People's Justice Party (Malaysia)
Template:Short description Template:Use British English Template:Use dmy dates Template:Other uses Template:Infobox political party Template:Politics of Malaysia
Parti Keadilan Rakyat (KEADILAN, PKR; Template:Langx)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> is a centre-left, reformist political party in Malaysia formed on 3 August 2003 through a merger of the party's predecessor, the National Justice Party, with the socialist Malaysian People's Party.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The party's predecessor was founded by Wan Azizah Wan Ismail during the height of the Reformasi movement on 4 April 1999 after the arrest of her husband, former Deputy Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim. At the 2022 Malaysian general election, the PH coalition which the PKR was part of was returned to power again, albeit without a majority, leading it to form a unity government with political rivals. The party is one of main partners of the Pakatan Harapan (PH) ruling coalition in Malaysia.
In the first general elections contested by the party in 1999, the party won five seats in the Dewan Rakyat. A resurgence of the ruling Barisan Nasional coalition in the 2004 general elections reduced the party to just one seat. However, an election wave in the 2008 general elections favoring the opposition increased the party's parliamentary representation to 31 seats, as well as allowing them to form the government in 5 states. This triggered the resignation of Prime Minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi and a lift on the five-year political ban imposed on Anwar Ibrahim on 14 April 2008.
The Pakatan Harapan coalition defeated Barisan Nasional, which had ruled the country for 60 years since independence, in the 2018 general elections, allowing the coalition to form the government. However, defections from within PKR as well as the withdrawal of the Malaysian United Indigenous Party (BERSATU) from the coalition caused the collapse of the PH government after just 22 months in power, culminating in the 2020 Malaysian political crisis that resulted in the rise of the Perikatan Nasional government with ally-turned-enemy Muhyiddin Yassin at the helm. The PH coalition would return to power once again after the 2022 elections. The elections produced a hung parliament for the first time in the country's history, but an alliance with other parties allowed Anwar Ibrahim to become the 10th Prime Minister of Malaysia through a unity government with his political rivals in Barisan Nasional as well as other political coalitions and parties to achieve a two-thirds majority in the Dewan Rakyat.
The party enjoys strong support from urban states such as Selangor, Penang, Perak, Negeri Sembilan and Johor, as well as the capital city of Kuala Lumpur. It promotes an agenda with a strong emphasis on social justice and anti-corruption, as well as adopting a platform that seeks to abolish the New Economic Policy to replace it with an economic policy that takes a non-ethnic approach in poverty eradication and correcting economic imbalances.
History
Background
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The economy of Malaysia was affected by the 1997 Asian financial crisis.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Finance at the time, Anwar Ibrahim has instituted a series of economic reforms and austerity measures in response. These actions were exacerbated when he tabled controversial amendments to the Anti-Corruption Act that sought to increase the powers of the Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission (MACC).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The then Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad disagreed with these measures and ultimately sacked Anwar from all his posts.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> This incident and the circumstances in which it happened led to a public outcry in what became known as the Reformasi movement, but it also resulted in the arrest and subsequent incarceration of Anwar on what many believed to be politically motivated charges of sexual misconduct and corruption.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The movement, which began while the country hosted the Commonwealth Games, initially demanded the resignation of Malaysia's then-Prime Minister, Mahathir Mohamad, and for the end of alleged corruption and cronyism within the Barisan Nasional-led (BN) government. It would go on to become a reformist movement demanding social equality and social justice in Malaysia. The movement consisted of civil disobedience, demonstrations, sit-ins, rioting, occupations and online activism.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Founding
Once Anwar had been detained, the Reformasi movement continued to develop, with "Justice for Anwar" remaining a potent rallying call. Before his arrest, Anwar had designated his wife, Wan Azizah Wan Ismail, as the successor of the movement. Wan Azizah developed an enormous following, attracting thousands to her speeches. For a time, these followers held massive weekend street demonstrations, mostly in Kuala Lumpur but also occasionally in Penang and other cities, for "keadilan" (justice) and against Mahathir. During Anwar's police custody on September 1998, he was assaulted by then Inspector General Abdul Rahim Mohd Noor causing a black eye; the imagery of the black eye was adopted as a rallying symbol of demanded justice by his followers and eventually the party flag –jocularly known as the Bendera Mata Lebam ("Black Eye Flag")– designed by artist Syed Ahmad Syed Jamal.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Building on the momentum of Reformasi, a political movement called the Social Justice Movement (Template:Langx), also known as ADIL, was launched on 10 December 1998 and was led by Wan Azizah.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> However, facing difficulties in registering ADIL as a political party, the Reformasi movement instead merged with the Muslim Community Union of Malaysia (Template:Langx), a minor Islamic political party based in Terengganu, and relaunched it as the National Justice Party (Template:Langx), also known as PKN or KeADILan, on 4 April 1999. The registration was just in time for the new party to take part in the 1999 general election.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The launch of KeADILan put to rest months of speculation about whether Wan Azizah and Anwar would merely remain in ADIL, join PAS, or try to launch an internal coup in UMNO. Although Keadilan was multiracial, its primary target was middle-class, middle-of-the-road Malays, particularly from UMNO. The party has been noted as having rough similarities with the now-defunct multi-racial social democratic Parti Keadilan Masyarakat Malaysia.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The party was joined by the Democratic Action Party (DAP), the Malaysian People's Party (PRM) and the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) in a big tent alliance of liberals, socialists, and Islamists known as Barisan Alternatif to take on the ruling BN coalition in the 1999 general election.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
1999–2004: Early years
While parliament's term was set to end in June the next year, an early election was called in November under the pretext of avoiding "undesirable" behaviour during the Islamic holy month of Ramadan in December. International media speculated that Mahathir wanted an early election to be held before some 650,000 new voters became eligible to participate.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In the lead-up to the election, seven activists, including Keadilan leaders; Vice-President Tian Chua, Gobalakrishnan Nagapan, Youth leader Mohd Ezam Mohd Nor, Fairus Izuddin and Dr Badrul Amin Baharun; were arrested between 27 and 30 September and as a result prevented from contesting.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Further arrests were made on 10 April 2001 and those arrested were subsequently charged and incarcerated under the Internal Security Act.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> They became known as the Reformasi 10.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
With parliament dissolving on 11 November, parties were only left with 9 days' time to campaign between candidate nominations on 20 November and voting day on 29 November. The short campaign period drew criticism from the opposition, and the party entered the campaign with many of its key leaders under arrest. It also had to contend with the distribution of pornographic videocassettes implicating Anwar in the villages, as well as a lack of access to written and audiovisual media; the government denied opposition parties access to state-run public broadcaster Radio Televisyen Malaysia.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Thus, despite the party winning 11.67% of the total votes cast, it only managed to win five parliamentary seats. Notably, Wan Azizah managed to secure victory in Permatang Pauh; the seat formerly held by her husband, with a majority of 9,077 votes. The Barisan Alternatif as a whole gained 40.21% of the total votes cast with PAS winning 27 seats and DAP winning ten seats. The big opposition winner was PAS, which gained 20 seats as well as a majority in two state assemblies in Kelantan and Terangganu.
For the first time in Malaysia's history, UMNO, the dominant Malay-based party which had ruled the country for 40 years since independence, received less than half of the total vote of ethnic Malays. Despite losing 14 seats, two of which belonged to federal ministers, the BN coalition still secured a two-thirds majority of 148 seats.
The post election period saw negotiations between KeADILan and Parti Rakyat Malaysia (PRM) on a possible merger.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Despite some opposition in both parties to the move,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> a 13-point Memorandum of Understanding was eventually signed by the two parties on 5 July 2002.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> On 3 August 2003, the new merged entity was officially launched and assumed its current name.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> However, as PRM had yet to be de-registered by the authorities, dissident members took the opportunity to convene a national congress and revive the party under former youth leader Hassan Abdul Karim.
As the new amendments to the party constitution had yet to be approved by the Registrar of Societies, candidates from PRM contested the 2004 general election using the symbol of the old National Justice Party.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The party fared poorly in the elections and only managed to retain one parliamentary seat, Permatang Pauh, despite winning 9% of the popular vote. The poor showing was later attributed to malapportionment and gerrymandering in the delineation of constituencies, with one estimate suggesting that on average, a vote for the BN government was worth 28 times the vote of a Keadilan supporter.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Unreliable source?
On 2 September 2004, the Federal Court overturned Anwar's sodomy conviction. As he had already served the entirety of his sentence for his corruption conviction, he was set free.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> This unexpected turn of events came timely for PKR which was facing flagging morale due to its dismal performance in the elections.
In December 2005 PKR organised its second national congress.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Unreliable source? Among the motions passed was the New Economic Agenda<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> that envisioned a non-racial economic policy to replace the race-based New Economic Policy. PKR managed a breakthrough into Sarawak politics in May 2006, a state traditionally known as a BN stronghold. In that year's Sarawak state elections, Dominique Ng, a lawyer and activist, won in the Padungan constituency in Kuching, a majority Chinese locale. KEADILAN lost narrowly in Saribas, a Malay-Melanau constituency by just 94 votes. PKR has also pursued an aggressive strategy of gaining personalities from within and outside politics. In July 2006, Khalid Ibrahim, a former CEO of Permodalan Nasional Berhad and Guthrie, was appointed as Treasurer of the PKR.
2008–2013: Pakatan Rakyat and Anwar's first return to politics
In the 2008 elections, PKR contested alongside DAP and PAS in a new coalition called Pakatan Rakyat. The party won 31 seats in parliament, while DAP and PAS won 28 and 23 seats respectively. The 82 seats won by the coalition denied BN a two-thirds majority against a backdrop of rises in inflation, crime, and ethnic tension.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
PKR also successfully contested the state legislative elections which saw the loose coalition of PKR, DAP and PAS forming coalition governments in the states of Kelantan, Kedah, Penang, Perak and Selangor. The offices of the Menteri Besar of Selangor and the Deputy Chief Minister of Penang were held by PKR members, Khalid Ibrahim and Mohd Fairus Khairuddin, respectively.
On 14 April 2008, Anwar's five-year ban from contesting in elections, imposed on anyone sentenced to longer than a year in jail, ended.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> A gathering held by supporters numbering celebrating the end of the ban was dispersed by police.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Despite the ban, Anwar was seen as PKR's de facto leader even while imprisoned.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Anwar returned to parliament on 28 August 2008, after a landslide victory in the 2008 Permatang Pauh by-election, triggered by Wan Azizah's resignation.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="landslide vote">Template:Cite web</ref> Quoted as saying "I'm glad to be back after a decade. The prime minister has lost the mandate of the country and the nation",<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Anwar needed at least 30 government lawmakers to defect to form a government.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In June 2010, Suara Keadilan's publication was suspended for publishing a report which claimed a government agency had gone bankrupt. The Home Ministry, which oversees Malaysia's newspapers, said it was not satisfied with the paper's explanation for the allegedly inaccurate report.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In 2012, Anwar was acquitted of a separate sodomy charge from 2008. He was accused by Saiful Bukhari Azlan, his aide, of sodomising him.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
2014–2018: Kajang Move, Pakatan Harapan
In 2014, the Party's Strategy Director then Vice-President-cum-Secretary-General, Rafizi Ramli initiated the failed Kajang Move in a bid to topple the 14th Menteri Besar of Selangor, Khalid Ibrahim, and install Anwar as his replacement. The political manoeuvre resulted in a nine-month political crisis within the state of Selangor and the Pakatan Rakyat coalition that also involved the palace of Selangor.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The crisis concluded with the appointment of PKR's Deputy President, Azmin Ali, as the 15th Menteri Besar of Selangor. Most analysts regarded the Kajang Move as a failure.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>,
Concurrently, Anwar's acquittal in 2012 was overturned by the Court of Appeal, and he was sentenced to five years in prison. This prevented him from standing as a candidate in the 2014 Kajang by-election and potentially becoming Menteri Besar, although he remained a member of parliament pending the outcome of his appeal. In 2015, his conviction was upheld and he was sent to prison.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
When the party as part of the Pakatan Harapan coalition formed the federal government after securing a majority in the 2018 general election, Anwar was granted a full pardon by the country's monarch, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong. Widely considered to be the prime minister-in-waiting,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Anwar returned to parliament once again through the 2018 Port Dickson by-election, dubbed the "PD Move".
Since 2018: Governing coalition, political crisis
Disputes surrounding the timeline for Anwar to succeed Mahathir,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> who had become prime minister again after leading Pakatan Harapan in the 2018 election resulted in the 2020 Malaysian political crisis. Mahathir's abrupt resignation brought an end to the Pakatan Harapan government, and eleven PKR members of parliament; Azmin Ali, Zuraida Kamaruddin, Saifuddin Abdullah, Kamarudin Jaffar, Mansor Othman, Mohd Rashid Hasnon, Edmund Santhara Kumar Ramanaidu, Ali Biju, Willie Mongin, Jonathan Yasin, and Baru Bian left the party;<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> all except Baru Bian eventually chose to align with the Perikatan Nasional (PN) government formed afterwards. They were later joined by Jugah Muyang, who was elected as an independent but joined PKR following the election.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The party subsequently suffered from an exodus of members aligned with Azmin nationwide,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> including elected representatives at the state level; Chong Fat Full, whose resignation and defection to allowed the Johor state government to be taken over by PN,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Robert Ling Kui Ee of Sidam and Azman Nasrudin of Lunas, whose resignations and defection allowed the Kedah state government to be taken over by PN,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Daroyah Alwi, then the speaker of the Selangor legislative assembly,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and Afif Bahardin in Penang.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Meanwhile, Haniza Talha, the PKR Women's Chief, was expelled from the party, as was Penang assemblyman Zulkifli Ibrahim,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and later Sabah assemblyman Kenny Chua Teck Ho.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Defections continued into 2021 when two MPs, Steven Choong of Tebrau and Larry Sng of Julau became independents on 27 and 28 February. They would go on to form Parti Bangsa Malaysia (PBM) and declare their support for the ruling Perikatan Nasional coalition.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The last PKR MP to leave the party was PKR vice-president Xavier Jayakumar of Kuala Langat, who cited 'frustrations' by the events of the past year and subsequently became a Perikatan-aligned independent MP.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The party returned to power following the 2022 general election, where the Pakatan Harapan coalition won a plurality of seats. A coalition government between Pakatan Harapan, Barisan Naisonal, Gabungan Parti Sarawak, Gabungan Rakyat Sabah, and individual parties; colloquially known as the "unity government", was formed with Anwar as prime minister.
Ideology
A supporter of liberal democracy,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> PKR's constitution has as one of their core principles,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> the establishment of "a society that is just and a nation that is democratic, progressive and united". In practice, the party has primarily focused on promoting social justice,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> economic justice,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> eliminating political corruption<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and human rights issues<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> within a non-ethnic framework.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
The party has also been described by analysts as having socially conservative and Islamist‑reformist factions influenced by ABIM,<ref name="GE15Islamists">Template:Cite news</ref> which promote Islamic values and maqasid syariah within its political platform.<ref name="VotingIslamisms">Template:Cite web</ref>
List of leaders
President
| Order | Name | Term of office | Mandates | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Wan Azizah Wan Ismail | 4 April 1999 | 17 November 2018 | 1st (2001) 2nd (2004) 3rd (2007) 4th (2010) 5th (2014) |
| 2 | Anwar Ibrahim | 17 November 2018 | Incumbent | 6th (2018) 7th (2022) 8th (2025) |
Deputy President
| Order | Name | Term of office | Mandates | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Chandra Muzaffar | 1999 | 2001 | – |
| 2 | Abdul Rahman Othman | 2001 | 2007 | 1st (2001) 2nd (2004) |
| 3 | Syed Husin Ali | 2007 | 28 November 2010 | 3rd (2007) |
| 4 | Mohamed Azmin Ali | 28 November 2010 | 24 February 2020 | 4th (2010) 5th (2014) 6th (2018) |
| - | Vacant | 24 February 2020 | 17 July 2022 | - |
| 5 | Rafizi Ramli | 17 July 2022 | 24 May 2025 | 7th (2022) |
| 6 | Nurul Izzah Anwar | 24 May 2025 | Incumbent | 8th (2025) |
Party organisational structure
Central Leadership Council (2025–2028)
Template:Col-begin Template:Col-2
- Advisory Council Chairwoman:
- President:
- Deputy President:
- Vice Presidents (elected):
- Vice Presidents (appointed):
- Women's Chief:
- Youth Chief:
- Secretary-General:
- Deputy Secretaries-General:
- Saifuddin Shafi Muhammad
- Aidi Amin Yazid
- Bryan Ng Yih Min
- Sivamalar Genapathy
- Treasurer:
- Deputy Treasurer:
- Information Chief:
- Deputy Information Chief:
- Chief Organising Secretary:
- Deputy Chief Organising Secretary:
- Muhammad Syaril Showkat Ali
- Communications Director:
- Strategy Director:
- Election Co-Directors:
- Legal Bureau Chairman:
- Voluntary Bureau Chairman:
- Academy and Training Bureau Chairman:
- Religious Understanding Chairman:
- Amidi Abdul Manan
- Education Bureau Chairman:
- Mahmud Epah
- Central Election Committee Chairman:
- Economy Bureau Chairman:
- International Affairs Bureau Chairman:
- Welfare Bureau Chairman:
- OKU Bureau Chairman:
- Head of Disciplinary Committee:
- Zainol Samah
- State Chairman:
- Perlis: Noor Amin Ahmad
- Kedah: Saifuddin Nasution Ismail
- Kelantan: Template:Ill
- Terengganu: Zainuddin Awang @ Omar
- Penang: Mohamad Abdul Hamid
- Perak: Mohamad Hairul Amir Sabri
- Pahang: Ahmad Farhan Fauzi
- Selangor: Amirudin Shari
- Federal Territories: Azman Abidin
- Negeri Sembilan: Aminuddin Harun
- Malacca: Shamsul Iskandar Mohd Akin
- Johor: Zaliha Mustafa
- Sabah: Mustapha Sakmud
- Sarawak: Ahmad Nazib Johari
- Central Leadership Council Members (elected):
- Fahmi Fadzil
- Adam Adli
- Chan Ming Kai
- Gunarajah George
- Mohd Azlan Helmi
- Maszlee Malik
- Goh Choon Aik
- Nor Azrina Surip
- Elizabeth Wong Keat Ping
- Template:Ill
- Siti Aishah Shaik Ismail
- Syed Ahmad Syed Abdul Rahman Al-Hadad
- Akmal Nasrullah Mohd Nasir
- Template:Ill
- Lee Chean Chung
- Nor Azam Karap
- Syed Ibrahim Syed Noh
- Kumaresan Aramugam
- Sim Chon Siang
- Sivamalar Ganapathy
- Central Leadership Council Members (appointed):
- Saifuddin Nasution Ismail
- Abu Hafiz Salleh Hudin
- Template:Ill
- Template:Ill
- Awang Husaini Sahari
- Afandi Salleh
- Nor Azman Mohamad
- Yuneswaran Ramaraj
- State Deputy Chairman:
- Perlis: Gan Ay Ling
- Kedah: Mohammed Taufiq Johari
- Kelantan: Asharun Uji
- Terengganu: Mohd Johari Mohamad
- Penang: Goh Choon Aik
- Perak: Tan Kar Hing
- Pahang: Sim Chon Siang
- Selangor: Borhan Aman Shah
- Federal Territories: Muhammad Fikri Abdul Aziz
- Negeri Sembilan: Template:Ill
- Malacca: Adam Adli Abd Halim
- Johor: Md Ysahrudin Kusni
- Sabah: Peto Galim
- Sarawak: Chiew Choon Man
Elected representatives
Dewan Negara (Senate)
Senators
- His Majesty's appointee:
- Saifuddin Nasution Ismail
- Saraswathy Kandasami
- Fuziah Salleh
- Abun Sui Anyit
- Template:Ill
- Tengku Zafrul Aziz
- Isaiah Jacob (Kuala Lumpur)
- Niran Tan Kran
- Negeri Sembilan State Legislative Assembly:
- Julfitri Joha
- Penang State Legislative Assembly:
- Selangor State Legislative Assembly:
Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives)
Members of Parliament of the 15th Malaysian Parliament
PKR has 31 members in the House of Representatives.
Dewan Undangan Negeri (State Legislative Assembly)
Malaysian State Assembly Representatives
Template:Col-begin Template:Col-4 Selangor State Legislative AssemblyTemplate:Composition bar Penang State Legislative AssemblyTemplate:Composition bar Negeri Sembilan State Legislative AssemblyTemplate:Composition bar Kedah State Legislative AssemblyTemplate:Composition bar Template:Col-4 Johor State Legislative AssemblyTemplate:Composition bar Perak State Legislative AssemblyTemplate:Composition bar Perlis State Legislative AssemblyTemplate:Composition bar Template:Col-4 Pahang State Legislative AssemblyTemplate:Composition bar Sabah State Legislative AssemblyTemplate:Composition bar Sarawak State Legislative Assembly Template:Composition bar Template:Col-4 Malacca State Legislative AssemblyTemplate:Composition bar Kelantan State Legislative AssemblyTemplate:Composition bar Terengganu State Legislative AssemblyTemplate:Composition bar Template:Col-end
PKR state governments
| State | Leader type | Member | Party | State Constituency | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Template:Flag | Menteri Besar | Aminuddin Harun | bgcolor="Template:People's Justice Party (Malaysia)/meta/shading"| | PKR | Sikamat |
| Template:Flag | Menteri Besar | Amirudin Shari | bgcolor="Template:People's Justice Party (Malaysia)/meta/shading"| | PKR | Sungai Tua |
| State | Leader type | Member | Party | State Constituency | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Template:Flag | Deputy Chief Minister I | Mohamad Abdul Hamid | bgcolor="Template:People's Justice Party (Malaysia)/meta/shading"| | PKR | Batu Maung |
General election results
| Election | Total seats won | Seat Contested | Total votes | Share of votes | Outcome of election | Election leader |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1999 | Template:Composition bar | 78 | 773,679 | 11.67% | Template:Increase5 seats; Opposition coalition Template:Small |
Wan Azizah Wan Ismail |
| 2004 | Template:Composition bar | 80 | 617,518 | 8.9% | Template:Decrease4 seats; Opposition coalition Template:Small |
Wan Azizah Wan Ismail |
| 2008 | Template:Composition bar | 84 | 1,509,080 | 18.58% | Template:Increase30 seats; Opposition coalition Template:Small |
Wan Azizah Wan Ismail |
| 2013 | Template:Composition bar | 99 | 2,254,211 | 20.39% | Template:Decrease1 seats; Opposition coalition Template:Small |
Anwar Ibrahim |
| 2018 | Template:Composition bar | 70 | 2,046,394 | 16.94% | Template:Increase17 seats; Governing coalition, later Opposition coalition Template:Small |
Wan Azizah Wan Ismail |
| 2022 | Template:Composition bar | 100 | 2,442,038 | 15.74% | Template:Decrease16 seats; Governing coalition Template:Small |
Anwar Ibrahim |
State election results
See also
- List of political parties in Malaysia
- Malaysian General Election
- Politics of Malaysia
- Pakatan Rakyat
- Pakatan Harapan
References
External links
Template:Pakatan Harapan Template:Malaysian political parties Template:Portal bar Template:Authority control