Fibonacci
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Leonardo Bonacci (Template:C. – Template:C.),<ref name=Knott>Template:Cite web</ref> commonly known as Fibonacci,Template:EfnTemplate:Efn was an Italian mathematician from the Republic of Pisa, considered to be "the most talented Western mathematician of the Middle Ages".<ref>Eves, Howard. An Introduction to the History of Mathematics. Brooks Cole, 1990: Template:ISBN (6th ed.), p. 261.</ref>
The name he is commonly called, Fibonacci, is first found in a modern source in a 1838 text by the Franco-Italian mathematician Guglielmo Libri<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Pask2015">Template:Cite book</ref> and is short for Template:Lang ('son of Bonacci').<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Efn However, even as early as 1506, Perizolo, a notary of the Holy Roman Empire, mentions him as "Lionardo Fibonacci".Template:Sfn
Fibonacci popularized the Indo–Arabic numeral system in the Western world primarily through his composition in 1202 of Template:Lang (Book of Calculation)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> and also introduced Europe to the sequence of Fibonacci numbers, which he used as an example in Template:Lang.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Biography
Fibonacci was born around 1170 to Guglielmo, an Italian merchant and customs official<ref name=livio/> who directed a trading post in Bugia, modern-day Béjaïa, Algeria.<ref name= Germano>Template:Cite journal</ref> Fibonacci travelled with him as a young boy. He was educated in Bugia, where he learned about the Hindu–Arabic numeral system.<ref name= "GlickLivesey2014">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Knott" />
Fibonacci travelled around the Mediterranean coast, meeting with many merchants and learning about their systems of doing arithmetic.Template:Efn He soon realised the many advantages of the Hindu-Arabic system, which, unlike the Roman numerals used at the time, allowed easy calculation using a place-value system. In 1202, he completed the Template:Lang (Book of Abacus or The Book of Calculation),Template:Efn which popularized Hindu–Arabic numerals in Europe.<ref name=Knott/>
Fibonacci was a guest of Emperor Frederick II, who enjoyed mathematics and science. A member of Frederick II's court, John of Palermo, posed several questions based on Arab mathematical works for Fibonacci to solve. In 1240, the Republic of Pisa honored Fibonacci (referred to as Leonardo Bigollo)Template:Efn by granting him a salary in a decree that recognized him for the services that he had given to the city as an advisor on matters of accounting and instruction to citizens.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Fibonacci is thought to have died between 1240<ref>Template:Cite book.</ref> and 1250,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> in Pisa.
Liber Abaci
In the Template:Lang (1202), Fibonacci introduced the so-called modus Indorum (method of the Indians), today known as the Hindu–Arabic numeral system,<ref name="Sigler2002">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name= "Grimm 1973">Template:Cite journal</ref> with ten digits including a zero and positional notation. The book showed the practical use and value of this by applying the numerals to commercial bookkeeping, converting weights and measures, calculation of interest, money-changing, and other applications. The book was well-received throughout educated Europe and had a profound influence on European thought. Replacing Roman numerals, its ancient Egyptian multiplication method, and using an abacus for calculations, was an advance in making business calculations easier and faster, which assisted the growth of banking and accounting in Europe.<ref name="Fibonacci: The Man Behind The Math">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Man of Numbers excerpt">Template:Cite web</ref>
The original 1202 manuscript is not known to exist.<ref name="JSG" /> In a 1228 copy of the manuscript, the first section introduces the numeral system and compares it with others, such as Roman numerals, and methods to convert numbers to it. The second section explains uses in business, for example converting different currencies, and calculating profit and interest, which were important to the growing banking industry. The book also discusses irrational numbers and prime numbers.<ref name="JSG">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Fibonacci: The Man Behind The Math"/><ref name="Man of Numbers excerpt" />
Fibonacci sequence
Template:Main Template:Lang posed and solved a problem involving the growth of a population of rabbits based on idealized assumptions. The solution, generation by generation, was a sequence of numbers later known as Fibonacci numbers. Although Fibonacci's Template:Lang contains the earliest known description of the sequence outside of India, the sequence had been described by Indian mathematicians as early as the sixth century.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Hall, Rachel W. Math for poets and drummers Template:Webarchive. Math Horizons 15 (2008) 10–11.</ref>
In the Fibonacci sequence, each number is the sum of the previous two numbers. Fibonacci omitted the "0" and first "1" included today and began the sequence with 1, 2, 3, ... . He carried the calculation up to the thirteenth place, the value 233, though another manuscript carries it to the next place, the value 377.<ref>Template:Cite OEIS</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Fibonacci did not speak about the golden ratio as the limit of the ratio of consecutive numbers in this sequence.
Legacy
In the 19th century, a statue of Fibonacci was set in Pisa. Today it is located in the western gallery of the Camposanto, historical cemetery on the Piazza dei Miracoli.<ref name=statue/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
There are many mathematical concepts named after Fibonacci because of a connection to the Fibonacci numbers. Examples include the Brahmagupta–Fibonacci identity, the Fibonacci search technique, and the Pisano period. Beyond mathematics, namesakes of Fibonacci include the asteroid 6765 Fibonacci and the art rock band The Fibonaccis.
Works
- Template:Lang (1202), a book on calculations (English translation by Laurence Sigler, 2002)<ref name="Sigler2002" />
- Practica Geometriae (1220), a compendium of techniques in surveying, the measurement and partition of areas and volumes, and other topics in practical geometry (English translation by Barnabas Hughes, Springer, 2008).
- Flos (1225), solutions to problems posed by Johannes of Palermo
- Liber quadratorum ("The Book of Squares") on Diophantine equations, dedicated to Emperor Frederick II. See in particular congruum and the Brahmagupta–Fibonacci identity.
- Di minor guisa (on commercial arithmetic; lost)
- Commentary on Book X of Euclid's Elements (lost)
See also
Notes
References
Bibliography
Further reading
- Goetzmann, William N. and Rouwenhorst, K.Geert (2005). The Origins of Value: The Financial Innovations That Created Modern Capital Markets. Oxford University Press Inc., US, Template:Isbn.
- Goetzmann, William N., Fibonacci and the Financial Revolution (October 23, 2003), Yale School of Management International Center for Finance Working Paper No. 03–28
- Gavin, J., Schärlig, A., extracts of Template:Lang online and analyzed on BibNum [click 'à télécharger' for English analysis]
External links
- Template:Cite encyclopedia
- Fibonacci at Convergence
- Template:MacTutor
- Fibonacci (2 vol., 1857 & 1862) Il liber abaci and Practica Geometriae – digital facsimile from the Linda Hall Library
- Fibonacci, Liber abbaci Bibliotheca Augustana