Chequers

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Chequers or Chequers Court (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell) is the country house of the prime minister of the United Kingdom. A 16th-century manor house, it lies near the village of Ellesborough, halfway between the towns of Princes Risborough and Wendover in Buckinghamshire, at the foot of the Chiltern Hills, Template:Convert north-west of Central London. Coombe Hill, which is Template:Convert northeast, was once mostly part of the estate.

Chequers has been the country home of the serving prime minister since 1921, when it was given to the nation by Viscount Lee of Fareham via a Deed of Settlement, given full effect in the Chequers Estate Act 1917. The house is listed Grade I on the National Heritage List for England.<ref name="NHLEHouse">Template:NHLE</ref>

Origin of the name

Chequers Court takes its name from the Checker family, who owned the estate in the 12th and 13th centuries. Elias del Checker, the first recorded member of the family, was an usher at the King's Exchequer, hence his name: del Checker (Latinised as de Scaccario) means "of the Exchequer" in Anglo-Norman. Around 1254 Elias's grandson, Ralf, died without a male heir, causing the estate to pass into the hands of his son-in-law, William de Hauterive (or Hawtrey).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

History

The current house was built by another William Hawtrey around 1565, possibly by reconstructing an earlier building.Template:Sfn A reception room in the house bears his name today. Soon after its construction, Hawtrey acted as a custodian at Chequers for Lady Mary Grey, younger sister of Lady Jane Grey and great-granddaughter of King Henry VII.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Lady Mary had married without the monarch's consent, and as punishment was banished from court by Queen Elizabeth I and kept confined.<ref>Template:Harvnb.</ref> Lady Mary remained at Chequers for two years. The room where she slept from 1565 to 1567 remains in its original condition.Template:Sfn

Through descent in the female line and marriages, the house passed through several families: the Wooleys, the Crokes and the Thurbanes. In 1715 the owner of the house married John Russell, a grandson of Oliver Cromwell. The house is known for this connection to the Cromwells, and still contains a large collection of Cromwell memorabilia.

In the 19th century the Russells (by now the Greenhill-Russell family) employed Henry Rhodes to make alterations to the house in the Gothic style.Template:Sfn The Tudor panelling and windows were ripped out, and battlements with pinnacles installed. Towards the end of the 19th century, the house passed through marriage to the Astley family. Between 1892 and 1901 Bertram Astley restored the house to its Elizabethan origins, with advice from Reginald Blomfield.Template:Sfn The restoration and design work was completed by the architect John Birch.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

20th century

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In 1909 the house was taken on a long lease by Arthur Lee and his wife Ruth (an American heiress). Lee immediately re-engaged Blomfield to undertake a restoration of the interior.Template:Sfn At the same time, Henry Avray Tipping undertook the design of several walled gardens from 1911 to 1912.<ref name="NHLEGarden">Template:NHLE</ref> In 1912, after the death of the last of the house's ancestral owners Henry Delaval Astley, Ruth Lee and her sister purchased the property and later gave it to Arthur Lee.Template:Sfn

During the First World War the house became a hospital and then a convalescent home for officers. After the war, Chequers became a private home again (now furnished with many 16th-century antiques and tapestries and the Cromwellian antiquities), and the childless Lees formed a plan. While previous prime ministers had always belonged to the landed classes, the post-First World War era was bringing in a new breed of politician. These men did not have the spacious country houses of previous prime ministers in which to entertain foreign dignitaries or a tranquil place to relax from the affairs of state. After long discussions with Prime Minister David Lloyd George, Chequers was given to the nation as a country retreat for the serving prime minister under the Chequers Estate Act 1917.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite web</ref>

The Lees, by this time Lord and Lady Lee of Fareham, left Chequers on 8 January 1921 after a final dinner at the house. A political disagreement between the Lees and Lloyd George soured the handover, which went ahead nonetheless.Template:Sfn

The property houses one of the largest collections of art and memorabilia pertaining to Oliver Cromwell in the country. It also houses many other national antiques and books, held in the famous "long room", including a diary of Horatio Nelson and the Chequers Ring, one of the few surviving pieces of jewellery worn by Elizabeth I. The collection is not open to the public.

Nearby Coombe Hill was part of the estate until the 1920s, when it was given to the National Trust. Coombe Hill and the Chequers Estate are part of the Chilterns Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, designated in 1965. The landscaped park, woodlands and formal gardens surrounding Chequers are listed Grade II on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens.<ref name=NHLEGarden/>

During the early part of the Second World War it was considered that security at Chequers was inadequate to protect the prime minister, Sir Winston Churchill. Therefore, he used Ditchley in Oxfordshire until late 1942, by which time the approach road, clearly visible from the sky, had been camouflaged and other security measures had been put in place.<ref>Winston Churchill Template:Webarchive</ref><ref>History Lives at Ditchley and Bletchley – The Churchill Centre Template:Webarchive</ref>

Chequers under Neville Chamberlain had one telephone, in the kitchen, but Churchill "at once installed a whole battery on his desk and had them in constant use", according to Lord Portal of Hungerford, who served as Chief of the Air Staff during the Second World War.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

21st century

On 1 June 2007 the Chequers estate was designated as a protected site under Section 128 of the Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005. This specifically criminalised trespass into the estate.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In July 2018 Prime Minister Theresa May held a Cabinet meeting at Chequers to settle the details of Britain's exit from the European Union, the end result of which was the "Chequers plan".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In April 2020 Prime Minister Boris Johnson chose to recover at Chequers after being hospitalised at St Thomas' Hospital, London, with respiratory complications from COVID-19 that necessitated three nights in intensive care.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>