [[Roman Empire]] was terrific, and his ''Coup d'État'' is that astounding thing: a great work of political science that is also a hilarious satire."<ref name=mage>{{cite web |url=http://frum.nationalreview.com/post/?q=MTdkY2I2MWNlNzJiODBhNjU4ZTExNWNjMjUxYjg2ZTc= |last=Frum|first=David|date=May 3, 2007|title= Luttwak's Cakewalk|website=[[National Review]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921214608/http://frum.nationalreview.com/post/?q=MTdkY2I2MWNlNzJiODBhNjU4ZTExNWNjMjUxYjg2ZTc= |archive-date=September 21, 2013 |df=mdy-all|access-date=November 27, 2020 }}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Luttwak describes himself as a "fanatical snorkeler" and exercises every day.<ref name="MaxRaskin">{{Cite web|title=Interview with Edward Luttwak|url=https://www.maxraskin.com/interviews/edward-luttwak|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-10|website=Interviews with Max Raskin|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910144636/https://www.maxraskin.com/interviews/edward-luttwak |archive-date=September 10, 2021 }}</ref> He lives with his wife in Maryland.<ref name="MaxRaskin" /> He has a son and daughter, as well as three grandchildren.<ref name="SLWP">{{cite book |last1=Luttwak |first1=Edward |title=Strategy : the logic of war and peace |date=2001 |publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge, Mass. |isbn=978-0-674-00703-1 |edition=Rev. and enl.}}</ref> Luttwak does not own a smartphone.<ref name="MaxRaskin" />

==Works==
{{Scholia|author}}
Several of his books as listed below have also been published in other English-language editions in the UK, US, and India, and in foreign languages: Arabic, Bahasa, Chinese simplified, Chinese traditional, Czech, Danish, Dutch, Estonian, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hebrew, Hungarian, Bahasa Indonesia, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Mongolian, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese (and Brazilian Portuguese), Romanian, Russian, Spanish (in Spain, Argentina and Venezuela), Swedish, Thai, and Turkish. He has also published other books in Italian and in Japanese only.

===Books===
* ''[[Coup d'État: A Practical Handbook]]'' (London, Allen Lane, 1968; Revised Edition: Cambridge, MA, 1979; London, 1979; Sydney, 1979) {{ISBN|978-0713900675}}
* ''A Dictionary of Modern War'' (London, Allen Lane, 1971; revised edition in 1991 with Stuart L. Koehl; new edition in 1998) {{ISBN|978-0713901306}}
* ''The Strategic Balance, 1972'' (New York, Library Press, 1972) {{ISBN|978-0912050331}}
* ''The Political Uses of Sea Power'' (Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1974) {{ISBN|978-0801816598}}
* ''The US–USSR Nuclear Weapons Balance'' (Beverly Hills, Sage Publications, 1974) {{ISBN|978-0803900967}}
* ''The Israeli Army: 1948-1973'' (with Daniel Horowitz) (New York, HarperCollins and London, Allen Lane, 1975) {{ISBN|978-0713902297}}
* ''[https://archive.org/details/grandstrategyofr00lutt The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire from the First Century AD to the Third]'' (Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976) {{ISBN|978-0801818639}}; {{cite book|title=revised & updated 2016 edition|postscript=; pbk|isbn=9781421419459|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A3z_CwAAQBAJ |last1=Luttwak |first1=Edward |date=May 18, 2016 |publisher=JHU Press }}
* ''Strategic Power: Military Capabilities and Political Utility'' (California, 1976) {{ISBN|0-8039-0659-5}}
* ''Sea Power in the Mediterranean: Political Utility and Military Constraints'' (California, 1979) {{ISBN|0-8191-6010-5}}
* ''Strategy and Politics: Collected Essays'' (New Brunswick, Transaction Publishers, 1980), {{ISBN|978-0878553464}}
* ''[https://archive.org/details/grandstrategyofs0000lutt The Grand Strategy of the Soviet Union]'' (New York, St. Martin's Press, 1983) {{ISBN|978-0312342609}}
* ''The Pentagon and the Art of War: The Question of Military Reform'' (New York, Simon & Schuster, 1985) {{ISBN|978-0671524326}}
* ''Strategy and History: Collected Essays, Volume Two'' (New Brunswick, Transaction Publishers, 1985) {{ISBN|978-0887380655}}
* ''On the Meaning of Victory: Essays on Strategy'' (New York, Simon & Schuster, 1986), {{ISBN|978-0671610890}}
* ''Strategy: The Logic of War and Peace'' (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1987) {{ISBN|978-0674839953}}
:* [https://digicoll.lib.berkeley.edu/record/286054/files/991078442089706532_C072637767.pdf ''The Paradoxical Logic of Strategy''] Nimitz Memorial Lectures ([[Institute of International Studies]], [[University of California, Berkeley]], 1987) {{ISBN| 0-87725-601-2}} {{LCCN |87-83237}}
* ''[https://archive.org/details/endangeredameric00edwa The Endangered American Dream: How To Stop the United States from Being a Third World Country and How To Win the Geo-Economic Struggle for Industrial Supremacy]'' (New York, Simon & Schuster, 1993) {{ISBN|978-0067186930}}
* ''[https://archive.org/details/turbocapitalism00edwa Turbo-Capitalism: Winners and Losers in the Global Economy]'' (London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1998), {{ISBN|978-0297818847}}
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=5xz9DwAAQBAJ ''Strategy: The Logic of War and Peace, Revised and Enlarged Edition''] (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2002) {{ISBN|978-0-674-00703-1}}
* ''The Middle of Nowhere: Why the Middle East Is Not Important'' (London, Atlantic Books, 2008) {{ISBN|978-1843548188}}
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=cUVJKJejPY8C ''The Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire''] (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2009) {{ISBN|978-0-674-03519-5}}
* ''The Virtual American Empire: War, Faith, And Power'' (New Brunswick and London, Transaction Publishers, 2009) {{ISBN|978-1412810401}}
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=pMnG0li3bbYC ''The Rise of China vs. the Logic of Strategy''] (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2012) {{ISBN|978-0-674-06642-7}}
* with Eitan Shamir, {{cite book|title=The Art of Military Innovation: Lessons from the Israel Defense Forces|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674660052|date=October 10, 2023|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=56LTEAAAQBAJ}} [https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674660052 catalog entry at Harvard U. Press]

In Japanese only:
* "China 4.0" (Tokyo, 2016) {{ISBN| 978-4166610631}}
* "Japan 4.0" (Tokyo, 2018) {{ISBN| 978-4166611829}}
* "Japan 4.0" in Mongolian only (Cyrillic) (Ulaan Baatar, 2019) {{ISBN| 978-9919-9504-0-8}}
* {{lang|ja|ルトワックの日本改造論/エドワード・ルトワック／著奥山真司／訳 ...}} [Rejuvenating Japan: A National Strategy] (Tokyo: Asuka Shinsha, 2019) {{ISBN|978-4-86410-728-0}} [co-authored with Dr. Okuyama Masashi].

In Italian only:
* {{lang|it|Che cos'è davvero la democrazia}} (What really is democracy) with Susanna Creperio Verratti (Milan, Arnoldo Mondadori, 1995) {{ISBN|978-8804408697}}
* {{lang|it|Il fantasma della povertà: una nuova politica per difendere il benessere dei cittadini}} (The ghost of poverty: a new policy to defend the wellbeing of citizens) with [[Carlo Pelanda]] and [[Giulio Tremonti]] (Milan, Arnoldo Mondadori, 1995) {{ISBN|978-8804400660}}
* {{lang|it|Dove va l'Italia? Intervista a Edward Luttwak}} (Where is Italy going? Interview with Edward Luttwak) with Gianni Perrelli (Newton Compton, 1997) {{ISBN|978-8881837267}}
* {{lang|it|Il libro delle libertà. Il cittadino e lo stato: regole, diritti e doveri in una democrazia}} (The book of liberties. The citizen and the state: rules, rights and duties in a democracy) with Susanna Creperio Verratti (Arnoldo Mondadori, 2000) {{ISBN|978-8804408703}}
* {{lang|it|I nuovi condottieri. Vincere nel XXI secolo}} (The new leaders. Winning in the 21st century) with [[Arduino Paniccia]] (Padua, Marsilio, 2000) {{ISBN|978-8831775106}}

As contributor:
* ''Vietnam: Four American Perspectives'' edited by [[Patrick J. Hearden]] with ''The Impact of Vietnam on Strategic Thinking in the United States'' (Purdue University Press, 1990)<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=McGovern|first1=George|last2=Westmoreland|first2=William|last3=Luttwak|first3=Edward|last4=McCormick|first4=Thomas|last5=Hearden|first5=Patrick|date=1990-11-15|title=Vietnam, Four American Perspectives: Lectures|url=https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/purduepress_ebooks/19|journal=Purdue University Press Books|pages=112}}</ref> {{ISBN|978-1557530028}}
* ''The Tanner Lectures on Human Values, 1991'' edited by Grethe B. Peterson with ''Strategy: A New Era?''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tannerlectures.utah.edu/lecture-library.php|title=Lecture Library - The Tanner Lectures on Human Values - The University of Utah|website=tannerlectures.utah.edu|access-date=2019-02-25}}</ref> (University of Utah, 1991) {{ISBN|978-0874803501}}
* ''Feeding Mars: Logistics in Western Warfare from the Middle Ages to the Present'' edited by [[John A. Lynn]] with ''Logistics and the Aristocratic Idea of War'' (Boulder, Westview Press, 1994)
* ''Voluntary Simplicity: Responding to Consumer Culture'' edited by Daniel Doherty and [[Amitai Etzioni]] with ''Consuming For Love'' (Lanham, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2003) {{ISBN|978-0742520660}}

Preface, foreword:
* ''The Parameters Of War: Military History from the Journal of the U.S. Army War College'' edited by Lloyd J. Matthews and Dale E. Brown (Washington, Pergamon-Brassey's, 1987) {{ISBN|978-0080355474}}
* ''Strategic Air Power in Desert Storm'' by John Andreas Olsen (London, Routledge, 2003) {{ISBN|978-0714651934}}
* ''Free Trade Doesn't Work'' by Ian Fletcher (U.S. Business & Industry Council, 2010; revised edition in 2011) {{ISBN|978-0578079677}}
* ''La Repubblica dei mandarini. Viaggio nell'Italia della burocrazia, delle tasse e delle leggi inutili'' (The Republic of mandarins. Travel in the Italy of bureaucracy, taxes and unnecessary laws) by Paolo Bracalini (Padua, Marsilio, 2014) {{ISBN|978-8831716758}}

===Selected book reviews===
Luttwak has written book reviews for publications such as ''[[The American Spectator]]'', ''[[Commentary (magazine)|Commentary Magazine]]'', ''[[London Review of Books]]'', ''[[The New Republic]]'', and ''[[The New York Times]]''.

* {{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/03/23/books/with-the-boring-parts-left-out.html |title=With the Boring Parts Left Out |author= |date=23 March 1986 |work=The New York Times }}
* {{cite book |title=Books You May Have Missed: The History and Social Influence of the Potato |author=Redcliffe Salaman |date=March 1989 |publisher=The American Spectator }}
* {{cite web |url= https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/moscow-1941-by-rodric-braithwaite/ |title=Moscow 1941 |author=Rodric Braithwaite |date=January 2007 |publisher=Commentary Magazine }}
* {{cite magazine |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/68632/the-best-and-the-fastest |title=The Best and the Fastest |author= |date=30 August 2009 |magazine=The New Republic }}
* {{cite news |url=https://www.lrb.co.uk/v36/n24/edward-luttwak/a-damned-nice-thing |title=A Damned Nice Thing |pages=15–16 |author= |date=18 December 2014 |newspaper=London Review of Books }}

===Selected articles===
* {{cite news |url=https://www.lrb.co.uk/v16/n07/edward-luttwak/why-fascism-is-the-wave-of-the-future |title=Why Fascism is the Wave of the Future |work=[[London Review of Books]] |date=April 1994}}
* {{cite news |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/55210/edward-n-luttwak/give-war-a-chance |title=Give War a Chance |work=[[Foreign Affairs]] |date=July 1999}}
* {{cite news |url=https://www.comw.org/pda/fulltext/0512luttwak.pdf |title=Iraq: The Logic of Disengagement |work=Foreign Affairs |date=January 2005}}
* {{cite news |url=https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/themiddleofnowhere/#.UzGoX_mSxyQ |title=The Middle of Nowhere |work=[[Prospect (magazine)|Prospect]] |date=May 2007}}
* [https://odonnellf.files.wordpress.com/2015/10/luttwak-why-china-will-not-become-the-next-global-power-2012.pdf "Why China Will Not Become the Next Global Power… But It Could”]. ''Infinity Journal'', Fall 2011
* {{cite news|url=https://unherd.com/2024/04/its-time-to-send-nato-troops-to-ukraine/|title=It's time to send Nato troops to Ukraine|work=[[UnHerd]]|date=April 4, 2024}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{Library resources box|by=yes|about=no}}
* [https://www.jstor.org/stable/26917265 "The Inveterate Strategist: An Interview with Edward Luttwak"] by Richard Yarrow & Max Kuhelj Bugaric, ''[[Harvard International Review]]'', Fall 2019.
* [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25006996 "The Defense Intellectual: Edward N. Luttwak"] by [[Andrew Cockburn]], a profile in ''[[Grand Street (magazine)|Grand Street]]'', Spring 1987.

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
* [https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552588 Interview about Libya] from the [https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/549457 Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives], October 10, 1981.
* [https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552541 Interview about Soviet Union] from the [https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/549457 Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives], December 15, 1983.
* {{cite journal|title=interview with Edward Luttwak by Will Lloyd|journal=The New Statesman|date=10 October 2023|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/ideas/interviews-and-profiles/2023/10/edward-luttwak-interview-israel-bombing-gaza-hamas}}
* {{cite news |first=Corey |last=Robin |author-link=Corey Robin |url=http://lists.village.virginia.edu/lists_archive/sixties-l/2776.html|title=The Ex-Cons: Right-Wing Thinkers Go Left!}}, originally published in [[Lingua Franca (magazine)]], an analysis containing several pages on Luttwak's life and thought, January 23, 2001.
* Interviews ''Conversations with History'' with [[Harry Kreisler]]:
** [http://globetrotter.berkeley.edu/conversations/Luttwak/luttwak-con0.html The Role of Strategy in International Politics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080120102017/http://globetrotter.berkeley.edu/conversations/Luttwak/luttwak-con0.html |date=January 20, 2008 }}, March 9, 1987.
** [http://globetrotter.berkeley.edu/people7/Luttwak/luttwak-con0.html The Logic of Strategy and U.S. Foreign Policy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515232855/http://globetrotter.berkeley.edu/people7/Luttwak/luttwak-con0.html |date=May 15, 2017 }}, November 4, 2007.
** [https://conversations.berkeley.edu/luttwak_2009 The Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire], December 7, 2009.
** [https://conversations.berkeley.edu/luttwak_2013 The Rise of China Versus the Logic of Strategy], January 2, 2013.
* {{C-SPAN|564}}
* [https://www.lrb.co.uk/contributors/edward-luttwak Luttwak's articles] for the ''London Review of Books''.
* {{cite web|title=Books by Edward Luttwak and Complete Book Reviews|website=Publishers Weekly|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/authorpage/edward-luttwak.html}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Luttwak, Edward}}
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[[Category:20th-century American essayists]]
[[Category:20th-century American historians]]
[[Category:20th-century American Jews]]
[[Category:20th-century American male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century American essayists]]
[[Category:21st-century American historians]]
[[Category:21st-century American Jews]]
[[Category:21st-century American male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century American non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Academics of the University of Bath]]
[[Category:Alumni of the London School of Economics]]
[[Category:American male essayists]]
[[Category:American male non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:American military historians]]
[[Category:American military writers]]
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[[Category:Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs]]
[[Category:Jewish American essayists]]
[[Category:Jewish American historians]]
[[Category:Jewish American non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Johns Hopkins University alumni]]
[[Category:Military strategists]]
[[Category:People from Arad, Romania]]
[[Category:Romanian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:The Washington Institute for Near East Policy]]

Bernard Cornfeld

2025-09-21T12:05:07Z

93.97.135.187: /* Investors Overseas Services */

{{Short description|American investor and financier}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{refimprove|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Bernard Cornfeld
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1927|8|17}}
| birth_place = [[Istanbul]], Turkey
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1995|2|27|1927|8|17}}
| death_place = London, United Kingdom
| occupation = Financier, businessman
| alias = Bernie
| website =
}}

'''Bernard''' "'''Bernie'''" '''Cornfeld''' (17 August 1927 – 27 February 1995) was a prominent businessman and international financier who sold investments in US [[mutual fund]]s, and who was tried and acquitted for mismanagement of the [[Investors Overseas Service]]s (IOS).

==Early life==
Bernard Cornfeld was born in [[Istanbul]], in Turkey. His father was a [[Romania]]n-[[Jew]]ish actor; his mother was from a Russian-Jewish family. They moved to the United States when Bernard was four years old; his father died two years later. The young [[Brooklyn]]-raised Cornfeld worked after school each day in fruit stores and as a delivery boy. He had a [[stammer]] as well as a natural gift for selling and when a schoolfriend's father died, the two of them used the [[United States dollar|US$]]3,000 [[life insurance|insurance]] money to purchase and run an age and weight guessing stand at the [[Coney Island]] funfair. He graduated from [[Abraham Lincoln High School (Brooklyn, New York)|Abraham Lincoln High School]] and [[Brooklyn College]].<ref name="death">{{cite news |last=Henriques |first=Diana B. |author-link=Diana B. Henriques |date=2 March 1995 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/03/02/obituaries/bernard-cornfeld-67-dies-led-flamboyant-mutual-fund.html |title=Bernard Cornfeld, 67, Dies; Led Flamboyant Mutual Fund |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090713040705/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/03/02/obituaries/bernard-cornfeld-67-dies-led-flamboyant-mutual-fund.html |archive-date=13 July 2009}}</ref>

He initially worked as a social worker, but then switched to selling mutual funds for an investment house.

==Investors Overseas Services==
{{More citations needed section|date=July 2023}}
In 1955, Cornfeld formed his own mutual fund sales company, [[Investors Overseas Service]]s (IOS), with principal offices in [[Geneva, Switzerland]], although it was incorporated in Panama. Although the executive headquarters were in Geneva, the main operational offices of IOS were in [[Ferney-Voltaire]], France, across the French border from Geneva. During this period, [[Diane von Furstenberg]] worked for Cornfeld as a receptionist.

Cornfeld decided that mutual funds should take their fees from the profits they made for their investors, not just a percentage of the money invested.

The IOS system collapsed in 1970. Cornfeld was arrested in Switzerland in 1973 and sentenced to 11 months in preventive prison; however, he was ultimately acquitted in 1979. Having kept part of his earnings, he was able to maintain a luxurious (albeit less ostentatious) lifestyle until he died in 1995.

==Other business ventures==
Following his acquittal, Cornfeld settled in [[Beverly Hills, California]], where he ingratiated himself to film industry circles. For a period of time until 1992, he lived in the [[Grayhall]] mansion, built in 1909 and at one time leased by [[Douglas Fairbanks]].<ref>{{Cite book |first=Marc |last=Wanamaker |author-link=Marc Wanamaker |title=Early Beverly Hills |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |date=2005 |page=42 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gwMyg0wEdDEC&dq=Silsby+Spalding&pg=PA42 |isbn=9780738530680}}</ref> Cornfeld numbered among his friends [[Elizabeth Taylor]], [[Michelle Phillips]], [[Warren Beatty]], [[Laurence Harvey]], [[Victor Lownes]], [[Hugh Hefner]], [[Richard Harris]], [[Al Capp]], [[Tony Curtis]], [[Howard Sackler]], [[John Heyman]] and [[Simon Reuben]].

In 1972, Cornfeld bankrolled the Paradise Ballroom, partnering with New York showman [[Jerry Brandt]]. The club, an attempt by Brandt to re-create his New York disco, ''The Electric Circus'' in Los Angeles was a failure, and Cornfeld closed the business.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Gaines |first1=Steven |author1-link=Steven Gaines |title=Got Tu Go Hustle: Presenting the Grand Man |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lOECAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA56 |magazine=[[New York (magazine)|New York]] |date=25 June 1979 |volume=12 |issue=26 |page=56}}</ref>

Grayhall mansion doubled as the home of rock star John Norman Howard ([[Kris Kristofferson]]) in the 1976 version of ''[[A Star Is Born (1976 film)|A Star Is Born]]'' starring [[Barbra Streisand]]. At the age of 60, Cornfeld had an affair with the then 19-year-old [[Heidi Fleiss]].<ref name="levy">{{Cite news |title=The world according to Heidi Fleiss |last=Levy |first=Ariel |author-link=Ariel Levy (writer) |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=25 May 2008 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/3673672/The-world-according-to-Heidi-Fleiss.html |url-status=live |url-access=limited |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629130652/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/3673672/The-world-according-to-Heidi-Fleiss.html |archive-date=29 June 2019}}</ref>

By the 1990s, Cornfeld had developed an obsession for [[health food]]s and [[vitamins]], renounced [[red meat]] and seldom drank alcohol. In his last years he was a chairman of a land development firm in [[Arizona]] and also owned a real estate company in Los Angeles.

==Death==
Bernard Cornfeld suffered a stroke and died of [[Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus|MRSA]] on 27 February 1995 in London, England.<ref name="death" /> He was tended to by his 17 year old daughter, Jessica.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
*''[[The Bernie Cornfeld Story]]'' by [[Bert Cantor]], (Lyle Stuart, Inc., 1970). {{ISBN|0-8184-0013-7}}
* With title quoting Cornfeld's celebrated pitch – ''[[Do You Sincerely Want To Be Rich?]]'' by [[Charles Raw]] with Godfrey Hodgson and [[Bruce Page]] (Originally published by [[André Deutsch]] in 1971, {{ISBN|0-233-96328-6}}; reprinted by the "[[Library of Larceny]]", 2005, {{ISBN|0-7679-2006-6}} )

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060616151616/http://www.buyandhold.com/bh/en/education/history/2002/fund.html Article analyzing the workings of IOS and Cornfeld's career]
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20060618185100/http://www.thebeverlyhillscourier.com/07252003/estate.htm Article about Grayhall, Cornfeld's Beverly Hills mansion, formerly leased by Douglas Fairbanks]}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090713040705/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/03/02/obituaries/bernard-cornfeld-67-dies-led-flamboyant-mutual-fund.html ''New York Times'' obituary]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090220064605/http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/1995/03/01/1995-03-01_mogul_bernie_cornfeld__ex-ca.html ''Daily News'' obituary]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080721111402/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,979060-3,00.html "Heidi Does Hollywood"]. ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''. (16 August 1993).
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090220010225/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,983051,00.html "The Predator's Fall"]. ''Time''. (19 June 1995).
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090220010501/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,916989,00.html "Bernie Cleared"]. ''Time''. (29 October 1979).

{{Scams_and_confidence_tricks}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cornfeld, Bernard}}
[[Category:1927 births]]
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[[Category:American money managers]]
[[Category:American people of Romanian-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:American people of Russian-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:Brooklyn College alumni]]
[[Category:Columbia University School of Social Work alumni]]
[[Category:Turkish emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:American confidence tricksters]]
[[Category:20th-century American businesspeople]]