I. J. Good

Template:Short description Template:EngvarB Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox scientist Irving John Good (9 December 1916 – 5 April 2009)<ref name=Passings>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="The Times">Template:Cite web</ref> was a British mathematician who worked as a cryptologist at Bletchley Park with Alan Turing. After the Second World War, Good continued to work with Turing on the design of computers and Bayesian statistics at the University of Manchester. Good moved to the United States where he was a professor at Virginia Tech.

He was born Isadore Jacob Gudak to a Polish Jewish family in London. He later anglicised his name to Irving John Good and signed his publications "I. J. Good."

An originator of the concept known as the intelligence explosion, Good served as consultant on supercomputers to Stanley Kubrick, director of the 1968 film 2001: A Space Odyssey.<ref name = GuardianObit/>

Life

Good was born Isadore Jacob Gudak to Polish Jewish parents in London. His father was a watchmaker, who later managed and owned a successful fashionable jewellery shop, and was also a notable Yiddish writer writing under the pen name of Moshe Oved. Good was educated at the Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School, at the time in Hampstead in northwest London, where, according to Dan van der Vat, Good effortlessly outpaced the mathematics curriculum.<ref name = GuardianObit>Template:Citation</ref>

Good studied mathematics at Jesus College, Cambridge, graduating in 1938 and winning the Smith's Prize in 1940.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> He did research under G. H. Hardy and Abram Besicovitch before moving to Bletchley Park in 1941 on completing his doctorate.

Bletchley Park

On 27 May 1941, having just obtained his doctorate at Cambridge, Good walked into Hut 8, Bletchley's facility for breaking German naval ciphers, for his first shift. This was the day that Britain's Royal Navy destroyed the Template:Ship after it had sunk the Royal Navy's Template:HMS. Bletchley had contributed to BismarckTemplate:'s destruction by discovering, through wireless-traffic analysis, that the German flagship was sailing for Brest, France, rather than Wilhelmshaven, from which she had set out.<ref name = GuardianObit /> Hut 8 had not, however, been able to decrypt on a current basis the 22 German Naval Enigma messages that had been sent to Bismarck. The German Navy's Enigma cyphers were considerably more secure than those of the German Army or Air Force, which had been well penetrated by 1940. Naval messages were taking three to seven days to decrypt, which usually made them operationally useless for the British. This was about to change, however, with Good's help.<ref name = GuardianObit />

Good served with Turing for nearly two years.<ref name = GuardianObit /> Subsequently, he worked with Donald Michie in Max Newman's group on the Fish ciphers, leading to the development of the Colossus computer.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Good was a member of the Bletchley Chess Club which defeated the Oxford University Chess Club 8–4 in a twelve-board team match held on 2 December 1944. Good played fourth board for Bletchley Park, with Conel Hugh O'Donel Alexander, Harry Golombek and James Macrae Aitken in the top three spots.<ref>Chess Notes 4034. The code-breakers by Edward Winter; based on a report from CHESS, February 1945, p. 73.</ref> He won his game against Sir Robert Robinson.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Postwar work

In 1947, Newman invited Good to join him and Turing at Manchester University. There, for three years, Good lectured in mathematics and researched computers, including the Manchester Mark 1.<ref name = GuardianObit />

In 1948, Good was recruited back to the Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ). He remained there until 1959, while also taking up a brief associate professorship at Princeton University and a short consultancy with IBM.<ref name = GuardianObit />

From 1959 until he moved to the US in 1967, Good held government-funded positions and from 1964 a senior research fellowship at Trinity College, Oxford, and the Atlas Computer Laboratory, where he continued his interests in computing, statistics and chess.<ref name="The Times"/> He later left Oxford, declaring it "a little stiff".

United States

In 1967, Good moved to the United States, where he was appointed a research professor of statistics at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. In 1969, he was appointed a University Distinguished Professor at Virginia Tech, and in 1994 Emeritus University Distinguished Professor.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> In 1973, he was elected as a Fellow of the American Statistical Association.<ref>View/Search Fellows of the ASA Template:Webarchive, accessed 2016-08-20.</ref>

He later said about his arrival in Virginia (from Britain) in 1967 to start teaching at VPI, where he taught from 1967 to 1994:

Research and publications

Good's published work ran to over three million words.<ref name = GuardianObit /> He was known for his work on Bayesian statistics. Kass and Raftery<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> credit Good (and in turn Turing) with coining the term Bayes factor. He is the first known person (in a document) to use the term "Baby" for the Manchester Baby.<ref>I. J. Good, "The Baby Machine", note, 4 May 1947, in Good, Early Notes on Electronic Computers (Virginia Tech University Libraries, Special Collections, collection Ms1982-018, the Irving J. Good papers).</ref> Good published a number of books on probability theory. In 1958, he published an early version of what later became known as the fast Fourier transform<ref>"The interaction algorithm and practical fourier analysis," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 361–372, 1958, addendum: ibid. 22 (2), 373–375 (1960).</ref> but it did not become widely known. He played chess to county standard and helped popularise Go, an Asian boardgame, through a 1965 article in New Scientist (he had learned the rules from Alan Turing).<ref>"The mystery of Go", The New Scientist, January 1965, pp. 172–74.</ref> In 1965, he originated the concept now known as "intelligence explosion" or the "technological singularity", which anticipates the eventual advent of superhuman intelligence:

Good's authorship of treatises such as his 1965 "Speculations Concerning the First Ultraintelligent Machine"<ref>Template:Citation.</ref> and "Logic of Man and Machine"<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> made him the obvious person for Stanley Kubrick to consult when filming 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968), one of whose principal characters was the paranoid HAL 9000 supercomputer.<ref name = GuardianObit /> In 1995, Good was elected a member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.<ref name="The Times"/> Graphcore's proposed foundation model $600m computer, that uses Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence, which will have the potential capacity of running programs with 500trn parameters, was named to honor Good's intellectual heritage.<ref name="economist_20220510">Template:Cite news</ref><ref group="Notes">The Stanford Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence's (HAI) Center for Research on Foundation Models (CRFM) describes foundation models as "models trained on broad data at scale...[that] will not only transform how AI systems are built, but will also lead to significant societal consequences." Examples of foundational models include BERT, GPT-3, CLIP, and Codex.</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> According to The Economist, Graphcore aims to take the "first step" towards creating I. J. Good's imagined "Ultraintelligent Machine".<ref name="economist_20220510"/>

According to his assistant, Leslie Pendleton, in 1998 Good wrote in an unpublished autobiographical statement that he suspected an ultraintelligent machine would lead to the extinction of man.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Personality

Good published a paper under the names IJ Good and "K Caj Doog"—the latter, his own nickname spelled backwards. In a 1988 paper,<ref>I. J. Good, "The Interface Between Statistics and Philosophy of Science," Statistical Science, vol. 3, no. 4, 1988, pp. 386–97.</ref> he introduced its subject by saying, "Many people have contributed to this topic but I shall mainly review the writings of I. J. Good because I have read them all carefully." In Virginia he chose, as his vanity licence plate, "007IJG," in subtle reference to his Second World War intelligence work.<ref name = GuardianObit />

Good never married.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> After going through ten assistants in his first thirteen years at Virginia Tech, he hired Leslie Pendleton, who proved up to the task of managing his quirks. He wanted to marry her, but she refused. Although there was speculation, they were never more than friends, but she was his assistant, companion, and friend for the rest of his life.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Death

Good died on 5 April 2009 of natural causes in Radford, Virginia, aged 92.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Books

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• Template:Citation (ISBN for 2009 pbk reprint)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Howson1987">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Significant papers

Good, I. J.. “Explicativity, corroboration, and the relative odds of hypotheses.” Synthese 30 (1975): 39–73.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

See also

• Good–Turing frequency estimation
• Cryptanalysis of the Enigma
• MacMahon Master theorem

Bibliography

• Dan van der Vat, "Jack Good" (obituary), The Guardian, 29 April 2009, p. 32.
• Hugh Sebag-Montefiore, Enigma: The Battle for the Code, London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2000, Template:Isbn.

External links

• Template:MathGenealogy
• Good's web page at Virginia Tech
• Bibliography ("Shorter Publications List", running to 2300 items) (PDF)
• Biography focusing on Good's role in the history of computing
• Project Euclid An interview with Good can be downloaded from here
• VT Image Base Template:Webarchive Photographs
• Obituary, Virginia Tech, 6 April 2009
• Obituary, Daily Telegraph, 10 April 2009
• Obituary, The Times, 16 April 2009
• Obituary, The Independent, 14 May 2009
• Eulogy Mathematical eulogy (with Maple code) by Doron Zeilberger, 2 December 2009