Alexander Nevsky

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Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> (Template:Langx; Template:IPA; monastic name: Aleksiy;<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> 13 May 1221<ref name=prlib>Template:Cite web</ref> – 14 November 1263)<ref name=prlib/> was Prince of Novgorod (1236–1240; 1241–1256; 1258–1259) and Grand Prince of Vladimir (1252–1263).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Sfn

A grandson of Vsevolod the Big Nest, Nevsky rose to legendary status after victories over Swedish invaders in the Battle of the Neva (1240), which earned him the title "Nevsky" in the 15th century, and over German crusaders in the Battle on the Ice (1242). He agreed to pay tribute to the Golden Horde, which allowed him to preserve the Eastern Orthodox Church, while fighting against foreign powers to the west and the south. Macarius, Metropolitan of Moscow canonized Alexander Nevsky as a saint of the Russian Orthodox Church in 1547.

Regarded long after his death as "one of the great heroes of Russian history",Template:Sfn Nevsky is credited with having "saved the Russian people [from Catholicism and being] enslaved by the Germans".Template:Sfn Nevsky's successes led his image to be used by Peter the Great in the construction of Saint Petersburg. His image was also used to promote patriotism in the Soviet Union, especially during World War II.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The 1938 film Alexander Nevsky cemented Nevsky's reputation as a Russian savior. Critics of his legacy argue that the size and importance of his military victories were exaggerated for political purposes, and that he helped ensure the Golden Horde's dominance over Russia.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Early life

Born in Pereslavl-Zalessky on 13 May 1221, or 30 May 1220 based on the old historiographic tradition,<ref name=prlib/> Alexander was the second son of Grand Prince Yaroslav II of Vladimir.Template:Sfn His mother was Template:Ill, daughter of Mstislav Mstislavich. He spent most of his youth in Pereslavl-Zalessky.Template:Sfn Little is known about the activities of Yaroslav's children before 1238.Template:Sfn Alexander's eldest brother Fyodor died in 1233 at the age of 14.Template:Sfn<ref name=truth>Template:Cite news</ref>

One of the first known references to Alexander Yaroslavich is in Tales of the Life and Courage of the Pious and Great Prince Alexander in the Pskov Chronicles (Template:Circa):<ref name="Begunov1955p11-15">Begunov, K., translator, Second Pskovian Chronicle, ("Isbornik", Moscow, 1955) pp. 11–15.</ref>

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Reign

Prince of Novgorod (1236–1240; 1241–1256; 1258–1259)

Seal of Aleksandr Yaroslavich (front and back) with images of the prince himself as a horseman and saint Theodore Stratelates. After 1236.

In 1236, Alexander was appointed by the Novgorod Republic as the prince of Novgorod (knyaz), where he had already served as his father's governor in Novgorod.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Sfn He was chosen for the position by his father, but the decision was approved by the veche, which needed his armies.<ref name=reign>Template:Cite journal</ref> The Novgorod chronicle describes how Yaroslav left his son, Alexander, in Novgorod and took with him "senior Novgorodians" and a hundred men from Torzhok and "sat in Kiev upon the throne".Template:Sfn When his father was called away in 1238 because of a Mongol invasion of Northeastern Russia, Alexander began to rule on his own.<ref name=reign/>

In the Battle of the Sit River (1238), in which the Mongols effectively conquered the Grand Principality of Vladimir, reigning prince Yuri II of Vladimir was killed. His younger brother, Yaroslav II of Vladimir (Alexander's father), requested and received from the Mongol khan his permission to become the new prince. As prince, he assigned Novgorod to his son Alexander.<ref name=historylaw>Template:Cite book</ref>

Alexander continued to enforce the anti-Western views of his family, which made him unpopular among the veche.<ref name=reign/>

Second Swedish Crusade and the Battle of the Neva (1240)

In 1240, three years after obtaining papal authorization, the Swedes launched the Second Swedish Crusade in the easternmost part of the Baltic region.Template:Sfn The Finnish mission's eastward expansion led to a clash between Sweden and the city-state of the Novgorod Republic, since the Karelians had been allies and tributaries of Novgorod since the mid-12th century.Template:Sfn The Swedish army was led by Birger Jarl and consisted of Norwegians and Finnish tribes.Template:Sfn After a successful campaign into Tavastia, the Swedes advanced further east.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn According to Russian sources, the Swedish army landed at the confluence of the rivers Izhora and Neva in northwestern Russia, when Alexander and his small army suddenly attacked the Swedes on 15 July 1240 and defeated them in the Battle of the Neva.Template:Sfn<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

The battle is not mentioned in any Swedish sources; all accounts of the battle are from two Russian sources, which are largely inadequate. Although some Russian sources written centuries later describe its as a very large battle, it is not clear if it was a huge battle or just part of periodic clashes between Sweden and Novgorod that was exaggerated for political purposes.Template:Sfn<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Soviet-era historian Igor Pavlovich Shaskol'skii suggested that the attack was coordinated, referring to the Life of Alexander Nevsky, the only Russian source besides the First Novgorod Chronicle that mentions the battle, in which it is stated that the Swedes intended to conquer Novgorod.Template:Sfn However, according to John Lister Illingworth Fennell: "there is no evidence of any coordination of action between the Swedes, the Germans and the Danes, nor is there anything to show that this was more than a continuation of the Russo-Swedish conflict for mastery over Finland and Karelia".Template:Sfn

The event was later depicted as being of national importance, and in the 15th century, Alexander received the sobriquet Nevsky ("of the Neva").Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn

1240 Izborsk and Pskov campaign

In the September 1240 Izborsk and Pskov campaign, troops of the Bishopric of Dorpat, the Livonian Order, and the exiled pretender-prince Template:Ill overthrew the pro-Suzdal faction which supported Alexander.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

In late 1240 or early 1241, fearing the undue influence of Alexander over the veche and amid fears of him becoming a sole ruler, the Novgorodians banished Alexander to Pereslavl-Zalessky.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

1240–1241 Votia campaign

Execution of Vots and Chuds by Alexander Nevsky in Koporye, during the 1240–1241 Votia campaign (16th-century miniature)

In the winter 1240–1241 Votia campaign, the Bishopric of Ösel–Wiek, the Livonian Order, as well as Estonians (Chud') with support from local Votian leaders attacked Votia. It is unclear whether or not Votia was a tributary of Novgorod at this time.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Template:Sfn According to Anti Selart, the allies likely only intended to acquire pagan lands and convert them to Catholicism, rather than attacking Novgorod, which was already Christianized.Template:Sfn On the other hand, the campaign was "a purely political undertaking which had nothing to do with conversion of pagans".Template:Sfn Although the Northern Crusades were aimed at pagan Balts and Finns, rather than Orthodox Russians, several unsuccessful attempts were made to persuade Novgorod to convert to Catholicism, which were resisted by Alexander.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Battle on the Ice (1242)

The Novgorodian authorities recalled Alexander, and in the spring of 1241, he returned from exile and assembled an army. Alexander conquered Pskov and Koporye from the crusaders, executing the Votians that cooperated with the invaders.Template:Sfn He then continued into Estonian-German territory.Template:Sfn The crusaders defeated a detachment of the Novgorodian army.Template:SfnTemplate:Efn As a result, Alexander set up a position at Lake Peipus.Template:Sfn On 5 April 1242, in the Battle on the Ice, Alexander and his men faced the Livonian heavy cavalry led by Hermann of Dorpat, brother of Albert of Buxhoeveden.Template:Sfn Alexander's army defeated the enemy, halting the eastward expansion of the Teutonic Order.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Later in 1242, the Germans agreed to relinquish control of any Russian territory still occupied and to exchange prisoners of war.Template:Sfn Later Russian sources elevated the importance of the battle and portray it as one of the great Russian victories of the Middle Ages.Template:Sfn

The Livonian Rhymed Chronicle narrates the events of the battle:

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A Soviet evaluation presented Alexander's victories as having "saved the Russian people from sharing the fate of the Baltic tribes and the Slavs of the Elbe who were enslaved by the Germans".Template:Sfn Igor Shaskovsky called the offensive the largest during the feudal period.Template:Sfn On the other hand, historians like Fennell have doubted that this victory was a turning point in Russian history.Template:Sfn He notes that the chronicle of Suzdal downplays the event to the point that Alexander's brother Andrey is seen as the hero.Template:Sfn

After the Livonian invasion, Nevsky continued to strengthen the Republic of Novgorod. He sent envoys to Norway and, as a result, a first peace treaty between Novgorod and Norway was signed in 1251. Alexander defeated the Swedes in Finland after they made another attempt to block the Baltic Sea from the Novgorodians in 1256.Template:SfnTemplate:Primary source inline In 1261, Alexander also made a treaty with Lithuanian king Mindaugas against the Livonian Order, but the planned attack failed as Alexander was summoned to Sarai by the khan.Template:Sfn

Grand Prince of Vladimir (1252–1263)

Yaroslav was summoned to Karakorum, after which he fell ill and died on 30 September 1246.Template:Sfn At a council in Vladimir held the following year, it was decided that Yaroslav's brother Svyatoslav would become grand prince, while Alexander would receive the Principality of Tver in addition to remaining as the prince of Novgorod.Template:Sfn The Rurikid princes were obliged to appear before the khans in person, pay homage to them and receive their jarlig (patent) to be affirmed in their principalities.Template:EfnTemplate:Sfn Svyatoslav did not go to the khan for confirmation, which caused Mikhail Khorobrit to expel his brother from Vladimir and claim the throne.Template:Sfn Mikhail later died in a battle against the Lithuanians in 1248, which led to Moscow being without a prince.Template:Sfn

Alexander's older brother Andrey was dissatisfied with the decision made at the council and he went to the khan, along with Alexander.Template:Sfn In 1248, Andrey received the title of grand prince of Vladimir, while Alexander received Kiev, Chernigov, and "the entire Russian land".Template:Sfn The two returned in the autumn of 1249.Template:Sfn Andrey began to act independently in relation to the Mongols, and after creating an anti-Mongol coalition, a high-ranking official was sent to punish the princes.Template:Sfn Andrey fled to Novgorod, but was not accepted there, so he was exiled to Sweden.Template:Sfn Alexander assumed the title of grand prince of Vladimir in 1252,Template:Sfn and was therefore the most senior of the princes at the time following the fall of Kiev.<ref name="Figes">Template:Cite book</ref>

Alexander faithfully supported Mongol rule within his own domains. In 1259, he led an army to the city of Novgorod and forced it to pay tribute it had previously refused to the Golden Horde.Template:Sfn The chronicles say that Alexander had the help of nobles who "thought [the tax] would be easy for themselves, but fall hard on the lesser men".Template:Sfn It then says that "the accursed ones," meaning the Mongols, "began to ride through the streets, writing down the Christian houses".Template:Sfn According to Fennell: "the Tatar yoke began not so much during the invasion of Batu into Russia, but from the moment Alexander Nevsky betrayed his brothers".Template:Sfn

Some historians see Alexander's choice of subordination to the Golden Horde as an important reaffirmation of East Slavs' Orthodox orientation (which begun under Vladimir the Great and his grandmother Olga of Kiev).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Orlando Figes mentioned that "Nevsky's collaboration was no doubt motivated by his distrust of the West, which he regarded as a greater threat to Orthodox Russia than the Golden Horde (...) But Nevsky's realpolitik caused a problem for the chroniclers, particularly after he was made a saint by the Russian Church in 1547, for in their terms he had colluded with the infidel."<ref name="Figes"/>

Family

In 1239, to consolidate power, Alexander married Aleksandra, a daughter of Bryacheslav Vasilkovich, the prince of the Principality of Polotsk.<ref name=reign/>Template:Sfn They had five children:

Death and burial

In 1263, Nevsky visited Berke, leader of the Golden Horde, in a diplomatic mission.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> On 14 November 1263, while returning from Sarai, Alexander died in the town of Gorodets-on-the-Volga. On 23 November 1263, he was buried in the church of the Monastery of the Nativity of the Holy Mother of God in Vladimir.<ref name=relics/>Template:Sfn

From the Second Pskovian Chronicle:<ref name=Begunov1955p11-15/> Template:Blockquote

Veneration and sainthood

Template:Infobox saint The veneration of Alexander began almost immediately after his burial, when he reportedly extended his hand for the prayer of absolution.<ref name=relics>Template:Cite web</ref>

According to the Eastern Orthodox Church, on his death bed, Alexander took the Great Schema, strict monastic vows, and took the name Alexey.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 1380, Alexander's remains were uncovered in response to a vision before the Battle of Kulikovo and found to be incorrupt. The relics were then placed in a shrine in the church. Alexander was canonized as a saint of the Russian Orthodox Church by Macarius, Metropolitan of Moscow in 1547.<ref name=relics/>

In 1695, a wooden reliquary was made in Moscow, and the relics were placed in it in 1697.<ref name=relics/> By order of Peter the Great, the relics were removed from Vladimir on 11 August 1723 and transported to Shlisselburg, arriving there on 20 September.<ref name=relics/> They were kept there until 1724, when they were brought to Saint Petersburg and installed in the Annunciation Church of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra on 30 August 1724.<ref name=relics/>

In 1753, a silver shrine with sarcophagus for the relics, made from 90 pounds of silver, was donated by Empress Elizabeth of Russia. With the completion of the Holy Trinity Cathedral of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra in 1790, the shrine and relics were translated there at its consecration on 30 August, one of the saint's feast days.<ref name=relics/>

1922 opening of Nevsky's relics

During the 1922 seizure of church valuables in Russia, the sarcophagus was opened and the relics were removed. The elaborate silver shrine was transferred to the Hermitage Museum.<ref name=leaving/> The relics were put into storage at the Museum of the History of Religion and Atheism, before being returned to Holy Trinity Cathedral in 1989.<ref name=leaving/> On 10 May 2023, the Hermitage Museum and Alexander Nevsky Lavra signed a contract for the transfer of the shrine to Holy Trinity Cathedral of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra for 49 years.<ref name=leaving>Template:Cite news</ref> On 12 September 2023, Patriarch Kirill of Moscow returned the relics into the silver sarcophagus.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Alexander's principal feast day is 23 November (Old Style Calendar) or December 6 (New Style Calendar).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> A secondary feast day was instituted on 30 August (Old Style Calendar) or September 12 (New Style Calendar) in commemoration of his relics being placed in the Annunciation Church.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In February 2024, the memorial of Saint Alexander Nevsky was deleted from the synaxarion of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine. The exaltation of Alexander Nevsky has been used as religious justification of the Russian invasion of Ukraine.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Legacy

Life of Alexander Nevsky (Житие Александра Невского) is a chronicle compiled in the late 13th century, in which Nevsky is depicted as an ideal prince-soldier and defender of Russia.

Life of Alexander Nevsky is a Russian illuminated manuscript of the 1560s that includes 83 illuminations and text that describe the life and achievements of Alexander Nevsky.

On 21 May 1725, Catherine I of Russia introduced the imperial Order of Saint Alexander Nevsky as one of the highest decorations in Russia. In 1942, during World War II, Soviet Union authorities introduced a Soviet Order of Alexander Nevsky to revive the memory of Nevsky's battles with the Germans.<ref name=Haughton>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 1938, Sergei Eisenstein made one of his most acclaimed films, Alexander Nevsky, about Alexander's victory over the Teutonic Knights. The film is an instructive parable on German aggression and the struggle to protect Russia; the film cemented the storyline of Nevsky as the savior of Russia.<ref name=Past>Template:Cite web</ref> The soundtrack for the film was written by Sergei Prokofiev, who also reworked the score into a concert cantata. The film is renowned for its depiction of the Battle on the Ice, which has served as inspiration for many other films. In the film, Nevsky used Russian proverbs, tying him firmly to Russian tradition. The proverbial phrase (paraphrasing Matthew 26:52), "Whoever will come to us with a sword, from a sword will perish," is a phrase that came from Eisenstein's film, where it was said by actor Nikolay Cherkasov, who played Nevsky.<ref name=truth/>

During World War II, many Soviet historians portrayed Nevsky as a Russian bastion against both German and papal aggression.Template:Sfn The government sought historical continuity by referring to the Soviet struggle as the Great Patriotic War.<ref name=Haughton/> The film Alexander Nevsky was re-released in 1941 following Operation Barbarossa;<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Joseph Stalin used the film to mobilize feelings of Russian patriotism.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

There have been several Russian naval vessels named after Nevsky including:

In 2008, Nevsky was declared the main hero of the history of Russia by popular vote. In December 2008, he was voted the greatest Russian in the Name of Russia television poll.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In September 2022, an all-volunteer battalion tactical group to support the Russian invasion of Ukraine was named after Nevsky.<ref name=Repurposed/>

Alexander Beglov, governor of Saint Petersburg erected a statue of Nevsky in Mariupol after the city was devastated during the Russian invasion of Ukraine.<ref name=Repurposed>Template:Cite news</ref>

Notable places

Buildings

Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Sofia

There are notable buildings named after Nevsky, mostly in places where the Russian Orthodox Church had a strong influence, as follows: Template:See also

See also

  • Saint Alexander Nevsky, 1666 fresco in the Cathedral of the Archangel, Moscow
    Saint Alexander Nevsky, 1666 fresco in the Cathedral of the Archangel, Moscow
  • Prince Alexander Nevsky receiving Papal legates, painting by Henryk Siemiradzki (1870s)
    Prince Alexander Nevsky receiving Papal legates, painting by Henryk Siemiradzki (1870s)
  • A statue of Alexander Nevsky in Gorodets
    A statue of Alexander Nevsky in Gorodets
  • Icon of Alexander Nevsky with scenes from his life - Nevyansk, Bogatyrev Workshop (1820s-30s)
    Icon of Alexander Nevsky with scenes from his life - Nevyansk, Bogatyrev Workshop (1820s-30s)
  • Icon of Alexander Nevsky with scenes - Pokrovsky Cathedral, Moscow (16th Century)
    Icon of Alexander Nevsky with scenes - Pokrovsky Cathedral, Moscow (16th Century)
  • Mosaic icon on the iconostasis of the Savior on Spilled Blood "Alexander Nevsky" - Mikhail Nesterov (1894-1895)
    Mosaic icon on the iconostasis of the Savior on Spilled Blood "Alexander Nevsky" - Mikhail Nesterov (1894-1895)

Notes

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References

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Bibliography

Primary sources

Literature

Further reading

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  • Template:Cite EB1911
  • Isoaho, Mari. The Image of Aleksandr Nevskiy in Medieval Russia: Warrior and Saint (The Northern World; 21). Leiden: Brill Publishers, 2006 (hardcover, Template:ISBN).
  • "Tale of the Life and Courage of the Pious and Great Prince Alexander [Nevsky]" in Medieval Russia's Epics, Chronicles, and Tales, ed. Serge Aleksandr Zenkovsky, 224–235 (New York: Meridian, 1974)

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