King's Daughters

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Jean Talon, Bishop François de Laval and several settlers welcome the King's Daughters upon their arrival. Painting by Eleanor Fortescue-Brickdale

The King's Daughters (Template:Langx Template:IPA, or Template:Langx in the spelling of the era) were the approximately 800 young French women who immigrated to New France between 1663 and 1673 as part of a program sponsored by King Louis XIV. The program was designed to boost New France's population both by encouraging Frenchmen to move to the New World, and by promoting marriage, family formation, and the birth of French children in the colony. The term refers to those women and girls who were recruited by the government and whose travel to the colony was paid for by the king.Template:Sfn<ref name="Filles à Marier">Template:Cite book</ref> They were also occasionally known as the King's Wards.

Origins

Commemorative plaque in Dieppe of the departure of the Filles du Roy, 1663-1673

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New France, at its start, was populated mostly by men: soldiers, fur traders, and missionary priests. Settlers began to develop farms and by the mid-17th century, there was a severe imbalance between single men and women in New France. The small number of female immigrants had to pay their own passage, and few single women wanted to leave home to move and settle in the harsh climate and conditions of New France. At the same time, officials noted the population growth of the competing English colonies, which had more families, and they worried about France's ability to maintain its territorial claims in the New World.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

To increase the French population and the number of families, the Intendant of New France, Jean Talon, proposed that the king sponsor passage of at least 500 women. The king agreed, and eventually, nearly twice the number were recruited. They were predominantly between the ages of 12 and 25, and many had to supply a letter of reference from their parish priest before they would be chosen for immigration to New France. They were intended to marry men in the colony in order to establish families and more farms.

Marguerite Bourgeoys was the first person to use the expression Template:Lang in her writings.Template:Sfn A distinction was made between King's Daughters, who were transported to New France and received a dowry at the king's expense, and women who emigrated voluntarily using their own money.Template:Sfn Other historians used chronological frameworks to determine who could be called a Template:Lang.Template:Sfn Research by the historical demographer Yves Landry determines that there were in total about 770 to 850 Template:LangTemplate:Sfn who settled in New France between 1663 and 1673.Template:Sfn

The title "King's Daughters" was meant to imply state patronage, not royal or noble parentage; most of the women recruited were commoners of humble birth. As a Template:Lang, a woman received the king's support in several ways. The king paid one hundred livres to the French East India Company for each woman's crossing, as well as furnishing her trousseau.Template:Sfn The Crown also paid a dowry for each woman; this was originally set at four hundred livres, but as the Treasury could not spare such an expense, many were simply paid in kind.Template:Sfn

Those chosen to be among the Template:Lang and allowed to emigrate to New France were held to scrupulous standards, which were based on their "moral calibre" and whether they were physically fit enough to survive the hard work demanded by life as a colonist. The colonial officials sent several of the Template:Lang back to France because they were deemed below the standards set out by the king and the intendant of New France.Template:Sfn

As was the case for most emigrants who went from France to New France, 80 per cent of the Template:Lang were from Paris, Normandy and the western regions.Template:Sfn Almost half were from the Paris area, 16 per cent from Normandy and 13 per cent from western France. Most came from urban areas,Template:Sfn with the Template:Langr and the Saint-Sulpice parish being big contributors.Template:Sfn Many were orphans with meagre personal possessions, and with a relatively low level of literacy.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Socially, the young women came from different backgrounds but were all very poor. They might have been from an elite family that had lost its fortune, or from a large family with children "to spare."Template:Sfn Officials usually matched women of higher birth with officers or gentlemen living in the colony,Template:Sfn sometimes in the hopes that the nobles would marry the young women and be encouraged to stay in Canada rather than return to France. A few women came from other European countries, including Germany, England, and Portugal.Template:Sfn

Integration into New French society

Year Arrivals<ref name=indies/>
1663 36
1664 1
1665 80–100
1666 0
1667 109
1668 80
1669 149
1670 c. 165
1671 150
1672 0
1673 60
Total 832–852

The women disembarked in Quebec City, Trois-Rivières, and Montreal. After their arrival, their time to find husbands varied greatly. For some, it was as short as a few months, while others took two or three years before finding an appropriate husband.Template:Sfn For the process of choosing a husband, and the marriage, most couples would officially get engaged in church, with their priest and witnesses present.Template:Sfn Then, some couples went in front of the notary, to sign a marriage contract.Template:Sfn Marriages were celebrated by the priest, usually in the woman's parish of residence.Template:Sfn While the marriage banns customarily were to be published three times before a wedding could take place, the colony's need for women to marry quickly led to few Template:Lang having marriage banns announced.Template:Sfn It is known that 737 of these Template:Lang were married in New France.<ref>Template:Cite bookTemplate:Page needed</ref>

The marriage contracts represented a protection for the women, both in terms of financial security if anything were to happen to them or their husband, and in terms of having the liberty to annul the promise of marriage if the man they had chosen proved incompatible.Template:Sfn A substantial number of the Template:Lang who arrived in New France between 1669 and 1671 cancelled marriage contracts; perhaps the dowry they had received made them disinclined to retain a fiancé with whom they found themselves dissatisfied.Template:Sfn

An early problem in recruitment was the women's adjustment to the new agricultural life. As Saint Marie de L'Incarnation wrote, the Template:Lang were mostly town girls, and only a few knew how to do manual farm work. This problem remained but, in later years, more rural girls were recruited.Template:Citation needed

There were approximately 300 recruits who did not marry in New France. Some had a change of heart before embarking from the ports of Normandy and never left, while some died on the journey. Others returned to France to marry, and a few remained single.

Integration in Ville-Marie

Prior to the King's Daughters, the women who immigrated to Ville-Marie, otherwise known as Montreal, had been recruited by the Société Notre-Dame de Montréal founded in 1641 in Paris.Template:Sfn Amongst these women were Jeanne Mance and Marguerite Bourgeoys.Template:Sfn When the first Template:Lang arrived in Montreal, they were taken in by Bourgeoys.Template:Sfn Initially, there were no comfortable lodgings to receive them, but in 1668 Bourgeoys procured the Maison Saint-Gabriel, a large farmhouse in which to house them.Template:Sfn

End of recruitment and growth of the settlement

The program was a resounding success. It was reported that in 1670, most of the girls who had arrived the previous year, 1669, were already pregnant and by 1671, a total of nearly 700 children were born to the Template:Lang. The colony was expected to gain population self-sufficiency soon afterward.<ref> Juliana L’Heureux, "Les Filles du Roi", Portland (Maine) Press Herald, March 19, 1998.</ref>

By the end of 1671, Talon suggested that it would not be necessary to sponsor the passage of girls for the next year, and the king accepted his advice.<ref name=indies/> The migration briefly resumed in 1673, when the king sent 60 more girls at the request of Buade de Frontenac, the new governor, but that was the last under the Crown's sponsorship.<ref name=indies>Template:Cite book</ref> Of the approximately 835 marriages of immigrants in the colony during this period, 774 included a Template:Lang.<ref name=peupl/> By 1672, the population of New France had increased to 6,700, from 3,200 in 1663.<ref name=peupl>Template:Cite web</ref>

Two-thirds of all Canadians of French descent can trace their lineage to one of the filles du roi. <ref> "Filles du roi: the Founding Mothers of New France", JSTOR July 9, 2025 </ref>

Rumors and legends

The Arrival of the French Girls at Quebec, 1667. Watercolour by Charles William Jefferys

The idea that the Template:Lang were prostitutes has been a rumor ever since the inception of the program in the 17th century. It seems to have arisen from a couple of misconceptions, both contemporary and modern, about immigration to French colonies in the New World. The first of these, which took root long before the first Template:Lang emigrated, was that Canada was a penal colony. While there were two campaigns in the mid-17th century that involved the immigration of French criminals to Canada in exchange for their records being expunged, they were both short-lived. These programs resulted in little more than setting a precedent for viewing Canada as a place where those "of questionable morality" could be sent for some reason or the other.Template:Sfn

The popularization of the idea that the Template:Lang in particular were prostitutes can be traced to an account by the Baron de Lahontan of his time in New France;<ref name=LofC/> several earlier sources made the same assertion, including Saint-Amant, Tallement des Réaux, and Paul LeJeune. In his account, Lahontan refers to the Template:Lang as being "of middling virtue", and wrote that they had emigrated in the hopes of religious absolution.Template:Sfn As early as 1738, Claude Le Beau countered his portrayal in an account of his own journey to New France, as did Pierre François Xavier de Charlevoix in his 1744 work.Template:Sfn

Out of nearly 800 Template:Lang, only one, Catherine Guichelin, was charged with prostitution while living in Canada, after she was abandoned by her husband.<ref name=LofC>Template:Cite web</ref> She appeared before the Sovereign Council of New France under the charge of carrying out "a scandalous life and prostitution" on 19 August 1675. Her two children were "adopted" by friends, and she was banished from Quebec City. She was reported to have turned to prostitution after her husband, Nicholas Buteau, abandoned the family and returned to France. She later gave birth to many children out of wedlock. Guichelin had at least two marriage contracts cancelled. She also wed twice more after returning to Sorel, Quebec, then Montreal.<ref>Les Filles du Roy, Section 3 Template:Webarchive</ref>

The ships carrying the Template:Lang would travel up the Saint Lawrence River, stopping first at Quebec City, then at Trois-Rivières, and lastly at Montreal. Because the prettiest of the girls would have the easiest time finding a husband, many of these immigrants settled in Quebec City, the first port of call.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Notable descendants

See also

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Notes

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References

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Further reading

  • King's Daughters and Founding Mothers: The Filles du Roi, 1663-1673, Peter J. Gagné, 2 volumes, Quintin, 2000
  • King's Daughters, The, Joy Reisinger and Elmer Courteau (Sparta, 1988)
  • Alone in an Untamed Land: The Filles du Roi Diary of Hélène St.Onge, Maxine Trottier (fiction)
  • Bride of New France, Suzanne Desrochers (fiction)
  • Promised to the Crown, Aimie K. Runyan, Kensington Publishing Corp. (fiction)
  • Duty to the Crown, Aimie K. Runyan, Kensington Publishing Corp. (fiction)

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