Alexander Hore-Ruthven, 1st Earl of Gowrie
Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox officeholder Brigadier General Alexander Gore Arkwright Hore-Ruthven, 1st Earl of Gowrie (Template:IPAc-en; 6 July 1872 – 2 May 1955) was a British Army officer who served as the tenth governor-general of Australia, in office from 1936 to 1945. He was previously 20th governor of South Australia (1928–1934) and the 27th governor of New South Wales (1935–1936).
Gowrie was born in Windsor, Berkshire, England, into a minor aristocratic family. He joined a voluntary Yeomanry unit at the age of 17, and then enlisted in the regular army at the age of 19. Gowrie fought in the Sudan during the Mahdist Revolt, and was awarded the Victoria Cross for saving a wounded Egyptian soldier. He later served in the Somaliland campaign and as an aide-de-camp to the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. During the First World War, Gowrie commanded units in the Gallipoli campaign and on the Western Front, winning several further honours. He finished his military career with the rank of brigadier-general.
In 1928, Gowrie was appointed Governor of South Australia. His handling of political instability during the Great Depression was highly regarded, and when his term expired he was appointed Governor of New South Wales. However, Gowrie's second governorship lasted little more than a year, as Joseph Lyons recommended him to become Governor-General. As well as the stresses of the Second World War, he faced several constitutional challenges, including Lyons' death in office and the defeat of Arthur Fadden's government on a confidence motion. Gowrie's term in office was prolonged as a result of war, and in total he spent nine years in the position, the longest of any governor-general.
Early life and background
Alexander Hore-Ruthven was born on 6 July 1872 in Windsor, Berkshire, England, United Kingdom, as the second son of Walter Hore-Ruthven, 9th Lord Ruthven of Freeland, (1838–1921), much later created also Baron Ruthven of Gowrie, and Lady Caroline Annesley Gore (1848–1914), a daughter of the 4th Earl of Arran. After attending Winton House School in Winchester (not Winchester College, as is stated in some sources) as a boarder from 1884 to 1885, Hore-Ruthven spent most of his later education at Eton College and then Haileybury and Imperial Service College, where he stayed until 1888, when he was withdrawn owing to eyesight problems and sent into business by his parents. He first worked in a tea merchant's office in Glasgow and then traveled to British India to work on a tea plantation in Assam Province. Hore-Ruthven, however, soon succumbed to malaria and he returned to England in 1892.
Military career
On 19 October 1889, Hore-Ruthven was commissioned a second lieutenant in the Lanarkshire Yeomanry Cavalry.<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> After his return to England in 1892, he then joined the Regular Army. Following training at the United Services College, he was commissioned on 27 April 1893 as a lieutenant in the 3rd Battalion of the Highland Light Infantry, and was promoted to captain on 18 November 1896.<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref><ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> During the Mahdist War, he was mentioned in despatches.<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref>
During the action at Gedarif on 22 September 1898, Hore-Ruthven performed an act of courage, which earned him the Victoria Cross:
- 28 February 1899 – Captain the Honourable A.G. A. Hore-Ruthven, 3rd Battalion, Highland Light Infantry
In May 1899, Hore-Ruthven was also awarded the Order of Osmanieh, Fourth Class, by the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire for his services in the Sudan.<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> On 17 May, he received a regular commission as a second lieutenant in the Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders, dropping back two ranks.<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> In late November, he was part of a Camel Corps during the operations leading to the defeat of the Khalifa (mentioned in despatches 25 November 1899<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref>). Promoted to supernumerary lieutenant on 14 December 1900, vice a Lieutenant Murdoch killed in action, he fought in the Somaliland campaign between 1903 and 1904, and was promoted to a regular lieutenancy on 16 April 1904.<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref><ref>Template:London Gazette</ref>
In 1905, Hore-Ruthven became an aide-de-camp to Lord Dudley, then Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. Transferring to the 1st (King's) Dragoon Guards in 1908, he was promoted to supernumerary captain in that regiment on 11 April, regaining his former rank after nine years.<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> In 1908, Dudley was appointed Governor-General of Australia, and Hore-Ruthven went with him as military secretary. He left Australia in 1910 and returned to military service in India.
On 2 April 1915, Hore-Ruthven transferred to the Welsh Guards and was promoted to major from the same date.<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> He was appointed a GSO 1 on 18 January 1916, with the temporary rank of lieutenant-colonel, and was awarded the DSO on 1 January 1916.<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref><ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> He was awarded a Bar to his DSO on 2 April 1919; the citation reads as follows:
He was promoted to the substantive rank of lieutenant colonel on 15 October 1917 and appointed to the general staff as a temporary brigadier-general on 26 December.<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref><ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> On 1 January 1918, he was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> He was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) on 3 June.<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref><ref>Template:London Gazette</ref>
During the First World War, he served in France and at Gallipoli, where he was severely wounded<ref name="times">Template:Cite news</ref> and mentioned in despatches five times. He finished the war as a brigadier general and commanded British forces in Germany between 1919 and 1920. On 14 December 1920, he was appointed the CO of his regiment, with the temporary rank of colonel, and was promoted to colonel on 5 July 1922 (seniority from 15 October 1921).<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref><ref>Template:London Gazette</ref><ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> After this he held various Army staff positions, and received command of a brigade on 1 October 1924 in the temporary rank of colonel-commandant, which had replaced the rank of brigadier-general.<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> He relinquished this position, as well as his temporary rank, in April 1928.<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> He was knighted as a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG, 24 January 1928) and appointed Governor of South Australia (being sworn in on 14 May 1928).
Governor of South Australia
Hore-Ruthven arrived in Adelaide in May 1928. He took to his duties with enthusiasm and visited many areas of the State in a de Havilland DH.60 Moth owned by his ADC, Captain Hugh Grosvenor.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Together with Lady Hore-Ruthven, he was a keen supporter of the Boy Scout and Girl Guide movements. She was also president of the South Australian Red Cross.<ref name=ADB>Template:Cite book</ref>
In a 1930 Anzac Day speech, Hore-Ruthven criticised the union movement for exacerbating, through strike action, the hardship suffered by returned servicemen. He was censured by the United Trades and Labour Council in response.<ref name=ADB/>
He was on leave in London when the third Bodyline Test cricket match in Adelaide caused Anglo-Australian political tension in 1933, and played a significant part in smoothing relations through his meetings with the British Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs J.H. Thomas.
During Hore-Ruthven's second term as governor, the Great Depression was causing severe hardship in South Australia. The Lionel Hill government, elected on a promise of bringing a "golden future", was heavily criticised when economic realities forced it to adopt austerity measures. Hore-Ruthven supported Premier Hill in the face of criticism from within the Labor Party. His speeches frequently expressed the belief that a premier should "rise above party". Hill's firm resolve during the crisis was seen as largely the result of Hore-Ruthven's influence. His performance during the crisis was reportedly a critical factor in his subsequent selection as Governor of New South Wales.<ref name=ADB/>
Governor of New South Wales
His term as Governor of South Australia ended in April 1934, and he returned to England. He was almost immediately appointed Governor of New South Wales and at the suggestion of Prime Minister Joseph Lyons was also raised to the peerage as Baron Gowrie, of Canberra in the Commonwealth of Australia and of Dirleton in the County of East Lothian.<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> He arrived in Sydney on 21 February 1935. However he had already been approached by George V regarding appointment as Governor-General while in England (after the 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow, son of the inaugural governor-general Lord Hopetoun, declined the post). He was raised to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG) on 20 December 1935.<ref name=ADB/>
Governor-General of Australia
With his military record and experience, Gowrie was seen as an obvious choice to succeed Sir Isaac Isaacs when he retired as Governor-General in 1936. In accordance with established practice Prime Minister Joseph Lyons was offered several alternatives, but Lyons had no intention of recommending another Australian to the post. At the time, non-Labor Prime Ministers always appointed British Governors-General. In accordance with Australian constitutional practice, he was formally appointed by George V, who died on 20 January 1936, three days before Gowrie was due to be sworn in as Governor-General. Thus, he came to office during the reign of Edward VIII.
In office, Gowrie was a popular if unobtrusive figure in Australia. The days that Governors-General exercised significant power, or even participated in negotiations between the Australian and British governments, had now passed, but Gowrie set a precedent in 1938, when he toured the Netherlands East Indies at the invitation of the colonial administration. That was the first time that a Governor-General had represented Australia abroad.
In April 1939 Lyons died suddenly and Gowrie commissioned Sir Earle Page, the leader of the Country Party, as caretaker Prime Minister until Lyons' United Australia Party could choose a new leader. This was the only circumstance in which the Governor-General still had some personal discretion.
Gowrie's political skills were tested again after the 1940 election. The Coalition lost its majority, leaving the UAP Prime Minister, Robert Menzies, dependent on the votes of independents Alexander Wilson and Arthur Coles to stay in power. When the UAP forced Menzies out as leader, it was so bereft of leadership that Country Party leader Arthur Fadden was named Prime Minister, even though the UAP was the senior coalition partner. However, Wilson and Coles were so outraged at how Menzies had been treated that they joined Labor in voting against Fadden's budget and brought the government down. Gowrie was reluctant to call an election for a Parliament just over a year old, especially given the international situation. However, he saw no alternative unless Labor leader John Curtin had enough support to govern. Gowrie's therefore summoned the two independents to Yarralumla and made them promise that if he commissioned Curtin as Prime Minister, they would support him and end the instability in government. The independents agreed, and Gowrie duly appointed Curtin. After some initial uneasiness perhaps inevitable with two such contrasting characters, the vice-regal aristocrat and the tough ALP boss got on well.
During the Second World War, Gowrie saw it as his duty to support the government, the British Empire, and the troops. He supported efforts to encourage the troops, including opening service personnel recreation huts at St Andrew's Cathedral and the Showgrounds for the Church of England National Emergency Fund.<ref>Sydney Morning Herald 2/11/43 p 3</ref><ref>Sydney Morning Herald 20/7/43 p 7</ref> In 1943, he undertook a four-week tour of inspection of Allied Defence Forces in northern Australia and New Guinea. Shortly before undertaking this tour, Gowrie and his wife had learned that their son, Patrick, had been killed in Libya the previous year.
Gowrie officially opened the Australian War Memorial on 11 November 1941.
Gowrie's term ended in September 1944 after which he returned to Britain, where he was created Viscount Ruthven of Canberra, of Dirleton in the County of East Lothian, and Earl of Gowrie<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> and appointed Deputy Constable and Lieutenant-Governor of Windsor Castle. In 1948, he was elected president of the Marylebone Cricket Club. He died in May 1955 at his home in Gloucestershire.
He was the only Governor-General of Australia to be advised by five different Prime Ministers (Lyons, Page, Menzies, Fadden and Curtin), although two (Page and Fadden) were short-term appointments.
Marriage and children
Gowrie married Zara Eileen Pollok (who eventually became Zara Hore-Ruthven, Countess of Gowrie when the Gowrie earldom was created in 1945) on 1 June 1908. The couple had two sons, one of whom died in infancy:<ref name="times"/>
- Major Hon Alexander Hardinge Patrick Hore-Ruthven (born 30 August 1913, died 24 December 1942), father of Grey Ruthven, 2nd Earl of Gowrie
- Alistair Malise Hore-Ruthven (born 2 August 1917, died Template:Circa1918)
Lady Gowrie became renowned for her work in promoting the welfare of children in Australia, and the Lady Gowrie Child Centres were named in her honour.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> She died in 1965 at the age of 86.
Lord Gowrie died in 1955 aged 82 and was succeeded in the earldom and other titles by his grandson, Grey.
Honours
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See also
References
External links
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