Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)
Template:Short description Template:Distinguish Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox political party Template:Liberal Democratic Party of Japan sidebar
The Liberal Democratic Party (LDP; Template:Langx), also known as Template:Nihongo, is a major conservative<ref name="conservative">The Liberal Democratic Party is widely described as conservative:
- Template:Cite book
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- Template:Cite book</ref> and nationalist<ref name="nationalist">Sources describing the LDP as nationalist:
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- A Weiss (31 May 2018). Towards a Beautiful Japan: Right-Wing Religious Nationalism in Japan's LDP.</ref> political party in Japan. Since its foundation in 1955, the LDP has been in power almost continuously—a period called the 1955 System—except from 1993 to 1996, and again from 2009 to 2012.
The LDP was formed in 1955 as a merger of two conservative parties, the Liberal Party and the Japan Democratic Party, and was initially led by prime minister Ichirō Hatoyama. The LDP supported Japan's alliance with the United States and fostered close links between Japanese business and government, playing a major role in the country's economic miracle from the 1960s to early 1970s and subsequent stability under prime ministers including Hayato Ikeda, Eisaku Satō, Kakuei Tanaka, Takeo Fukuda, and Yasuhiro Nakasone. Scandals and economic difficulties led to the LDP losing power in 1993 and 1994, and governing under a non-LDP prime minister from 1994 to 1996. The LDP regained stability during the premiership of Junichiro Koizumi in the 2000s before achieving its worst-ever electoral result in the 2009 election. The party regained control of the government in a landslide victory at the 2012 election under Shinzo Abe. After the 2024 and 2025 elections the LDP currently holds 191 seats in the House of Representatives and 101 seats in the House of Councillors. In modern times, the party has typically governed in coalition with Komeito. Since the 2017 general election, the Constitutional Democratic Party (CDP) has been its primary opponent in national politics.
The LDP is often described as a big tent conservative party, including factions that range from moderately conservative to far-right and ultraconservative. Although lacking a cohesive political ideology, the party's platform has historically supported increased defense spending, maintaining close ties with the United States and, since the 21st century, pursuing close relations with its Indo-Pacific allies to counter the rise of China as a superpower.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The party's history and internal composition has been characterized by intense factionalism among its members since its emergence in 1955. Sanae Takaichi has served as party president since 4 October 2025.
History
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Beginnings
The LDP was formed in 1955<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> as a merger between two of Japan's political parties, the Template:Nihongo and the Template:Nihongo, both conservative parties, as a united front against the then popular Template:Nihongo, now the Template:Nihongo. The party won the following elections, and Japan's first conservative government with a majority was formed by 1955. It would hold majority government until 1993.<ref name="JAPAN'S TOP PARTY LOSES MAJORITY IN 1993 GENERAL ELECTION">Template:Cite news</ref>
The LDP began with reforming Japan's international relations, ranging from entry into the United Nations, to establishing diplomatic ties with the Soviet Union. Its leaders in the 1950s also made the LDP the main government party, and in all the elections of the 1950s, the LDP won the majority vote, with the only other opposition coming from left-wing politics, made up of the Japan Socialist Party and the Japanese Communist Party.
From the 1950s to the early 1970s, the United States Central Intelligence Agency spent millions of dollars to aid the LDP against leftist parties such as the Socialists and the Communists,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> although this was not revealed until the mid-1990s when it was exposed by The New York Times.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Details remain classified, while available documents show connections to prime ministers Nobusuke Kishi and Eisaku Satō from the Satō–Kishi–Abe family.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
1960s to 1990s
For the majority of the 1960s, the LDP (and Japan) were led by Eisaku Satō, beginning with the hosting of the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, and ending in 1972 with Japanese neutrality in the Vietnam War and with the beginning of the Japanese asset price bubble. By the end of the 1970s, the LDP went into its decline, where even though it held the reins of government many scandals plagued the party, while the opposition (now joined with the Kōmeitō (1962–1998)) gained momentum.
In 1976, in the wake of the Lockheed bribery scandals, a handful of younger LDP Diet members broke away and established their own party, the New Liberal Club (Shin Jiyu Kurabu). A decade later, however, it was reabsorbed by the LDP.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
By the late 1970s, the Japan Socialist Party, the Japanese Communist Party, and the Komeito along with the international community used major pressure to have Japan switch diplomatic ties from Taiwan (Republic of China) to the People's Republic of China.
In 1983, the LDP was a founding member of the International Democracy Union.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The LDP managed to consistently win elections for over three decades, and the LDP's decades in power allowed it to establish a highly stable process of policy formation. This process would not have been possible if other parties had secured parliamentary majorities. LDP strength was based on an enduring, although not unchallenged, coalition of big business, small business, agriculture, professional groups, and other interests. Elite bureaucrats collaborated closely with the party and interest groups in drafting and implementing policy. In a sense, the party's success was a result not of its internal strength but of its weakness. It lacked a strong, nationwide organization or consistent ideology with which to attract voters. Its leaders were rarely decisive, charismatic, or popular. But it functioned efficiently as a locus for matching interest group money and votes with bureaucratic power and expertise. This arrangement resulted in corruption, but the party could claim credit for helping to create economic growth and a stable, middle-class Japan. Template:Citation needed
Despite winning the 1986 general election by a landslide, by the end of the 1980s, the LDP started to suffer setbacks in elections due to unpopular policies on trade liberalisation and tax, as well as a scandal involving their leader Sōsuke Uno and the Recruit scandal. The party lost its majority in the House of Councillors for the first time in 34 years in the 1989 election.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
Out of power
The LDP managed to hold on to power in 1990 Japanese general election despite some losses. In June 1993, 10 members of the party's liberal-conservative faction split to form the New Party Sakigake.<ref name="Hoover2019">Template:Cite book</ref> The end of the postwar miracle economy, the Japanese asset price bubble and other reasons such as the recruit scandal led to the LDP losing its majority in 1993 Japanese general election held in July of that year.
Seven opposition parties – including several formed by LDP dissidents – formed the Hosokawa government headed by Japan New Party leader and LDP dissident Morihiro Hosokawa, who became the Prime Minister preceded by Kiichi Miyazawa. However, the LDP was still far and away the largest party in the House of Representatives, with well over 200 seats; no other individual party crossed the 80-seat mark. Yohei Kono became the president of the LDP preceded by Kiichi Miyazawa, he was the first non-prime minister LDP leader as the leader of the opposition.
In 1994, the Japan Socialist Party and New Party Sakigake left the ruling coalition, joining the LDP in the opposition. The remaining members of the coalition tried to stay in power as the minority Hata Cabinet under the leadership of Tsutomu Hata, but this failed when the LDP and the Socialists, bitter rivals for 40 years, formed a majority coalition. The Murayama Cabinet was dominated by the LDP, but it allowed Socialist Tomiichi Murayama to occupy the Prime Minister's chair until 1996 when the LDP's Ryutaro Hashimoto took over.
1996–2009
In the 1996 election, the LDP made some gains but was still 12 seats short of a majority. However, no other party could possibly form a government, and Hashimoto formed a solidly LDP minority government. Through a series of floor-crossings, the LDP regained its majority within a year.
The LDP remained the largest party in both houses of the Diet, until 29 July 2007, when the LDP lost its majority in the upper house.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In a party leadership election held on 23 September 2007, the LDP elected Yasuo Fukuda as its president. Fukuda defeated Tarō Asō for the post, receiving 330 votes against 197 votes for Aso.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>"Fukuda wins LDP race / Will follow in footsteps of father as prime minister" Template:Webarchive, The Daily Yomiuri, 23 September 2007.</ref> However Fukuda resigned suddenly in September 2008, and Asō became Prime Minister after winning the presidency of the LDP in a five-way election.
In the 2009 general election, the LDP was roundly defeated, winning only 118 seats—easily the worst defeat of a sitting government in modern Japanese history, and also the first real transfer of political power in the post-war era. Accepting responsibility for this severe defeat, Aso announced his resignation as LDP president on election night. Sadakazu Tanigaki was elected leader of the party on 28 September 2009.<ref>Sadakazu Tanigaki Elected LDP President Template:Cite web Retrieved 6 October 2009.</ref>
2009–present
The party's support continued to decline, with prime ministers changing rapidly, and in the 2009 House of Representatives elections the LDP lost its majority, winning only 118 seats, marking the only time they would be out of the majority other than a brief period in 1993, until 2024.<ref name="BBC">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Since that time, numerous party members have left to join other parties or form new ones, including Template:Nihongo,Template:Citation needed the Template:Nihongo<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and the Template:Nihongo.Template:Citation needed The party had some success in the 2010 House of Councilors election, netting 13 additional seats and denying the DPJ a majority.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Abe became the president again in September 2012 after a five-way race. The LDP returned to power with its ally New Komeito after winning a clear majority in the lower house general election on 16 December 2012 after just over three years in opposition. Shinzo Abe became Prime Minister for the second time preceded by Yoshihiko Noda who was the leader of the DPJ.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Japan Election Returns Power to Old Guard">Template:Cite news</ref>
In July 2015, the party pushed for expanded military powers to fight in foreign conflict through Shinzo Abe and the support of Komeito.<ref name="reference to NY times">Template:Cite web</ref>
Yoshihide Suga took over from Shinzo Abe in September 2020 after a three-way race. After Suga declined to run for re-election, successor Fumio Kishida led the party to a victory in the October 2021 Japanese general election after a four-way race, defying expectations.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Despite support dropping in 2022 after the assassination of Shinzo Abe over connections between various party members and the Unification Church, the party had a good showing in the 2023 Japanese unified local elections, winning over half of the 2260 prefectural assembly seats being contested and six governorship positions.<ref name="Guardian">Template:Cite web</ref>
From 18 to 19 January 2024, following a scandal involving failure to report and misuse of ¥600 million in campaign funds by members of the Liberal Democratic Party of Japan's conservative Seiwa Seisaku Kenkyūkai and Shisuikai factions in violation of Japanese campaign finance and election law, three factions (Seiwa Seisaku Kenkyūkai, Shisuikai, in addition to PM Kishida's Kōchikai) all announced their intention to dissolve entirely in hopes of restoring public trust.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Several LDP lawmakers were indicted, including incumbent lawmakers Yasutada Ōno and Yaichi Tanigawa, who both resigned from the party following their indictments.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In the 2024 Japanese general election, the governing LDP and its coalition partner Komeito lost their parliamentary majority in the lower house for the first time since 2009, with the LDP suffering its second-worst result in its history, securing only 191 seats. The Constitutional Democratic Party (CDP), the main opposition party led by former Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda, achieved its best result in its history, increasing its seat count from 96 to 148. This was the first general election in Japan since the 1955 election wherein no party secured at least 200 seats. The election outcome is largely attributed to a major slush fund scandal that emerged in November. Millions of yen raised at LDP faction events were illegally funneled into secret accounts, violating political financing laws. This scandal implicated 82 lawmakers from both parliamentary houses, including factions associated with former Prime Minister Shinzo Abe and then-Prime Minister Fumio Kishida. The scandal, combined with low approval ratings and economic stagnation, led to Kishida's resignation in August. His successor, Prime Minister Shigeru Ishiba, called for a snap election in September to bolster support. However, the LDP's attempts to distance itself from the scandal backfired when reports surfaced that the party continued to provide funds to chapters headed by implicated members. In response to the election results, the prime minister has committed to implementing fundamental reforms regarding money in politics. The LDP's coalition partner, Komeito, also performed poorly, with its leader Keiichi Ishii losing his seat and subsequently announcing his resignation. This electoral setback is particularly significant for the LDP, which has held power almost continuously since 1955, highlighting the impact of the corruption scandal on public trust in the party.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The coalition also lost its majority in the upper house in 2025. This marked the first time in the LDP's history that it did not control either house in the National Diet. After Ishiba announced his resignation, Sanae Takaichi was elected to succeed him. She is the first woman to hold the role of party president. In October 2025, Komeito chief representative Tetsuo Saito announced that it would leave the ruling coalition, over disagreements with Takaichi's leadership.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> As a result, Takaichi negotiated a confidence and supply agreement with the Japan Innovation Party.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The agreement was signed on 20 October,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> with Takaichi then taking office as Japan's first female prime minister on 21 October.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Ideology and political stance
Template:Conservatism in Japan The LDP is usually associated with conservatism,<ref name="conservative" /> Japanese nationalism<ref name="nationalist" /> and being on the political right of the political spectrum.<ref name="Right-wing">Template:Bulleted list</ref> The LDP has been described as a variety of disparate ideologies such as conservative-liberal,<ref name="Kobayashi1976">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="liberalism">Template:Cite book</ref> liberal-conservative,<ref name="Noman2010">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Citation</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> social-conservative,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> ultranationalist,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and ultraconservative.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The party though has not espoused a well-defined, unified ideology or political philosophy, due to its long-term government, and has been described as a "catch-all" party.<ref name="HookGilson20012">Template:Cite book</ref>
The LDP members hold a variety of positions that could be broadly defined as being to the right of main opposition parties. Many of its ministers, including former Prime Ministers Fumio Kishida,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Yoshihide Suga<ref name="2014 reshuffle">"Abe's reshuffle promotes right-wingers" (Korea Joongang Daily – 2014/09/05)</ref> and Shinzo Abe, are/were affiliated with the parliamentary league of Nippon Kaigi, a far-right<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref> ultraconservative<ref>Template:Bulleted list</ref> lobby group. In Japanese politics, the convention is to classify the Liberal Democratic Party and the Japanese Communist Party as occupying the conservative and progressive ends of the ideological spectrum respectively. However, this classification has faced challenges, especially among younger generations, since the 1990s.<ref name="progressive">Template:Cite book</ref>
The LDP has also been comparedTemplate:By whom to the corporatist-inspired model of conservative parties, such as the Christian Democratic Union of Germany, in its relative openness towards economic interventionism, mixed market coordination and public expenditure, when compared to neoliberal orthodoxy.<ref name="Palier2022">Template:Cite book</ref>
History
In the case of the LDP administration under the 1955 System in Japan, their degree of economic control was stronger than that of Western conservative governments; it was also positioned closer to social democracy.<ref name="Yuhikaku">Template:Cite book</ref> Since the 1970s, the oil crisis has slowed economic growth and increased the resistance of urban citizens to policies that favor farmers.<ref name="Iio">Template:Cite book</ref> To maintain its dominant position, the LDP sought to expand party supporters by incorporating social security policies and pollution measures advocated by opposition parties.<ref name="Iio" /> It was also historically closely positioned to corporate statism.<ref name="McNamara 1996 pp. 379–397">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Index Page for applet-magic.com">Template:Cite web</ref>
2021 manifesto
Template:Update During the 2021 general election, the party released the LDP policy manifesto, titled "Create a new era together with you", which included support for policies such as:<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="japantimes.co.jp">Template:Cite web</ref>
- Wealth redistribution to revive the Japanese economy and empowering the middle class
- Tax breaks for corporations willing to raise wages
- Advance administrative reforms to facilitate digital transformation throughout society
- High investment in science and technology and increased funds for university research
- Secure robust supply chains for critical materials, such as rare earths
- Continued development of nuclear fusion power generation, and expansion of renewable energy to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050
- Reaching UN 2030 Sustainable Development Goals targets
- Offer subsidies for enterprises if they move into new industries
- Electronic COVID-19 vaccine passports
- Expanding support for small and medium businesses hit by the COVID-19 pandemic
- Constitutional amendments, including the proposed Japanese constitutional referendum to formalize the current existence of the Japan Self-Defense Forces in Article 9 of the Constitution and creating an emergency response clause
- Raising Japan's defense budget from the current 1% to "two percent or more" of gross domestic product (GDP) and enhancing Japan's defense capabilities
- Advance understanding of LGBT rights, although the party is not in favor of same-sex marriage,<ref name="SSM">Template:Cite web</ref> with 50% of its election candidates being "undecided" and those opposed largely outnumbering those in favor<ref name="asahi.com">Template:Cite web</ref>
- Acceptance of foreign workers and improving management to cover labor shortages
- Support Taiwan's bid to join the CPTPP agreement and WHO observer status
- Promoting further nuclear disarmament and nuclear nonproliferation
Factions
Template:Main Intense factionalism has characterized the Liberal Democratic Party's history and internal composition ever since its emergence in 1955.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Johnston">Template:Cite news</ref> Despite the change of factions, their history can be traced back to their 1955 roots, a testament to the stability and institutionalized nature of Liberal Democratic Party factions.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
All major factions that have existed in the history of the party can be categorised into the following two groups: the Conservative Mainstream (保守本流), which originated from Shigeru Yoshida's Liberal Party,<ref>保阪正康. (2017). 一語一会 私が出会った 「昭和の怪物」 娘・麻生和子が見た吉田茂の戦後史 (4) 保守本流の 「護憲の思想」 とは何か. サンデー毎日, 96(48), 52-55.</ref> and the Conservative Substream (保守傍流), which traces its roots to Ichirō Hatoyama's Japan Democratic Party.<ref>吉田龍太郎. (2014). 保守合同後の政党政治と外交政策論争─ 対米自主外交論の内在的抑制と芦田均─. 法政論叢, 51(1), 17.</ref>
The Conservative Mainstream has traditionally been associated with moderate, welfarist, and centrist policies and has included the Kōchikai (historical members include Hayato Ikeda, Masayoshi Ōhira, Kiichi Miyazawa, Fumio Kishida, and Yoshimasa Hayashi), the Template:Interlanguage link (Kakuei Tanaka), and the Heisei Kenkyūkai (formerly Keiseikai, with historical members include Noboru Takeshita, Keizō Obuchi, Ryutarō Hashimoto, and Toshimitsu Motegi). The only extant faction, Shikōkai, is part of this group.<ref name=":1">福永文夫. (2005). 派閥構造から見た宏池会: 組織・人的構成・リクルートメント. 獨協法学, (67), 横-75.</ref>
The Conservative Substream, on the other hand, has typically included hard-line and nationalistic factions such as the Seiwa Seisaku Kenkyūkai (Takeo Fukuda, Shintarō Abe, Junichirō Koizumi, and Shinzō Abe) and the Shisuikai (formerly Seisaku Kagaku Kenkyūjo, associated with Yasuhiro Nakasone, Bunmei Ibuki, Shizuka Kamei, and Toshihiro Nikai). A notable exception within this group was the Banchō Seisaku Kenkyūjo (founded by Takeo Miki and Kenzō Matsumura), which was known for its leftist and progressive policies.<ref name=":1" /><ref>依田博. (1985). 自民党派閥と内閣形成岸内閣から中曽根内閣まで. 公共選択の研究, 1985(6), 71-86.</ref>
In the aftermath of the slush fund scandal involving members of the Seiwa Seisaku Kenkyūkai and the Shisuikai, then-party president and prime minister Fumio Kishida decided to dissolve all factions in January 2024.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> All factions, except for Shikōkai, led by former prime minister Tarō Asō, complied with this directive, making it the only extant faction.<ref name=":2" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
| Name | Ideology | Leader | Members |
|---|---|---|---|
| Template:Ublist | Template:Ublist | Tarō Asō<ref name=":2">Template:Cite web</ref> | 56 |
Structure
At the apex of the LDP's formal organization is the Template:Nihongo, who can serve three<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> three-year terms. (The presidential term was increased from two years to three years in 2002 and from two to three terms in 2017). When the party has a parliamentary majority, the party president is the prime minister. The choice of party president is formally that of a party convention composed of Diet members and local LDP figures, but in most cases, they merely approved the joint decision of the most powerful party leaders. To make the system more democratic, Prime Minister Takeo Fukuda introduced a "primary" system in 1978, which opened the balloting to some 1.5 million LDP members. The process was so costly and acrimonious, however, that it was subsequently abandoned in favor of the old "smoke-filled room" method—so-called in allusion to the notion of closed discussions held in small rooms filled with tobacco smoke.
After the party president, the most important LDP officials are the Secretary-General (kanjicho), the chairmen of the LDP Executive Council (somukaicho), and of the Template:Nihongo.
Leadership
As of 8 October 2025:<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
| Position | Name | House | Faction |
|---|---|---|---|
| President | Sanae Takaichi | Representatives | None (ex-Seiwa Kai) |
| Vice President | Tarō Asō | Representatives | Shikōkai |
| Secretary-General | Shun'ichi Suzuki | Representatives | Shikōkai |
| Chairperson, General Council | Haruko Arimura | Councillors | Shikōkai |
| Chairperson, Policy Affairs Research Council | Takayuki Kobayashi | Representatives | None (ex-Shisuikai) |
| Chairperson, Election Strategy Committee | Keiji Furuya | Representatives | None |
| Chairperson, Party Organization and Movement Headquarters | Yoshitaka Shindō | Representatives | None (ex-Heisei) |
| Chairperson, Public Relations Headquarters | Takako Suzuki | Representatives | None (ex-Heisei) |
| Chairperson, Diet Affairs Committee | Hiroshi Kajiyama | Representatives | None |
| Executive Deputy Secretary-General | Kōichi Hagiuda | Representatives | None (ex-Seiwa Kai) |
| Chairperson, General Assembly of Party Members of the House of Councillors | Masaji Matsuyama | Councillors | None (ex-Kōchikai) |
| Secretary-General for the LDP in the House of Councillors | Junichi Ishii | Councillors | None (ex-Heisei) |
Membership
The LDP had over 5.5 million party members in 1991.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> By December 2017, membership had dropped to approximately one million members.<ref name="jimin1">Template:Cite web</ref> In 2023, the LDP had 1,091,075 members, a decrease of 33,688 from the year before.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Election results
Legislative results
House of Representatives
House of Councillors
Logos
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Liberal Democratic Party's logo (before 2017)
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Liberal Democratic Party's red variant logo (since 2017)
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Notes
Template:Reflist Template:Notelist
References
Bibliography
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- Köllner, Patrick. "The Liberal Democratic Party at 50: Sources of Dominance and Changes in the Koizumi Era", Social Science Japan Journal (Oct 2006) 9#2 pp 243–257.
- Krauss, Ellis S., and Robert J. Pekkanen. "The Rise and Fall of Japan's Liberal Democratic Party", Journal of Asian Studies (2010) 69#1 pp 5–15, focuses on the 2009 election.
- Krauss, Ellis S., and Robert J. Pekkanen, eds. The Rise and Fall of Japan's LDP: Political Party Organizations as Historical Institutions (Cornell University Press; 2010) 344 pages; essays by scholars
- Scheiner, Ethan. Democracy without Competition in Japan: Opposition Failure in a One-Party Dominant State (Cambridge University Press, 2006)
External links
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