English: Escherichia coli have three native glycolytic pathways: EMPP, EDP, and OPPP. The EMPP employs ten enzymatic steps to yield two pyruvates, two ATP, and two NADH per glucose molecule, while OPPP serves as an oxidation route for NADPH synthesis. In E. coli, glucose metabolism mainly relies on the EMPP and the OPPP, while the EDP primarily remains inactive except during growth with gluconate. Image shows the redistribution of fluxes between the three primary glucose catabolic pathways: EMPP (red), EDP (blue), and OPPP (orange) via the knockout of pfkA and overexpression of EDP genes (edd and eda). Table on the right presents the estimated flux ratio between the three pathways for each strain. The dashed arrows represent a possible interference (unannotated) source from glycogen metabolism