Individualist feminism
Template:Short description Template:About Template:Third-party Template:Feminism sidebar Template:Individualism sidebar Template:Libertarianism US Individualist feminism, also known as ifeminism, is a libertarian feminist movement that emphasizes individualism, personal autonomy, freedom from state-sanctioned discrimination against women, and gender equality.
Overview
Individualist feminists attempt to change legal systems to eliminate sex and gender privileges, and to ensure that individuals have equal rights. Individualist feminism encourages women to take full responsibility for their own lives and opposes any government interference into choices adults make with their own bodies.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Taylor 1992">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Page needed
Individualist or libertarian feminism is sometimes grouped as one of many branches of liberal feminism, but it tends to diverge significantly from mainstream liberal feminism of the 21st century.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Explain Individualist feminists Wendy McElroy and Christina Hoff Sommers define individualist feminism in opposition to what they call "political" or "gender feminism".<ref name="mcelroy1">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp<ref name="Hoff_Sommers2">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Beliefs
Libertarian feminists reject gender roles that limit women's autonomy and choice, and assert that strict gender roles limit both women and men, especially if they are legally enforced.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Libertarian feminists are critical of using institutional power to achieve positive aims, believing that allowing the government to make decisions on behalf of women may limit women's individual choices. For instance, banning sex work to "protect" women treats women as a monolithic group, rather than individuals, and takes away economic opportunities for women who want to work in the sex industry by choice.Template:Citation needed
The Cato Institute, an American libertarian think tank, argues that capitalism has given women a higher standard of living, greater access to resources, greater individual freedoms and more job opportunities outside of physical labor.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Individualist feminism conforms to the theory of natural law, supporting laws that protect the rights of men and women equally.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Page needed Individual feminists argue that government should not prioritize the needs of women over men, nor should it strive to intervene to create equality in personal relationships, private economic arrangements, entertainment and media representation, or the general sociocultural realm.Template:Citation needed
History in the United States
According to individualist feminist Joan Kennedy Taylor, early organized feminism in the United States was fundamentally "a classical liberal women's movement".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> First-wave feminists focused on universal suffrage and the abolition of slavery, along with property rights for women and other forms of equal rights.Template:Citation needed
During the Victorian era and the early 20th century, individualist feminism fell out of vogue in the US and UK as the progressive, labor, and socialist movements began to hold more sway over politics.Template:Citation needed
Individualist feminism was revived by anti-authoritarian and individualist second-wave feminists in the mid-20th century. According to Taylor, "the political issues that gained wide adherence were the reproductive rights to birth control and abortion, and the Equal Rights Amendment, which (at least in its initial support) was a classical liberal restraint on government."<ref name="Taylor 1992"/>
Labels like individualist feminism, libertarian feminism, and classical liberal feminism were explicitly embraced by late 20th century writers and activists such as Taylor, Sharon Presley, Tonie Nathan, and Wendy McElroy.Template:Citation needed Modern libertarian feminism is a continuation of ideas and work developed by these women and their contemporaries, including Nadine Strossen and Camille Paglia, as well as of the ideas of classical liberal and anarchist writers throughout history.Template:Citation needed
Libertarian feminist organizations
Association of Libertarian Feminists
The Association of Libertarian Feminists (ALF) was founded in 1973 by Tonie Nathan and Sharon Presley on Ayn Rand's birthday in Eugene, Oregon, at Nathan's home.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="web.archive.org">Template:Cite web</ref> In September 1975 in New York City, ALF became a national organization.<ref name="web.archive.org" /> Template:As of, Presley was the executive director of the organization.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The ALF has stated that their purpose is to oppose sexist attitudes, oppose government, and "provide a libertarian alternative to those aspects of the women's movement that tend to discourage independence and individuality."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The ALF have opposed the government's involvement in childcare centers, including "zoning laws, unnecessary and pointless "health and safety" restrictions, [and] required licensing."<ref name=":10">Template:Cite web</ref> The ALF have also opposed public education, saying that public schools "not only foster the worst of traditionalist sexist values but inculcate docility and obedience to authority with sterile, stifling methods and compulsory programs and regulations."<ref name=":10" /> In 1977, Nathan suggested eliminating parts of the United States Postal Service regulations that obstructed the mailing of birth control samples and information about family planning at the National Women's Conference in Houston, Texas.<ref name="web.archive.org" />
Feminists for Liberty
Feminists for Liberty (F4L) is a nonprofit libertarian feminist group founded in 2016. It was founded by Kat Murti and Elizabeth Nolan Brown<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> to promote the values of libertarian feminism. F4L are "anti-sexism and anti-statism, pro-markets and pro-choice" and "classically liberal, anti-carceral, and sex positive".<ref name=":11">Template:Cite web</ref> They are opposed to collectivism and argue that "treating someone as simply a representative of their sex or gender" is collectivist.<ref name=":11" />
Ladies of Liberty Alliance (LOLA)
The Ladies of Liberty Alliance (LOLA) was established in 2009 as a nonprofit organization. LOLA's goal is to engage women in libertarianism through social groups, leadership trainings, and visits from guest speakers.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Mothers Institute
The Mothers Institute was a non-profit educational and networking organization supporting stay-at-home mothering, homeschooling, civics in the classroom, and an effective networking system for mothers and freedom of choice in health and happiness. It is now defunct.Template:Citation needed
Criticism
Criticism of individualist feminism ranges from expressing disagreements with the values of individualism as a feminist to expressing the limitations within individualist feminism as an effective activism. Critics have argued that individualist feminism does not sufficiently address structural inequality.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In 1995, American radical feminist Catharine MacKinnon criticized the value of individual choice, saying there were still instances where "women are used, abused, bought, sold, and silenced", especially women of color.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In 1999, American feminist Susan Brownmiller suggested that the aversion to collective, "united" feminism was a sign of a "waning" and unhealthy feminist movement.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Notable individualist feminists
- William Lloyd Garrison (1805–1879)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
- Ezra Heywood (1829–1893)
- Moses Harman (1830–1910)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Voltairine de Cleyre (1866–1912)
- Dora Marsden (1882–1960)
- Suzanne La Follette (1893–1983)
- Tonie Nathan (1923–2014)
- Joan Kennedy Taylor (1926–2005)
- Mimi Reisel Gladstein (b. 1936)
- Sharon Presley (1943–2022)
- Camille Paglia (b. 1947)
- Wendy Kaminer (b. 1949)<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
- Candida Royalle (1950–2015)<ref name="Reason">Template:Cite magazine</ref>
- Christina Hoff Sommers (b. 1950)
- Wendy McElroy (b. 1951)
- Jo Jorgensen (b. 1957)
- Nina Hartley (b. 1959)<ref name="Reason"/>
- Virginia Postrel (b. 1960)
- Cathy Young (b. 1963)
- Tiffany Million (b. 1966)
- Spike Cohen (b. 1982)
- Lily Wu (b. 1984)
- Rene Denfeld
See also
- Anarcha-feminism
- Cultural liberalism / radicalism
- Equity feminism
- Female entrepreneur
- Feminist anthropology
- Feminist economics
- Feminist existentialism
- Feminist political theory and ecology
- Individualist anarchism
- Left-libertarianism
- Liberal feminism
- Libertarian perspectives on abortion
- List of conservative feminisms
- Sex-positive feminism
- Women's property rights
References
Further reading
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite book One of the first individualist feminist essays, by Ezra Heywood.
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- Template:Cite book Essay including discussion of libertarian feminism.
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