Emperor Ninkō

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Template:Short description Template:Refimprove Template:Infobox royalty

Template:Nihongo, posthumously honored as Template:Nihongo, was the 120th emperor of Japan according to the traditional order of succession.<ref name="kunaicho">Imperial Household Agency (Template:Lang): 仁孝天皇 (120)</ref><ref>Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan, pp. 122–123.</ref> Ninkō's reign spanned the years from 1817 until his death in 1846, and saw further deterioration of the power of the ruling Template:Lang.<ref name="titsingh421">Titsingh, Isaac (1834). Template:Lang, p. 421.</ref> Disasters, which included famine, combined with corruption and increasing Western interference, helped to erode public trust in the Template:Lang government. Emperor Ninkō revived certain court rituals and practices upon the wishes of his father. However, it is unknown what role, if any, the Emperor had in the turmoil which occurred during his reign.

His family included fifteen children from various concubines, but only three of them lived to adulthood. His fourth son, Imperial Prince Osahito, became Emperor Kōmei upon Ninkō's death in 1846. While political power at the time still resided with the Template:Lang, the beginnings of the Template:Lang (end of military government) were at hand.

Events of Ninkō's life

Early life

Before Ninkō's ascension to the Chrysanthemum Throne, his personal name (imina) was Template:Nihongo.<ref>Ponsonby-Fane, p. 10; Titsingh, p. 421.</ref> He was born on 16 March 1800 and was the fourth son of Emperor Kōkaku. He was the only child of sixteen others to survive into adulthood. Ayahito was named as crown prince in 1809, having been adopted by his father's chief wife Template:Nihongo, also known as Template:Nihongo. His birth mother was one of his father's concubines named Template:Nihongo.

Reign

Prince Ayahito was enthroned as Emperor on 31 October 1817, after his father retired from the throne. Following his father the Retired Emperor's wishes, he attempted to revive certain court rituals and practices. These included, among other things, restoring the title tennō, which identified the Emperor. Among Ninkō's innovations was the establishment of the Gakushūsho (the predecessor of the Gakushūin) for the Court Nobility just outside the Imperial Palace. One major event during his reign was the Tenpō famine which lasted from 1833 to 1837. The famine was most severe in northern Honshū and was caused by flooding and cold weather.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Ninkō's reign also saw some deterioration of the Shōgun's power. Damage from the Tenpō famine and other concurring natural disasters shook the faith of the people in the ruling Shōgun. In 1837, Ōshio Heihachirō led a revolt in Osaka against corrupt officials who refused to help feed the impoverished residents of the city. That same year also had an incident take place where an American merchant vessel was driven away by coastal artillery. While order was eventually restored, long term resentment resonated with the commoners against the ruling government. It is unclear though what role, if any, the Emperor played during this period of unrest.

Emperor Ninkō died on 21 February 1846 and was enshrined in the Imperial mausoleum, Template:Nihongo, which is at Sennyū-ji in Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto. Also enshrined in Tsuki no wa no misasagi, at Sennyū-ji are this Emperor's immediate Imperial predecessors since Emperor Go-Mizunoo – Meishō, Go-Kōmyō, Go-Sai, Reigen, Higashiyama, Nakamikado, Sakuramachi, Momozono, Go-Sakuramachi, Go-Momozono and Kōkaku. The shrine complex also encompasses the misasagi of Ninkō's immediate successor – Kōmei.<ref>Ponsonby-Fane, p. 423.</ref> Empress Dowager Yoshikō is also entombed at this Imperial mausoleum complex.<ref>Ponsonby-Fane, pp. 333–334.</ref>

Eras and Kugyō

The years of Ninkō's reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name or nengō.<ref name="titsingh421"/> While Template:Nihongo is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre-Meiji eras. Even during those years in which the court's actual influence outside the palace walls was minimal, the hierarchic organization persisted.

The following eras occurred during Ninkō's reign:

During Ninkō's reign, this apex of the Daijō-kan included:

Genealogy

Emperor Ninkō's family included 7 sons and 8 daughters from various concubines, but only the future Emperor Komei (Komei-tennō), Princess Sumiko (Sumiko-naishinnō) and Princess Chikako (Chikako-naishinnō) survived beyond childhood.<ref>Ponsonby-Fane, p. 123.</ref>

Spouse

Position Name Birth Death Father Issue
Kōgō Template:Nihongo
later Template:Nihongo		 1798 1823 Takatsukasa Masahiro Template:*First Son: Imperial Prince Yasuhito (b. 1820)
Template:*First daughter: Princess Jihishin’in (b. 1823)
Nyōgo Template:Nihongo
later Template:Nihongo		 1811 1847 Takatsukasa Masahiro Template:*Fourth Daughter: Princess Maninshu’in (b. 1829)

Concubines

Name Birth Death Father Issue
Template:Nihongo
later Template:Nihongo		 1803 1856 Ogimachi Sanemitsu Template:*Second Son: Prince Yo (b. 1825)
Template:*Fourth Son: Imperial Prince Osahito (later Emperor Komei) (b. 1831)
Template:*Sixth Son: Imperial Prince Katsura-no-Miya Misahito (b. 1833)
Template:*Seventh Daughter: Princess Kyo (b. 1837)
Template:Nihongo 1806 1861 Kanroji Kuninaga Template:*Second Daughter: Princess Nori (b. 1823)
Template:*Third Daughter: Imperial Princess Katsura-no-Miya Sumiko (b. 1829)
Template:*Third Son: San-no-miya (b. 1830)
Template:*Fifth Daughter: Princess So (b. 1832)
Template:*Sixth Daughter: Princess Tsune (b. 1836)
Template:Nihongo
later Template:Nihongo		 1826 1865 Hashimoto Sanehisa Template:*Seventh Prince: Prince Tane (b. 1844)

Template:*Eighth Daughter: Imperial Princess Kazu-no-miya Chikako (b. 1846)

Template:Nihongo 1795 1875 Nakayama Naruchika None
Template:Nihongo 1809 1875 Imaki Sadanori Template:*Fifth son: Prince Jōjakkō-in (b. 1832)

Issue

Status Name Birth Death Mother Marriage Issue
01 First Son Template:Nihongo 1820 1821 Takatsukasa Tsunako Template:N/a Template:N/a
01 First Daughter Template:Nihongo
(Stillbirth)		 1823 1823 Takatsukasa Tsunako Template:N/a Template:N/a
02 Second Son Template:Nihongo 1825 1826 Ogimachi Naoko Template:N/a Template:N/a
02 Second Daughter Template:Nihongo 1825 1826 Kanroji Kiyoko Template:N/a Template:N/a
03 Third Daughter Template:Nihongo 1829 1881 Kanroji Kiyoko Template:N/a Template:N/a
04 Fourth Daughter Template:Nihongo 1829 1831 Takatsukasa Yasuko Template:N/a Template:N/a
03 Third Son Template:Nihongo 1830 1831 Kanroji Kiyoko Template:N/a Template:N/a
04 Fourth Son Template:Nihongo
(Emperor Komei)		 1831 1867 Ogimachi Naoko Asako Kujō Mutsuhito
05 Fifth son Template:Nihongo
(Stillbirth)		 1832 1832 Imaki Haruko Template:N/a Template:N/a
05 Fifth Daughter Template:Nihongo 1832 1833 Kanroji Kiyoko Template:N/a Template:N/a
06 Sixth Son Template:Nihongo 1833 1836 Ogimachi Naoko Template:N/a Template:N/a
06 Sixth Daughter Template:Nihongo
(Stillbirth)		 1836 1836 Kanroji Kiyoko Template:N/a Template:N/a
07 Seventh Daughter Template:Nihongo 1837 1838 Ogimachi Naoko Template:N/a Template:N/a
07 Seventh Son Template:Nihongo 1844 1845 Hashimoto Tsuneko Template:N/a Template:N/a
08 Eighth Daughter Template:Nihongo 1846 1877 Hashimoto Tsuneko Tokugawa Iemochi Tokugawa Iesato

Ancestry

<ref name=descent>Template:Cite web</ref> Template:Ahnentafel

See also

Notes

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References

Japanese Imperial kamon — a stylized chrysanthemum blossom

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Bibliography

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Template:Emperors of Japan

Template:Authority control

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