Arturo Alfonso Schomburg

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Template:Short description Template:Infobox person Arturo Alfonso Schomburg (January 24, 1874 – June 19, 1938), was a historian,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> writer, curator,<ref name=":1" /> and activist, who wrote numerous books.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Schomburg was a Puerto Rican of African and German descent. He moved to the United States in 1891, settling in New York City (at the age of 17) where he researched and raised awareness of the contributions that Afro-Latin Americans and African Americans have made to society.<ref name=":2">Template:Cite journal</ref> He was an important intellectual figure in the Harlem Renaissance. Over the years, he collected literature, art, slave narratives, and other materials of African history, which were purchased to become the basis of the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, named in his honor, at the New York Public Library (NYPL) branch in Harlem.<ref name="NPR Podcast" />

Early years

Schomburg was born and spent the majority of his childhood in the town of Santurce in the Captaincy General of Puerto Rico, to Mary Joseph, a freeborn Black midwife from St. Croix in the Danish West Indies, and Carlos Federico Schomburg, a merchant and son of a German immigrant to Puerto Rico. He was baptized as a Catholic, with the name Arturo Alfonso, at the Church of San Francisco de Asis in Santurce, San Juan.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

While Schomburg was in grade school, one of his teachers claimed that Black people had no history, heroes or accomplishments. Inspired to prove the teacher wrong, Schomburg determined that he would find and document the accomplishments of Africans on their own continent and in the diaspora.<ref name="NPR Podcast">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Schomburg was educated at San Juan's Instituto Popular, where he learned commercial printing. At St. Thomas College on the island of St. Thomas in the Danish West Indies, he studied Negro literature.<ref name="AB">Robert Knight, "Arthur Alfonso 'Afroborinqueno' Schomburg" Template:Webarchive, History Notes, Global African Community, accessed February 2, 2009.</ref>

He became a member of the "Revolutionary Committee of Puerto Rico" and became an active advocate of Puerto Rico's and Cuba's independence from Spain.<ref name="AB"/><ref name="AA">"Arturo Alfonso Schomburg: Pionero en la historia afronorteamericana" Template:Webarchive, Nuestro Mondo/People's Weekly World, accessed February 2, 2009.</ref> In 1892, Schomburg co-founded Las Dos Antillas (The Two Islands), a political club that advocated for the independence of Cuba and Puerto Rico.<ref name=":1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The club existed from 1892 to 1898, and members discussed issues such as providing weapons, medical supplies, and financial aid to independence movements.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="nypl.org">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Marriage and family

On June 30, 1895, Schomburg married Elizabeth Hatcher of Staunton, Virginia. She had come to New York as part of a wave of migration from the South that would increase in the 20th century and be known as the Great Migration. They had three sons: Máximo Gómez (named after the Dominican military leader of the Cuban struggle for independence); Arthur Alfonso Jr. and Kingsley Guarionex Schomburg (named after Guarionex, a renowned cacique of the Taíno).<ref name="AA"/>

After Elizabeth died in 1900, Schomburg married Elizabeth Morrow Taylor of Williamsburg, a village in Rockingham County, North Carolina. They were married on March 17, 1902, and had two sons: Reginald Stanton and Nathaniel José Schomburg.<ref name="AA"/> After Elizabeth Morrow Taylor's death, Schomburg married Elizabeth Green, with whom he had three more children.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Identity

Schomburg consistently identified as "Afroborinqueño" (Afro-Puerto Rican), rejecting binary racial categorizations and explicitly crediting Puerto Rican intellectuals Salvador Brau and José Julián Acosta as his primary inspirations for studying Black history.<ref name=":3">Template:Cite book</ref> Rather than abandoning his Latino identity, Schomburg persevered in seeking ways of reconciling Black diasporic belonging with Latine pan-ethnic identification throughout his life.<ref name=":3" /> His name evolution from Arturo Alfonso to Arthur and back reflects strategic cultural navigation while maintaining core Puerto Rican identity, demonstrated by giving his children Spanish/Latino names and serving as a multilingual translator.<ref name=":3" /> Schomburg belonged to what scholars call a generation of "early Afro-Latine migrants" who built political networks and articulated revolutionary nationalism centered on projects of racial and social justice.<ref name=":4">Template:Cite book</ref>

Revolutionary Networks

His co-founding of Las Dos Antillas (1892) with Rafael Serra and Rosendo Rodríguez created a space for Afro-Caribbean revolutionaries connected to broader Caribbean liberation movements.<ref name=":4" /> Schomburg's membership in the Afro-Cuban Masonic lodge El Sol de Cuba Lodge #38 connected him to transnational Caribbean revolutionary networks that shaped his later Pan-African organizing approach.<ref name=":4" /> His participation in José Martí's Partido Revolucionario Cubano demonstrates his commitment to Caribbean liberation that preceded and informed his African diaspora archival work.<ref name=":3" />

Career

In 1896, Schomburg began teaching Spanish in New York. From 1901 to 1906 Schomburg was employed as messenger and clerk in the law firm of Pryor, Mellis and Harris, New York City. In 1906, he began working for the Bankers Trust Company. Later, he became a supervisor of the Caribbean and Latin American Mail Section, and held that until he left in 1929.

While supporting himself and his family, Schomburg began his intellectual work of writing about Caribbean and African-American history. His first known article, "Is Hayti Decadent?", was published in 1904 in The Unique Advertiser. In 1909 he wrote Placido, a Cuban Martyr, a short pamphlet about the poet and independence fighter Gabriel de la Concepción Valdés.<ref name="AA"/> In the 1910 US Census, he is recorded as a printer working in a shop and living at 205 West 115th Street in Harlem, New York City.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The Negro Society for Historical Research

In 1911, Schomburg co-founded with John Edward Bruce the Negro Society for Historical Research, to create an institute to support scholarly efforts. For the first time, it brought together African, West Indian, and Afro-American scholars. In 1914, Schomburg joined the exclusive American Negro Academy, becoming, from 1920 to 1928, the fifth and last President of the organization. Founded in Washington, D.C., in 1897, this first major African American learned society brought together scholars, editors, and activists to refute racist scholarship, promote Black claims to individual, social, and political equality, and publish the history and sociology of African American life.<ref>Moss, Alfred A., The American Negro Academy: Voice of the Talented Tenth, Louisiana State University Press, 1981.</ref>

This was a period of the founding of societies to encourage scholarship in African-American history. In 1915, Dr. Carter G. Woodson co-founded the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History (now called the Association for the Study of African American Life and History) and began publishing the Journal of Negro History.

Schomburg became involved in the Harlem Renaissance movement, which spread to other African-American communities in the U.S. The concentration of Black people in Harlem from across the US and Caribbean led to a flowering of arts, as well as intellectual and political movements. Schomburg co-edited the 1912 edition of Daniel Alexander Payne Murray's Encyclopedia of the Colored Race. He later became disillusioned with the Harlem Renaissance, because he felt that there were no more revolutionaries within it. He told anthologist Nancy Cunard that she should "not expect to find anything revolutionary or critical in these subjected fellows' writings.... [T]hey have been bought and paid for by white people".<ref>Schomburg to Nancy Cunard, June 9, 1936, Schomburg Papers, SCRBC, New York, New York.</ref>

In 1916 Schomburg published the first notable bibliography of African-American poetry, A Bibliographical Checklist of American Negro Poetry.<ref>Ferguson, SallyAnn H., "Porter, Dorothy", in William L. Andrews, Frances Smith Foster & Trudier Harris, eds., Oxford Companion to African American Literature, New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997, p. 597.</ref>

In March 1925 Schomburg published his essay "The Negro Digs Up His Past" in an issue of Survey Graphic devoted to the intellectual life of Harlem. It had widespread distribution and influence. In "The Negro Digs Up His Past," Schomburg was trying to lay the groundwork for an intellectual refutation of racism.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The autodidact historian John Henrik Clarke told of being so inspired by the essay that at the age of 17 he left home in Columbus, Georgia, to seek out Mr. Schomburg to further his studies in African history. Alain Locke included the essay in his edited collection The New Negro.<ref>Arthur Schomburg, "The Negro Digs Up His Past" Template:Webarchive, Survey Graphic, Harlem: March 1925, University of Virginia Library. Retrieved February 2, 2009.</ref>

In March 1926, Schomburg visited Spain. "His mission was to research and explore centuries of Black life in Europe, including that of the painter Juan de Pareja. A notable artist in his own right, Pareja was an enslaved studio assistant to famed Spanish painter Diego Velázquez".<ref name="metmuseum.org">Juan de Pareja, Afro-Hispanic Painter, Exhibit at the Metropolitan Museum of Art from April 3–July 16, 2023.</ref> The Metropolitan Museum of Art stated, "Schomburg was vital to the recovery of Pareja’s work".<ref name="metmuseum.org"/>

The Schomburg Collection of Negro Literature and Art

The New York Public Library and the librarian of the 135th Street Branch, Ernestine Rose, purchased Schomburg's private collection of more than 4,000 books<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> for $10,000, funded by the Carnegie Corporation in 1926.<ref name="nypl.org"/> This purchase would signal the beginning of the transformation of the 135th street's branch into the Schomburg Center. His collection included a variety of items, including the acquisition of three missing chapters from “The Autobiography of Malcolm X,” that were cut from his manuscript after his death in 1965.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> They appointed Schomburg curator of the Schomburg Collection of Negro Literature and Art, named in his honor, at the 135th Street Branch (Harlem) of the Library. It was later renamed the Arthur Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture.<ref>Schomburg Studies on the Black Experience, New York Public Library.</ref>

In 1929 Fisk University President Charles S. Johnson invited Schomburg to curate the Negro Collection at the library of Fisk in Nashville, Tennessee. He assisted in the architectural design contributing to the construction of a reading room and browsing space. By the end of Schomburg's tenure at Fisk he had expanded the library's collection from 106 items to 4,600.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> During 1932 he traveled to Cuba. While there he met various Cuban artists and writers, and acquired more material for his studies.

He was granted an honorary membership of the Men's Business Club in Yonkers, New York. He also held the position of treasurer for the Loyal Sons of Africa in New York and was elevated being the past master of Prince Hall Lodge Number 38, Free and Accepted Masons (F.A.M.) and Rising Sun Chapter Number 4, R.A.M.

Archival Methodology

Schomburg developed what can be termed "recovery historiography" - a systematic approach focused on gathering "vindicating evidences" to counter racist narratives and demonstrate global Black achievements. His archival philosophy emphasized recovery and transformation over traditional archival neutrality, prioritizing community access and democratic participation over institutional custody. Contemporary archival studies scholarship positions Schomburg as a foundational theorist who anticipated community archives movements and developed methodology for countering archival "symbolic annihilation" of marginalized communities.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Later years

Following dental surgery, Schomburg became ill and died in Madison Park Hospital in Brooklyn on June 10, 1938.<ref name="AA"/><ref name="Sinnette">Template:Cite book</ref> He received a private funeral on June 12 at Siloam Presbyterian Church.<ref name="Sinnette" /> He is buried in the Locust Grove section<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> of Cypress Hills Cemetery.

Legacy

File:Schomburg Apartments, Stony Brook University.jpg
Schomburg Apartments at Stony Brook University

By the 1920s Schomburg had amassed a collection which consisted of artworks, manuscripts, rare books, slave narratives and other artifacts of Black history.<ref name="ASP"/> The collection formed the cornerstone of the Library's Division of Negro History at its 135th Street Branch in Harlem. The library appointed Schomburg curator of the collection, which was named in his honor: the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture. Schomburg used his proceeds from the sale to fund travel to Spain, France, Germany and England, to seek out more pieces of black history to add to the collection.<ref>Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture Template:Webarchive, NYPL.</ref>

Arturo Alfonso Schomburg's work served as an inspiration to Puerto Ricans, Latinos and Afro-Americans alike. During the Harlem Renaissance, Zora Neale Hurston and others used Schomburg's materials.<ref name="latinorebels.com">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The power of knowing about the great contributions that Afro-Latin Americans and Afro-Americans have made to society helped advance the civil rights movement.<ref name="ASP">The Arthur A. Schomburg Papers</ref>

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See also

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References

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Further reading

  • Thabiti Asukile, "Schomburg, Arturo (Arthur) Alfonso (1874–1938)," Dictionary of Caribbean and Afro–Latin American Biography, edited by Franklin W. Knight & and Henry Louis Gates Jr. Print Template:ISBN. Published online: 2016. {{#invoke:CS1 identifiers|main|_template=doi}} Template:ISBN.
  • "First Lady Named for Aid to Negroes" (New York Times: 1940-02-14)
  • Elinor Des Verney Sinnette, Arthur Alfonso Schomburg – Black Bibliophile and Collector: A biography, The New York Public Library & Wayne State University Press, Detroit, 1989, 262 pp. Template:ISBN
  • Thabiti Asukile, "Arthur Alfonso Schomburg (1874–1938): Embracing Black Motherhood Experience in Love of Black Peoples." Afro-Americans in New York Life and History 30, no. 2 (2006): 69-97.
  • Helton, Laura and Rafia Zafar, guest editors: "Arturo Alfonso Schomburg In the Twenty-First Century: A Special Issue", African American Review (Vol 54, Nos. 1-2) Spring-Summer 2021 ISSN 1945-6182
  • Hoffnung-Garskof, Jesse. "The Migrations of Arturo Schomburg: On Being Antillano, Negro, and Puerto Rican in New York 1891–1938". Journal of American Ethnic History, vol. 21, no. 1, 2001, pp. 3–49. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/27502778.
  • Vanessa Valdés, Diasporic Blackness: The Life and Times of Arturo Alfonso Schomburg, Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 2017, 202 pp. Template:ISBN

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