Barycenter (astronomy)
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In astronomy, the barycenter (or barycentre; Template:Etymology)<ref>Template:Cite OED2</ref> is the center of mass of two or more bodies that orbit one another and is the point about which the bodies orbit. A barycenter is a dynamical point, not a physical object. It is an important concept in fields such as astronomy and astrophysics. The distance from a body's center of mass to the barycenter can be calculated as a two-body problem.
If one of the two orbiting bodies is much more massive than the other and the bodies are relatively close to one another, the barycenter will typically be located within the more massive object. In this case, rather than the two bodies appearing to orbit a point between them, the less massive body will appear to orbit about the more massive body, while the more massive body might be observed to wobble slightly. This is the case for the Earth–Moon system, whose barycenter is located on average Template:Convert from Earth's center, which is 74% of Earth's radius of Template:Convert. When the two bodies are of similar masses, the barycenter will generally be located between them and both bodies will orbit around it. This is the case for Pluto and Charon, one of Pluto's natural satellites, as well as for many binary asteroids and binary stars. When the less massive object is far away, the barycenter can be located outside the more massive object. This is the case for Jupiter and the Sun; despite the Sun being a thousandfold more massive than Jupiter, their barycenter is slightly outside the Sun due to the relatively large distance between them.<ref name="MacDougal" />
In astronomy, barycentric coordinates are non-rotating coordinates with the origin at the barycenter of two or more bodies. The International Celestial Reference System (ICRS) is a barycentric coordinate system centered on the Solar System's barycenter.
Two-body problem
The barycenter is one of the foci of the elliptical orbit of each body. This is an important concept in the fields of astronomy and astrophysics. In a simple two-body case, the distance from the center of the primary to the barycenter, Template:Math, is given by: <math display="block">r_1 = a \cdot \frac{m_2}{m_1 + m_2} = \frac{a}{1 + \frac{m_1}{m_2}}</math> where:
- Template:Math is the distance from body 1's center to the barycenter;
- Template:Mvar is the distance between the centers of the two bodies; and
- Template:Math and Template:Math are the masses of the two bodies.
The semi-major axis of the secondary's orbit, Template:Math, is given by Template:Math.
When the barycenter is located Template:Em the more massive body, that body will appear to "wobble" rather than to follow a discernible orbit.
Template:Anchor Primary–secondary examples
The following table sets out some examples from the Solar System. Figures are given rounded to three significant figures. The terms "primary" and "secondary" are used to distinguish between involved participants, with the larger being the primary and the smaller being the secondary.
| Primary | Secondary | Template:Math (Template:Earth mass) |
Template:Math (Template:Earth mass) |
Template:Mvar (km) |
Template:Math (km) |
Template:Math (km) |
Template:Math |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Earth | Moon | 1 | 0.0123 | 384,400 | 4,671<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> | 6,371 | 0.733Template:Efn |
| Pluto | Charon | 0.0021 | Template:Longitem | 19,600 | 2,110 | 1,188.3 | 1.78Template:Efn |
| Sun | Earth | 333,000 | 1 | Template:Longitem | 449 | 695,700 | 0.000645Template:Efn |
| Sun | Jupiter | 333,000 | Template:Longitem | Template:Longitem | 742,370 | 695,700 | 1.07<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Efn |
| Sun | Saturn | 333,000 | 95.2 | Template:Longitem | 409,700 | 695,700 | 0.59 |
Example with the Sun
If Template:MathTemplate:Snd which is true for the Sun and any planetTemplate:Snd then the ratio Template:Math approximates to: <math display="block">\frac{a}{R_1} \cdot \frac{m_2}{m_1}.</math>
Hence, the barycenter of the Sun–planet system will lie outside the Sun only if: <math display="block">\begin{align} {a \over R_\odot} \cdot {m_\mathrm{planet} \over M_\odot} &> 1 \\ \implies \; {a \cdot m_\mathrm{planet}} &> {R_\odot \cdot M_\odot} \\ &\approx 2.3 \times 10^{11} \; M_\oplus \; \mbox{km} \\ &\approx 1530 \; M_\oplus \; \mbox{AU}; \end{align}</math> that is, where the planet is massive Template:Em far from the Sun.
If Jupiter had Mercury's orbit (Template:Convert), the Sun–Jupiter barycenter would be approximately Template:Val from the center of the Sun (Template:Nowrap). But even if the Earth had Eris's orbit (Template:Convert), the Sun–Earth barycenter would still be within the Sun (just over Template:Val from the center).
To calculate the actual motion of the Sun, only the motions of the four giant planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune) need to be considered. The contributions of all other planets, dwarf planets, etc. are negligible. If the four giant planets were on a straight line on the same side of the Sun, the combined center of mass would lie at about 1.17 solar radii, or just over Template:Val, above the Sun's surface.<ref name=Meeus1997/>
The calculations above are based on the mean distance between the bodies and yield the mean value Template:Math. But all celestial orbits are elliptical, and the distance between the bodies varies between the apses, depending on the eccentricity, Template:Mvar. Hence, the position of the barycenter varies too, and it is possible in some systems for the barycenter to be sometimes inside and sometimes outside the more massive body. This occurs where: <math display="block">\frac{1}{1-e} > \frac{r_1}{R_1} > \frac{1}{1+e}.</math>
The Sun–Jupiter system, with Template:Nowrap, just fails to qualify: Template:Nowrap.
Relativistic corrections
In classical mechanics (Newtonian gravitation), this definition simplifies calculations and introduces no known problems. In general relativity (Einsteinian gravitation), complications arise because, while it is possible, within reasonable approximations, to define the barycenter, we find that the associated coordinate system does not fully reflect the inequality of clock rates at different locations. Brumberg explains how to set up barycentric coordinates in general relativity.<ref name="Brumberg" />
The coordinate systems involve a world-time, i.e. a global time coordinate that could be set up by telemetry. Individual clocks of similar construction will not agree with this standard, because they are subject to differing gravitational potentials or move at various velocities, so the world-time must be synchronized with some ideal clock that is assumed to be very far from the whole self-gravitating system. This time standard is called Barycentric Coordinate Time (TCB).
Selected barycentric orbital elements
Barycentric osculating orbital elements for some objects in the Solar System are as follows:<ref name="barycenter" />
| Object | Semi-major axis (in AU) |
Apoapsis (in AU) |
Orbital period (in years) |
|---|---|---|---|
| C/2006 P1 (McNaught) | 2,050 | 4,100 | 92,600 |
| C/1996 B2 (Hyakutake) | 1,700 | 3,410 | 70,000 |
| C/2006 M4 (SWAN) | 1,300 | 2,600 | 47,000 |
| Template:Mpl | 799 | 1,570 | 22,600 |
| Template:Mpl | 549 | 1,078 | 12,800 |
| 90377 Sedna | 506 | 937 | 11,400 |
| Template:Mpl | 501 | 967 | 11,200 |
For objects at such high eccentricity, barycentric coordinates are more stable than heliocentric coordinates for a given epoch because the barycentric osculating orbit is not as greatly affected by where Jupiter is on its 11.8 year orbit.<ref name="Kaib2009" />
See also
- Barycentric Dynamical Time
- Centers of gravity in non-uniform fields
- Center of mass
- Lagrange point
- Mass point geometry
- Roll center
- Weight distribution