Ovenbird (family)
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Ovenbirds or furnariids are a large family of small suboscine passerine birds found from Mexico and Central to southern South America. They form the family Furnariidae. This is a large family containing around 321 species and 71 genera. The ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapilla), which breeds in North America, is not a furnariid – rather it is a distantly related bird of the wood warbler family, Parulidae.
The ovenbirds are a diverse group of insectivores which get their name from the elaborate, vaguely "oven-like" clay nests built by the horneros, although most other ovenbirds build stick nests or nest in tunnels or clefts in rock.<ref name=Remsen2003>Remsen, J. V., Jr. 2003. Family Furnariidae (ovenbirds). Pages 162–357 in J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott and D. A. Christie eds. Handbook of the birds of the world, Vol. 8, broadbills to tapaculos. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.</ref> The Spanish word for "oven" (horno) gives the horneros their name. Furnariid nests are always constructed with a cover, and up to six pale blue, greenish or white eggs are laid. The eggs hatch after 15 to 22 days, and the young fledge after a further 13 to 20 days.<ref name=EoB>Template:Cite book</ref>
They are small to medium-sized birds, ranging from 9 to 35 cm in length.<ref name=EoB/> While individual species often are habitat specialists, species of this family can be found in virtually any Neotropical habitat, ranging from city parks inhabited by rufous horneros, to tropical Amazonian lowlands by many species of foliage-gleaners, to temperate barren Andean highlands inhabited by several species of miners. Two species, the seaside and the surf cinclodes, are associated with rocky coasts.
Taxonomy and systematics
The woodcreepers (formerly Dendrocolaptidae) were merged into this family, following analysis of sequences.<ref name=Irestedt2002/> While confirming the overall phylogenetic pattern, other scientists instead opted for maintaining the woodcreepers as a separate family, while splitting the ovenbirds (as traditionally defined) into two families, Furnariidae and Scleruridae.<ref name=Moyle/>
The cladogram below showing the subfamilies of the ovenbirds is based on a molecular genetic studies that revealed that Sclerurinae was the first group to diverge<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The species numbers are from the list maintained by the International Ornithologists' Union (IOC).<ref name=ioc>Template:Cite web</ref>
The phylogeny of the Furnariidae is now well understood thanks to multiple analyses of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="harvey" /><ref name="DerryberryClaramunt2011">Template:Cite journal</ref> Among other discoveries, the classification of several genera had to be revised.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The taxonomic arrangement presented below is based on molecular genetic studies of ovenbird relationships.<ref name="Moyle" /><ref name="Irestedt2006" /><ref name="Chesser2007a" /><ref name="DerryberryClaramunt2011" /> However, because ovenbirds and woodcreepers are treated here as a single family some taxonomic ranks were modified. For more detail see "List of ovenbird species".
Subfamily: Sclerurinae – miners and leaftossers
Subfamily: Dendrocolaptinae – woodcreepers
- Tribe: Sittasomini – "intermediate" woodcreepers<ref name=Moyle/>
- Genus Dendrocincla – woodcreepers (6 species)
- Genus Deconychura – long-tailed woodcreepers (3 species)
- Genus Sittasomus – olivaceous woodcreeper
- Genus Certhiasomus – spot-throated woodcreeper (genus introduced in 2010 for Deconychura stictolaema)<ref name=Derryberry/>
- Tribe: Dendrocolaptini – "strong-billed" woodcreepers<ref name=Moyle />
- Genus Glyphorynchus – wedge-billed woodcreeper
- Genus Nasica – long-billed woodcreeper
- Genus Dendrexetastes – cinnamon-throated woodcreeper
- Genus Dendrocolaptes – woodcreepers (5 species)
- Genus Hylexetastes – woodcreepers (3 species)
- Genus Xiphocolaptes – woodcreepers (4 species)
- Genus Dendroplex – straight-billed woodcreepers (2 species, formerly in Xiphorhynchus)
- Genus Xiphorhynchus – woodcreepers (13 species)
- Genus Lepidocolaptes – narrow-billed woodcreepers (11 species)
- Genus Drymornis – scimitar-billed woodcreeper
- Genus Drymotoxeres – greater scythebill<ref name=Claramunt/>
- Genus Campylorhamphus – scythebills (6 species)
Subfamily: Furnariinae – Neotropical ovenbirds and allies
- Genus: Xenops – xenops (5 species)
- Genus Berlepschia – point-tailed palmcreeper
- Tribe Pygarrhichini<ref name=Moyle/>
- Genus Pygarrhichas – white-throated treerunner
- Genus Microxenops – rufous-tailed xenops<ref name=Moyle/><ref>The correct genus for former Xenops milleri</ref>
- Genus Ochetorhynchus – earthcreepers (4 species formerly included in Upucerthia)
- Tribe Furnariini – horneros and allies
- Genus Pseudocolaptes – tuftedcheeks (3 species)
- Genus Premnornis – rusty-winged barbtail
- Genus Tarphonomus – earthcreepers (genus introduced in 2007 for 2 species formerly included in Upucerthia)<ref name=Chesser2007b/>
- Genus Geocerthia – striated earthcreeper (genus introduced in 2009 for U. serrrana)<ref name=Chesser2009/>
- Genus Upucerthia – earthcreepers (4 species)
- Genus Cinclodes – cinclodes (15 species)
- Genus Furnarius – horneros (8 species)
- Genus Lochmias – sharp-tailed streamcreeper
- Genus Phleocryptes – wren-like rushbird
- Genus Limnornis – curve-billed reedhaunter<ref name="Olson2005"/>
- Tribe Philydorini – foliage-gleaners and allies
- Genus Megaxenops – great xenops
- Genus Anabazenops – foliage-gleaners (2 species)
- Genus Ancistrops – chestnut-winged hookbill
- Genus Cichlocolaptes – (2 species)
- Genus Heliobletus – sharp-billed treehunter
- Genus Neophilydor – foliage-gleaners (genus introduced in 2023 for 2 species formerly in Philydor)
- Genus Philydor – foliage-gleaners (3 species)
- Genus Dendroma – foliage-gleaners (2 species)
- Genus Anabacerthia – foliage-gleaners (5 species)
- Genus Syndactyla – foliage-gleaners (8 species)
- Genus Clibanornis – (5 species)<ref name="Claramunt et al. 2013">Template:Cite journal</ref>
- Genus Thripadectes – treehunters (7 species)
- Genus Automolus – foliage-gleaners (11 species)
- Tribe Synallaxini – spinetails and allies
- Genus Margarornis – treerunners (4 species)
- Genus Premnoplex – typical barbtails (2 species)
- Genus Aphrastura – rayaditos (3 species)<ref name="Rozzi">Template:Cite journal</ref>
- Genus Hellmayrea – white-browed spinetail
- Genus Sylviorthorhynchus – (2 species)
- Genus Leptasthenura – tit-spinetails (9 species)
- Genus Phacellodomus – thornbirds (10 species)
- Genus Anumbius – firewood-gatherer
- Genus Coryphistera – lark-like brushrunner
- Genus Pseudoseisura – cacholotes (4 species)
- Genus Pseudasthenes – false canasteros<ref name=Derryberry2/>
- Genus Spartonoica – bay-capped wren-spinetail
- Genus Asthenes – canasteros (29 species)
- Genus Certhiaxis – spinetails (2 species)
- Genus Mazaria – white-bellied spinetail<ref name=Claramunt2014/>
- Genus Schoeniophylax – chotoy spinetail
- Genus Synallaxis – spinetails (37 species)
- Genus Siptornis – spectacled prickletail
- Genus Metopothrix – orange-fronted plushcrown
- Genus Xenerpestes – graytails (2 species)
- Genus Acrobatornis – pink-legged graveteiro
- Genus Limnoctites – reedhaunters (2 species)
- Genus Thripophaga – softtails (4 species)
- Genus Cranioleuca – typical spinetails (20 species)
- Genus Roraimia – Roraiman barbtail
The phylogenetic tree shown below is based on a large-scale genetic 2020 study of the suboscines by Michael Harvey and collaborators.<ref name=harvey>Template:Cite journal A high resolution version of the phylogenetic tree in Figure 1 is available from the first author's website here.</ref> The tawny tit-spinetail (Leptasthenura yanacencis) has been moved to the genus Sylviorthorhynchus, the sulphur-bearded spinetail (Cranioleuca sulphurifera) has been moved to the genus Limnoctites and its English name changed to the sulphur-bearded reedhaunter, and the white-bellied spinetail (Synallaxis propinqua) has been placed in the monotypic genus Mazaria.<ref name="Claramunt2014" /> These changes are included in the tree shown below. The remaining paraphyletic genera are flagged in the tree by an asterisk.
In 2009, the large ovenbird family was divided into tribes by Robert Moyle and collaborators. The tribes as defined in the 2009 article do not fit well with the revised taxonomy of Harvey and are not included here. For example, the tribe Furnariini as defined in the 2009 article is not monophyletic in the Harvey phylogeny.<ref name=Moyle/> The species numbers in the cladogram are from the list maintained by the International Ornithologists' Union (IOC).<ref name=ioc/>
Fossil record
Furnariids boast a notable fossil record for a passerine family. Numerous fossils comprising multiple skeletal elements, including cranial remains, have facilitated the identification and description of five distinct fossil species. Among these, two have been classified within the extant genera Cinclodes and Pseudoseisura, while the remaining three belong into the extinct genus Pseudoseisuropsis. All fossil are of Pleistocene age.
- †Pseudoseisuropsis nehuen Noriega 1991, early Pleistocene of Argentina.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
- †Pseudoseisuropsis cuelloi Claramunt & Rinderknecht 2005, late Pleistocene of Uruguay.<ref name="ClaramuntRinderknecht2005">Template:Cite journal</ref>
- †Pseudoseisuropsis wintu Stefanini et al. 2016, Early Pleistocene of Argentina.<ref name="Stefanini2016">Template:Cite journal</ref>
- †Cinclodes major Toni 1977, Pleistocene of Argentina.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
- †Pseudoseisura cursor Toni & Noriega, 2001, Pleistocene of Argentina.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
References
Further reading
External links
- Ovenbird videos on the Internet Bird Collection
- Ovenbird sounds in the xeno-canto collection
- A classification of the bird species of South America (Part 6)Template:Dead link (SACC)