Euratom

The European Atomic Energy Community (EAEC or EURATOM)<ref name="11957A/TXT"/> is an international organization established by the Euratom Treaty of 1957 with the original purpose of creating a specialist market for nuclear power in Europe,<ref name="11957A/TXT"/> by developing nuclear energy and distributing it to its member states while selling the surplus to non-member states. Having become one of the three European Communities alongside the European Coal and Steel Community and the European Economic Community following the merger of their executive bodies in 1967, the Euratom is de facto under the authority of the European Union (EU) but remains de jure a separate organization.<ref name="11957A/TXT"/>

It is legally distinct from the European Union although it has the same membership,<ref name="11957A/TXT"/> and is governed by many of the EU's institutions; but it is the only remaining community organization that is independent of the EU and therefore outside the regulatory control of the European Parliament. Over the years its scope has been increased to cover a variety of areas associated with nuclear power and ionising radiation as diverse as safeguarding of nuclear materials, radiation protection, coordinating EU members' nuclear research programmes for peaceful purposes,<ref name="11957A/TXT"/> and construction of the International Fusion Reactor.

Since 2014, Switzerland has also participated in Euratom programmes as an associated state.<ref name=":0">Template:CELEX</ref> The United Kingdom ceased to be a full member of the organization on 31 January 2020.<ref>European Union (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017 (c. 9) EXPLANATORY NOTES, p. 4: "The power that is provided by section 1(1) applies to withdrawal from the EU. This includes the European Atomic Energy Community (‘Euratom’), as the European Union (Amendment) Act 2008 sets out that the term “EU" includes (as the context permits or requires) Euratom (section 3(2))."</ref><ref>Template:Cite report</ref> However, under the terms of the EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement, the United Kingdom participates in Euratom as an associated state following the end of the transition period on 31 December 2020.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite web</ref>

History

From left to right: Konrad Adenauer, Walter Hallstein, and Antonio Segni signing the European customs union and Euratom Treaty in Rome, Italy (Bundesarchiv, 1 April 1957)

The driving force behind the creation of the European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM) was France's desire to develop nuclear power and nuclear weapons without having to rely on the United States and/or the United Kingdom.<ref name=":2">Template:Cite journal</ref> The costs of nuclear development were also large, motivating France to share the costs with the other member states of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC).<ref name=":2" /> During the negotiations to create Euratom, the United States and the United Kingdom sought to gain influence over nuclear development in Europe.<ref name=":2" /> Hence, the US and the UK created the European Nuclear Energy Agency (ENEA) as a way to limit the value of Euratom and gain influence over the spread of nuclear technology.<ref name=":2"/> The Soviet Union launched a propaganda campaign against Euratom, as it sought to stoke fears among Europeans that the organization would enable West Germany to develop nuclear weapons for its own military purposes.<ref name=":2"/>

The Intergovernmental Conference on the Common Market and Euratom at the Château of Val-Duchesse in 1956 drew up the essentials of the new treaties. Euratom would foster cooperation in the nuclear field, at the time a very popular area, and would, along with the EEC, share the Common Assembly and Court of Justice of the ECSC, but not its executives. Euratom would have its own Council and Commission, with fewer powers than the High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community. On 25 March 1957, the Treaties of Rome (the Euratom Treaty and the EEC Treaty) were signed by the six ECSC members and on 1 January 1958 they came into force.<ref name=":2"/><ref>A European Atomic Energy Community CVCE</ref><ref>The signing of the Rome Treaties CVCE</ref><ref>Drafting of the Rome Treaties CVCE</ref>

The Common Assembly proposed extending the powers of the ECSC to cover other sources of energy. However, Jean Monnet, ECSC architect and President, wanted a separate community to cover nuclear power.Template:Efn The President of the European Commission, Louis Armand, was put in charge of a study into the prospects of nuclear energy use in Europe; his report concluded that further nuclear development was needed to fill the deficit left by the exhaustion of coal deposits and to reduce dependence on oil producers. However, the Benelux countries and West Germany were also keen on creating a general single market, although it was opposed by France due to its protectionism, and Jean Monnet thought it too large and difficult a task. In 1957, Monnet proposed the creation of separate atomic energy and economic communities to reconcile both groups.<ref>1957–1968 Successes and crises CVCE</ref> To save on resources, these separate executives created by the Rome Treaties were unified by the Merger Treaty in 1967. The institutions of the EEC would take over responsibilities for the running of the ECSC and Euratom, with all three then becoming known as the European Communities even if each legally existed separately. In 1993, the Maastricht Treaty set the foundation of the European Union (EU), which absorbed the Communities into the European Community pillar, while Euratom still maintained a distinct legal personality.

The European Constitution was intended to consolidate all previous treaties and increase democratic accountability in them. The Euratom Treaty had not been amended as the other treaties had, so the European Parliament had been granted few powers over it. However, the reason it had gone unamended was the same reason the Constitution left it to remain separate from the rest of the EU: a strong anti-nuclear sentiment among the European electorate, which may unnecessarily turn voters against the treaty.<ref>Euratom: nuking Europe's future Greenpeace International, 9 July 2003</ref><ref>One hundred civil society groups say abolish Euratom! Template:Webarchive Friends of the Earth Europe, 3 March 2003</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Euratom treaty thus remains in force relatively unamended from its original signing.

Cooperation

• Since 2014, Switzerland has participated in Euratom programmes as an associated state.<ref name=":0"/>
• Since January 2021, the United Kingdom participates in Euratom programmes as an associated state under the terms of the EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement.<ref name=":1"/><ref name="ft-20170126">Template:Cite news</ref>
• As of 2024, Euratom maintains Co-operation Agreements of various scopes with ten countries: Armenia,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Australia,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Canada,<ref>Template:CELEX</ref> India,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Japan,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Kazakhstan,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> South Africa,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Ukraine,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> United States,<ref>Template:CELEX</ref> and Uzbekistan.<ref>Template:CELEX</ref>

Withdrawal of the United Kingdom

The United Kingdom announced its intention to withdraw from the EAEC on 26 January 2017, following on from its decision to withdraw from the European Union.<ref name="ft-20170126"/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="guardian-20170127">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Formal notice to withdraw from the EAEC was provided in March 2017, within the Article 50 notification letter, where the withdrawal was made explicit.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Withdrawal only became effective following negotiations on the terms of the exit, which lasted two years and ten months.

A report by the House of Commons' Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Committee, published in May 2017, questioned the legal necessity of leaving Euratom, and called for a temporary extension of the United Kingdom's membership of Euratom in order to allow time for new arrangements to be made instead.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In June 2017, the European Commission's negotiations task force published a Position paper transmitted to EU27 on nuclear materials and safeguard equipment (Euratom), titled "Essential Principles on nuclear materials and safeguard equipment".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The following month, a briefing paper from the House of Commons Library assessed the implications of leaving Euratom.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref>

In July 2017, an article published by The Independent questioned the availability of nuclear power to the United Kingdom after 2019 if the country were to withdraw from the Euratom Treaty, and the need for new treaties relating to the transportation of nuclear materials.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> During the same month, an article published by the New Scientist stated that radioisotope supply for cancer treatments would also need to be considered in new treaties.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

British politicians speculated that the United Kingdom could retain its membership in the EAEC. In 2017, some argued that this would require—beyond the consent of the EU27—amendment or revocation of the Article 50 letter of March 2017.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Nuclear Safeguards Act 2018, making provision for safeguards after withdrawal from Euratom, received royal assent on 26 June 2018.<ref name="uk-withdrawal-act-2018">Template:Cite web</ref>

The EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement, outlining the United Kingdom's relationship with the European Union from 1 January 2021 onwards, makes provision for the country's participation "as an associated country of all parts of the Euratom programme".<ref name=":1"/>

Achievements

In the history of European regulation, Article 37 of the Euratom Treaty represents a pioneering legislation concerning binding transfrontier obligations with respect to environmental impact and protection of human lives, especially regarding the dismantling of nuclear reactors.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

President

N.	Portrait	President Template:Small	State	Took office	Left office	Commission	Party	Group		Electoral mandate	Refs
1		Louis Armand (1905–1971)	France	7 January 1958	2 February 1959	Armand	Independent	rowspan=2 style="background:Template:Party color;" |	None	–
				Template:Age in years and days
2		Étienne Hirsch (1901–1994)	France	2 February 1959	10 January 1962	Hirsch	Independent	rowspan=2 style="background:Template:Party color;" |	None	–
				Template:Age in years and days
3		Pierre Chatenet (1917–1997)	France	10 January 1962	5 July 1967	Chatenet	Independent	rowspan=2 style="background:Template:Party color;" |	None	–
				Template:Age in years and days

See also

• Energy Community (EC)
• Energy policy of the European Union
  • Nuclear energy in the European Union
    • The nuclear sector of the Seventh Framework Programme for research and technological development, the European Union's chief instrument for funding research.
• EU Directorate General Joint Research Centre, often incorrectly mistaken for EURATOM due to the organization being its origin.
• History of the European Union
  • Institutions of the European Union
• International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
  • Integrated Nuclear Fuel Cycle Information System (iNFCIS)
• International Framework for Nuclear Energy Cooperation (IFNEC)
• Neighbourhood, Development and International Cooperation Instrument (NDICI-GE)

External links

• Template:Official website
• Template:CELEX (Template:CELEX
• Documents of the European Atomic Energy Community are consultable at the Historical Archives of the EU in Florence
• History of the Rome Treaties Online collection by the CVCE
• European Commission Fusion Research
• European Commission Fission Research