Stag beetle

Stag beetles comprise the family Lucanidae. It has about 1,200 species of beetles in four subfamilies.<ref name="Smith2006">Template:Cite journal</ref> Some species grow to over Template:Convert, but most to about Template:Convert.

Overview

Dorcus curvidens male (left) and female (right)

Paralissotes sp. illustrated by Des Helmore

Template:See alsoThe English name is derived from the large and distinctive mandibles found on the males of most species, which resemble the antlers of stags.

A well-known species in much of Europe is Lucanus cervus, referred to in some European countries (including the United Kingdom) as the stag beetle; it is the largest terrestrial insect in Europe. Pliny the Elder noted that Nigidius called the beetle lucanus after the Italian region of Lucania where they were used as amulets. The scientific name of Lucanus cervus adds cervus, deer.

Male stag beetles are known for their oversized mandibles that are used to wrestle each other for favoured mating sites in a way that parallels how stags fight over females. Fights may also be over food, such as tree sap and decaying fruits. During a battle between two males, a stag beetle's main objective is to dislodge its opponent's tarsal claws with its mandible, thus disrupting their balance. Despite their often fearsome appearance, they are not typically aggressive to humans. Because its mandibles are capable of exceeding its own body size, stag beetles are generally inefficient runners and are very slow, typically feeling the need to fly from one location to another.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Female stag beetles are usually smaller than the males, with smaller mandibles that are much more powerful than the males'.<ref name="London Wildlife Trust">Template:Cite web</ref> As larvae, females are distinguished by their cream-coloured fat ovaries visible through the skin around two-thirds of the way down their back.

The larvae feed for several years on rotting wood, growing through three larval stages until eventually pupating inside a pupal cell constructed from surrounding wood pieces and soil particles. In the final larval stage, "L3", the surviving grubs of larger species, such as Prosopocoilus giraffa, may be the size of a human finger.

In England's New Forest, it was once believed that the stag beetle, dubbed the "devil's imp", was sent to do some evil to the corn crops. The superstition led to stoning the insects on sight, as observed by a writer in the Notes and Queries.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Along with rhinoceros beetles, stag beetles are often bought as pets in South Korea and Japan.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Evolution

The oldest known fossil of the group is Juraesalus from the late Middle Jurassic (Callovian) Daohugou Beds of Inner Mongolia, China. While initially interpreted as a member of Aesalinae, it was later interpreted to be a basal member of the family.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Litholamprima, the only genus in the subfamily Litholampriminae, is known from the Lower Cretaceous of Yixian Formation, China.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Mandible allometry

Antler allometry in Prosopocoilus savagei

Lucanid males have large mandibles. Their size often varies among individuals. Such variation is termed a scaling relationship or static allometry. Environmental conditions and genetic factors affect mandible size.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

External links

• Template:Wikispecies-inline
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• Flickr Images
• Stag beetle info Research site containing much information on the stag beetle as well as information on current conservation schemes.
• Template:Cite web Checklist of New World stag beetles with links to pages with additional information and images.
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• Asahinet Stag beetles on postage stamps and species illustrations.
• Lucanes du Monde Image rich French blog
• TOL Template:Webarchive
• UNL Generic Guide to New World Scarabs- Lucanidae,