John Ligonier, 1st Earl Ligonier

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Field Marshal John Ligonier, 1st Earl Ligonier, Template:Post-nominals (born Jean Louis de Ligonnier; 7 November 1680Template:Snd28 April 1770), styled Sir John Ligonier from 1743 to 1757, was a British army officer and politician who served in the English and British armies for more than half a century. In 1757, he was appointed Commander-in-chief and raised to the peerage as Viscount Ligonier in 1757, and in 1766, further elevated as Earl Ligonier.

Ligonier was a Huguenot refugee who fled his native Castres for England in 1697, following the 1685 Edict of Fontainebleau, which stripped the rights of French Protestants to practice their religion. He joined the British Army in 1702 as a volunteer and remained dedicated to the British cause for the next six decades. He fought in the European wars of the Spanish Succession, of the Quadruple Alliance, and of the Austrian Succession. During the Seven Years' War, he also served as Master-General of the Ordnance, effectively acting as Minister of War for the Pitt–Newcastle ministry. He retired from active duty in 1763 and died at his home in London on 28 April 1770.

He sat in the House of Commons of Great Britain for Bath from 1748 to 1763 and served as Governor of Guernsey from 1750 to 1752.

Early life and family

John Ligonier was born Jean-Louis de Ligonnier in Castres, Languedoc, the second son of Louis de Ligonnier, sieur de Montcuquet, and Louise de Ligonnier, daughter of Louis du Poncet. His parents were married on 28 March 1677 at Roquecourbe.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> His grandfather built the family's hôtel particulier, Template:Ill, in Castres. Louis de Ligonnier died around 1690.<ref name="misc"/> John, a Huguenot, was educated in France and Switzerland.<ref name=odnb>Template:Cite ODNB</ref> In 1697, he became the first of Louis' three younger sons who left for England, where they altered their name to Ligonier.Template:Sfn

His younger brother Antoine de Ligonnier followed in 1698. He served in several of the Duke of Marlborough's campaigns during the War of the Spanish Succession and died unmarried in 1767, with the rank of major. His youngest brother , François-Auguste de Ligonnier, emigrated in 1710.Template:Sfn

Their eldest brother, Abel de Ligonnier (1669-1769), inherited his father's estates and stayed in Castres. He married Louise de Boileau, daughter of Jacques de Boileau de Castelnau, sister of Huguenot refugee Charles Boileau, the progenitor of the Boileau family in Britain, many of whom served in the British Army.<ref name="misc">Template:Cite book</ref> Abel was recorded living in France as late as 1769.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Military career

In 1702, Ligonier volunteered to join a regiment in Flanders commanded by Lord Cutts.<ref name=odnb/>

File:Equestrian Lord Ligonier.jpg

Equestrian portrait of Lord Ligonier by Sir Joshua Reynolds, 1760

He fought, with distinction, in the War of the Spanish Succession and was one of the first to mount the breach at the Siege of Liège in October 1702.<ref name=heath202/> After becoming a captain in the 10th Foot on 10 February 1703,<ref name=heath202>Heathcote p. 202</ref> he commanded a company at the battles of Schellenberg in July 1704<ref name=heath202/> and Blenheim in August 1704,<ref name=heath202/> and was present at Menen<ref>Clarke p. 45</ref> where he led the storming of the covered way as well as Ramillies in May 1706,<ref name=heath202/> Oudenarde in July 1708<ref name=odnb/> and Malplaquet in September 1709<ref name=heath202/> where he received twenty-three bullets through his clothing yet remained unhurt.<ref>Mayo p. 12</ref> In 1712, he became governor of Fort St. Philip, Menorca.<ref name=odnb/> During the War of the Quadruple Alliance in 1719, he was adjutant-general of the troops employed in the Vigo expedition, where he led the stormers of Pontevedra.<ref name=heath202/>Template:Sfn

Two years later, he became colonel of the Black Horse.<ref name=odnb/> He was made a brigadier general in 1735,<ref name=pilk>Pilkington p. 546</ref> major general in 1739,<ref name=odnb/> and accompanied Lord Stair in the Rhine Campaign of 1742 to 1743.<ref name=heath202/> He was promoted to lieutenant general on 26 February 1742<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> and George II made him a Knight of the Bath on the field of Dettingen in June 1743.<ref name=heath202/>Template:Sfn At Fontenoy in May 1745, Ligonier commanded the British, Hanoverian, and Hessian infantry.<ref name=odnb/>

File:Monument to Field Marshal John Earl Ligonier.jpg

Monument to Ligonier by John Francis Moore at Westminster Abbey

During the Jacobite rising of 1745, he was called home to command the British army in the Midlands.<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> In November 1745, he led a column of troops sent to Lancashire to oppose the rebels.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Having been promoted to the rank of general of horse on 3 January 1746,<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> he was placed at the head of the British and British-paid contingents of the Allied army in the Low Countries in June 1746.<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref>

File:Bataille de Lawfeld, 2 juillet 1747.jpeg

Ligonier is depicted in The Battle of Lauffeld by Auguste Couder, 1836

He was present at Rocoux in October 1746<ref name=heath203>Heathcote p. 203</ref> and, having been made Lieutenant-General of the Ordnance on 19 March 1747,<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> he fought at Lauffeld in July 1747, where he led the charge of the British cavalry.<ref name=heath203/> He did this with such vigour that he overthrew the whole line of French cavalry.<ref>Browne, p. 153</ref> In this encounter his horse was killed and he was taken prisoner by Louis XV, but was exchanged within a few days.<ref name=alb>Albemarle p. 358</ref> The official despatch reported:<templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />

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He became Member of Parliament for Bath in March 1748<ref name=heath203/> and was appointed colonel of the 2nd Dragoon Guards in 1749.<ref name=heath203/> From 1748 to 1770, he also served as governor of the French Hospital.<ref>Murdoch and Vigne, pp. 17 and 18.</ref>

On 6 April 1750 he was appointed Governor of Guernsey<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> and on 3 February 1753 he became colonel of the Royal Horse Guards.<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref>

Seven Years' War

Template:Further

In September 1757, following the disgrace of the Duke of Cumberland who had signed the Convention of Klosterzeven, Ligonier was made Commander-in-Chief of the Forces.<ref name=heath203/> He worked closely with the Pitt–Newcastle ministry who sought his strategic advice in connection with the Seven Years' War which was underway at this time.<ref name=heath203/> Ligonier was also made a field marshal on 3 December 1757,<ref name=gazette>Template:London Gazette</ref> Colonel of the 1st Regiment of Foot Guards on the same date<ref name=gazette/> and a peer of Ireland on 10 December 1757 under the title of Viscount Ligonier of Enniskillen.<ref>Walpole p.267</ref> He was notionally given command of British forces in the event of a planned French invasion in 1759 though it never ultimately occurred.<ref name=odnb/> He stood down as commander-in-chief in 1759 and became Master-General of the Ordnance.<ref name=odnb/> He was given a further Irish peerage on 1 May 1762 as Viscount Ligonier of Clonmell (with remainder to his nephew) and on 19 April 1763 he became a Baron, and on 6 September 1766 an Earl, in the British peerage.<ref>Kimber p.185</ref>

Fort Ligonier, commanded by Lord Ligonier from 1758 to 1766, became the permanent settlement of Ligonier, Pennsylvania and lent its name to Ligonier Valley and Ligonier Valley Railroad.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> After extensive excavations, Fort Ligonier was reconstructed in 1954 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Retirement

Ligonier spent his later years at Cobham Park in Cobham, Surrey, which he bought around 1750.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He died, still unmarried, on 28 April 1770 and was buried in Cobham Church.<ref name=heath204>Heathcote p.204</ref> There is a monument to him, sculpted by John Francis Moore<ref>Dictionary of British Sculptors, 1660–1851 by Rupert Gunnis</ref> in Westminster Abbey.<ref name=heath204/>

The earldom became extinct but the Irish viscountcy and Cobham Park passed to his nephew Edward (son of his younger brother Francis), who would also be created Earl Ligonier in the Peerage of Ireland six years later.<ref name=odnb/>

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John Ligonier, 1st Earl Ligonier

Contents

Early life and family

Military career

Seven Years' War

Retirement

References

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John Ligonier, 1st Earl Ligonier

Early life and family

Military career

Seven Years' War

Retirement

References

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