Battle of the Denmark Strait
Template:Short description Template:Use British English Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox military conflict
The Battle of the Denmark Strait was a naval engagement in the Second World War, which took place on 24 May 1941 between ships of the Royal Navy and the Kriegsmarine. The British battleship Template:HMS and the battlecruiser Template:HMS fought the German battleship Template:Ship and the heavy cruiser Template:Ship, which were attempting to break out into the North Atlantic to attack Allied merchant shipping (Operation Rheinübung) through the Denmark Strait between Greenland and Iceland.
Less than 10 minutes after the British opened fire, a shell from Bismarck struck Hood near her aft ammunition magazines. Soon afterwards, Hood exploded and sank within three minutes, with the loss of all but three of her crew. Prince of Wales continued to exchange fire with Bismarck but suffered serious malfunctions in her main armament. The British battleship had only been completed in late March 1941, and used new quadruple gun turrets that were unreliable. Prince of Wales soon broke off the engagement.<ref name="Barnett 2004, p. 295."/>
The battle was a tactical victory for the Germans, but its effect was short-lived. The damage done to Bismarck's forward fuel tanks forced the abandonment of the breakout and an attempt to escape to dry dock facilities in occupied France, producing an operational victory for the British.<ref name="Barnett 2004, p. 295."/> Incensed by the loss of Hood, a large British force pursued Bismarck, resulting in her loss three days later.
Background
German plans
In April 1941, the German Kriegsmarine intended to send the recently completed fast battleship Template:Ship into the Atlantic Ocean to raid the convoys carrying supplies from North America to Britain. The operation was intended to complement the U-boat attacks on British supply lines during the Battle of the Atlantic. The two fast battleships Template:Ship and Template:Ship had just completed a similar operation, code-named Berlin, between January and March that year. The number of major warships available to the Germans was limited; BismarckTemplate:'s sister ship Template:Ship was not yet operational, Scharnhorst was in need of a boiler overhaul after Operation Berlin, and Gneisenau had been damaged by air attacks in early April while in Brest, France.Template:Sfn Work on the heavy cruisers Template:Ship and Template:Ship, both under refit in Germany after their own raiding operations, was delayed by British air attacks that struck supply depots in Kiel.Template:Sfn Admiral Günther Lütjens, the fleet commander who was to command German forces during the planned Operation Rheinübung, sought to delay until repairs to Scharnhorst were completed or Tirpitz could join Bismarck, but the Oberkommando der Marine (Naval High Command) instructed Lütjens to begin the operation as soon as possible to keep pressure on Britain's supply lines.Template:Sfn As a result, the only vessel available to support Bismarck was the heavy cruiser Template:Ship.Template:Sfn
British plans
The British Royal Navy learned of BismarckTemplate:'s sortie after the Swedish cruiser Template:HSwMS spotted the vessels passing through the western Baltic Sea on 20 May; GotlandTemplate:'s report was passed to the British naval attache in Stockholm, who forwarded it to the Admiralty. British reconnaissance aircraft later confirmed the German ship's presence in Norway.Template:Sfn Now aware that major German warships were at sea with the intention of breaking for the Atlantic, the Royal Navy began to dispatch vessels to patrol the likely routes, including the heavy cruisers Template:HMS and Template:HMS to cover the Denmark Strait between Greenland and Iceland. Another group, consisting of the battleship Prince of Wales, the battlecruiser Template:HMS, and a screen of six destroyers, Template:HMS, Template:HMS, Template:HMS, Template:HMS, Template:HMS and Template:HMS, under the command of Vice-Admiral Lancelot Holland in Hood, cruised to the south of Iceland to intercept the Germans once they were detected. Norfolk and Suffolk spotted Bismarck and Prinz Eugen on the evening of 23 May; Suffolk was fitted with radar that allowed them to shadow the Germans through the night whilst remaining outside of German gun range.
Prince of Wales was a newly commissioned Template:Sclass, similar to Bismarck in size and power. Prince of Wales had not yet been properly "shaken down", and her crew was inexperienced. She still had mechanical problems, especially with her main armament. The ship had sailed with shipyard workers still aboard working on her.<ref group="nb">When Bismarck and Prinz Eugen first sighted her in the Denmark Strait, they identified her as King George V, as they believed Prince of Wales could not yet have put to sea.</ref>
For 20 years after her commissioning in 1920, Hood was the largest and heaviest warship in the world. Combining eight massive BL 15-inch Mk I naval guns with a top speed greater than any battleship on the sea, Hood was the pride of Great Britain's navy, and embodied the world dominance of British naval power. Despite this, Hood had one conspicuous flaw compared to the super-dreadnought battleships she served alongside: as a battlecruiser, much of her bulk was dedicated to extra engine power instead of comprehensive armour coverage. This came from her design as an Admiral-class battlecruiser to meet the threat of the German Template:Sclasss during World War I.Template:Sfn
While her Template:Convert of belt armour was considered sufficient against most capital ships she was likely to encounter, her Template:Convert of deck armour left her vulnerable to plunging fire at long range. At the time of her commissioning in World War I, naval gunnery was severely inaccurate at the ranges necessary to produce plunging fire, and HoodTemplate:'s greater speed and maneuverability were seen as an acceptable trade-off. This approach was proved to be flawed after the loss of Template:HMS at the Battle of Jutland and combined with the accuracy of naval gunfire increasing in the inter-war period, Hood was eventually scheduled to receive an upgrade in 1939 that would have doubled her deck armour to Template:Convert, but the outbreak of World War II meant the upgrade never took place. She thus sortied to war at a marked disadvantage against the new capital ships of the Axis powers.
Aware of HoodTemplate:'s inadequate protective armour, distant to the southeast of where the battle took place, Holland's superior (Admiral Sir John Tovey) considered ordering him to have Prince of Wales sail ahead of Hood. With the ships in this position, Tovey concluded the better-protected Prince of Wales could draw the German battleships' large-shell gunfire. Ultimately, Tovey did not give the order, later saying "I did not feel such interference with such a senior officer justified."Template:Sfn
Prelude
Both plans go awry
The Kriegsmarine had hoped that the Bismarck force would enter onto trans-Atlantic commerce raiding, from the Norwegian Sea via the Denmark Strait, undetected and unopposed. The Template:Not a typo this hope upon a transit from German territorial waters on the North Sea; and, through the territorial waters of German-occupied Norway into the Norwegian Sea, undetected by aerial searches; neutral ship encounters; and traditional "coast-watching" observations performed by formal and informal efforts of maritime intelligence gathering, in the neutral and occupied countries surrounding the North Sea.
In the event, the ground-level coast-watching observations from both neutral and occupied territories identified the principal combatant units sortied for the Exercise Rhine operation from the moment they left German territorial waters. The combatants (Bismarck and Prinz Eugen) were identified by in-country coast-watchers located in Denmark; who were able to identify the ships and communicate with their clandestine contacts, the dates and times of the German surface units, moving in their designated coast-watch areas of responsibility.
The HSwMS Gotland spotted the transit of Bismarck and Prinz Eugen in the normal shipping lanes in the North Sea, and reported the movement to the Swedish authorities. Swedish territory as well hosted individual ground-level coast watchers who were able to follow and report on movements in Swedish coastal waters. These observations were passed directly to Royal Navy intelligence by routine maritime diplomatic channels maintained by the British naval attaché in Stockholm. Thus, when Bismarck and her escort moved into the unoccupied fjords of German-occupied Norway, for final coastal refuelling and topping off of ships' stores and supplies, the RAF (weather permitting) was able to keep a final watch on the location and timing of the German raider force.
Holland's battle plan was to have Hood and Prince of Wales engage Bismarck while Suffolk and Norfolk engaged Prinz Eugen (which, Holland assumed, still steamed behind Bismarck and not ahead of her). He signalled this to Captain John C. Leach of Prince of WalesTemplate:Sfn but did not radio Rear-Admiral Wake-Walker, who as Commander of the 1st Cruiser Squadron directed Suffolk and Norfolk, for fear of disclosing his location. Instead, he observed radio silence. Holland hoped to meet the enemy at approximately 02:00. Sunset in this latitude was at 01:51 (ship's clocks were four hours ahead of local timeTemplate:Sfn). Bismarck and Prinz Eugen would be silhouetted against the sun's afterglow while Hood and Prince of Wales could approach rapidly, unseen in the darkness, to a range close enough not to endanger Hood with plunging fire from Bismarck.Template:Sfn The Germans would not expect an attack from this quarter, giving the British the advantage of surprise.
The plan's success depended on SuffolkTemplate:'s continually unbroken contact with the German ships. However, Suffolk lost contact from 00:28. For 90 minutes, Holland neither sighted the German ships nor received any further news from Norfolk or Suffolk. Reluctantly, Holland ordered Hood and Prince of Wales to turn south-southwest but he detached his destroyers which continued searching to the north. However, the loss of contact should be understood as temporary and tactical only; and not strategic in terms of the tactical outcome. Suffolk lost contact with its reconnaissance target (the enemy fleet) in what was essentially a closed, confined rectangular space; aligned generally northeast (the entrance to the Denmark Strait) to southwest (the exit of the Strait into the Atlantic). The enemy units were firmly constrained by the Greenland ice pack to the north, and the extensive Royal Navy minefield to the south along the coast of Iceland, then under British occupation. Given the prior warning of the German sortie, there was ample time for the Royal Navy to place armed reconnaissance at both ends of this narrow alignment. Suffolk and Norfolk were at the eastern entrance to the Strait (where contact was made immediately upon BismarckTemplate:'s entry). Holland was waiting at the western end as the Bismarck force exited the Strait.
Strategically, it was an unquestioned fact (including the approximate timing) that BismarckTemplate:'s and Prinz EugenTemplate:'s entrance into the Atlantic (the fundamental objective of Rhine Exercise), was known from the moment the fleet left German territorial waters. And that was a long enough time span before the fleet's final fitting out for transit to the Denmark Strait, that Lütjens could not have helped but to realize, that his force would not under any circumstance enter the Atlantic undetected nor would it enter unopposed. And by the time it was opposed, it would occur with forces that would likely ensure his fleet's ultimate destruction. And such destruction would take place before any supply convoy units (the whole purpose of the operation) were threatened by Operation Rhine Exercise.<ref>HMS Electra (H 27) - E-class Destroyer www.naval-history.net</ref>
Before contact was re-established, the two squadrons missed each other narrowly. Had the German ships not altered course to the west at 01:41 to follow the line of the Greenland icepack, the British would have intercepted them much earlier than they did. The British destroyers were just Template:Convert to the southeast when the Germans made this course change. If the visibility had not been reduced to Template:Convert, the German vessels would probably have been spotted (since generally on a calm, clear day ship lookouts can observe large objects and ships about 12 miles (19 km) distant on the horizon. And if the ship's lookouts are in a crow's nest, the observable distance is even farther).Template:Sfn
Just before 03:00, Suffolk regained contact with Bismarck. Hood and Prince of Wales were Template:Convert away, slightly ahead of the Germans. Holland signalled to steer toward the Germans and increased speed to Template:Convert. SuffolkTemplate:'s loss of contact had placed the British at a disadvantage. Instead of the swiftly closing head-on approach Holland had envisioned, he would have to converge at a wider angle, much more slowly. This would leave Hood vulnerable to BismarckTemplate:'s plunging shells for a much longer period. The situation worsened further when, at 03:20, Suffolk reported that the Germans had made a further course alteration to the west, placing the German and British squadrons almost abeam of each other.
At 05:35, lookouts on Prince of Wales spotted the German ships Template:Convert away. The Germans, already alerted to the British presence through their hydrophonic equipment, picked up the smoke and masts of the British ships 10 minutes later. At this point, Holland had the options of joining Suffolk in shadowing Bismarck and waiting for Tovey to arrive with King George V and other ships to attack, or ordering his squadron into action. He chose the latter at 05:37.<ref>Boyne 1995, p. 59.</ref> The rough seas in the Strait kept the destroyers' role to a minimum and the cruisers Norfolk and Suffolk would be too far behind the German force to reach the battle.
Battle
Opening moves
Hood opened fire at 05:52.5 at a distance of approximately Template:Convert. Holland had ordered firing to begin on the leading ship, Prinz Eugen, believing from her position that she was Bismarck. Holland soon amended his order and directed both ships to engage the rear ship, Bismarck. Prince of Wales had already identified and engaged Bismarck, whereas Hood is believed to have continued to fire at Prinz Eugen for some time.
Holland was a gunnery expert; he was well aware of the danger posed by HoodTemplate:'s thin deck armour, which offered weak protection against vertical plunging fire. Holland therefore wanted to reduce the range as quickly as possible, because at a shorter range the trajectory of BismarckTemplate:'s shells would be flatter, and the shells would therefore be more likely to hit the armour belt protecting the sides of the ship or glance off the top deck, rather than penetrate vertically though the deck armour. Holland closed the range at an angle that placed the German ships too far forward of the beam, which meant that only 10 of the 18 British heavy guns could train and presented the Germans with a bigger target than necessary. One of Prince of WalesTemplate:' forward guns became unserviceable after the first salvo, leaving only 9 still firing.Template:Sfn Suffolk and Norfolk tried to engage Bismarck during the action but both were out of range and had an insufficient speed advantage over Bismarck to rapidly close the range.<ref>Bonomi, The Battle of the Denmark Strait</ref><ref name="Naval Staff History p8">Naval Staff History, German Capital Ships and Raiders in WW2, Battle Summary No. 5, p8.</ref>
The Germans also had the weather gauge, meaning that the British ships were steaming into the wind, with spray drenching the lenses of Prince of Wales' "A" turret's Template:Convert Barr and Stroud coincidence rangefinder and both British ships' "B" turret Template:Convert rangefinders.<ref group=nb>"A" turret was the furthest forward turret with "B" behind and above it. At the rear "Y" was the furthest aft with "X" behind and above, if present - the Prince of Wales did not have an "X" turret</ref> The shorter based (Template:Convert) ones in the director towers had to be used instead. Holland had Prince of Wales stay close to Hood, conforming to HoodTemplate:'s movements instead of varying course and speed, which made it easier for the Germans to find the range to both British ships. It would have aided Holland's gunners if they had both fired upon Bismarck as originally planned, since they could time precisely each other's salvos to avoid mistaking one ship's fire for the other. The British could also use Concentration Fire, where both ships' main armament salvos would be controlled by one ship's fire control computer—probably Prince of WalesTemplate:' modern Admiralty Fire Control Table.
Prince of Wales struck her target first. She would ultimately hit Bismarck three times. One shell struck the commander's boat and put the seaplane catapult amidships out of action (the latter damage not being discovered until much later, during an attempt to fly off the ship's War Diary on the eve of her final battle). The second shell passed through the bow from one side to the other without exploding. The third struck the hull underwater and burst inside the ship, flooding a generator room and damaging the bulkhead to an adjoining boiler room, partially flooding it. The last two hits caused damage to BismarckTemplate:'s machinery and medium flooding.<ref name="Garzke and Dulin, Bismarck's Final Battle, part 1.">Template:Cite web</ref> The hit also severed a steam line and wounded five of Bismarck's crew by scalding.Template:Sfn<ref>Dewar, p.9.</ref>Template:Sfn The damage to the bow cut access to Template:Convert of fuel oil in the forward fuel tanks, caused Bismarck to leave an oil slick and reduced her speed by Template:Convert. Bismarck was soon listing 9° to port and lost Template:Convert of freeboard at her bow.<ref name="Garzke and Dulin, Bismarck's Final Battle, part 1."/>
The Germans held their fire until 05:55, when both German ships fired on Hood. Lütjens did not immediately give the order to begin firing. BismarckTemplate:'s first gunnery officer, Template:Lang Adalbert Schneider, asked "Template:Lang" (Permission to open fire?) several times without receiving a response, until the captain of Bismarck, Kapitän zur See Ernst Lindemann, impatiently responded: "Template:Lang" (I'm not letting my ship get shot out from under my arse. Permission to fire!)Template:Sfn
A shell hit HoodTemplate:'s boat deck, starting a sizable fire in the ready-use Template:Convert ammunition store, but this fire did not spread to other areas of the ship or cause the later explosion. It is possible that Hood was struck again at the base of her bridge and in her foretop radar director. There has been contention over which German vessel struck Hood; Prinz Eugen (Kapitän zur See Helmuth Brinkmann), was firing at Prince of Wales, following an order from the fleet commander.<ref>Rico, Operation Rheinübung see sections, Jot! Dora and The Destruction of the Hood. www.kbismarck.com</ref> The Gunnery Officer of Prinz Eugen, Paul Schmalenbach is quoted as saying that Prinz Eugen's target was Hood.Template:Sfn
Sinking of Hood
At 06:00, Holland ordered his force to turn once again to port to ensure that the aft main guns on both Hood and Prince of Wales could bear on the German ships. In terms of the force balance this would nominally give Holland's force the advantage of 18 large caliber (14/15 in.) guns (10 in Prince of Wales, 8 in Hood); to 8 (8 - 15 in. in Bismarck).
During the turn, a salvo from Bismarck, fired from about Template:Convert, was seen by men aboard Prince of Wales to straddle Hood abreast her mainmast. This straddle meant that some of the salvos fell to port, some to starboard (of the hull), and some precisely aligned over the center of the main deck of Hood. It is likely that one Template:Convert shell struck somewhere between HoodTemplate:'s mainmast and "X" turret aft of the mast. A huge pillar of flame shot upward 'like a giant blowtorch' in the vicinity of the mainmast.Template:Refn
This was followed by an explosion that destroyed a large portion of the ship from amidships clear to the rear of "Y" turret, blowing both aft turrets into the sea. The ship broke in two and the stern fell away and sank. Ted Briggs, one of the survivors, claimed Hood heeled to 30 degrees at which point 'we knew she just wasn't coming back'. The bow rose clear of the water, pointed upward, pivoted about and sank shortly after the stern. "A" turret fired a salvo while in this upright position, possibly from the doomed gun crew, just before the bow section sank.Template:Refn
Splinters rained down on Prince of Wales Template:Convert away. Hood sank in about three minutes with 1,415 members of the crew. Only Ted Briggs, Bob Tilburn and Bill Dundas survived to be rescued two hours later by the destroyer Template:HMS.
The Admiralty later concluded that the most likely explanation for the loss of Hood was a penetration of her magazines by a Template:Convert shell from Bismarck, causing the explosion.
The wreck of Hood revealed the bow section bereft of any structure. A huge section of her side is missing, from the 'A' barbette to the foredeck. The midship section had its plates curled outward. Moreover, the main parts of the forward structure, including the Template:Convert conning tower, were found about Template:Convert away from the main wreckage.<ref>Sonar image of the wreck site</ref> This has sparked theories that the Template:Convert forward magazines exploded as a result of the force, flames and pressure, caused by the detonation of the aft magazines.Template:Sfn However, a team of marine forensic scientists has found that implosion damage to the forward hull due to the rapid sinking of the Hood, is the most likely cause of the state of the forward hull, and they do not support any theory that the forward magazines exploded.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Prince of Wales alone
Prince of Wales found herself steering towards the sinking Hood. Her commanding officer, Captain Leach, ordered an emergency avoidance turn away from HoodTemplate:'s wreckage. This violent change of course disrupted her aim and put her in a position that made it easier for the Germans to target her. She resumed her previous course but was now under the concentrated fire of both German ships. Prince of Wales was struck four times by Bismarck and three times by Prinz Eugen. One shell passed through her upper superstructure, killing or wounding several crewmen in the Compass Platform and Air Defence Platform. Pieces of another shell struck her radar office aft, killing the crewmen within.Template:Sfn
A Template:Convert shell from Prinz Eugen found its way to the propelling charge/round manipulation chamber below the aft Template:Convert gun turrets, and a Template:Convert shell from Bismarck hit underwater below the armour belt, penetrating about Template:Convert into the ship's hull, about Template:Convert below the waterline, but was stopped by the anti-torpedo bulkhead. Fortunately for Prince of Wales, neither shell exploded, but she still suffered minor flooding and the loss of some fuel oil.
By this time, serious gunnery malfunctions had caused intermittent problems with the main armament, leading to a 26% reduction in output.Template:RefnTemplate:Refn According to Captain Leach, he decided that continuing the action would risk losing Prince of Wales without inflicting further damage on the enemy. He, therefore, ordered the ship to make smoke and withdraw, 'pending a more favourable opportunity'.Template:Sfn Prince of Wales turned away just after 06:04, firing from her rear turret under local control until the turret suffered a jammed shell ring,Template:Refn cutting off the ammunition supply and making the guns inoperable.
Despite efforts by crew members and civilian technicians to repair the shell ring, it took until 08:25 for all four guns to be back in service, although two of the guns were serviceable by 07:20.<ref name="Naval Staff History p8"/> This temporarily left only fiveTemplate:Sfn<ref>Roskill, The War at Sea, Vol 1, p. 406.</ref>Template:Refn Template:Convert guns operational, but nine of the ten were operational in five hours.Template:Sfn The final salvos fired were ragged and are believed to have fallen short.Template:Sfn The ship retired from the battle around 06:10. Thirteen of her crew had been killed, nine were wounded.<ref>Tarrant 1991, p. 58.</ref> The timing of Prince of WalesTemplate:' withdrawal was fortunate for her, as she had come into torpedo range of Prinz Eugen and turned away as the German cruiser was about to fire.Template:Sfn
Breaking off the action
On Bismarck there was tremendous elation at the sinking of Hood. There was also a keen expectation that they would close on Prince of Wales and possibly finish her off. Lindemann requested that Lütjens allow Bismarck to do just that. Even if Tovey's squadron had left Scapa Flow the previous day, he would still be more than Template:Convert away from Bismarck, even if Bismarck diverted to sink Prince of Wales (a chase Lindemann calculated would take only two or three hours).Template:Sfn
Lütjens refused to allow Lindemann to give chase, giving no explanation. Lindemann repeated his request, this time more assertively.Template:Sfn Lütjens held firm orders from the German Naval Commander, Großadmiral Erich Raeder, to avoid unnecessary combat with the Royal Navy, especially when it could lead to further damage that could hasten delivering Bismarck toward the waiting hands of the British. He broke off combat instead of pursuing Prince of Wales<ref name="Barnett 2004, p. 295.">Barnett 2004, p. 295.</ref> and ordered a course of 270°, due west.Template:Sfn Bismarck had fired 93 of her 353 base-fused Armour Piercing (AP) shells during the engagement.<ref>Bismarck's armament.</ref>
This clash between the two senior German officers reflected their disparate and distinct command functions. As captain of Bismarck, Lindemann operated first and foremost as a tactician. As such, he had no doubt that his ship's immediate objective was to destroy Prince of Wales, and he had pressed his case as far and hard as he should. Lütjens, as fleet chief and task force commander, operated at the strategic and operational levels. To some degree, his orders were clear: attacking convoys was his priority, not risking "a major engagement for limited, and perhaps uncertain, goals". Nevertheless, Raeder had also ordered Lütjens to be bold and imaginative, to accept battle if unavoidable and conduct it vigorously to the finish.Template:Sfn
The reality was that Lütjens' orders did not cover a spectacular success like the one just achieved. His priority therefore was to stick to his instructions: to concentrate on sinking merchant shipping and avoid encounters with enemy warships whenever possible.Template:Sfn Moreover, before leaving Germany, Lütjens had told Admirals Template:Ill and Wilhelm Marschall, that he would adhere to Raeder's directives. This meant he did not intend to become the third fleet chief to be relieved for contradicting Raeder's orders; Marschall, one of his two predecessors, had been relieved of command for not following his orders to the letter despite the fact that Marschall's analysis of the changes in the tactical situation since the orders were issued resulted in the sinking of the British aircraft carrier Template:HMS and its two escorting destroyers. Nor was he predisposed to discuss his command decisions with a subordinate officer.Template:Sfn
Even if he had known it was the untried Prince of Wales he was fighting and not King George V, Lütjens would probably have stuck to his decision. Following her would have meant exposing the squadron to further gunfire as well as to torpedo attacks from Norfolk and Suffolk. He would have risked his ships and crews on an expressly forbidden opportunity.Template:Sfn Lütjens would also have been facing a foe that was still combat effective, despite the hits taken the RN's damage assessment was that damage sustained was limited and caused no significant reduction in combat efficiency.
Between 06:19 and 06:25, Suffolk fired six salvoes in the direction of Bismarck, having mistaken a radar contact with an aircraft for Bismarck. Suffolk was actually out of gun range of both Bismarck and Prinz Eugen at the time.<ref>Dewar, p.8</ref>
Aftermath
Holland's death led to responsibility for Prince of Wales falling to Wake-Walker in Norfolk. With this command came the responsibility of coping with Bismarck until enough British warships could concentrate and destroy her. His choice was either to renew the action with Bismarck, or ensure that she be intercepted and brought to action by other heavy units. Wake-Walker chose the latter course, continuing to shadow the German ships. Further offensive action, he concluded, would cause more damage to Prince of Wales than to Bismarck and endanger his cruisers, plus he knew Tovey was on his way. He ordered Prince of Wales to follow Norfolk at her best speed, so that Norfolk and Suffolk could fall back on her if attacked. At 07:57 Suffolk reported that Bismarck had reduced speed and appeared damaged.Template:Sfn
Since BismarckTemplate:'s receiving the first hit in the forecastle, all six of the ship's 26-man damage control teams had worked to repair the damage.Template:Explain When it was reported that the tips of the starboard propeller could be seen above water, Lindemann had ordered counterflooding two compartments aft to restore the ship's trim. He then sent divers into the forecastle to connect the forward fuel tanks, containing a much-needed Template:Convert of fuel, first to the tanks near the forward boiler then to the rear fuel tank by way of a provisional line running over the upper deck. Both these manoeuvres failed.Template:Sfn
Lindemann then requested permission to slow Bismarck and heel the ship first to one side then the other to weld patches from the inside to the holes in the forward hull. Lütjens refused, again without comment. Eventually, he had to agree to slow the ship to Template:Convert to allow hammocks and collision matting to be stuffed in the holes of the No. 2 boiler room and the auxiliary boiler room to stop the growing ingress of seawater. This attempt also failed. Boiler Room No. 2 was shut down, with a loss of speed to Template:Convert.Template:Sfn
As well as taking on seawater, Bismarck was leaking fuel oil. Lütjens ordered Prinz Eugen to drop back and see how much of a trail she was leaving astern. The carpet of oil was broad enough to cover both sides of the ship's wake, was all colours of the rainbow and gave off a strong smell, all of which helped disclose BismarckTemplate:'s location.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn
The damage to BismarckTemplate:'s forward fuel tanks, combined with a missed opportunity to refuel at Bergen earlier in the voyage, left less than Template:Convert of fuel remaining, not enough to operate effectively against the Atlantic convoys.<ref name="Barnett 2004, p. 295."/> The element of surprise – considered essential for the operation's success – had most definitely been lost; the German ships continued to be shadowed by Wake-Walker's squadron.Template:Sfn Lütjens concluded that he needed to abort BismarckTemplate:'s mission and head toward a convenient dockyard for repairs.<ref name="Barnett 2004, p. 295."/>
The question was which dockyard to head for. The nearest friendly ports were Bergen and Trondheim in Norway, a little over Template:Convert away. Steaming in that direction meant a return passage north or south of Iceland, with the enemy's air forces now fully alerted to their presence and the possibility of other heavy units between them and Scapa Flow. Lütjens knew his intelligence was unreliable. Hood had been reported by Group North to be off West Africa and there had been no reports of a King George V-class battleship in the vicinity.Template:Sfn
Disregarding Lindemann's recommendation to return to Bergen,Template:Sfn Lütjens ordered Bismarck to head for the French port of Saint-Nazaire.<ref name="Barnett 2004, p. 295."/> Prince of Wales pursued for several hours and re-engaged on several occasions before the German ships evaded pursuit. Although the French coast was Template:Convert further away than Bergen, Saint-Nazaire held the potential of longer nights and wider seas in which to shake off BismarckTemplate:'s shadowers, plus the possibility of luring them across a line of U-boats. It would leave Bismarck poised on the edge of the British trade routes once the damage were repaired; it also meant the potential support of the battleships Template:Ship and Template:Ship.Template:Sfn Both ships had been stationed at Brest in France, since the end of Operation Berlin earlier that year but had been kept in port for repairs and overhaul. While Brest was closer than Saint-Nazaire, it was within range of Royal Air Force bombers.Template:Sfn
Lütjens detached the undamaged Prinz Eugen to continue raiding on her own. The cruiser went further south into the Atlantic, where she refuelled from a tanker at sea. She suffered engine trouble, abandoned her commerce raiding mission without having sunk any merchant ships, and made it to Brest.Template:Sfn
Reaction
German
News of Lütjens' decision was received with shock in Berlin, Wilhelmshaven and Paris. A blizzard of urgent telephone calls raced across German-occupied Europe. While the Berlin Admiralty was satisfied with Lütjens' success, it was tempered by news of BismarckTemplate:'s damage and the decision to head for France. Grand Admiral Raeder was not clear whether Lütjens intended to steam for St. Nazaire immediately or after shaking off his pursuers and oiling in mid-Atlantic. Raeder immediately conferred with his chief of staff, Admiral Otto Schniewind, who in turn telephoned Admiral Rolf Carls, who commanded Group North in Wilhelmshaven.Template:Sfn
Carls had already drafted a message recalling Lütjens to Germany, but had not yet sent it. Schniewind pointed out that at noon Lütjens had crossed the demarcation line between the Northern Hebrides and Southern Greenland, thus passing from Group North's operational control to Group West; therefore, the decision to recall Lütjens was no longer Carls' to make. A subsequent call to Group West's commander, Admiral Alfred Saalwächter, revealed that he did not plan to recall Lütjens and that he felt such a decision should be discussed between Schniewind and Raeder.Template:Sfn
Raeder was against issuing a recall himself, telling Schniewind they did not know enough about the situation at hand and that the person who would best know would be Lütjens.Template:Sfn He then telephoned Adolf Hitler, who was at the Obersalzberg in the Bavarian Alps. Hitler received the news of HoodTemplate:'s sinking stoically, exhibiting neither joy nor any other triumphant behaviour.Template:Sfn After hearing Raeder's report, he turned to those who were with him and expressed his personal thoughts:
If now these British cruisers are maintaining contact and Lütjens has sunk the Hood and nearly crippled the other, which was brand new and having trouble with her guns during the action, why didn't he sink her too? Why hasn't he tried to get out of there or why hasn't he turned around?Template:Sfn
News of HoodTemplate:'s destruction was seized upon more enthusiastically by Dr. Joseph Goebbels' Propaganda Ministry. That evening it was broadcast to the nation, accompanied by "We march against England" and other martial airs. The German public, already enjoying the news of Luftwaffe victories over the Royal Navy off Crete, received the news of HoodTemplate:'s sinking euphorically.Template:Sfn
British
Template:Unreferenced section The British public were shocked that their most emblematic warship had been destroyed so suddenly, with the loss of more than 1,400 of her crew. The Admiralty mobilised every available warship in the Atlantic to hunt down and destroy Bismarck. The Royal Navy forces pursued and brought Bismarck to battle. The German battleship was sunk on the morning of 27 May.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Moves were subsequently made to court-martial Wake-Walker and Captain John Leach of Prince of Wales.<ref group="nb">Kennedy expounds on the court martial claim via the epilogue in Pursuit - The Sinking of the Bismarck. According to Kennedy the claim for a proposal to court martial Leach and Wake-Walker came from post war letters written by Admiral Tovey, after he retired, and not from Admiralty sources. Kennedy states in his epilogue that "...later in life Tovey's memory let him down..." and that plus the fact that Leach and Wake-Walker were retained in their commands and given commendations must cast considerable doubt on the court martial proposal.</ref> The view was taken that they were wrong not to have continued the battle with Bismarck after Hood had been sunk. John Tovey, Commander-in-Chief of the Home Fleet, was appalled at this criticism. A row ensued between Tovey and his superior, Admiral Sir Dudley Pound. Tovey stated that the two officers had acted correctly, ensuring that the German ships were tracked and not endangering their ships needlessly. Furthermore, Prince of WalesTemplate:'s main guns had repeatedly malfunctioned and she could not have matched Bismarck. Tovey threatened to resign his position and appear at any court-martial as 'defendant's friend' and defence witness. No more was heard of the proposal.
A British board of enquiry quickly investigated the cause of HoodTemplate:'s explosion and produced a report. After criticism that the initial enquiry did not record all the available evidence, a second board of enquiry more extensively investigated HoodTemplate:'s loss, and examined the vulnerabilities of other large British warships still in service in light of the probable causes of the explosion. It, like the first enquiry, concluded that a Template:Convert shell from Bismarck caused the explosion of HoodTemplate:'s aft ammunition magazines. This led to refitting some older British warships with increased protection for their ammunition magazines and some other related improvements.
Many naval historians and writers have analyzed the Bismarck engagement and weighed the participants' decisions. One of the most debated is Lütjens' decision to proceed into the Atlantic rather than continue the battle.
Parallels to Jutland
A number of parallels were drawn by historian Correlli Barnett between Holland's actions and those of Admiral David Beatty in the opening stages of the Battle of Jutland. According to Barnett, Holland felt he had to engage Bismarck immediately, rather than support Wake-Walker in shadowing until Force 'H' could arrive. Beatty, likewise, felt he needed to engage German Admiral Franz Hipper's battlecruisers with his own forces instead of drawing the Germans toward Admiral John Jellicoe and the rest of the British Grand Fleet.Template:Sfn
Holland, like Beatty, possessed superiority in the number of heavy ships he possessed, yet he was encumbered by an inferiority in the fighting effectiveness of those units. Moreover, Holland's deployment of his units compared to Beatty's deployment at Jutland. Beatty and Holland both attacked while German units were well before the beam. As a result, the midship and aft turrets of Beatty's ships could barely fire on the enemy. Holland's ships could not use their aft turrets until the final turn to port just before Hood was sunk.Template:Sfn
Beatty placed his lighter-armoured battlecruisers at the head of his line, leaving the more powerful and better-armoured Template:Sclass battleships in the rear. Likewise, Holland placed the old and vulnerable Hood ahead of the better armoured (albeit new and untested) Prince of Wales. Both admirals exercised tight tactical control over their units from their flagships. This prevented Captain Leach from manoeuvring Prince of Wales independently and possibly taking a different line of approach that might have confused the Germans.Template:Sfn
Order of battle
Note: The British escorting destroyers were ordered to the battle coordinates as part of the overall forces sent to intercept the German ships; they were detached the evening before the battle.
Axis
- German battleship Template:Ship
- German heavy cruiser Template:Ship
Allied
- The British battleship Template:HMS.
- The British battlecruiser Template:HMS
- The British heavy cruisers Template:HMS, Template:HMS
- The British destroyers Template:HMS, Template:HMS, Template:HMS, Template:HMS, Template:HMS, Template:HMS
Notes
References
- Adams, Simon. World War II. London: Dorling Kindersley Publishing, 2000. Template:ISBN
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- Bonomi, Antonio. "The Battle of the Denmark Strait", 2008.
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- Boyne, Walter J. Clash of Titans: World War II at Sea. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995. ISBN
- Template:Cite book
- Dewar, A.D. Admiralty report BR 1736: The Chase and Sinking of the "Bismarck". Naval Staff History (Second World War) Battle Summary No. 5, March 1950. Reproduced in facsimile in Grove, Eric (ed.), German Capital Ships and Raiders in World War II. Volume I: From "Graf Spee" to "Bismarck", 1939–1941. London: Frank Cass Publishers 2002. Template:ISBN.
- Template:Cite book
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- Roskill, Stephen. The War at Sea 1939–1945. Vol. I. (1954) ISBN (none)
- Storia Militare, La battaglia dello Stretto di Danimarca, 2005.
- Schofield, B.B. Loss of the Bismarck (Sea Battles in Close-Up). London: Ian Allan Ltd. 1972.
- Tarrant, V E. King George V Class Battleships. London: Arms and Armour Press, 1991. Template:ISBN.
- Template:Cite book
External links
Template:Commons Template:Spoken Wikipedia
- HMS Hood Association: Battle of the Denmark Strait Documentation Resource
- The Battleship Bismarck Template:Webarchive
- The Heavy Cruiser Prinz Eugen Template:Webarchive
- The Sinking of the Bismarck, Official Despatch
- Captain Leach's statement regarding the decision to end the action
- Antonio Bonomi's reconstruction of the battle
Template:German battleship Bismarck Template:Authority control Template:Coord
- Pages with broken file links
- Conflicts in 1941
- Germany–United Kingdom military relations
- May 1941 in Europe
- Naval battles and operations of the European theatre of World War II
- Naval battles of World War II involving Germany
- Naval battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom
- Operation Rheinübung
- Maritime incidents in May 1941