André Michaux
Template:Short description Template:Infobox scientist
André Michaux (Template:Smallcaps → ahn-Template:Smallcaps mee-Template:Smallcaps; sometimes anglicised as Andrew Michaud; 8 March 1746Template:Snd11 October 1802)Template:Sfn was a French botanist and explorer. He is most noted for his study of North American flora. In addition Michaux collected specimens in England, Spain, France, and even Persia. His work was part of a larger European effort to gather knowledge about the natural world. Michaux's contributions include Histoire des chênes de l'Amérique (1801; "The Oaks of North America") and Flora Boreali-Americana (1803; "The Flora of North America") which continued to be botanical references well into the 19th century. His son, François André Michaux, also became an authoritative botanist.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn
Biography
Michaux was born in Satory, part of Versailles, Yvelines, where his father managed farmland on the king's estate. Michaux was trained in the agricultural sciences in anticipation of his one-day assuming his father's duties, and received a basic classical 18th century education, including Latin and some Greek, until he was fourteen.Template:Sfn In 1769, he married Cecil Claye, the daughter of a prosperous farmer; she died a year later giving birth to their son, François André. Michaux then took up the study of botany and became a student of Bernard de Jussieu. In 1779 he spent time studying botany in England, and in 1780 he explored Auvergne, the Pyrenees and northern Spain. In 1782 he was sent by the French government as secretary to the French consul on a botanical mission to Persia. His journey began unfavourably, as he was robbed of all his equipment except his books; but he gained influential support in Persia after curing the shah of a dangerous illness. After two years he returned to France with a fine herbarium, and also introduced numerous Eastern plants into the botanical gardens of France.Template:Sfn
André Michaux was appointed by Louis XVI as Royal botanist under the General Director of the Bâtiments du Roi and sent to the United States in 1785 with an annual salary of 2000 livres, to make the first organized investigation of plants that could be of value in French building and carpentry, medicine and agriculture. He traveled with his son François André Michaux (1770–1855) through Canada and the United States. In 1786, Michaux attempted to establish a horticultural garden of thirty acres in Bergen's Wood on the Hudson Palisades in North Bergen, New Jersey.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The garden, overseen by Pierre-Paul Saunier from the Jardin des Plantes, Paris, who had emigrated with Michaux, failed because of the harsh winters. In 1787, Michaux established and maintained for a decade a botanical garden of 111 acres near what is now Aviation Avenue in North Charleston, South Carolina, from which he made many expeditions to various parts of North America.Template:Sfn Michaux described and named many North American species during this time. Between 1785 and 1791 he shipped ninety cases of plants and many seeds to France. At the same time he introduced many species to America from various parts of the world, including Camellia, tea-olive, and crepe myrtle.
Proposed North American expedition
After the collapse of the French monarchy, Michaux, who was a royal botanist, lost his source of income. He solicited support for an American-funded exploration under the auspices of the American Philosophical Society.
In 1793, a decade before the Lewis and Clark Expedition, with no federal funding available, David Rittenhouse (1732–1796), President of the American Philosophical Society asked Thomas Jefferson to draft a "subscription list" to raise funds to explore the interior of North America, from the Mississippi River along the Missouri, and westward to the Pacific Ocean. Jefferson personally drew it up and secured 30 signatures, himself included, of influential, wealthy supporters, pledging various amounts to finance it:Template:Sfn Template:Div col
- U.S. President George Washington (1789–1797)
- Vice President John Adams (1797–1801)
- U.S. Senator from North Carolina Benjamin Hawkins (1754–1816)
- U.S. Senator from South Carolina Ralph Izard (1741–1804)
- Former U.S. Senator from North Carolina James Johnston (1742–1805)
- U.S. Senator from Pennsylvania Robert Morris (1734–1806)
- U.S. Senator from Maryland John Henry (Maryland politician) (1750–1798)
- U.S. Senator from Massachusetts George Cabot (1751–1823)
- U.S. Senator from New Jersey John Rutherford (born around 1760–1840)<ref name="Other Jno Rutherford-bio" group=lower-alpha />
- U.S. Secretary of War Henry Knox (1750–1806)
- U.S. Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson (1801–1809)
- U.S. Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton (1757–1804)
- U.S. Senator from New York Rufus King (1755–1827)
- Former New Hampshire President John Langdon (1741–1819)
- U.S. Senator from Kentucky John Edwards (1748–1837)
- U.S. Senator from Kentucky John Brown (1757–1837)
- 1st Governor of Pennsylvania Thomas Mifflin (1744–1800)
- U.S. Congressman from Connecticut Jonathan Trumbull, Jr. (1740–1809)
- U.S. Congressman from Virginia James Madison (1809–1817)
- Former Delegate for South Carolina to the Confederation Congress John Parker (1759–1832)
- U.S. Congressman from Virginia Alexander White (1738–1804)
- U.S. Congressman from Virginia John Page (1743–1808)
- U.S. Congressman from North Carolina John Baptista Ashe (1748–1802)
- Former U.S. Congressman from Maryland William Smith (1728–1814)
- U.S. Congressman from Connecticut Jeremiah Wadsworth (1743–1804)
- U.S. Congressman from Virginia Richard Bland Lee (1761–1827)
- Pennsylvania State Representative Thomas Fitzsimons (1741–1811)
- U.S. Congressman from Virginia Samuel Griffin (1746–1810)
- U.S. Congressman from Virginia William Branch Giles (1762–1830)
- U.S. Congressman from Pennsylvania John Wilkes Kittera (1752–1801)
Template:Div col end Jefferson personally drafted the instructions (aka prospectus) for Michaux to lead the project.Template:Sfn At the time Michaux's exploration was proposed, Meriwether Lewis (1774–1809) – an 18-year-old protégé of Jefferson – asked to be included, but was turned down by Jefferson. According to presidential historian Michael Edward Purdy (1954–2023), the "subscription list" stands as the only document of any kind signed by the first four presidents: Washington, Jefferson, Adams, and Madison.
Before Michaux was scheduled to begin, however, he volunteered to assist the French Minister to America, Edmond-Charles Genêt. Genet was promoting American support for France's wars with Britain and Spain, aggravating relations between all four nations. George Rogers Clark offered to organize and lead a militia force to capture Louisiana from the Spanish. Michaux's mission was to evaluate Clark's plan and coordinate between Clark's actions and Genet's. Michaux went to Kentucky, but, without adequate funds, Clark was unable to raise the militia and the plan eventually folded.
Ultimately, the expedition never took place.
It is not true, as sometimes reported, that Thomas Jefferson ordered Michaux to leave the United States after he learned of his involvement with Genet.Template:Sfn Though Jefferson did not support Genet's actions, he was aware of Genet's instructions for Michaux and even provided Michaux with letters of introduction to the Governor of Kentucky.Template:Sfn
On his return to France in 1796 he was shipwrecked, however most of his specimens survived. His two American gardens declined. Saunier, his salary unpaid, cultivated potatoes and hay and paid taxes on the New Jersey property, which is now still remembered as "The Frenchman's Garden", part of Machpelah Cemetery in North Bergen.
In 1800, Michaux sailed with Nicolas Baudin's expedition to Australia, but left the ship in Mauritius. During the expedition, Michaux was accompanied by an African slave he owned named Merlot.Template:Sfn Michaux then went to Madagascar to investigate the flora of that island.Template:Sfn Michaux died at Tamatave in Madagascar of a tropical fever at around 9 a.m. on 11 October 1802.Template:Sfn His work as a botanist was chiefly done in the field, and he added largely to what was previously known of the botany of the East and of America.Template:Sfn
In 1800, on his visit to the United States, Pierre Samuel Du Pont de Nemours, concerned about the abandoned botanical gardens, wrote to the Institut de France, who sent over Michaux's son François André Michaux to sell the properties. He sold the garden near Charleston, but the concern expressed by Du Pont and his son Eleuthère Irénée du Pont preserved the New Jersey garden in Saunier's care and continued to support it. Saunier continued to send seeds to France for the rest of his life, and is credited with introducing into gardens the chinquapin (Castanea pumila) and the smoking bean tree (Catalpa bignonioides).Template:Sfn
Aaron Burr recorded meeting with his son, François André Michaux in Paris on September 17, 1810. According to Burr he went "to Michaux's, the botanist, who was many years in the United States, and has written a valuable little book of his travels. He is now publishing his account of our trees, which will be extremely interesting. It demonstrates that we (not the whole continent, but the United States alone) have three times the number of useful trees that Europe can boast..."Template:Citation needed Burr's cited quote would apply equally to both Michaux', father and son, and perhaps more to the son, who had been in America a total of some six years, and had recently (1804) written about his travels in America, and was subsequently working on his later opus on American trees.
Legacy
- Carolina lily (Lilium michauxii), Michaux's saxifrage (Saxifraga michauxii), and several other plants are named for him.
- Michaux State Forest in Pennsylvania (U.S.), which protects over 344 square kilometers (over 85,000 acres), is named for him.
- André-Michaux Ecological Reserve in Quebec, Canada, which protects 450 hectares, is named for him.
- His son François André Michaux published an Histoire des arbres forestiers de l'Amérique septentrionale. 3 vols. C. d'Hautel; 1810–1813 (Charles-Louis d'Hautel; 1780–1843)<ref name="d'Hautel-bio" group=lower-alpha /> with 156 plates, of which an English translation appeared in 1817–1819 as The North American Sylva.Template:Sfn
- Michaux Stone — Michaux brought a boundary stone or kudurru back from his Near Eastern trip. It was originally found by a French physician living in Baghdad, near the site of a 12th-century BCE Babylonian town named Bak-da-du. On a small part of an embankment on the Tigris—near the Al-Karkh end of the Baab El-Maudham Bridge—is another archeological site attributed to the second Babylonian period, circa 600 BCE. Michaux sold the kudurru to the "Institute Constituting the Commission for Scientific Travel and the Custodians of the Museum of Antiquities in France in 1800, for 1200 francs. The 'Michaux stone' or Caillou Michaux was then placed in the Cabinet des Médailles of the Bibliothèque Nationale at that time.
Writings
Michaux wrote two valuable works on North American plants:
- Template:Cite book Retrieved July 11, 2024. Template:OCLC.
- Template:Cite book Retrieved July 11, 2024. Template:OCLC.
- Template:Cite book Template:Free access
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Flora Boreali-Americana was first published on March 19, 1803 – Template:Age in years, months, weeks and days after Michaux's death. Given that it was published posthumously, scholars had expressed doubt over whether Michaux was the only author – some suspected that French botanist Louis Claude Marie Richard (1754–1821) and the younger Michaux should have been credited. In 2004, American botanist James Lauritz Reveal (1941–2015) asserted:Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Template:Blockquote
Illustrators and engravers
Flora Boreali-Americana has 36 engraved plates (numbered 1–36). Thirty-two are from drawings by Pierre Joseph Redouté (Austrian Netherlands → present-day Belgium; 1759–1840) and 4 are from drawings by his younger brother, Henry Joseph Redouté (fr) (Austrian Netherlands → present-day Belgium; 1766–1852). Auguste Plée (1787–1825) engraved 33 of the plates and Louis Sellier (1757–c.1835) engraved 3. Auguste was the father of engravers Victoire Plée and François P. Plée (1800–1864). Louis was the son of engraver François Noël Sellier (1737–1782). (LCCN; Template:URL)
See also
Bibliography
Annotations
Notes
Inline references
- Template:Cite book Retrieved August 25, 2024. Template:OCLC.
- Template:Cite book Template:LCCN; Template:ISBN; Template:OCLC.The author, Cothran, was a landscape architect, urban planner, and garden historian, and a native South Carolinian.
- Template:Cite book Retrieved August 23, 2024.
- Template:Cite book Retrieved August 23, 2024.
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Original source: Template:Cite book Template:JSTOR (Vol. 25); Template:ISBN; Template:OCLC.
- Template:Cite journal Retrieved August 23, 2024. Template:ISSN (journal); Template:OCLC, and Template:OCLC search link, Template:OCLC search link (article).
- Template:Cite journal Template:LCCN; Template:ISSN (print); Template:ISSN (web); Template:OCLC; Template:JSTOR; Template:ProQuest.The author, Pluchet, is a great-great-great nephew of André Michaux
- Template:Cite journal Template:LCCN, LCCN: Template:URL, Template:LCCN; Template:ISSN (journal; print); Template:ISSN (journal; web); Template:OCLC (article).
- Template:Cite journal Template:ISSN (journal); Template:OCLC (journal); Template:JSTOR (article); Template:OCLC (article).
- Template:Cite journal Template:Free access Template:ISSN (journal).
- Template:Cite book Template:ISBN; Template:OCLC.
- Template:Cite book Template:LCCN (ebook), Template:LCCN; Template:ISBN; Template:OCLC.
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite journal Template:ISSN (print); Template:ISSN (web); Template:OCLC (journal); Template:JSTOR (article); Template:OCLC (article).
General references
- Template:Cite book Retrieved August 25, 2024. Template:LCCN; Template:ISBN (acid-free paper); Template:ISBN (2017 e-book ed.); Template:ISBN; Template:OCLC.
- Template:Cite book Retrieved November 11, 2015. Template:ISBN (regular ed.; Vols. 1–11); Template:ISBN (Vol. 5); Template:OCLC (print).
- Template:Cite book Template:Free access
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More sources
External links
- Pages with broken file links
- French taxonomists
- 1746 births
- 1802 deaths
- French bryologists
- French pteridologists
- Botanists active in North America
- Botanists with author abbreviations
- People from colonial New Jersey
- North Charleston, South Carolina
- People from Versailles
- 18th-century French botanists
- 18th-century French writers
- 18th-century French male writers
- French slave owners