Föhr North Frisian

Föhr Frisian, or Fering, is the dialect of North Frisian spoken on the island of Föhr in the German region of North Frisia. Fering refers to the Fering Frisian name of Föhr, Feer. Together with the Öömrang, Söl'ring, and Heligolandic dialects, it forms part of the insular group of North Frisian dialects and it is very similar to Öömrang.

Status

Around 3,000 of Föhr's 8,700 people speak Fering (1,500 of them being native speakers<ref name=bohn>Template:Cite journal</ref>), constituting a third of all North Frisian speakers. Fering differs from other North Frisian dialects in that it is also used publicly on Föhr, not only at home. The municipalities of Oldsum and Süderende (Fering: Olersem, Söleraanj) in the western part of Föhr are strongholds of the dialect.<ref name=bohn/>

Personal and family names

Personal names on Föhr are still today greatly influenced by a Frisian element. Notably hypocorisms and names with two elements are common. Early borrowings were made from the Danish language and the Christianisation of the North Frisians around 1000 A.D. brought a modest influence of Christian and biblical names. In the Age of Sail, Dutch and West Frisian forms became popular.<ref name=Faltings>Template:Cite book</ref>

Family names were usually patronymic, i. e. they were individually created as genitives from the father's given name. Contrary to the Scandinavian Petersen or Petersson, meaning "Peter's son", a Fering name like Peters means "of Peter". This practice was prohibited by the Danish Crown in 1771 for the Duchy of Schleswig and was therefore abandoned in the eastern part of Föhr. As western Föhr was a direct part of the Danish kingdom until 1864, patronyms were in use there until 1828 when they were forbidden in Denmark proper as well.<ref name=Faltings/>

Loanwords

Apart from Dutch names, the seafarers in Dutch service also introduced many loanwords in Dutch language to Fering which are still in use today. It has been observed that apart from Afrikaans, no other language outside the Netherlands proper has been influenced as much by the Dutch language as the North Frisian insular dialects. Examples for Fering include:<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Fering	Dutch	English
al of ei	al of niet	(whether) ... or not
bak	bak	wooden bowl
bekuf	bekaf	exhausted
kofe	koffie	coffee
skraal	schraal	lean, meagre
det spiit mi	dat spijt mij	I'm sorry

Other loanwords were derived from American English when many people emigrated from Föhr to the United States but kept contact with their relatives on the island. Examples include:<ref name=Lexikon>Template:Cite book</ref>

Fering	English
gaabitsch	garbage can
friiser	freezer
sink	sink

Phonology

Short monophthongs of the Föhr dialect on a vowel chart, based on formant values in Template:Harvcoltxt

Long monophthongs of the Föhr dialect on a vowel chart, based on formant values in Template:Harvcoltxt

The r is always pronounced as alveolar trill. Initial s is always voiceless.<ref name=Lexikon/>

The diphthongs ia, ua and ui as well as the triphthong uai are falling diphthongs, i.e. the stress is always on the first vowel.<ref name=Lexikon/>

Orthography

The current orthographic rules for Fering and Öömrang were defined in 1971. Previously, linguists like L. C. Peters, Otto Bremer and Reinhard Arfsten had each created their own Fering orthography. Long vowels including those with umlauts are always written as double letters while consonants are short by default. Capital letters are only used in the beginning of a sentence and for proper names.<ref name=Lexikon/>

letter(s)	value(s) in IPA	notes
a	Template:IPA
aa	Template:IPA
au	Template:IPA
ä	Template:IPA
ää	Template:IPA
äi	Template:IPA
b	Template:IPA
ch	Template:IPA
d	Template:IPA
dj	Template:IPA
e	Template:IPA, Template:IPA	Becomes schwa when unstressed
ee	Template:IPA
f	Template:IPA
g	Template:IPA
h	Template:IPA
i	Template:IPA
ia	Template:IPA
ii	Template:IPA
j	Template:IPA
k	Template:IPA
l	Template:IPA
lj	Template:IPA
m	Template:IPA
n	Template:IPA
ng	Template:IPA
nj	Template:IPA
o	Template:IPA
oi	Template:IPA
oo	Template:IPA
ö	Template:IPA
öi	Template:IPA
öö	Template:IPA
p	Template:IPA
r	Template:IPA
s	Template:IPA, Template:IPA	"s" is always Template:IPA in initial position, Template:IPA between vowels
sch	Template:IPA
t	Template:IPA
tj	Template:IPA
u	Template:IPA
ua	Template:IPA
uai	Template:IPA
ui	Template:IPA
uu	Template:IPA
ü	Template:IPA
üü	Template:IPA
w	Template:IPA

Although there is a standard orthography, there is still spelling variation. This could partly be because many Fering speakers only learned how to spell standard German in school. For example, the North Frisian nationalist slogan "lewer duad üs Slaw!" (better dead than a slave) often appears along with the flag or crest of Föhr and has spelling variants including: leewer duad üüs Slaaw, lewer duaad üs Slaaw, and lewer duad üs Slav.

Grammar

Nouns

Gender

Fering originally had 3 genders: masculine, feminine and neuter. However during the course of the twentieth century the feminine and neuter genders have combined.

Number

Fering nouns have two numbers – singular and plural. There are two major suffixes used to form the plural: "-er" and "-en". Nouns with a masculine gender often use the "-er" plural (although there are a few feminine/neuter nouns in this group) and nouns with a feminine/neuter gender often use the "-en" plural (there are a few masculine nouns in this group). Plurals can also be formed using "-in", "-n" and "-s". There are also plurals formed by changing a consonant at the end of the word, by changing a vowel within the word or by retaining the same form as the singular. Occasionally the plural form is formed by using a different word.

• An example of a masculine noun using the "-er" plural suffix: Template:Lang (dog) – Template:Lang (dogs). Nouns can also lose an unstressed vowel, as is the case with Template:Lang (basket) – Template:Lang (baskets). Some nouns undergo a vowel change, such as Template:Lang (blacksmith) – Template:Lang (blacksmiths).

There are exceptions in this suffix group, including Template:Lang (window; a feminine/neuter noun) which forms the plural by removing a syllable – Template:Lang' (windows), and Template:Lang (island; also a feminine/neuter noun, and a German loanword) which form forms the plural by removing an unstressed vowel – Template:Lang (islands).

• An example of a feminine/neuter noun using the "-en" plural suffix: buk (book) – buken (books). Nouns can also lose an unstressed vowel, as is the case with Template:Lang (woman) – Template:Lang (women) and Template:Lang (village) – Template:Lang (villages).
• An example of a (feminine/neuter) noun using the "-en" plural suffix: Template:Lang (office – i.e., a type of position) – Template:Lang (offices).
• An example of a (masculine) noun using the "-n" plural suffix: Template:Lang (painter) – Template:Lang (painters).
• An example of a (masculine) noun using the "-s" plural suffix: Template:Lang (captain) – Template:Lang (captains).
• Examples of masculine nouns which retain the same form as the singular include: Template:Lang (stone(s)), karmen (man, men), lüs (louse, lice), Template:Lang (boot(s)) and Template:Lang (twin(s)).
• Examples of feminine/neuter nouns which retain the same form as the singular include: bian (bone(s), leg(s), gris (piglet(s)), schep (sheep, singular and plural) and swin (pig(s)).

Verbs

In Fering, there are three groups of verbs: weak, strong and irregular verbs.

Personal pronouns

Fering pronouns can be singular or plural. There used to be a dual form but it is no longer used. The formal is rarely used.<ref name=arfsten>Template:Cite book</ref>

	Singular						Plural
Case	First Person	Second Person		Third Person			First Person	Second Person	Third Person
English nominative	I	you	you (formal)	he	she	it	we	you	they
Nominative (subject form)	ik	dü	i	hi	hat	at	wi	jam	jo
Accusative and Dative (object form)	mi	di	jau	ham	ham	at	üs	jam	jo

Possessive Pronouns

			The noun
			Singular		Plural
			Masculine	Feminine/neuter
The owner	Singular	ik	man	min	minen
		dü	dan	din	dinen
		hi	san	sin	sinen
		hat
		at
	Plural	wi	üüs		üüsen
		jam	jau		jauen
		jo	hör		hören

Fering literature

There are various Fering authors. One of the first publicly noticed writers was Arfst Jens Arfsten (1812–1899) who began writing anecdotes in Fering around 1855.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Others include Stine Andresen (1849–1927) who was a poet and writer from Wyk whose literature often refers to her native island. She published her poetry in German but also in Fering. In 1991, Ellin Nickelsen's novelette Jonk Bradlep (Dark Wedding) was published. With it, she won the first ever held North Frisian literature competition.<ref>Template:Cite book Weblink in German and Fering.</ref>

Dialects

There are 3 dialects of Fering: Weesdring in Western Föhr, Aasdring in Eastern Föhr,<ref name=arfsten/> and Boowentaareps in Southern Föhr.

See also

• Template:Lang
• Low German

External links

• Ocke-Schwen Bohn's home page Speech samples and a phonetic description of Fering
• Ferring Stiftung has a North Frisian version of its site and an archive of materials and recordings in Fering